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Michinaga S, Hishinuma S, Koyama Y. Roles of astrocytic sonic hedgehog production and its signal for regulation of the blood-brain barrier permeability. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 126:97-111. [PMID: 39029978 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted glycopeptide belonging to the hedgehog family that is essential for morphogenesis during embryonic development. The Shh signal is mediated by two membrane proteins, Patched-1 (Ptch-1) and Smoothened (Smo), following the activation of transcription factors such as Gli. Shh decreases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and plays a key role in its function. In the damaged brain, BBB function is remarkably disrupted. The BBB disruption causes brain edema and neuroinflammation resulting from the extravasation of serum components and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cerebral parenchyma. Multiple studies have suggested that astrocyte is a source of Shh and that astrocytic Shh production is increased in the damaged brain. In various experimental animal models of acute brain injury, Shh or Shh signal activators alleviate BBB disruption by increasing tight junction proteins in endothelial cells. Furthermore, activation of astrocytic Shh signaling reduces reactive astrogliosis, neuroinflammation, and increases the production of vascular protective factors, which alleviates BBB disruption in the damaged brain. These findings suggest that astrocytic Shh and Shh signaling protect BBB function in the damaged brain and that target drugs for Shh signaling are expected to be novel therapeutic drugs for acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hishinuma
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
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Wang G, Li Z, Wang G, Sun Q, Lin P, Wang Q, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang T, Cui F, Zhong Z. Advances in Engineered Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke by Enhancing Angiogenesis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4377-4409. [PMID: 38774029 PMCID: PMC11108071 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels, is a natural defensive mechanism that aids in the restoration of oxygen and nutrition delivery to injured brain tissue after an ischemic stroke. Angiogenesis, by increasing vessel development, may maintain brain perfusion, enabling neuronal survival, brain plasticity, and neurologic recovery. Induction of angiogenesis and the formation of new vessels aid in neurorepair processes such as neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Advanced nano drug delivery systems hold promise for treatment stroke by facilitating efficient transportation across the the blood-brain barrier and maintaining optimal drug concentrations. Nanoparticle has recently been shown to greatly boost angiogenesis and decrease vascular permeability, as well as improve neuroplasticity and neurological recovery after ischemic stroke. We describe current breakthroughs in the development of nanoparticle-based treatments for better angiogenesis therapy for ischemic stroke employing polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, and biomimetic nanoparticles in this study. We outline new nanoparticles in detail, review the hurdles and strategies for conveying nanoparticle to lesions, and demonstrate the most recent advances in nanoparticle in angiogenesis for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Wang
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gongchen Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qixu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Penglai People’s Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, 265600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Lin
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huishu Zhang
- Teaching Center of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Teaching Center of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongshuai Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feiyun Cui
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People’s Republic of China
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Bedolla AM, McKinsey GL, Ware K, Santander N, Arnold TD, Luo Y. A comparative evaluation of the strengths and potential caveats of the microglial inducible CreER mouse models. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113660. [PMID: 38217856 PMCID: PMC10874587 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of new Cre and CreER recombinase lines provides researchers with a diverse toolkit to study microglial gene function. To determine how best to apply these lines in studies of microglial gene function, a thorough and detailed comparison of their properties is needed. Here, we examined four different microglial CreER lines (Cx3cr1YFP-CreER(Litt), Cx3cr1CreER(Jung), P2ry12CreER, and Tmem119CreER), focusing on (1) recombination specificity, (2) leakiness (the degree of tamoxifen-independent recombination in microglia and other cells), (3) the efficiency of tamoxifen-induced recombination, (4) extraneural recombination (the degree of recombination in cells outside of the CNS, particularly myelo/monocyte lineages), and (5) off-target effects in the context of neonatal brain development. We identify important caveats and strengths for these lines, which will provide broad significance for researchers interested in performing conditional gene deletion in microglia. We also provide data emphasizing the potential of these lines for injury models that result in the recruitment of splenic immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
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Wang G, Tang X, Zhao F, Qin X, Wang F, Yang D, Zhu H, Chen X. Total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim promote neurological recovery in model rats with post-stroke cognitive impairment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255560. [PMID: 37745057 PMCID: PMC10513410 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim (TSTT), a bioactive component of local natural herbs in the Enshi area, China, have been demonstrated to have functions of restoring cognitive capacity and promoting axonal regeneration post-stroke, but the mechanism of this process remains unclear. The hippocampus is a critical tissue for controlling learning and memory capacity, and the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a major role in the patterning and synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neural circuits. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether TSTT could restore learning and cognitive functions by modulating the Shh pathway in rats with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). The ischemia model was established by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in 100 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and the model rats were administered using TSTT (100 mg/kg) or donepezil hydrochloride as the positive control (daily 0.45 mg/kg, DON) for 4 weeks after the operation. As assessed by the Morris water maze test, the cognitive function of PSCI rats was significantly improved upon TSTT treatment. Meanwhile, the cerebral infarct volume reduced with TSTT, as shown by HE and TTC staining, and the number of Nissl bodies and dendritic spine density were significantly increased, as shown by Nissl and Golgi staining. In addition, TSTT upregulated PSD-95, SYN, and GAP-43, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis, as evidenced by increased Bcl-2 levels along with decreased Bax and caspase-3 expression. TSTT could also significantly upregulate Shh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1 proteins, indicating the activation of the Shh signaling pathway. Therefore, TSTT can protect PSCI rats by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting neuronal synaptic remodeling. The Shh pathway is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Nephropathy, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Xiane Tang
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Nephropathy, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Nephropathy, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Nephropathy, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Nephropathy, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Xianbing Chen
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Nephropathy, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
- Health Science Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
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Prajapati A, Mehan S, Khan Z. The role of Smo-Shh/Gli signaling activation in the prevention of neurological and ageing disorders. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10034-1. [PMID: 37097427 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is an essential central nervous system (CNS) pathway involved during embryonic development and later life stages. Further, it regulates cell division, cellular differentiation, and neuronal integrity. During CNS development, Smo-Shh signaling is significant in the proliferation of neuronal cells such as oligodendrocytes and glial cells. The initiation of the downstream signalling cascade through the 7-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) promotes neuroprotection and restoration during neurological disorders. The dysregulation of Smo-Shh is linked to the proteolytic cleavage of GLI (glioma-associated homolog) into GLI3 (repressor), which suppresses target gene expression, leading to the disruption of cell growth processes. Smo-Shh aberrant signalling is responsible for several neurological complications contributing to physiological alterations like increased oxidative stress, neuronal excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, activating Shh receptors in the brain promotes axonal elongation and increases neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals, thereby exerting neurogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy responses. Smo-Shh activators have been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to help prevent various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Redox signalling has been found to play a critical role in regulating the activity of the Smo-Shh pathway and influencing downstream signalling events. In the current study ROS, a signalling molecule, was also essential in modulating the SMO-SHH gli signaling pathway in neurodegeneration. As a result of this investigation, dysregulation of the pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).Thus, Smo-Shh signalling activators could be a potential therapeutic intervention to treat neurocomplications of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Prajapati
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Sun D, Deng J, Wang Y, Xie J, Li X, Li X, Wang X, Zhou F, Qin S, Liu X. SAG, a sonic hedgehog signaling agonist, alleviates anxiety behavior in high-fat diet-fed mice. Brain Res Bull 2023; 195:25-36. [PMID: 36736922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is a prevalent and disabling psychiatric disorder. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to the high-fat diet (HFD) was regarded as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of anxiety. The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway was known to improve mitochondrial dysfunction through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on some neurological diseases. Nonetheless, its effect on anxiety has not been well studied. In this study, we aimed to explore whether SHH signaling pathway plays a protective role in anxiety by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. SAG, a typical SHH signaling agonist, was administered intraperitoneally in HFD-fed mice. HFD-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice was confirmed using the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting assays showed that the SHH signaling was downregulated in the prefrontal cortex neurons from HFD-fed mice. Electron microscopy results showed the mitochondria in the prefrontal cortex of HFD-fed mice were fragmented, which appeared small and spherical, and the area, perimeter and circularity of mitochondria were decreased. Mitofusin2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were the key proteins involved in mitochondrial division and fusion. SAG treatment could rectify the imbalanced expression of Mfn2 and Drp1 in the prefrontal cortex of the HFD-fed mice, and alleviate the mitochondrial fragmentation. Furthermore, SAG decreased anxiety-like behavior in the HFD-fed mice. These findings suggested that SHH signal was neuroprotective in obesity and SAG relieved anxiety-like behavior through reducing mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexu Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jiaxin Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jinyu Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Suping Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
