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Dos Santos CH, Gustani EC, Machado LPDB, Mateus RP. Dietary Variation Effect on Life History Traits and Energy Storage in Neotropical Species of Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:578-595. [PMID: 38687423 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to respond to nutritional stress can be a plastic character under the action of natural selection, affecting several characteristics, including life history and energy storage. The genus Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae) presents high variability regarding natural resource exploration. However, most works on this theme have studied the model species D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830 and little is known about Neotropical drosophilids. Here we evaluate the effects of three diets, with different carbohydrate-to-protein ratios, on life history (viability and development time) and metabolic pools (triglycerides, glycogen, and total soluble protein contents) of three Neotropical species of Drosophila: D. maculifrons Duda, 1927; D. ornatifrons Duda, 1927, both of the subgenus Drosophila Sturtevant, 1939, and D. willistoni Sturtevant, 1916 of the subgenus Sophophora Sturtevant, 1939. Our results showed that only D. willistoni was viable on all diets, D. maculifrons was not viable on the sugary diet, while D. ornatifrons was barely viable on this diet. The sugary diet increased the development time of D. willistoni and D. ornatifrons, and D. willistoni glycogen content. Thus, the viability of D. maculifrons and D. ornatifrons seems to depend on a certain amount of protein and/or a low concentration of carbohydrate in the diet. A more evident effect of the diets on triglyceride and protein pools was detected in D. ornatifrons, which could be related to the adult attraction to dung and carrion baited pitfall as food resource tested in nature. Our results demonstrated that the evolutionary history and differential adaptations to natural macronutrient resources are important to define the amplitude of response that a species can present when faced with dietary variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Heloise Dos Santos
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Paes de Barros Machado
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pincela Mateus
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
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Lindsey AR, Tennessen JM, Gelaw MA, Jones MW, Parish AJ, Newton IL, Nemkov T, D'Alessandro A, Rai M, Stark N. The intracellular symbiont Wolbachia alters Drosophila development and metabolism to buffer against nutritional stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.20.524972. [PMID: 36711506 PMCID: PMC9882369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia is a common symbiont of many arthropods and nematodes, well studied for its impacts on host reproductive biology. However, its broad success as a vertically transmitted infection cannot be attributed to manipulations of host reproduction alone. Using the Drosophila melanogaster model and their natively associated Wolbachia strain " w Mel", we show that Wolbachia infection supports fly development and buffers against nutritional stress. Wolbachia infection across several fly genotypes and a range of nutrient conditions resulted in reduced pupal mortality, increased adult emergence, and larger size. We determined that the exogenous supplementation of pyrimidines partially rescued developmental phenotypes in the Wolbachia -free flies, and that Wolbachia titers were responsive to reduced gene expression of the fly's de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. In parallel, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that Wolbachia impacts larval biology far beyond pyrimidine metabolism. Wolbachia -infected larvae had strong signatures of shifts in glutathione and mitochondrial metabolism, plus significant changes in the expression of key developmental regulators including Notch , the insulin receptor ( lnR ), and the juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene-tolerant ( Met ). We propose that Wolbachia acts as a beneficial symbiont to support fly development and enhance host fitness, especially during periods of nutrient stress. SIGNIFICANCE Wolbachia is a bacterial symbiont of arthropods and nematodes, well described for its manipulations of arthropod reproduction. However, many have theorized there must be more to this symbiosis, even in well-studied Wolbachia- host relationships such as with Drosophila . Reproductive impacts alone cannot explain the success and ubiquity of this bacterium. Here, we use Drosophila melanogaster and their native Wolbachia infections to show that Wolbachia supports fly development and significantly buffers flies against nutritional stress. These developmental advantages might help explain the ubiquity of Wolbachia infections.
