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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 38251342 PMCID: PMC10820042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for studying disease pathogenesis and to test the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and therapeutics. For most diseases, there is no single model that can recapitulate all features of the human condition, so it is vital to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this review is to describe popular comparative animal models, including mice, ferrets, hamsters, and non-human primates (NHPs), that are being used to study clinical and pathological changes caused by influenza A virus infection with the aim to aid in appropriate model selection for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (N.M.K.); (Y.L.)
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Nii-Trebi NI, Mughogho TS, Abdulai A, Tetteh F, Ofosu PM, Osei MM, Yalley AK. Dynamics of viral disease outbreaks: A hundred years (1918/19-2019/20) in retrospect - Loses, lessons and emerging issues. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2475. [PMID: 37602770 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and a formidable obstacle to the development and well-being of people worldwide. Viruses account for more than half of infectious disease outbreaks that have plagued the world. The past century (1918/19-2019/20) has witnessed some of the worst viral disease outbreaks the world has recorded, with overwhelming impact especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The frequency of viral disease outbreak appears to be increasing. Generally, although infectious diseases have afflicted the world for centuries and humankind has had opportunities to examine the nature of their emergence and mode of spread, almost every new outbreak poses a formidable challenge to humankind, beating the existing pandemic preparedness systems, if any, and causing significant losses. These underscore inadequacy in our understanding of the dynamics and preparedness against viral disease outbreaks that lead to epidemics and pandemics. Despite these challenges, the past 100 years of increasing frequencies of viral disease outbreaks have engendered significant improvements in response to epidemics and pandemics, and offered lessons to inform preparedness. Hence, the increasing frequency of emergence of viral outbreaks and the challenges these outbreaks pose to humankind, call for the continued search for effective ways to tackle viral disease outbreaks in real time. Through a PRISMA-based approach, this systematic review examines the outbreak of viral diseases in retrospect to decipher the outbreak patterns, losses inflicted on humanity and highlights lessons these offer for meaningful preparation against future viral disease outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas I Nii-Trebi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anisa Abdulai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Tetteh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Priscilla M Ofosu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mary-Magdalene Osei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Akua K Yalley
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Abstract
The 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic was among the most severe in history, taking the lives of approximately 50 million people worldwide, and novel prophylactic vaccines are urgently needed to prevent another pandemic. Given that macaques are physiologically relevant preclinical models of human immunology that have advanced the clinical treatment of infectious diseases, a lethal pandemic influenza challenge model would provide a stringent platform for testing new influenza vaccine concepts. To this end, we infected rhesus macaques and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques with highly pathogenic 1918 H1N1 influenza virus and assessed pathogenesis and disease severity. Despite infection with a high dose of 1918 influenza delivered via multiple routes, rhesus macaques demonstrated minimal signs of disease, with only intermittent viral shedding. Cynomolgus macaques infected via intrabronchial instillation demonstrated mild symptoms, with disease severity depending on the infection dose. Cynomolgus macaques infected with a high dose of 1918 influenza delivered via multiple routes experienced moderate disease characterized by consistent viral shedding, pulmonary infiltrates, and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels. However, 1918 influenza was uniformly nonlethal in these two species, demonstrating that this isolate is insufficiently pathogenic in rhesus and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques to support testing novel prophylactic influenza approaches where protection from severe disease combined with a lethal outcome is desired as a highly stringent indication of vaccine efficacy. IMPORTANCE The world remains at risk of an influenza pandemic, and the development of new therapeutic and preventative modalities is critically important for minimizing human death and suffering during the next influenza pandemic. Animal models are central to the development of new therapies and vaccine approaches. In particular, nonhuman primates like rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are highly relevant preclinical models given their physiological and immunological similarities to humans. Unfortunately, there remains a scarcity of macaque models of pandemic influenza with which to test novel antiviral modalities. Here, we demonstrate that even at the highest doses tested, 1918 influenza was not lethal in these two macaque species, suggesting that they are not ideal for the development and testing of novel pandemic influenza-specific vaccines and therapies. Therefore, other physiologically relevant nonhuman primate models of pandemic influenza are needed.