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Geribaldi-Doldán N, Carrascal L, Pérez-García P, Oliva-Montero JM, Pardillo-Díaz R, Domínguez-García S, Bernal-Utrera C, Gómez-Oliva R, Martínez-Ortega S, Verástegui C, Nunez-Abades P, Castro C. Migratory Response of Cells in Neurogenic Niches to Neuronal Death: The Onset of Harmonic Repair? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076587. [PMID: 37047560 PMCID: PMC10095545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmonic mechanisms orchestrate neurogenesis in the healthy brain within specific neurogenic niches, which generate neurons from neural stem cells as a homeostatic mechanism. These newly generated neurons integrate into existing neuronal circuits to participate in different brain tasks. Despite the mechanisms that protect the mammalian brain, this organ is susceptible to many different types of damage that result in the loss of neuronal tissue and therefore in alterations in the functionality of the affected regions. Nevertheless, the mammalian brain has developed mechanisms to respond to these injuries, potentiating its capacity to generate new neurons from neural stem cells and altering the homeostatic processes that occur in neurogenic niches. These alterations may lead to the generation of new neurons within the damaged brain regions. Notwithstanding, the activation of these repair mechanisms, regeneration of neuronal tissue within brain injuries does not naturally occur. In this review, we discuss how the different neurogenic niches respond to different types of brain injuries, focusing on the capacity of the progenitors generated in these niches to migrate to the injured regions and activate repair mechanisms. We conclude that the search for pharmacological drugs that stimulate the migration of newly generated neurons to brain injuries may result in the development of therapies to repair the damaged brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Livia Carrascal
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-García
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M. Oliva-Montero
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardillo-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Samuel Domínguez-García
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Bernal-Utrera
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Verástegui
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Nunez-Abades
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
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Douceau S, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ferent J. Establishing Hedgehog Gradients during Neural Development. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020225. [PMID: 36672161 PMCID: PMC9856818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that induces specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration. The concept of morphogenic gradients has been a central paradigm of developmental biology for decades. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of the most important morphogens that displays pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, ranging from neuronal patterning to axon guidance. It is commonly accepted that Shh is distributed in a gradient in several tissues from different origins during development; however, how these gradients are formed and maintained at the cellular and molecular levels is still the center of a great deal of research. In this review, we first explored all of the different sources of Shh during the development of the nervous system. Then, we detailed how these sources can distribute Shh in the surrounding tissues via a variety of mechanisms. Finally, we addressed how disrupting Shh distribution and gradients can induce severe neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Although the concept of gradient has been central in the field of neurodevelopment since the fifties, we also describe how contemporary leading-edge techniques, such as organoids, can revisit this classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Douceau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Resveratrol Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Regulates M1/M2-Type Polarization of Microglia via Mediation of the Nrf2/Shh Signaling Cascade after OGD/R Injury In Vitro. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122087. [PMID: 36556306 PMCID: PMC9782981 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microglia are closely related to the occurrence and development of oxidative stress. Cerebral ischemia leads to abnormal activation of microglia. Resveratrol can regulate M1/M2-type microglia polarization, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood, although the Nrf2 and Shh signaling pathways may be involved. Given that resveratrol activates Shh, the present study examined whether this is mediated by Nrf2 signaling. METHODS N9 microglia were pretreated with drugs before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). HT22 neurons were also used for conditional co-culture with microglia. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. MDA levels and SOD activity in the supernatant were detected by TBA and WST-1, respectively. Immunofluorescence detected Nrf2 and Gli1 nuclear translocation. The levels of CD206, Arg1, iNOS, TNF-α, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Shh, Ptc, Smo, Gli1 protein and mRNA were measured by Western blotting or RT-qPCR. Annexin V-FITC Flow Cytometric Analysis detected apoptosis. RESULTS Resveratrol and Nrf2 activator RTA-408 enhanced the viability of microglia, reduced oxidative stress, promoted M2-type microglia polarization and activated Nrf2 and Shh signaling. ML385, a selective inhibitor of Nrf2, decreased the viability of microglia, aggravated oxidative stress, promoted M1-type microglia polarization and inhibited Nrf2 and Shh signaling. Moreover, resveratrol and RTA-408-treated microglia can reduce the apoptosis and increase the viability of HT22 neurons, while ML385-treated microglia aggravated the apoptosis and weakened the viability of HT22 neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that resveratrol may inhibit oxidative stress, regulate M1/M2-type polarization of microglia and decrease neuronal injury in conditional co-culture of neurons and microglia via the mediation of the Nrf2/Shh signaling cascade after OGD/R injury in vitro.
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Turcato FC, Wegman E, Lu T, Ferguson N, Luo Y. Dopaminergic neurons are not a major Sonic hedgehog ligand source for striatal cholinergic or PV interneurons. iScience 2022; 25:105278. [PMID: 36281454 PMCID: PMC9587326 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A model was previously proposed that DA neurons provide SHH ligand to striatal interneurons, which in turn support the survival of DA neurons through the release of trophic factors such as Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). However, some key clinical observations do not support this proposed model, and a recent independent study shows that striatal cholinergic neuron survival does not rely on intact DA neuron projections. To resolve this discrepancy, we generated several independent mouse lines to examine the exact role of DA neuron-derived Shh signaling in the maintenance of the basal ganglia circuit and to identify the Shh-producing cells in the adult brain. Our data suggest that the deletion of Shh in DA neurons does not affect DA neuron survival or locomotive function in cKO mice during aging, nor does it affect the long-term survival of cholinergic or FS PV + interneurons in the striatum (STR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Correa Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nathan Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Luo F, Wang J, Zhang Z, You Z, Bedolla A, Okwubido-Williams F, Huang LF, Silver J, Luo Y. Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111137. [PMID: 35905716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuroprotective strategies, neuroregenerative processes could provide targets for stroke recovery. However, the upregulation of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) impedes innate regenerative efforts. Here, we examine the regulatory role of PTPσ (a major proteoglycan receptor) in dampening post-stroke recovery. Use of a receptor modulatory peptide (ISP) or Ptprs gene deletion leads to increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced NSCs migration upon inhibitory CSPG substrates. Post-stroke ISP treatment results in increased axonal sprouting as well as neuroblast migration deeply into the lesion scar with a transcriptional signature reflective of repair. Lastly, peptide treatment post-stroke (initiated acutely or more chronically at 7 days) results in improved behavioral recovery in both motor and cognitive functions. Therefore, we propose that CSPGs induced by stroke play a predominant role in the regulation of neural repair and that blocking CSPG signaling pathways will lead to enhanced neurorepair and functional recovery in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen You
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - FearGod Okwubido-Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - L Frank Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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12
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Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang W, He S, Zhang Y, Orgah J, Wang Y, Zhu Y. Synergy of "Yiqi" and "Huoxue" components of QishenYiqi formula in ischemic stroke protection via lysosomal/inflammatory mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115301. [PMID: 35436536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Currently, approved therapies of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are limited only to selected patients with rescuable brain tissue. Chinese medicine that benefits Qi (Yiqi, YQ) and activates blood (Huoxue, HX) is widely used in the clinic for treating stroke, but their mechanisms are not well understood yet. We have previously reported that QishenYiqi (QSYQ) formula exerts cerebral protective effect and promotes post-stroke recovery. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the chemical basis and molecular mechanism of anti-stroke therapy of QSYQ and its YQ and HX components further. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum pharmacochemistry was performed to identify the bioactive constituents in QSYQ for cerebral protection. The survival rate, mNSS test, open field test, gait analysis, cerebral infarction volume, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity were determined to uncover the synergistic and differential contributions of YQ and HX components in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) model. Bioinformatic mining of QSYQ proteomics data and experimental validation were executed to access the functional mechanism of YQ and HX components. RESULTS Eleven prototype ingredients and six metabolites were successfully identified or tentatively characterized in rat plasma. Therapeutically, YQ and HX components of QSYQ synergistically boosted the survival rate, improved neurological and motor functions, alleviated cerebral infarction as well as protected BBB integrity in CI/RI model in rats. Individually, YQ component contributed more to ameliorating locomotive ability than that of HX component. Mechanistically, HX component played a more prominent role in the modulation of galectin-3 mediated inflammation whereas YQ component regulated lysosomal-autophagy signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies major prototype ingredients and metabolites of QSYQ in plasma which may contribute to its cerebral protection. YQ and HX components of QSYQ differentially and synergistically protect the brain from CI/RI by regulating galectin-3-mediated inflammation and lysosomal-autophagy signaling. These findings demonstrate that a maximal stroke protection by a component-based Chinese medicine could be attributed to the combination of its individual components via different mechanisms. It may shed new light on our understanding of the TCM principle of tonifying Qi and activating blood, particularly in a setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, XiHu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Taiping Qiao Street No.27, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co, Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - John Orgah