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von Hellfeld R, Christie C, Derous D, Morimoto J. Super food or super toxic? Turmeric and spirulina as culprits for the toxic effects of food dyes in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 153:104600. [PMID: 38145823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to food dyes, even for those considered safe for consumption, are known to have toxic effects. However, we lack a proper understanding of the underlying compounds that are responsible for the observed toxicity. Here, we tested the toxic effects of three common commercially available natural food dyes (red, green, blue), and their main ingredients (turmeric and spirulina), on Drosophila melanogaster oviposition, larval development, and larval foraging behaviour. Larval development and egg-to-adult survival was significantly impacted by blue and green dyes. These effects were recapitulated when flies were fed with increasing concentrations of turmeric and spirulina, suggesting that turmeric is a toxic component of the food dye. Red dye, which contains neither turmeric or spirulina, had little impact on fly health and behaviour. Green and blue food dyes decreased egg laying, an effect similar to that observed in increasing concentrations of turmeric and, to a lesser extent, spirulina. When given a choice, larvae preferred to feed as follows: control > red > blue > green diet patches, a pattern inversely correlating with the previously observed toxicity. Our results show that, despite turmeric being often considered a super food, it can have toxic effects that the impact health of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca von Hellfeld
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Craig Christie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil.
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Rand MD, Tennessen JM, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Perspectives on the Drosophila melanogaster Model for Advances in Toxicological Science. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e870. [PMID: 37639638 PMCID: PMC10463236 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of Drosophila melanogaster for studies of toxicology has grown considerably in the last decade. The Drosophila model has long been appreciated as a versatile and powerful model for developmental biology and genetics because of its ease of handling, short life cycle, low cost of maintenance, molecular genetic accessibility, and availability of a wide range of publicly available strains and data resources. These features, together with recent unique developments in genomics and metabolomics, make the fly model especially relevant and timely for the development of new approach methodologies and movements toward precision toxicology. Here, we offer a perspective on how flies can be leveraged to identify risk factors relevant to environmental exposures and human health. First, we review and discuss fundamental toxicologic principles for experimental design with Drosophila. Next, we describe quantitative and systems genetics approaches to resolve the genetic architecture and candidate pathways controlling susceptibility to toxicants. Finally, we summarize the current state and future promise of the emerging field of Drosophila metabolomics for elaborating toxic mechanisms. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Rand
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA
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5
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Contreras A, Jones MK, Eldon ED, Klig LS. Inositol in Disease and Development: Roles of Catabolism via myo-Inositol Oxygenase in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4185. [PMID: 36835596 PMCID: PMC9967586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol depletion has been associated with diabetes and related complications. Increased inositol catabolism, via myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX), has been implicated in decreased renal function. This study demonstrates that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster catabolizes myo-inositol via MIOX. The levels of mRNA encoding MIOX and MIOX specific activity are increased when fruit flies are grown on a diet with inositol as the sole sugar. Inositol as the sole dietary sugar can support D. melanogaster survival, indicating that there is sufficient catabolism for basic energy requirements, allowing for adaptation to various environments. The elimination of MIOX activity, via a piggyBac WH-element inserted into the MIOX gene, results in developmental defects including pupal lethality and pharate flies without proboscises. In contrast, RNAi strains with reduced levels of mRNA encoding MIOX and reduced MIOX specific activity develop to become phenotypically wild-type-appearing adult flies. myo-Inositol levels in larval tissues are highest in the strain with this most extreme loss of myo-inositol catabolism. Larval tissues from the RNAi strains have inositol levels higher than wild-type larval tissues but lower levels than the piggyBac WH-element insertion strain. myo-Inositol supplementation of the diet further increases the myo-inositol levels in the larval tissues of all the strains, without any noticeable effects on development. Obesity and blood (hemolymph) glucose, two hallmarks of diabetes, were reduced in the RNAi strains and further reduced in the piggyBac WH-element insertion strain. Collectively, these data suggest that moderately increased myo-inositol levels do not cause developmental defects and directly correspond to reduced larval obesity and blood (hemolymph) glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altagracia Contreras
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Melissa K. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Eldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Lisa S. Klig
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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Heightened immune surveillance in Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for faster development and extended longevity. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12090. [PMID: 36544838 PMCID: PMC9761728 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximization of life-history traits is under constraints due to both, limitations of resource acquisition and the restricted pathways of resource allocation. Drosophila melanogaster has served as an excellent model organism to not only unravel various trade-offs among life history traits but also numerous aspects of host immune response. Drosophila larvae are semi-aquatic that live, feed and excrete inside the food source-often over-ripe fruits and vegetables that are rich in both commensal and pathogenic microbiota that can impact the larval survival. In this study, we have used six populations of D. melanogaster, three of which are selected for faster pre-adult development and extended adult longevity, and their three ancestral controls, to explore the impact of selection on the basal immune activity in the larval stage. The larvae from selected populations had nearly significantly upregulated plasmatocyte density, significantly higher percent phagocytosis, phagocytic index and higher transcript levels of Tep3, eater and NimC1. Selected populations also had significantly upregulated crystal cell number along with higher transcript of PPO2. Out of seven tested AMPs level, Drosomycin was significantly upregulated in selected populations while Drosocin was significantly higher in control populations. ROS levels were comparable in the selected and control populations. Our results strongly suggest that enhanced basal immune activity during larval stage manages the faster development and could be responsible for comparable larval survival of selected and control populations.