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Meijer L, Böszörményi KP, Bakker J, Koopman G, Mooij P, Verel D, Fagrouch Z, Verstrepen BE, Funke U, Mooijer MPJ, Langermans JAM, Verschoor EJ, Windhorst AD, Stammes MA. Novel application of [ 18F]DPA714 for visualizing the pulmonary inflammation process of SARS-CoV-2-infection in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Nucl Med Biol 2022; 112-113:1-8. [PMID: 35660200 PMCID: PMC9148436 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rationale The aim of this study was to investigate the application of [18F]DPA714 to visualize the inflammation process in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus monkeys, focusing on the presence of pulmonary lesions, activation of mediastinal lymph nodes and surrounded lung tissue. Methods Four experimentally SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus monkeys were followed for seven weeks post infection (pi) with a weekly PET-CT using [18F]DPA714. Two PET images, 10 min each, of a single field-of-view covering the chest area, were obtained 10 and 30 min after injection. To determine the infection process swabs, blood and bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) were obtained. Results All animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in both the swabs and BALs on multiple timepoints pi. The initial development of pulmonary lesions was already detected at the first scan, performed 2-days pi. PET revealed an increased tracer uptake in the pulmonary lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes of all animals from the first scan obtained after infection and onwards. However, also an increased uptake was detected in the lung tissue surrounding the lesions, which persisted until day 30 and then subsided by day 37–44 pi. In parallel, a similar pattern of increased expression of activation markers was observed on dendritic cells in blood. Principal conclusions This study illustrates that [18F]DPA714 is a valuable radiotracer to visualize SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary inflammation, which coincided with activation of dendritic cells in blood. [18F]DPA714 thus has the potential to be of added value as diagnostic tracer for other viral respiratory infections. [18F]DPA714 PET can visualize alterations in the lungs after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The PET signal increases in unaffected lung tissue till day 30 post infection. Dendritic cell activation in blood is increased till day 30/37 post infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Petra Mooij
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Verel
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Uta Funke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martien P J Mooijer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands; Population Health Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrect University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam (TCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Mooij P, García-Arriaza J, Pérez P, Lázaro-Frías A, Verstrepen BE, Böszörményi KP, Mortier D, Fagrouch Z, Kiemenyi-Kayere G, Niphuis H, Acar RF, Meijer L, Stammes MA, Kondova I, Verschoor EJ, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Bruin E, Sikkema RS, Luczkowiak J, Delgado R, Montenegro D, Puentes E, Rodríguez E, Bogers WMJM, Koopman G, Esteban M. Poxvirus MVA Expressing SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Induces Robust Immunity and Protects Rhesus Macaques From SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845887. [PMID: 35371043 PMCID: PMC8966779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel safe, immunogenic, and effective vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Here, we describe the safety, robust immunogenicity, and potent efficacy elicited in rhesus macaques by a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MVA-S). MVA-S vaccination was well tolerated and induced S and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and several variants of concern. S-specific IFNγ, but not IL-4, -producing cells were also elicited. After SARS-CoV-2 challenge, vaccinated animals showed a significant strong reduction of virus loads in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and decreased levels in throat and nasal mucosa. Remarkably, MVA-S also protected macaques from fever and infection-induced cytokine storm. Computed tomography and histological examination of the lungs showed reduced lung pathology in MVA-S-vaccinated animals. These findings favor the use of MVA-S as a potential vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Lázaro-Frías
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Babs E. Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Kinga P. Böszörményi
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Roja Fidel Acar