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, XiHu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beihua South Road, JingHai District, Tianjin, 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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13
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Bedolla A, Taranov A, Luo F, Wang J, Turcato F, Fugate EM, Greig NH, Lindquist DM, Crone SA, Goto J, Luo Y. Diphtheria toxin induced but not CSF1R inhibitor mediated microglia ablation model leads to the loss of CSF/ventricular spaces in vivo that is independent of cytokine upregulation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 34983562 PMCID: PMC8728932 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two recently developed novel rodent models have been reported to ablate microglia, either by genetically targeting microglia (via Cx3cr1-creER: iDTR + Dtx) or through pharmacologically targeting the CSF1R receptor with its inhibitor (PLX5622). Both models have been widely used in recent years to define essential functions of microglia and have led to high impact studies that have moved the field forward. Methods Using either Cx3cr1-iDTR mice in combination with Dtx or via the PLX5622 diet to pharmacologically ablate microglia, we compared the two models via MRI and histology to study the general anatomy of the brain and the CSF/ventricular systems. Additionally, we analyzed the cytokine profile in both microglia ablation models. Results We discovered that the genetic ablation (Cx3cr1-iDTR + Dtx), but not the pharmacological microglia ablation (PLX5622), displays a surprisingly rapid pathological condition in the brain represented by loss of CSF/ventricles without brain parenchymal swelling. This phenotype was observed both in MRI and histological analysis. To our surprise, we discovered that the iDTR allele alone leads to the loss of CSF/ventricles phenotype following diphtheria toxin (Dtx) treatment independent of cre expression. To examine the underlying mechanism for the loss of CSF in the Cx3cr1-iDTR ablation and iDTR models, we additionally investigated the cytokine profile in the Cx3cr1-iDTR + Dtx, iDTR + Dtx and the PLX models. We found increases of multiple cytokines in the Cx3cr1-iDTR + Dtx but not in the pharmacological ablation model nor the iDTR + Dtx mouse brains at the time of CSF loss (3 days after the first Dtx injection). This result suggests that the upregulation of cytokines is not the cause of the loss of CSF, which is supported by our data indicating that brain parenchyma swelling, or edema are not observed in the Cx3cr1-iDTR + Dtx microglia ablation model. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of the KC/CXCR2 pathway (the most upregulated cytokine in the Cx3cr1-iDTR + Dtx model) did not resolve the CSF/ventricular loss phenotype in the genetic microglia ablation model. Instead, both the Cx3cr1-iDTR + Dtx ablation and iDTR + Dtx models showed increased activated IBA1 + cells in the choroid plexus (CP), suggesting that CP-related pathology might be the contributing factor for the observed CSF/ventricular shrinkage phenotype. Conclusions Our data, for the first time, reveal a robust and global CSF/ventricular space shrinkage pathology in the Cx3cr1-iDTR genetic ablation model caused by iDTR allele, but not in the PLX5622 ablation model, and suggest that this pathology is not due to brain edema formation but to CP related pathology. Given the wide utilization of the iDTR allele and the Cx3cr1-iDTR model, it is crucial to fully characterize this pathology to understand the underlying causal mechanisms. Specifically, caution is needed when utilizing this model to interpret subtle neurologic functional changes that are thought to be mediated by microglia but could, instead, be due to CSF/ventricular loss in the genetic ablation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandr Taranov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Flavia Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Fugate
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Diana M Lindquist
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Steven A Crone
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - June Goto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Prophylactic Activation of Shh Signaling Attenuates TBI-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish by Modulating Glutamate Excitotoxicity through Eaat2a. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010032. [PMID: 35052712 PMCID: PMC8773121 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 2 million individuals experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year in the United States. Secondary injury begins within minutes after TBI, with alterations in cellular function and chemical signaling that contribute to excitotoxicity. Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) are experienced in an increasing number of TBI individuals that also display resistance to traditional anti-seizure medications (ASMs). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a signaling pathway that is upregulated following central nervous system damage in zebrafish and aids injury-induced regeneration. Using a modified Marmarou weight drop on adult zebrafish, we examined PTS following TBI and Shh modulation. We found that inhibiting Shh signaling by cyclopamine significantly increased PTS in TBI fish, prolonged the timeframe PTS was observed, and decreased survival across all TBI severities. Shh-inhibited TBI fish failed to respond to traditional ASMs, but were attenuated when treated with CNQX, which blocks ionotropic glutamate receptors. We found that the Smoothened agonist, purmorphamine, increased Eaat2a expression in undamaged brains compared to untreated controls, and purmorphamine treatment reduced glutamate excitotoxicity following TBI. Similarly, purmorphamine reduced PTS, edema, and cognitive deficits in TBI fish, while these pathologies were increased and/or prolonged in cyclopamine-treated TBI fish. However, the increased severity of TBI phenotypes with cyclopamine was reduced by cotreating fish with ceftriaxone, which induces Eaat2a expression. Collectively, these data suggest that Shh signaling induces Eaat2a expression and plays a role in regulating TBI-induced glutamate excitotoxicity and TBI sequelae.
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15
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Antonelli F, Casciati A, Belles M, Serra N, Linares-Vidal MV, Marino C, Mancuso M, Pazzaglia S. Long-Term Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Hippocampus: Linking Effects of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Activation with Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212605. [PMID: 34830484 PMCID: PMC8624704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy represents one of the primary treatment modalities for primary and metastatic brain tumors. Although recent advances in radiation techniques, that allow the delivery of higher radiation doses to the target volume, reduce the toxicity to normal tissues, long-term neurocognitive decline is still a detrimental factor significantly affecting quality of life, particularly in pediatric patients. This imposes the need for the development of prevention strategies. Based on recent evidence, showing that manipulation of the Shh pathway carries therapeutic potential for brain repair and functional recovery after injury, here we evaluate how radiation-induced hippocampal alterations are modulated by the constitutive activation of the Shh signaling pathway in Patched 1 heterozygous mice (Ptch1+/-). Our results show, for the first time, an overall protective effect of constitutive Shh pathway activation on hippocampal radiation injury. This activation, through modulation of the proneural gene network, leads to a long-term reduction of hippocampal deficits in the stem cell and new neuron compartments and to the mitigation of radio-induced astrogliosis, despite some behavioral alterations still being detected in Ptch1+/- mice. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the neural decline following irradiation is essential for identifying prevention measures to contain the harmful consequences of irradiation. Our data have important translational implications as they suggest a role for Shh pathway manipulation to provide the therapeutic possibility of improving brain repair and functional recovery after radio-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonelli
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Montserrat Belles
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Noemi Serra
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Maria Victoria Linares-Vidal
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.P.)
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16
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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhao H, Gao XY, Wu XJ, Zhang YB, Wang XF. The Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway regulates regeneration via transcription factor Olig1 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2021; 44:318-330. [PMID: 34592910 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1981106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death in the global population, with a high disability and mortality rate. Lack of regenerative ability is considered to be the fundamental cause. This study aims to determine the effect of Shh pathway, which mediates regenerative signaling in response to CNS injury, on myelin repair and Olig1 expression in focal ischemic lesions in the rat. METHODS A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established using the intraluminal suture method where the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was restricted for 120 min. Cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Shh, or saline was administered 12 h after MCAO surgery and lasted for 7 days. After MCA occlusion, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to cyclopamine- or saline-treated groups. A group of no-injection animals after MCAO were used as controls. The Shh signaling pathway, myelinogenesis-related factor MBP and Olig1 were testedby immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR assay. RESULTS The levels of Shh and its component Gli1 were elevated from 1 d up to 14 d following ischemia, indicating that the Shh-Gli1 axis was broadly reactivated. Treatment with cyclopamine can partially block the Shh signaling pathway, prevent myelin repair, and decrease the Olig1 expression following ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION That blockade of Shh signaling concurrently with the creation of a lesion aggravated ischemic myelin damage, probably via its downstream effects on Olig1 transcription. Shh plays a contributory role during regeneration in the CNS, thereby providing promising new therapeutic strategies to assist in recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian
| | - Xiao-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Anshan Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Anshan
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
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Brain Immune Interactions-Novel Emerging Options to Treat Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092429. [PMID: 34572077 PMCID: PMC8472028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite intensive advancements in medical sciences, the clinical options to treat ischemic stroke are limited to thrombectomy and thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator within a narrow time window after stroke. Current state of the art knowledge reveals the critical role of local and systemic inflammation after stroke that can be triggered by interactions taking place at the brain and immune system interface. Here, we discuss different cellular and molecular mechanisms through which brain–immune interactions can take place. Moreover, we discuss the evidence how the brain influence immune system through the release of brain derived antigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, chemokines, upregulated adhesion molecules, through infiltration, activation and polarization of immune cells in the CNS. Furthermore, the emerging concept of stemness-induced cellular immunity in the context of neurodevelopment and brain disease, focusing on ischemic implications, is discussed. Finally, we discuss current evidence on brain–immune system interaction through the autonomic nervous system after ischemic stroke. All of these mechanisms represent potential pharmacological targets and promising future research directions for clinically relevant discoveries.