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Meshrif WS, El Husseiny IM, Elbrense H. Drosophila melanogaster as a low-cost and valuable model for studying type 2 diabetes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:457-466. [PMID: 35189046 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been used as the most successful invertebrate model for studying metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). We induced T2D by feeding Drosophila larvae on a high-sugar diet (HSD). The glucose and trehalose, glycogen, lipid, triglyceride, and protein levels were determined in HSD-fed larvae. Moreover, larval food intake, water content, size, and weight in addition to the development until pupation were observed. Levels of Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs 2, 3, and 5), as well as adipokinetic hormone (AKH), were also determined in HSD-fed larvae by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that HSD could induce elevated levels of glucose, trehalose, glycogen, and proteins in larvae. The larvae consumed less food intake and were smaller, lighter, and less developed on HSD than those on the control diet. Moreover, the water content of larvae fed HSD was similar to that fed the control diet. HSD induced higher expression of DILP3 and AKH, confirming hyperglycemia with insulin resistance. In sum, Drosophila offers an appropriate model for quick and inexpensive in vivo experimentation on human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam S Meshrif
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Iman M El Husseiny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Elbrense
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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8
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Adipose mitochondrial metabolism controls body growth by modulating systemic cytokine and insulin signaling. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110802. [PMID: 35545043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals must adapt their growth to fluctuations in nutrient availability to ensure proper development. These adaptations often rely on specific nutrient-sensing tissues that control whole-body physiology through inter-organ communication. While the signaling mechanisms that underlie this communication are well studied, the contributions of metabolic alterations in nutrient-sensing tissues are less clear. Here, we show how the reprogramming of adipose mitochondria controls whole-body growth in Drosophila larvae. We find that dietary nutrients alter fat-body mitochondrial morphology to lower their bioenergetic activity, leading to rewiring of fat-body glucose metabolism. Strikingly, we find that genetic reduction of mitochondrial bioenergetics just in the fat body is sufficient to accelerate body growth and development. These growth effects are caused by inhibition of the fat-derived secreted peptides ImpL2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/Eiger, leading to enhanced systemic insulin signaling. Our work reveals how reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism in one nutrient-sensing tissue can couple nutrient availability to whole-body growth.