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marieke A. Stammes
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Willy M. J. M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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Pinski AN, Maroney KJ, Marzi A, Messaoudi I. Distinct transcriptional responses to fatal Ebola virus infection in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques suggest species-specific immune responses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1320-1330. [PMID: 34112056 PMCID: PMC8253202 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1942229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus within the Filoviridae family and the causative agent of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Nonhuman primates (NHPs), including cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, are considered the gold standard animal model to interrogate mechanisms of EBOV pathogenesis. However, despite significant genetic similarity (>90%), NHP species display different clinical presentation following EBOV infection, notably a ∼1-2 days delay in disease progression. Consequently, evaluation of therapeutics is generally conducted in rhesus macaques, whereas cynomolgus macaques are utilized to determine efficacy of preventative treatments, notably vaccines. This observation is in line with reported differences in disease severity and host responses between these two NHP following infection with simian varicella virus, influenza A and SARS-CoV-2. However, the molecular underpinnings of these differential outcomes following viral infections remain poorly defined. In this study, we compared published transcriptional profiles obtained from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques infected with the EBOV-Makona Guinea C07 using bivariate and regression analyses to elucidate differences in host responses. We report the presence of a shared core of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reflecting EVD pathology, including aberrant inflammation, lymphopenia, and coagulopathy. However, the magnitudes of change differed between the two macaque species. These findings suggest that the differential clinical presentation of EVD in these two species is mediated by altered transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Kevin J Maroney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA.,Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Mooij P, Stammes MA, Mortier D, Fagrouch Z, van Driel N, Verschoor EJ, Kondova I, Bogers WMJM, Koopman G. Aerosolized Exposure to H5N1 Influenza Virus Causes Less Severe Disease Than Infection via Combined Intrabronchial, Oral, and Nasal Inoculation in Cynomolgus Macaques. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020345. [PMID: 33671829 PMCID: PMC7926951 DOI: 10.3390/v13020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus in humans often leads to severe respiratory disease with high mortality. Experimental infection in non-human primates can provide additional insight into disease pathogenesis. However, such a model should recapitulate the disease symptoms observed in humans, such as pneumonia and inflammatory cytokine response. While previous studies in macaques have demonstrated the occurrence of typical lesions in the lungs early after infection and a high level of immune activation, progression to severe disease and lethality were rarely observed. Here, we evaluated a routinely used combined route of infection via intra-bronchial, oral, and intra-nasal virus inoculation with aerosolized H5N1 exposure, with or without the regular collection of bronchoalveolar lavages early after infection. Both combined route and aerosol exposure resulted in similar levels of virus replication in nose and throat and similar levels of immune activation, cytokine, and chemokine release in the blood. However, while animals exposed to H5N1 by combined-route inoculation developed severe disease with high lethality, aerosolized exposure resulted in less lesions, as measured by consecutive computed tomography and less fever and lethal disease. In conclusion, not virus levels or immune activation, but route of infection determines fatal outcome for highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (P.M.); (D.M.); (Z.F.); (E.J.V.); (W.M.J.M.B.)
| | - Marieke A. Stammes
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (P.M.); (D.M.); (Z.F.); (E.J.V.); (W.M.J.M.B.)
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (P.M.); (D.M.); (Z.F.); (E.J.V.); (W.M.J.M.B.)
| | - Nikki van Driel
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (N.v.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (P.M.); (D.M.); (Z.F.); (E.J.V.); (W.M.J.M.B.)
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (N.v.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Willy M. J. M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (P.M.); (D.M.); (Z.F.); (E.J.V.); (W.M.J.M.B.)