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Differential effects of the cell cycle inhibitor, olomoucine, on functional recovery and on responses of peri-infarct microglia and astrocytes following photothrombotic stroke in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:168. [PMID: 34332596 PMCID: PMC8325288 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following stroke, changes in neuronal connectivity in tissue surrounding the infarct play an important role in both spontaneous recovery of neurological function and in treatment-induced improvements in function. Microglia and astrocytes influence this process through direct interactions with the neurons and as major determinants of the local tissue environment. Subpopulations of peri-infarct glia proliferate early after stroke providing a possible target to modify recovery. Treatment with cell cycle inhibitors can reduce infarct volume and improve functional recovery. However, it is not known whether these inhibitors can influence neurological function or alter the responses of peri-infarct glia without reducing infarction. The present study aimed to address these issues by testing the effects of the cell cycle inhibitor, olomoucine, on recovery and peri-infarct changes following photothrombotic stroke. Methods Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex in Sprague-Dawley rats. Olomoucine was administered at 1 h and 24 h after stroke induction. Forelimb function was monitored up to 29 days. The effects of olomoucine on glial cell responses in peri-infarct tissue were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Olomoucine treatment did not significantly affect maximal infarct volume. Recovery of the affected forelimb on a placing test was impaired in olomoucine-treated rats, whereas recovery in a skilled reaching test was substantially improved. Olomoucine treatment produced small changes in aspects of Iba1 immunolabelling and in the number of CD68-positive cells in cerebral cortex but did not selectively modify responses in peri-infarct tissue. The content of the astrocytic protein, vimentin, was reduced by 30% in the region of the lesion in olomoucine-treated rats. Conclusions Olomoucine treatment modified functional recovery in the absence of significant changes in infarct volume. The effects on recovery were markedly test dependent, adding to evidence that skilled tasks requiring specific training and general measures of motor function can be differentially modified by some interventions. The altered recovery was not associated with specific changes in key responses of peri-infarct microglia, even though these cells were considered a likely target for early olomoucine treatment. Changes detected in peri-infarct reactive astrogliosis could contribute to the altered patterns of functional recovery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02208-w.
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20
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Deng Y, Guo F, Han X, Huang X. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases neurological function and endogenous neural stem cell migration via the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis after cerebral infarction in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1037. [PMID: 34373723 PMCID: PMC8343462 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) migration is closely associated with brain development and is reportedly involved during recovery from ischaemic stroke. Chemokine signalling mediated by stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been previously documented to guide the migration of NSCs. Although repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can increase neurological function in a rat stroke model, its effects on the migration of NSCs and associated underlying mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of rTMS on ischaemic stroke following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). All rats underwent rTMS treatment 24 h after MCAO. Neurological function, using modified Neurological Severity Scores and grip strength test and NSC migration, which were measured using immunofluorescence staining, were analysed at 7 and 14 days after MCAO, before the protein expression levels of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis was evaluated using western blot analysis. AMD3100, a CXCR4 inhibitor, was used to assess the effects of SDF-1α/CXCR4 signalling. In addition, neuronal survival was investigated using Nissl staining at 14 days after MCAO. It was revealed that rTMS increased the neurological recovery of rats with MCAO, facilitated the migration of NSC, augmented the expression levels of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and decreased neuronal loss. Furthermore, the rTMS-induced positive responses were significantly abolished by AMD3100. Overall, these results indicated that rTMS conferred therapeutic neuroprotective properties, which can restore neurological function after ischaemic stroke, in a manner that may be associated with the activation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Han
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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21
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Yu P, Wang L, Tang F, Guo S, Liao H, Fan C, Yang Q. Resveratrol-mediated neurorestoration after cerebral ischemic injury - Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway. Life Sci 2021; 280:119715. [PMID: 34116113 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Resveratrol pretreatment can decrease ischemic cerebral injury and enhance proliferation of neural stem cells via mediation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling. However, it is relatively little known about whether neurorestorative effects of resveratrol are mediated by Shh signaling in ischemic cerebral injury. The present study tests whether the Shh signaling pathway mediates resveratrol to promote neurorestoration of ischemic cerebral injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats or neurons before middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) or oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury were pretreated with resveratrol. Immunohistochemistry is used to be determined BrdU+/DCX+, BrdU+/Nestin+ and BrdU+/NG2+ cell (markers of new proliferated neural stem/progenitor and oligodendrocyte precursor cell, respectively), BrdU+/MAP2+ and BrdU+/CNPase+ cell (markers of new mature neuron and oligodendrocyte, respectively), BrdU+/TUNEL+ cell (marker of apoptosis for new proliferated cell), SY, NF200, Iba-1 and GFAP (markers of synaptogenesis, axon, microglia and astrocyte, respectively). Shh and Gli-1 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR assay. Iba-1, GFAP, Shh and Gli-1 proteins were detected by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Resveratrol pretreatment significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, promoted proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival of neural stem/progenitor and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, inhibited astrocyte and microglia activation, strengthened synaptophysin and NF200 expression, at the same time, promoted neurite outgrowth of neurons. Meanwhile, expression levels of Shh and Gli-1 proteins were significantly increased and Gli-1 translocated into the nucleus. However, cyclopamine, a Smo inhibitor, canceled the above effects of resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS It may be mediated, at least partly, by the Shh signaling pathway that resveratrol pretreament promote neurorestoration of ischemic cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Physical Examination Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fanren Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Liao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cengceng Fan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Yang H, Luo Y, Hu H, Yang S, Li Y, Jin H, Chen S, He Q, Hong C, Wu J, Wan Y, Li M, Li Z, Yang X, Su Y, Zhou Y, Hu B. pH-Sensitive, Cerebral Vasculature-Targeting Hydroxyethyl Starch Functionalized Nanoparticles for Improved Angiogenesis and Neurological Function Recovery in Ischemic Stroke. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100028. [PMID: 34028998 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, an essential restorative process following ischemia, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve neurological deficits. However, overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and effective drug enrichment are challenges for conventional drug delivery methods, which has limited the development of treatment strategies. Herein, a dual-targeted therapeutic strategy is reported to enable pH-sensitive drug release and allow cerebral ischemia targeting to improve stroke therapeutic efficacy. Targeted delivery is achieved by surface conjugation of Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) peptides, which binds to integrin α5 β1 enriched in the cerebral vasculature of ischemic tissue. Subsequently, smoothened agonist (SAG), an activator of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, is coupled to PHSRN-HES by pH-dependent electrostatic adsorption. SAG@PHSRN-HES nanoparticles can sensitively release more SAG in the acidic environment of ischemic brain tissue. More importantly, SAG@PHSRN-HES exerts the synergistic mechanisms of PHSRN and SAG to promote angiogenesis and BBB integrity, thus improving neuroplasticity and neurological function recovery. This study proposes a new approach to improve the delivery of medications in the ischemic brain. Dual-targeted therapeutic strategies have excellent potential to treat patients suffering from cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Sibo Yang
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Shengcai Chen
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Candong Hong
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Jiehong Wu
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
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23
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New Tricks for an Old (Hedge)Hog: Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of Astrocyte Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061353. [PMID: 34070740 PMCID: PMC8228508 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) molecular signaling pathway is well established as a key regulator of neurodevelopment. It regulates diverse cellular behaviors, and its functions vary with respect to cell type, region, and developmental stage, reflecting the incredible pleiotropy of this molecular signaling pathway. Although it is best understood for its roles in development, Shh signaling persists into adulthood and is emerging as an important regulator of astrocyte function. Astrocytes play central roles in a broad array of nervous system functions, including synapse formation and function as well as coordination and orchestration of CNS inflammatory responses in pathological states. Neurons are the source of Shh in the adult, suggesting that Shh signaling mediates neuron-astrocyte communication, a novel role for this multifaceted pathway. Multiple roles for Shh signaling in astrocytes are increasingly being identified, including regulation of astrocyte identity, modulation of synaptic organization, and limitation of inflammation. This review discusses these novel roles for Shh signaling in regulating diverse astrocyte functions in the healthy brain and in pathology.