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Millington JW, Biswas P, Chao C, Xia YH, Wat LW, Brownrigg GP, Sun Z, Basner-Collins PJ, Klein Geltink RI, Rideout EJ. A low-sugar diet enhances Drosophila body size in males and females via sex-specific mechanisms. Development 2022; 149:dev200491. [PMID: 35195254 PMCID: PMC10656461 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, changes to dietary protein elicit different body size responses between the sexes. Whether these differential body size effects extend to other macronutrients remains unclear. Here, we show that lowering dietary sugar (0S diet) enhanced body size in male and female larvae. Despite an equivalent phenotypic effect between the sexes, we detected sex-specific changes to signalling pathways, transcription and whole-body glycogen and protein. In males, the low-sugar diet augmented insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway (IIS) activity by increasing insulin sensitivity, where increased IIS was required for male metabolic and body size responses in 0S. In females reared on low sugar, IIS activity and insulin sensitivity were unaffected, and IIS function did not fully account for metabolic and body size responses. Instead, we identified a female-biased requirement for the Target of rapamycin pathway in regulating metabolic and body size responses. Together, our data suggest the mechanisms underlying the low-sugar-induced increase in body size are not fully shared between the sexes, highlighting the importance of including males and females in larval studies even when similar phenotypic outcomes are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Millington
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Puja Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Charlotte Chao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yi Han Xia
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lianna W. Wat
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - George P. Brownrigg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ziwei Sun
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paige J. Basner-Collins
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ramon I. Klein Geltink
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J. Rideout
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Shukla N, Kolthur‐Seetharam U. Drosophila Sirtuin 6 mediates developmental diet-dependent programming of adult physiology and survival. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13576. [PMID: 35233942 PMCID: PMC8920434 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms in the wild experience unpredictable and diverse food availability throughout their lifespan. Over-/under-nutrition during development and in adulthood is known to dictate organismal survival and fitness. Studies using model systems have also established long-term effects of developmental dietary alterations on life-history traits. However, the underlining genetic/molecular factors, which differentially couple nutrient inputs during development with fitness later in life are far less understood. Using Drosophila and loss/gain of function perturbations, our serendipitous findings demonstrate an essential role of Sirtuin 6 in regulating larval developmental kinetics, in a nutrient-dependent manner. The absence of Sirt6 affected ecdysone and insulin signalling and led to accelerated larval development. Moreover, varying dietary glucose and yeast during larval stages resulted in enhanced susceptibility to metabolic and oxidative stress in adults. We also demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for Sirt6 in regulating physiological homeostasis, physical activity and organismal lifespan, known only in mammals until now. Our results highlight gene-diet interactions that dictate thresholding of nutrient inputs and physiological plasticity, operative across development and adulthood. In summary, besides showing its role in invertebrate ageing, our study also identifies Sirt6 as a key factor that programs macronutrient-dependent life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Ullas Kolthur‐Seetharam
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research‐Hyderabad (TIFR‐H) Hyderabad India
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11
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Texada MJ, Lassen M, Pedersen LH, Koyama T, Malita A, Rewitz K. Insulin signaling couples growth and early maturation to cholesterol intake in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1548-1562.e6. [PMID: 35245460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the most important influences on growth and the timing of maturational transitions including mammalian puberty and insect metamorphosis. Childhood obesity is associated with precocious puberty, but the assessment mechanism that links body fat to early maturation is unknown. During development, the intake of nutrients promotes signaling through insulin-like systems that govern the growth of cells and tissues and also regulates the timely production of the steroid hormones that initiate the juvenile-adult transition. We show here that the dietary lipid cholesterol, which is required as a component of cell membranes and as a substrate for steroid biosynthesis, also governs body growth and maturation in Drosophila via promoting the expression and release of insulin-like peptides. This nutritional input acts via the nutrient sensor TOR, which is regulated by the Niemann-Pick-type-C 1 (Npc1) cholesterol transporter, in the glia of the blood-brain barrier and cells of the adipose tissue to remotely drive systemic insulin signaling and body growth. Furthermore, increasing intracellular cholesterol levels in the steroid-producing prothoracic gland strongly promotes endoreduplication, leading to an accelerated attainment of a nutritional checkpoint that normally ensures that animals do not initiate maturation prematurely. These findings, therefore, show that a Npc1-TOR signaling system couples the sensing of the lipid cholesterol with cellular and systemic growth control and maturational timing, which may help explain both the link between cholesterol and cancer as well as the connection between body fat (obesity) and early puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Lassen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa H Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alina Malita