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (P.M.); (D.M.); (Z.F.); (E.J.V.); (W.M.J.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-152842761
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Mooij P, Mortier D, Stammes M, Fagrouch Z, Verschoor EJ, Bogers WMJM, Koopman G. Aerosolized pH1N1 influenza infection induces less systemic and local immune activation in the lung than combined intrabronchial, nasal and oral exposure in cynomolgus macaques. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1229-1241. [PMID: 32975505 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates form an important animal model for the evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy of novel 'universal' vaccine candidates against influenza virus. However, in most studies a combination of intra-tracheal or intra-bronchial, oral and nasal virus inoculation is used with a standard virus dose of between 1 and 10 million tissue culture infective doses, which differs from typical modes of virus exposure in humans. This paper studies the systemic and local inflammatory and immune effects of aerosolized versus combined-route exposure to pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. In agreement with a previous study, both combined-route and aerosol exposure resulted in similar levels of virus replication in nose, throat and lung lavages. However, the acute release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, acute monocyte activation in peripheral blood as well as increased cytokine production and T-cell proliferation in the lungs were only observed after combined-route infection and not after aerosol exposure. Longitudinal evaluation by computed tomography demonstrated persistence of lung lesions after resolution of the infection and a tendency for more lesions in the lower lung lobes after combined-route exposure versus upper and middle lung lobes after aerosol exposure. Computed tomography scores were observed to correlate with fever. In conclusion, influenza virus infection by aerosol exposure is accompanied by less immune-activation and inflammation in comparison with direct virus installation, despite similar levels of virus replication and development of lesions in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Stammes
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M J M Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Mooij P, Grødeland G, Koopman G, Andersen TK, Mortier D, Nieuwenhuis IG, Verschoor EJ, Fagrouch Z, Bogers WM, Bogen B. Needle-free delivery of DNA: Targeting of hemagglutinin to MHC class II molecules protects rhesus macaques against H1N1 influenza. Vaccine 2019; 37:817-826. [PMID: 30638800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines are hampered by slow and limited production capabilities, whereas DNA vaccines can be rapidly produced for global coverage in the event of an emerging pandemic. However, a drawback of DNA vaccines is their generally low immunogenicity in non-human primates and humans. We have previously demonstrated that targeting of influenza hemagglutinin to human HLA class II molecules can increase antibody responses in larger animals such as ferrets and pigs. Here, we extend these observations by immunizing non-human primates (rhesus macaques) with a DNA vaccine encoding a bivalent fusion protein that targets influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) to Mamu class II molecules. Such immunization induced neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cells. The DNA was delivered by pain- and needle-free jet injections intradermally. No adverse effects were observed. Most importantly, the immunized rhesus macaques were protected against a challenge with influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Gunnveig Grødeland
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Tor Kristian Andersen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Willy M Bogers
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Common marmosets are highly susceptible to several viral pathogens that exist as latent or subclinical infections in their natural reservoir hosts but cause severe disease or death when interspecies transmission occurs. Examples of such viruses in marmosets are herpes simplex virus infections, parainfluenza virus 1 infections, and measles acquired from humans, Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 infection after transmission from squirrel monkeys, and infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus originating from mice. Other relevant viral infections causing spontaneous disease in common marmoset colonies include cowpox virus infections and paramyxovirus saguinus infections. Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 is a newly recognized lymphocryptovirus that is associated with the development of intestinal lymphoproliferative disease in common marmosets. Most viral pathogens causing disease in common marmosets are potential zoonotic agents, and protective measures should be implemented when handling these small New World monkeys.