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24
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Wang Y, He S, Liu X, Li Z, Zhu L, Xiao G, Du X, Du H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Orgah J, Feng Y, Zhang B, Zhu Y. Galectin-3 Mediated Inflammatory Response Contributes to Neurological Recovery by QiShenYiQi in Subacute Stroke Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:588587. [PMID: 33953667 PMCID: PMC8089377 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.588587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for stroke are still limited due to its complex pathological manifestations. QiShenYiQi (QSYQ), a component-based Chinese medicine capable of reducing organ injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, may offer an alternative option for stroke treatment and post-stroke recovery. Recently, we reported a beneficial effect of QSYQ for acute stroke via modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, if QSYQ plays a role in subacute stroke remains unknown. The pharmacological action of QSYQ was investigated in experimental stroke rats which underwent 90 min ischemia and 8 days reperfusion in this study. Neurological and locomotive deficits, cerebral infarction, brain edema, and BBB integrity were assessed. TMT-based quantitative proteomics were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins following QSYQ treatment. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, and ELISA were used to validate the proteomics data and to reveal the action mechanisms. Therapeutically, treatment with QSYQ (600 mg/kg) for 7 days significantly improved neurological recovery, attenuated infarct volume and brain edema, and alleviated BBB breakdown in the stroke rats. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that protein galectin-3 and its mediated inflammatory response was closely related to the beneficial effect of QSYQ. Specially, QSYQ (600 mg/kg) markedly downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of galectin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 in CI/RI brain as well as serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Overall, our findings showed that the effective action of QSYQ against the subacute phase of CI/RI occurs partly via regulating galectin-3 mediated inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Economic and Technological Development District, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - John Orgah
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
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25
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Hedgehog Signaling Modulates Glial Proteostasis and Lifespan. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2627-2643.e5. [PMID: 32101741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved Hedgehog signaling pathway has well-established roles in development. However, its function during adulthood remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether the Hedgehog signaling pathway is active during adult life in Drosophila melanogaster, and we uncovered a protective function for Hedgehog signaling in coordinating correct proteostasis in glial cells. Adult-specific depletion of Hedgehog reduces lifespan, locomotor activity, and dopaminergic neuron integrity. Conversely, increased expression of Hedgehog extends lifespan and improves fitness. Moreover, Hedgehog pathway activation in glia rescues the lifespan and age-associated defects of hedgehog mutants. The Hedgehog pathway regulates downstream chaperones, whose overexpression in glial cells was sufficient to rescue the shortened lifespan and proteostasis defects of hedgehog mutants. Finally, we demonstrate the protective ability of Hedgehog signaling in a Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model expressing human amyloid beta in the glia. Overall, we propose that Hedgehog signaling is requisite for lifespan determination and correct proteostasis in glial cells.
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26
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Pringle AK, Solomon E, Coles BJ, Desousa BR, Shtaya A, Gajavelli S, Dabab N, Zaben MJ, Bulters DO, Bullock MR, Ahmed AI. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Promotes Peri-Lesion Cell Proliferation and Functional Improvement after Cortical Contusion Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:27-38. [PMID: 33748811 PMCID: PMC7962778 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability globally. No drug treatments are available, so interest has turned to endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) as alternative strategies for treatment. We hypothesized that regulation of cell proliferation through modulation of the sonic hedgehog pathway, a key NSC regulatory pathway, could lead to functional improvement. We assessed sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with TBI. Using the cortical contusion injury (CCI) model in rodents, we used pharmacological modulators of Shh signaling to assess cell proliferation within the injured cortex using the marker 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU); 50mg/mL. The phenotype of proliferating cells was determined and quantified. Motor function was assessed using the rotarod test. In patients with TBI there is a reduction of Shh protein in CSF compared with control patients. In rodents, following a severe CCI, quiescent cells become activated. Pharmacologically modulating the Shh signaling pathway leads to changes in the number of newly proliferating injury-induced cells. Upregulation of Shh signaling with Smoothened agonist (SAG) results in an increase of newly proliferating cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas the Shh signaling inhibitor cyclopamine leads to a reduction. Some cells expressed doublecortin (DCX) but did not mature into neurons. The SAG-induced increase in proliferation is associated with improved recovery of motor function. Localized restoration of Shh in the injured rodent brain, via increased Shh signaling, has the potential to sustain endogenous cell proliferation and the mitigation of TBI-induced motor deficits albeit without the neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Pringle
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elshadaie Solomon
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Coles
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anan Shtaya
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nedal Dabab
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Malik J Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik O Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - M Ross Bullock
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aminul I Ahmed
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Hill SA, Fu M, Garcia ADR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1393-1403. [PMID: 33079226 PMCID: PMC7904711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are complex cells that perform a broad array of essential functions in the healthy and injured nervous system. The recognition that these cells are integral components of various processes, including synapse formation, modulation of synaptic activity, and response to injury, underscores the need to identify the molecular signaling programs orchestrating these diverse functional properties. Emerging studies have identified the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway as an essential regulator of the molecular identity and functional properties of astrocytes. Well established as a powerful regulator of diverse neurodevelopmental processes in the embryonic nervous system, its functional significance in astrocytes is only beginning to be revealed. Notably, Shh signaling is active only in discrete subpopulations of astrocytes distributed throughout the brain, a feature that has potential to yield novel insights into functional specialization of astrocytes. Here, we discuss Shh signaling and emerging data that point to essential roles for this pleiotropic signaling pathway in regulating various functional properties of astrocytes in the healthy and injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Hill
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marissa Fu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A Denise R Garcia
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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28
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Liu D, Bai X, Ma W, Xin D, Chu X, Yuan H, Qiu J, Ke H, Yin S, Chen W, Wang Z. Purmorphamine Attenuates Neuro-Inflammation and Synaptic Impairments After Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Mice via Shh Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32194421 PMCID: PMC7064623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purmorphamine (PUR), an agonist of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor, has been shown to function as a neuroprotectant in acute experimental ischemic stroke. Its role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal mice remains unknown. Here we show that PUR attenuated acute brain injury, with a decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio as well as inhibition of caspase-3 activation. These beneficial effects of PUR were associated with suppressing neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress. PUR exerted long-term protective effects upon tissue loss and improved neurobehavioral outcomes as determined at 14 and 28 days post-HI insult. Moreover, PUR increased synaptophysin (Syn) and postsynaptic density (PSD) protein 95 expression in HI-treated mice and attenuated synaptic loss. PUR upregulated the expression of Shh pathway mediators, while suppression of the Shh signaling pathway with cyclopamine (Cyc) reversed these beneficial effects of PUR on HI insult. Our study suggests a therapeutic potential for short-term PUR administration in HI-induced injury as a result of its capacity to exert multiple protective actions upon acute brain injury, long-term memory deficits, and impaired synapses. Moreover, we provide evidence indicating that one of the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of PUR involves activation of the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - HongFei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Yin
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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29
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Activation of the Hedgehog Pathway Promotes Recovery of Neurological Function After Traumatic Brain Injury by Protecting the Neurovascular Unit. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:720-733. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Luo F, Zhang Z, Barnett A, Bellinger TJ, Turcato F, Schmidt K, Luo Y. Cuprizone-induced demyelination under physiological and post-stroke condition leads to decreased neurogenesis response in adult mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113168. [PMID: 31904386 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limitation in treatment window of the rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator), the development of delayed treatment for stroke is needed. We previously reported that there is a difference in neurogenesis and neuroblast migration patterns in different mouse stroke models (proximal and distal middle cerebral artery occlusion models, pMCAo or dMCAo). Specifically, compared to robust neurogenesis and substantial migration of newly born neuroblasts in pMCAo model, dMCAo only illicit limited neurogenesis and migration of neuroblasts towards ischemic area. One potential reason for this difference is the relative location of ischemic area to white matter and the neurogenic niche (subventricular zone, SVZ). Specifically, white matter could serve as a physical barrier or inhibitory factor to neurogenesis and migration in the dMCAo model. Given that a major difference in human and rodent brains is the content of white matter in the brain, in this study, we further characterize these two models and test the important hypothesis that white matter is an important contributing inhibitory factor for the limited neurogenesis in the dMCAo model. We utilized a genetically inducible NSC-specific reporter mouse line (nestin-CreERT2-R26R-YFP) to label and track NSC proliferation, survival and differentiation in ischemic brain. To test whether myelin is inhibitory to neurogenesis in dMCAo model, we demyelinated mouse brains using cuprizone treatment after stroke and examined whether there is enhanced neurogenesis or migration of neuroblasts cells in stroke mice treated with cuprizone. Our data suggests that demyelination of the brain does not result in enhanced neurogenesis or migration of neuroblasts, supporting that myelin is not a major inhibitory factor for stroke-induced neurogenesis. In addition, our results suggest that in non-stroke mice, demyelination causes decreased neurogenesis in adult brain, indicating a potential positive role of myelin in maintenance of adult neural stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Austin Barnett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Tania J Bellinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Flavia Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Kelly Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.
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Gao Y, Li R, Sun H, Li J, He B, Xiao S, Li L, Wang J. Protective Effects of Oroxylin A on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion-Induced PC12 Cells by Activating the Sonic Hedgehog Signal Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19881544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of human death. The injury that is induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion in stroke remains unsolved. This study first investigated the effects of oroxylin A on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced PC12 cells. This was performed by dividing the cells into a control group, an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) group, a solvent control group, and experimental groups treated with different concentrations of oroxylin A. Cell viability was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Relevant indicators of oxidant stress were detected by using the appropriate kits. Western blot was applied to detect the expressions of inflammatory cytokine and proteins of the signaling pathway. Oroxylin A pretreatment exerted anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced PC12 cells, thus indicating it as a new avenue for stroke treatment and providing references for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Rui Li
- Medical Department, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Department of Hematology, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Biological Laboratories, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
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32
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The Elegance of Sonic Hedgehog: Emerging Novel Functions for a Classic Morphogen. J Neurosci 2019; 38:9338-9345. [PMID: 30381425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1662-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling has been most widely known for its role in specifying region and cell-type identity during embryonic morphogenesis. This mini-review accompanies a 2018 SFN mini-symposium that addresses an emerging body of research focused on understanding the diverse roles for Shh signaling in a wide range of contexts in neurodevelopment and, more recently, in the mature CNS. Such research shows that Shh affects the function of brain circuits, including the production and maintenance of diverse cell types and the establishment of wiring specificity. Here, we review these novel and unexpected functions and the unanswered questions regarding the role of SHH and its signaling pathway members in these cases.
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Bohannon DG, Ko A, Filipowicz AR, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Dysregulation of sonic hedgehog pathway and pericytes in the brain after lentiviral infection. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:86. [PMID: 30981282 PMCID: PMC6461821 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been associated with cognitive decline in many CNS diseases, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Recent research suggests an important role for the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the maintenance of BBB integrity under both physiological and pathological conditions. METHODS In the present study, we sought to examine the expression of Shh and its downstream effectors in relation to brain pericytes and BBB integrity in HIV-infected humans and rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an animal model of HIV infection and CNS disease. Cortical brain tissues from uninfected (n = 4) and SIV-infected macaques with (SIVE, n = 6) or without encephalitis (SIVnoE, n = 4) were examined using multi-label, semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of Shh, netrin-1, tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (ZO1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD163, platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRB), glucose transporter 1, fibrinogen, and SIV Gag p28. RESULTS While Shh presence in the brain persisted during HIV/SIV infection, both netrin-1 immunoreactivity and the size of PDGFRB+ pericytes, a cellular source of netrin-1, were increased around non-lesion-associated vessels in encephalitis compared to uninfected brain or brain without encephalitis, but were completely absent in encephalitic lesions. Hypertrophied pericytes were strongly localized in areas of fibrinogen extravasation and showed the presence of intracellular SIVp28 and HIVp24 by immunofluorescence in all SIV and HIV encephalitis cases examined, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The lack of pericytes and netrin-1 in encephalitic lesions, in line with downregulation of ZO1 on the fenestrated endothelium, suggests that pericyte loss, despite the strong presence of Shh, contributes to HIV/SIV-induced BBB disruption and neuropathogenesis in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G. Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Allen Ko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Adam R. Filipowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
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Rudy RF, Charoenvimolphan N, Qian B, Berndt A, Friedlander RM, Weiss ST, Du R. A Genome-Wide Analysis of the Penumbral Volume in Inbred Mice following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5070. [PMID: 30911049 PMCID: PMC6433893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke, the penumbra, at-risk neural tissue surrounding the core infarct, survives for a variable period of time before progressing to infarction. We investigated genetic determinants of the size of penumbra in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using a genome-wide approach. 449 male mice from 33 inbred strains underwent MCAO for 6 hours (215 mice) or 24 hours (234 mice). A genome-wide association study using genetic data from the Mouse HapMap project was performed to examine the effects of genetic variants on the penumbra ratio, defined as the ratio of the infarct volume after 6 hours to the infarct volume after 24 hours of MCAO. Efficient mixed model analysis was used to account for strain interrelatedness. Penumbra ratio differed significantly by strain (F = 2.7, P < 0.001) and was associated with 18 significant SNPs, including 6 protein coding genes. We have identified 6 candidate genes for penumbra ratio: Clint1, Nbea, Smtnl2, Rin3, Dclk1, and Slc24a4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Rudy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Baogang Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annerose Berndt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Allahyari RV, Clark KL, Shepard KA, Garcia ADR. Sonic hedgehog signaling is negatively regulated in reactive astrocytes after forebrain stab injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:565. [PMID: 30679745 PMCID: PMC6345977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following injury to the central nervous system, astrocytes perform critical and complex functions that both promote and antagonize neural repair. Understanding the molecular signaling pathways that coordinate their diverse functional properties is key to developing effective therapeutic strategies. In the healthy, adult CNS, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is active in mature, differentiated astrocytes. Shh has been shown to undergo injury-induced upregulation and promote neural repair. Here, we investigated whether Shh signaling mediates astrocyte response to injury. Surprisingly, we found that following an acute, focal injury, reactive astrocytes exhibit a pronounced reduction in Shh activity in a spatiotemporally-defined manner. Shh signaling is lost in reactive astrocytes at the lesion site, but persists in mild to moderately reactive astrocytes in distal tissues. Nevertheless, local pharmacological activation of the Shh pathway in astrocytes mitigates inflammation, consistent with a neuroprotective role for Shh signaling after injury. Interestingly, we find that Shh signaling is restored to baseline levels two weeks after injury, a time during which acute inflammation has largely subsided and lesions have matured. Taken together, these data suggest that endogenous Shh signaling in astrocytes is dynamically regulated in a context dependent manner. In addition, exogenous activation of the Shh pathway promotes neuroprotection mediated by reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vivian Allahyari
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - K Lyles Clark
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine A Shepard
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A Denise R Garcia
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Lv ZM, Zhao RJ, Zhi XS, Huang Y, Chen JY, Song NN, Su CJ, Ding YQ. Expression of DCX and Transcription Factor Profiling in Photothrombosis-Induced Focal Ischemia in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:455. [PMID: 30524246 PMCID: PMC6262056 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is present in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone in mammalian brain under physiological conditions. Recently, adult neurogenesis has also been reported in other brain regions after brain injury. In this study, we established a focal striatal ischemic model in adult mice via photothrombosis (PT) and investigated how focal ischemia elicits neurogenesis in the striatum. We found that astrocytes and microglia increased in early post-ischemic stage, followed by a 1-week late-onset of doublecortin (DCX) expression in the striatum. The number of DCX-positive neurons reached the peak level at day 7, but they were still observed at day 28 post-ischemia. Moreover, Rbp-J (a key effector of Notch signaling) deletion in astrocytes has been reported to promote the neuron regeneration after brain ischemia, and we provided the change of gene expression profile in the striatum of astrocyte-specific Rbp-J knockout (KO) mice glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP-CreER:Rbp-Jfl/fl), which may help to clarify detailed potential mechanisms for the post-ischemic neurogenesis in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Man Lv
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Jian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Xiao-Song Zhi
- Center for Stem Cells and Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jun Su
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The Neuroprotective Roles of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2199-2211. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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38
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Ueda Y, Shimizu Y, Shimizu N, Ishitani T, Ohshima T. Involvement of sonic hedgehog and notch signaling in regenerative neurogenesis in adult zebrafish optic tectum after stab injury. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2360-2372. [PMID: 30014463 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Unlike humans and other mammals, adult zebrafish have the superior capability to recover from central nervous system (CNS) injury. We previously found that proliferation of radial glia (RG) is induced in response to stab injury in optic tectum and that new neurons are generated from RG after stab injury. However, molecular mechanisms which regulate proliferation and differentiation of RG are not well known. In the present study, we investigated Shh and Notch signaling as potential mechanisms regulating regeneration in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish. We used Shh reporter fish and confirmed that canonical Shh signaling is activated specifically in RG after stab injury. Moreover, we have shown that Shh signaling promotes RG proliferation and suppresses their differentiation into neurons after stab injury. In contrast, Notch signaling was down-regulated after stab injury, indicated by the decrease in the expression level of her4 and her6, a target gene of Notch signaling. We also found that inhibition of Notch signaling after stab injury induced more proliferative RG, but that inhibition of Notch signaling inhibited generation of newborn neurons from RG after stab injury. These results suggest that high level of Notch signaling keeps RG quiescent and that appropriate level of Notch signaling is required for generation of newborn neurons from RG. Under physiological condition, activation of Shh signaling or inhibition of Notch signaling also induced RG proliferation. In adult optic tectum of zebrafish, canonical Shh signaling and Notch signaling play important roles in proliferation and differentiation of RG in physiological and regenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ueda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Division of Cell Regulation Systems, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Division of Cell Regulation Systems, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Lab of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Fujita A, Yamaguchi H, Yamasaki R, Cui Y, Matsuoka Y, Yamada KI, Kira JI. Connexin 30 deficiency attenuates A2 astrocyte responses and induces severe neurodegeneration in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride Parkinson's disease animal model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:227. [PMID: 30103794 PMCID: PMC6090688 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The first pathology observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is ‘dying back’ of striatal dopaminergic (DA) terminals. Connexin (Cx)30, an astrocytic gap junction protein, is upregulated in the striatum in PD, but its roles in neurodegeneration remain elusive. We investigated Cx30 function in an acute PD model by administering 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to wild-type (WT) and Cx30 knockout (KO) mice. Methods On days 1 and 7 after MPTP administration, we evaluated changes in astrocytic Cx30, Cx43, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 expression by immunostaining and biochemical analysis. Loss of DA neurons was evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. Gene expression was analysed using A1, A2, pan-reactive astrocyte microarray gene sets, and M1, M2, and M1/M2 mixed microglial microarray gene sets. Real-time PCR and in situ hybridisation were performed to evaluate glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) and S100a10 expression. Striatal GDNF protein levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results MPTP treatment induced upregulation of Cx30 and Cx43 levels in the striatum of WT and KO mice. DA neuron loss was accelerated in Cx30 KO compared with WT mice after MPTP administration, despite no change in the striatal concentration of methyl-4-phenylpyridinium+. Astrogliosis in the striatum of Cx30 KO mice was attenuated by MPTP, whereas microglial activation was unaffected. Microarrays of the striatum showed reduced expression of pan-reactive and A2 astrocyte genes after MPTP treatment in Cx30 KO compared with WT mice, while M1, M2, and M1/M2 mixed microglial gene expression did not change. MPTP reduced the number of striatal astrocytes co-expressing Gdnf mRNA and S100β protein or S100a10 mRNA and S100β protein and also reduced the level of GDNF in the striatum of Cx30 KO compared with WT mice. Conclusions These findings indicate that Cx30 plays critical roles in astrocyte neuroprotection in an MPTP PD model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1251-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yiwen Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuoka