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D'Alessio F, Koopman G, Houard S, Remarque EJ, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG. Workshop report: Experimental animal models for universal influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:6895-6901. [PMID: 30340885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in influenza research is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and the protective immune response observed in humans. A workshop organised by the EDUFLUVAC consortium, a European Union funded project coordinated by the European Vaccine Initiative, brought together experts from the influenza vaccine community with the aim to discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives for testing broadly reactive influenza vaccines in animal models. The programme included a diversity of models from well-established and publicly accepted models to cutting edge, newly developed animal models as well as ex-vivo approaches and human models. The audience concluded that different vaccine approaches may require evaluation in different animal models, depending on the type of immune response induced by the vaccine. Safety is the main concern for transition to clinical development and influenza vaccine associated enhanced disease was specifically emphasised. An efficient animal model to evaluate this aspect of safety still needs to be identified. Working with animal models requires ethical compliance and consideration of the 3R principles. Development of alternative approaches such as ex-vivo techniques is progressing but is still at an early stage and these methods are not yet suitable for broader application for vaccine evaluation. The human challenge is the ultimate model to assess influenza vaccines. However this model is expensive and not largely applicable. The currently used pre-clinical models are not yet specifically focused on studying unique aspects of a universal influenza vaccine. Further collaboration, communication and effective networking are needed for success in establishment of harmonised and standardised pre-clinical models for evaluation of new influenza vaccines. This report does not provide a complete review of the field but discusses the data presented by the speakers and discussion points raised during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia D'Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Wageningen University & Re-search, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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13
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Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Nakajima N, Kiso M, Takahashi K, Ito M, Inoue T, Horiuchi M, Okahara N, Sasaki E, Hasegawa H, Kawaoka Y. The Marmoset as an Animal Model of Influenza: Infection With A(H1N1)pdm09 and Highly Pathogenic A(H5N1) Viruses via the Conventional or Tracheal Spray Route. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:844. [PMID: 29867791 PMCID: PMC5954801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To control infectious diseases in humans, it is important to understand the pathogenicity of the infecting organism(s). Although non-human primates, such as cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, have been used for influenza virus infection models, their size can limit their use in confined animal facilities. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of marmosets to influenza viruses to assess the possibility of using these animals as a non-human primate model for influenza research. We first used an influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus to compare two inoculation routes: the conventional route, via a combination of the intratracheal, intranasal, ocular, and oral routes; and the tracheal spray route. In marmosets inoculated via the tracheal spray route, we found inflammation throughout the lungs and trachea. In contrast, in marmosets inoculated via the conventional route, the inflammation was confined to roughly the center of the lung. These data suggest that the tracheal spray route may be more suitable than the conventional route to inoculate marmosets with influenza viruses. We also tested an influenza A(H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and found that some marmosets inoculated with this virus via the tracheal spray route showed weight loss, decreased body temperature, and loss of appetite and activity. The replication of this H5N1 virus in respiratory organs was confirmed. These results indicate the potential of marmosets as an animal model for infection with seasonal or HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Marmoset Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Machiko Horiuchi
- BioSciences Group, Summit Pharmaceuticals International Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Okahara
- Marmoset Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Marmoset Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Non-human primate orthologues of TMPRSS2 cleave and activate the influenza virus hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176597. [PMID: 28493964 PMCID: PMC5426610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular serine protease TMPRSS2, a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family, cleaves and activates the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses (FLUAV) in cell culture and is essential for spread of diverse FLUAV in mice. Non-human primates (NHP), in particular rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, serve as animal models for influenza and experimental FLUAV infection of common marmosets has recently also been reported. However, it is currently unknown whether the NHP orthologues of human TMPRSS2 cleave and activate FLUAV hemagglutinin and contribute to viral spread in respiratory tissue. Here, we cloned and functionally analyzed the macaque and marmoset orthologues of human TMPRSS2. In addition, we analyzed the macaque orthologues of human TMPRSS4 and HAT, which also belong to the TTSP family. We found that all NHP orthologues of human TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4 and HAT cleave and activate HA upon directed expression and provide evidence that endogenous TMPRSS2 is expressed in the respiratory epithelium of rhesus macaques. Finally, we demonstrate that a serine protease inhibitor active against TMPRSS2 suppresses FLUAV spread in precision-cut lung slices of human, macaque and marmoset origin. These results indicate that FLUAV depends on serine protease activity for spread in diverse NHP and in humans. Moreover, our findings suggest that macaques and marmosets may serve as models to study FLUAV activation by TMPRSS2 in human patients.