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Turcato F, Kim P, Barnett A, Jin Y, Scerba M, Casey A, Selman W, Greig NH, Luo Y. Sequential combined Treatment of Pifithrin-α and Posiphen Enhances Neurogenesis and Functional Recovery After Stroke. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:607-621. [PMID: 29871513 PMCID: PMC6041885 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718766328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although cerebral ischemia can activate endogenous reparative processes, such as
proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ)
and subgranular zone (SGZ), the majority of these new cells die shortly after injury and
do not appropriately differentiate into neurons, or migrate and functionally integrate
into the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine a novel strategy for treatment
of stroke after injury by optimizing the survival of ischemia-induced endogenous NSCs in
the SVZ and SGZ. Methods: Adult SVZ and SGZ NSCs were grown as neurospheres in culture and treated with a p53
inactivator, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), and an amyloid precursor protein (APP)-lowering drug,
posiphen, and effects on neurosphere number, size and neuronal differentiation were
evaluated. This combined sequential treatment approach was then evaluated in mice
challenged with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Locomotor behavior and
cognition were evaluated at 4 weeks, and the number of new surviving neurons was
quantified in nestin creERT2-YFP mice. Results: PFT-α and posiphen enhanced the self-renewal, proliferation rate and neuronal
differentiation of adult SVZ and SGZ NSCs in culture. Their sequential combination in
mice challenged with MCAo-induced stroke mitigated locomotor and cognitive impairments
and increased the survival of SVZ and SGZ NSCs cells. PFT-α and the combined
posiphen+PFT-α treatment similarly improved locomotion behavior in stroke challenged
mice. Notably, however, the combined treatment provided significantly more potent
cognitive function enhancement in stroke mice, as compared with PFT-α single
treatment. Interpretation: Delayed combined sequential treatment with an inhibitor of p53 dependent apoptosis
(PFT-α) and APP synthesis (posiphen) proved able to enhance stroke-induced endogenous
neurogenesis and improve the functional recovery in stroke animals. Whereas the combined
sequential treatment provided no further improvement in locomotor function, as compared
with PFT-α alone treatment, suggesting a potential ceiling in the locomotion behavioral
outcome in stroke animals, combined treatment more potently augmented cognitive function
recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Turcato
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,2 Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul Kim
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Austin Barnett
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yongming Jin
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Mike Scerba
- 3 National Institute of Aging, Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anthony Casey
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Warren Selman
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 3 National Institute of Aging, Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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Wei ZZ, Zhu YB, Zhang JY, McCrary MR, Wang S, Zhang YB, Yu SP, Wei L. Priming of the Cells: Hypoxic Preconditioning for Stem Cell Therapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2361-2374. [PMID: 28937044 PMCID: PMC5634089 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.215324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Stem cell-based therapies are promising in regenerative medicine for protecting and repairing damaged brain tissues after injury or in the context of chronic diseases. Hypoxia can induce physiological and pathological responses. A hypoxic insult might act as a double-edged sword, it induces cell death and brain damage, but on the other hand, sublethal hypoxia can trigger an adaptation response called hypoxic preconditioning or hypoxic tolerance that is of immense importance for the survival of cells and tissues. Data Sources: This review was based on articles published in PubMed databases up to August 16, 2017, with the following keywords: “stem cells,” “hypoxic preconditioning,” “ischemic preconditioning,” and “cell transplantation.” Study Selection: Original articles and critical reviews on the topics were selected. Results: Hypoxic preconditioning has been investigated as a primary endogenous protective mechanism and possible treatment against ischemic injuries. Many cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning have been identified. Conclusions: In cell transplantation therapy, hypoxic pretreatment of stem cells and neural progenitors markedly increases the survival and regenerative capabilities of these cells in the host environment, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects in various disease models. Regenerative treatments can mobilize endogenous stem cells for neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult brain. Furthermore, transplantation of stem cells/neural progenitors achieves therapeutic benefits via cell replacement and/or increased trophic support. Combinatorial approaches of cell-based therapy with additional strategies such as neuroprotective protocols, anti-inflammatory treatment, and rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve therapeutic benefits. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress regarding cell types and applications in regenerative medicine as well as future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Z Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yan-Bing Zhu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - James Y Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Myles R McCrary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Song Wang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan-Ping Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Neural stem cell therapies and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:1-17. [PMID: 29758244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult as well as in the neonate. Extensive pre-clinical studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of neural stem cell-based treatments for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. There are two major strategies of neural stem cell-based therapies: transplanting exogenous neural stem cells and boosting self-repair of endogenous neural stem cells. Neural stem cell transplantation has been proved to improve functional recovery after brain injury through multiple by-stander mechanisms (e.g., neuroprotection, immunomodulation), rather than simple cell-replacement. Endogenous neural stem cells reside in certain neurogenic niches of the brain and response to brain injury. Many molecules (e.g., neurotrophic factors) can stimulate or enhance proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells after injury. In this review, we first present an overview of neural stem cells during normal brain development and the effect of hypoxic-ischemic injury on the activation and function of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain. We then summarize and discuss the current knowledge of strategies and mechanisms for neural stem cell-based therapies on brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, including neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and adult ischemic stroke.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cui L, Chen R, Zhang C, Li Y, He T, Zhu X, Shen Z, Dong L, Zhao J, Wen Y, Zheng X, Li P. Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis via sonic hedgehog pathway after stroke in mice. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:38-48. [PMID: 28887094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need of developing approaches for delayed post-stroke therapy for patients who fail to receive thrombolysis within the narrow time window. Neuroprotection of Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in acute phase has been well documented. The current study was to determine the influence of SAFI at the subacute phase after stroke in mice, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to permanent occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery (dMCAO), followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of SAFI 24 h after stroke for 14 days. Motor behavior was measured by neurological function evaluations weekly, and proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were examined with immunohistochemistry. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) inhibitor cyclopamine (CYC) was injected to determine the involvement of Shh pathway in the therapeutic effects of SAFI. The results showed that SAFI led to dramatic brain functional improvement, elevated NPCs proliferation, and prompted long-term survival of newborn neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Up-regulation of Shh, Ptch and nuclear translocation of Gli1 were observed in the peri-infarct region, accompanied with robust production of Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Nerve growth factor (NGF). Simultaneous administration with CYC strikingly attenuated the beneficial outcomes of SAFI as well as abolished SAFI induced BDNF and NGF production. Collectively, our study demonstrated SAFI significantly promoted long-term functional recovery and neurogenesis, which might be dependent on Shh signaling mediated BDNF and NGF production. Therefore, SAFI might serve as a potential clinically translatable therapy during recovery stage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Yaoru Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Zuyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Jin Y, Barnett A, Zhang Y, Yu X, Luo Y. Poststroke Sonic Hedgehog Agonist Treatment Improves Functional Recovery by Enhancing Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis. Stroke 2017; 48:1636-1645. [PMID: 28487338 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Because of the limitation in treatment window of the r-tPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator), the development of delayed treatment for stroke is needed. In this study, we examined the efficacy of delayed poststroke treatment (post 3-8 days) of the sonic hedgehog pathway agonist on functional recovery and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated functional recovery at 1 month after stroke using locomotion analysis and Barnes maze test for cognitive function. We used a genetically inducible neural stem cell-specific reporter mouse line (nestin-CreERT2-R26R-YFP) to label and track their proliferation, survival, and differentiation in ischemic brain. Brain tissue damage, angiogenesis, and cerebral blood flow recovery was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging techniques and immunostaining. RESULTS Our results show that delayed treatment of sonic hedgehog pathway agonist in stroke mice results in enhanced functional recovery both in locomotor function and in cognitive function at 1 month after stroke. Furthermore, using the Nestincre-ERT2-YFP mice, we showed that poststroke sonic hedgehog pathway agonist treatment increased surviving newly born cells derived from both subventricular zone and subgranular zone neural stem cells, total surviving DCX+ (Doublecortin) neuroblast cells, and neurons (NeuN+/YFP+) in the ischemic brain. Sonic hedgehog pathway agonist treatment also improved the brain tissue repair in ischemic region supported by our T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral blood flow map by arterial spin labeling, and immunohistochemistry (α-smooth muscle actin and CD31 immunostaining). CONCLUSIONS These data confirm an important role for the hedgehog pathway in poststroke brain repair and functional recovery, suggesting a prolonged treatment window for potential treatment strategy to modulate sonic hedgehog pathway after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Jin
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.J., A.B., Y.L.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (Y.Z., X.Y.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Austin Barnett
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.J., A.B., Y.L.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (Y.Z., X.Y.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yifan Zhang
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.J., A.B., Y.L.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (Y.Z., X.Y.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xin Yu
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.J., A.B., Y.L.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (Y.Z., X.Y.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yu Luo
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (Y.J., A.B., Y.L.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (Y.Z., X.Y.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Hui Z, Sha DJ, Wang SL, Li CS, Qian J, Wang JQ, Zhao Y, Zhang JH, Cheng HY, Yang H, Yu LJ, Xu Y. Panaxatriol saponins promotes angiogenesis and enhances cerebral perfusion after ischemic stroke in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:70. [PMID: 28114983 PMCID: PMC5259846 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Panaxatriol saponins (PTS), an extract from the traditional Chinese herb Panax notoginseng, which has been used to treat ischemic stroke for many years in China. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of PTS remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether PTS can protect against ischemic brain injury by promoting angiogenesis and to explore the possible mechanism by which it promotes angiogenesis. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats, and neurological deficit scores and brain infarct volumes were assessed. Micro-Positron emission tomography (PET) was adopted to assess cerebral perfusion, and real-time PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate vascular growth factor and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway component levels. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine capillary densities in ischemic penumbrae. Results We showed that PTS improved neurological function and reduced infarct volumes in MCAO rats. Micro-PET indicated that PTS can significantly increase 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-PDG) uptake by ischemic brain tissue and enhance cerebral perfusion after MCAO surgery. Moreover, PTS was able to increase capillary densities and enhance angiogenesis in ischemic boundary zones and up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) expression by activating the Shh signaling pathway. Conclusion These findings indicate that PTS exerts protective effects against cerebral ischemic injury by enhancing angiogenesis and improving microperfusion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1579-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Patel SS, Tomar S, Sharma D, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:76-97. [PMID: 28088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling influences neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of central nervous system. Dysregulation of Shh signaling in brain leads to neurological disorders like autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's diseases, Huntington's disease, locomotor deficit, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, neuropathies as well as brain tumors. The synthesis, processing and transport of Shh ligand as well as the localization of its receptors and signal transduction in the central nervous system has been carefully reviewed. Further, we summarize the regulation of small molecule modulators of Shh pathway with potential in neurological disorders. In conclusion, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of positive and negative regulators of the Shh pathway in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Reactive astrogliosis in stroke: Contributions of astrocytes to recovery of neurological function. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:88-103. [PMID: 28057555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuronal connectivity, particularly in the "peri-infarct" tissue adjacent to the region of ischemic damage, are important contributors to the spontaneous recovery of function that commonly follows stroke. Peri-infarct astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis and play key roles in modulating the adaptive responses in neurons. This reactive astrogliosis shares many features with that induced by other forms of damage to the central nervous system but also differs in details that potentially influence neurological recovery. A subpopulation of astrocytes within a few hundred micrometers of the infarct proliferate and are centrally involved in the development of the glial scar that separates the damaged tissue in the infarct from surrounding normal brain. The intertwined processes of astrocytes adjacent to the infarct provide the core structural component of the mature scar. Interventions that cause early disruption of glial scar formation typically impede restoration of neurological function. Marked reactive astrogliosis also develops in cells more distant from the infarct but these cells largely remain in the spatial territories they occupied prior to stroke. These cells play important roles in controlling the extracellular environment and release proteins and other molecules that are able to promote neuronal plasticity and improve functional recovery. Treatments manipulating aspects of reactive astrogliosis can enhance neuronal plasticity following stroke. Optimising these treatments for use in human stroke would benefit from a more complete characterization of the specific responses of peri-infarct astrocytes to stroke as well as a better understanding of the influence of other factors including age, sex, comorbidities and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.
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Polydatin ameliorates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing apoptosis and oxidative stress through activating sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:215-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Filichia E, Hoffer B, Qi X, Luo Y. Inhibition of Drp1 mitochondrial translocation provides neural protection in dopaminergic system in a Parkinson's disease model induced by MPTP. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32656. [PMID: 27619562 PMCID: PMC5020318 DOI: 10.1038/srep32656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest mitochondria-mediated pathways play an important role in dopaminergic neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Drp1, a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, has been shown to be activated and translocated to mitochondria under stress, leading to excessive mitochondria fission and dopaminergic neuronal death in vitro. However, whether Drp1 inhibition can lead to long term stable preservation of dopaminergic neurons in PD-related mouse models remains unknown. In this study, using a classical MPTP animal PD model, we showed for the first time Drp1 activation and mitochondrial translocation in vivo after MPTP administration. Inhibition of Drp1 activation by a selective peptide inhibitor P110, blocked MPTP-induced Drp1 mitochondrial translocation and attenuated dopaminergic neuronal loss, dopaminergic nerve terminal damage and behavioral deficits caused by MPTP. MPTP-induced microglial activation and astrogliosis were not affected by P110 treatment. Instead, inhibition of Drp1 mitochondrial translocation diminished MPTP-induced p53, BAX and PUMA mitochondrial translocation. This study demonstrates that inhibition of Drp1 hyperactivation by a Drp1 peptide inhibitor P110 is neuroprotective in a MPTP animal model. Our data also suggest that the protective effects of P110 treatment might be mediated by inhibiting the p53 mediated apoptotic pathways in neurons through inhibition of Drp1-dependent p53 mitochondrial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Filichia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Barry Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology &Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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Zhou X, Pace J, Filichia E, Lv T, Davis B, Hoffer B, Selman W, Luo Y. Effect of the sonic hedgehog receptor smoothened on the survival and function of dopaminergic neurons. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:235-45. [PMID: 27317298 PMCID: PMC5479305 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of the sonic hedgehog (shh) pathway and its receptor smoothened (smo), on the survival and functionality of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. BACKGROUND During early development, shh induces the differentiation of DA neurons. However, it is unknown whether shh signaling is required in the maturation or maintenance of DA neurons during later development and adulthood due to the lethality of traditional shh knockout models. METHODS We utilized the cre-loxP system to achieve late developmental stage and cell type-specific deletion of the shh receptor, smo, in DA neurons by crossing DATcre (dopamine transporter) mice with Smo(loxP/loxP) mice. We assessed for differences between knockout (ko) and wildtype (wt) mice using combined histochemistry, gene expression analysis, and behavioral evaluation. Number and size of DA neurons in ventral midbrain and the DA neural terminal density in striatum were measured using unbiased stereological quantification. The survival of DA neurons under neurotoxin challenge was examined in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) Parkinson's disease animal model and the more subtle function under challenge of the dopaminergic system was examined by methamphetamine single- and repeated challenge in wt and ko mice. RESULTS Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neuronal counts and neuronal size in substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) showed no difference between wt and DAT-Smo ko mice in young (5months) or aged (22months) mice. There was also no difference in the striatal DA projections between wt and ko mice in both age groups. In unilateral striatal 6-OHDA lesions modeling Parkinson's disease, using stereotaxic injection of 6-OHDA intrastriatally led to loss of dopaminergic neurons in SN and diminished TH positive projections in striatum. However, there was no differences in survival of DA neurons between wt and ko mice. DAT-Smo ko mice demonstrated hyperactivity compared to wt mice at 5months, but showed no difference in activity at 22months. When injected with a one-time bolus of methamphetamine (METH), despite the higher basal locomotion activity, DAT-Smo ko mice showed a diminished response to a single METH challenge. In METH sensitization testing, ko mice showed decreased sensitization compared to wt mice without evidence of a delayed shift in dynamics of sensitization. Gene expression analysis showed decreased gene expression of smo, Gli 1 (known target gene of smo) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in the SN. Gene expression was not altered in striatum for the genes examined in this study including dopamine receptor genes, neurotropic genes such as Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). CONCLUSION Our study showed the smo receptor function is not required for the maturation and survival of DA neurons during late development, aging or under stress challenge. However, smo function has an influence on behavior in young adult mice and in responses of mice to a drug that modulates DA neurochemistry through regulation of gene expression in DA neurons. Since young adult DAT-smo ko mice show hyperactivity and altered response to a psychostimulant drug (METH), this may indicate the involvement of the shh pathway in the development of functional changes that manifest as alterations in DA pathway dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Jonathan Pace
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Emily Filichia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Brandon Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Barry Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Warren Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
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