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15
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Burwitz BJ, Malouli D, Bimber BN, Reed JS, Ventura AB, Hancock MH, Uebelhoer LS, Bhusari A, Hammond KB, Espinosa Trethewy RG, Klug A, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Nelson JA, Park BS, Streblow DN, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Früh K, Sacha JB. Cross-Species Rhesus Cytomegalovirus Infection of Cynomolgus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006014. [PMID: 27829026 PMCID: PMC5102353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are highly species-specific due to millennia of co-evolution and adaptation to their host, with no successful experimental cross-species infection in primates reported to date. Accordingly, full genome phylogenetic analysis of multiple new CMV field isolates derived from two closely related nonhuman primate species, Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) and Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM), revealed distinct and tight lineage clustering according to the species of origin, with MCM CMV isolates mirroring the limited genetic diversity of their primate host that underwent a population bottleneck 400 years ago. Despite the ability of Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) laboratory strain 68-1 to replicate efficiently in MCM fibroblasts and potently inhibit antigen presentation to MCM T cells in vitro, RhCMV 68-1 failed to productively infect MCM in vivo, even in the absence of host CD8+ T and NK cells. In contrast, RhCMV clone 68-1.2, genetically repaired to express the homologues of the HCMV anti-apoptosis gene UL36 and epithelial cell tropism genes UL128 and UL130 absent in 68-1, efficiently infected MCM as evidenced by the induction of transgene-specific T cells and virus shedding. Recombinant variants of RhCMV 68-1 and 68-1.2 revealed that expression of either UL36 or UL128 together with UL130 enabled productive MCM infection, indicating that multiple layers of cross-species restriction operate even between closely related hosts. Cumulatively, these results implicate cell tropism and evasion of apoptosis as critical determinants of CMV transmission across primate species barriers, and extend the macaque model of human CMV infection and immunology to MCM, a nonhuman primate species with uniquely simplified host immunogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Luke S. Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Renee G. Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alex Klug
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Byung S. Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Marriott AC, Dennis M, Kane JA, Gooch KE, Hatch G, Sharpe S, Prevosto C, Leeming G, Zekeng EG, Staples KJ, Hall G, Ryan KA, Bate S, Moyo N, Whittaker CJ, Hallis B, Silman NJ, Lalvani A, Wilkinson TM, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Carroll MW. Influenza A Virus Challenge Models in Cynomolgus Macaques Using the Authentic Inhaled Aerosol and Intra-Nasal Routes of Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157887. [PMID: 27311020 PMCID: PMC4911124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates are the animals closest to humans for use in influenza A virus challenge studies, in terms of their phylogenetic relatedness, physiology and immune systems. Previous studies have shown that cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are permissive for infection with H1N1pdm influenza virus. These studies have typically used combined challenge routes, with the majority being intra-tracheal delivery, and high doses of virus (> 107 infectious units). This paper describes the outcome of novel challenge routes (inhaled aerosol, intra-nasal instillation) and low to moderate doses (103 to 106 plaque forming units) of H1N1pdm virus in cynomolgus macaques. Evidence of virus replication and sero-conversion were detected in all four challenge groups, although the disease was sub-clinical. Intra-nasal challenge led to an infection confined to the nasal cavity. A low dose (103 plaque forming units) did not lead to detectable infectious virus shedding, but a 1000-fold higher dose led to virus shedding in all intra-nasal challenged animals. In contrast, aerosol and intra-tracheal challenge routes led to infections throughout the respiratory tract, although shedding from the nasal cavity was less reproducible between animals compared to the high-dose intra-nasal challenge group. Intra-tracheal and aerosol challenges induced a transient lymphopaenia, similar to that observed in influenza-infected humans, and greater virus-specific cellular immune responses in the blood were observed in these groups in comparison to the intra-nasal challenge groups. Activation of lung macrophages and innate immune response genes was detected at days 5 to 7 post-challenge. The kinetics of infection, both virological and immunological, were broadly in line with human influenza A virus infections. These more authentic infection models will be valuable in the determination of anti-influenza efficacy of novel entities against less severe (and thus more common) influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mike Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Kane
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hatch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Prevosto
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Leeming
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa-Gayle Zekeng
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bate
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Whittaker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Silman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Department of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Goodier MR, Rodriguez-Galan A, Lusa C, Nielsen CM, Darboe A, Moldoveanu AL, White MJ, Behrens R, Riley EM. Influenza Vaccination Generates Cytokine-Induced Memory-like NK Cells: Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:313-25. [PMID: 27233958 PMCID: PMC4911617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are activated by cytokines, immune complexes, and signals transduced via activating ligands on other host cells. After vaccination, or during secondary infection, adaptive immune responses can enhance both cytokine-driven and Ab-dependent NK cell responses. However, induction of NK cells for enhanced function after in vitro exposure to innate inflammatory cytokines has also been reported and may synergize with adaptive signals to potentiate NK cell activity during infection or vaccination. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of seasonal influenza vaccination on NK cell function and phenotype in 52 previously unvaccinated individuals. Enhanced, IL-2–dependent, NK cell IFN-γ responses to Influenza A/California/7/2009 virus were detected up to 4 wk postvaccination and higher in human CMV (HCMV)-seronegative (HCMV−) individuals than in HCMV-seropositive (HCMV+) individuals. By comparison, robust NK cell degranulation responses were observed both before and after vaccination, due to high titers of naturally occurring anti-influenza Abs in human plasma, and did not differ between HCMV+ and HCMV− subjects. In addition to these IL-2–dependent and Ab-dependent responses, NK cell responses to innate cytokines were also enhanced after influenza vaccination; this was associated with proliferation of CD57− NK cells and was most evident in HCMV+ subjects. Similar enhancement of cytokine responsiveness was observed when NK cells were cocultured in vitro with Influenza A/California/7/2009 virus, and this was at least partially dependent upon IFN-αβR2. In summary, our data indicate that attenuated or live viral vaccines promote cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells and that this process is influenced by HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Galan
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Lusa
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Alansana Darboe
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; MRC International Nutrition Group, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ana L Moldoveanu
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J White
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Behrens
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom;
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18
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Pereira LC, Barros M. Relationship between body temperature, weight, and hematological parameters of black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata
). J Med Primatol 2016; 45:118-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cardoso Pereira
- Primate Center and Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; University of Brasilia; Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - Marilia Barros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Health Sciences; University of Brasilia; Brasilia DF Brazil
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19
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Itoh Y. Translational research on influenza virus infection using a nonhuman primate model. Pathol Int 2016; 66:132-141. [PMID: 26811109 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a seasonal infectious disease for humans, whereas it is also a zoonosis that is originally transmitted from animals to humans. Therefore, several animal models are used in research on influenza virus infection. We have used a nonhuman primate (NHP) model to extrapolate pathogenicity of various influenza viruses and efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against the influenza viruses in humans. NHPs have genes, anatomical structure, and immune responses similar to those of humans as compared to other animal models. Using an NHP model, we revealed that the pandemic 2009 influenza A virus caused viral pneumonia as reported in human patients. Thus, it is thought that NHP models can be used to predict replication of emerging viruses in humans. We also examined the pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and evaluated a new therapeutic antibody in macaques under an immunocompromised condition. NHP models have provided promising results in research on other infectious diseases including Ebola virus and human/simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Thus, NHPs are important in biomedical research for determining the pathogenesis and for development of treatments, especially when clinical trials are difficult. We summarize the characteristics and advantages of research using NHP models in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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20
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Correlation between Virus Replication and Antibody Responses in Macaques following Infection with Pandemic Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2015; 90:1023-33. [PMID: 26537681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus infection of nonhuman primates is a well-established animal model for studying pathogenesis and for evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies. However, usually a standard dose is used for the infection, and there is no information on the relation between challenge dose and virus replication or the induction of immune responses. Such information is also very scarce for humans and largely confined to evaluation of attenuated virus strains. Here, we have compared the effect of a commonly used dose (4 × 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses) versus a 100-fold-higher dose, administered by intrabronchial installation, to two groups of 6 cynomolgus macaques. Animals infected with the high virus dose showed more fever and had higher peak levels of gamma interferon in the blood. However, virus replication in the trachea was not significantly different between the groups, although in 2 out of 6 animals from the high-dose group it was present at higher levels and for a longer duration. The virus-specific antibody response was not significantly different between the groups. However, antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers correlated with cumulative virus production in the trachea. In conclusion, using influenza virus infection in cynomolgus macaques as a model, we demonstrated a relationship between the level of virus production upon infection and induction of functional antibody responses against the virus. IMPORTANCE There is only very limited information on the effect of virus inoculation dose on the level of virus production and the induction of adaptive immune responses in humans or nonhuman primates. We found only a marginal and variable effect of virus dose on virus production in the trachea but a significant effect on body temperature. The induction of functional antibody responses, including virus neutralization titer, hemagglutination inhibition titer, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, correlated with the level of virus replication measured in the trachea. The study reveals a relationship between virus production and functional antibody formation, which could be relevant in defining appropriate criteria for new influenza virus vaccine candidates.
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