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Krittika S, Yadav P. Trans-generational effect of protein restricted diet on adult body and wing size of Drosophila melanogaster. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211325. [PMID: 35116152 PMCID: PMC8790381 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein restriction (PR) has established feasible trade-offs in Drosophila melanogaster to understand lifespan or ageing in a nutritionally challenged environment. However, the phenotypes of body size, weight and wing length respond according to factors such as flies' genotype, environmental exposure and parental diet, and hence their understanding is essential. Here, we demonstrate the effect of long-term PR diet on body size, weight, normal and dry wing length of flies subjected to PR50 and PR70 (50% and 70% protein content present in control food, respectively) for 20 generations from the pre-adult stage. We found that PR-fed flies have lower body weight, relative water content (in males), unaltered (PR50%) and higher (PR70%) relative fat content in males, smaller normal and dry body size when compared with control and generations 1 and 2. Interestingly, the wing size and pupal size of PR flies are smaller and showed significant effects on diet and generation. Thus, these traits are sex and generation dependent along with a diet interaction, which is capable of modulating these results variably. Taken together, the trans-generational effect of PR on fitness and fitness-related traits might be helpful to understand the underpinning mechanisms of evolution and ageing in fruit flies D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Krittika
- Fly Laboratory no. 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Fly Laboratory no. 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Rivera MJ, Contreras A, Nguyen LT, Eldon ED, Klig LS. Regulated inositol synthesis is critical for balanced metabolism and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2021; 10:272639. [PMID: 34710213 PMCID: PMC8565467 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol is a precursor of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI). It is involved in many essential cellular processes including signal transduction, energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and osmoregulation. Inositol is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate by myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPSp). The Drosophila melanogaster Inos gene encodes MIPSp. Abnormalities in myo-inositol metabolism have been implicated in type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose are two hallmarks of diabetes, which can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster third-instar larvae by high-sucrose diets. This study shows that dietary inositol reduces the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes of third-instar larvae fed high-sucrose diets. Furthermore, this study demonstrates Inos mRNA regulation by dietary inositol; when more inositol is provided there is less Inos mRNA. Third-instar larvae with dysregulated high levels of Inos mRNA and MIPSp show dramatic reductions of the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes. These strains, however, also display developmental defects and pupal lethality. The few individuals that eclose die within two days with striking defects: structural alterations of the wings and legs, and heads lacking proboscises. This study is an exciting extension of the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for exploring the junction of development and metabolism. Summary: Inositol reduces obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose, but can cause dramatic developmental defects. This study uses the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to explore the junction of development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Rivera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Altagracia Contreras
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - LongThy T Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Eldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Lisa S Klig
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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14
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Fitness consequences of biochemical adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster populations under simultaneous selection for faster pre-adult development and extended lifespan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16434. [PMID: 34385533 PMCID: PMC8361192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In holometabolous insects like Drosophila melanogaster, critical size is an important time point during larval life, for irreversible commitment to metamorphosis. Here, we studied the impact of restricted growth duration in terms of selection for faster pre-adult development in Drosophila melanogaster populations which resulted in the evolution of reduced critical size on adult life history traits. Selection for faster pre-adult development resulted in biochemical adaptation in larval physiology with no compromise in major biomolecules at critical size time point. The flies from the selected populations seem to not only commit to metamorphosis on the attainment of critical size but also seem to channelize resources to reproduction as indicated by similar life-time fecundity of CS and NS flies from selected populations, while the Control CS flies significantly lower life-time fecundity compared to Control NS flies. The flies from selected populations seem to achieve longevity comparable to control flies despite being significantly smaller in size-thus resource constrained due to faster pre-adult development.
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15
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Gillette CM, Tennessen JM, Reis T. Balancing energy expenditure and storage with growth and biosynthesis during Drosophila development. Dev Biol 2021; 475:234-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Hofbauer HF, Heier C, Sen Saji AK, Kühnlein RP. Lipidome remodeling in aging normal and genetically obese Drosophila males. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 133:103498. [PMID: 33221388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis is essential for insects to maintain phospholipid (PL)-based membrane integrity and to provide on-demand energy supply throughout life. Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major lipid class used for energy production and is stored in lipid droplets, the universal cellular fat storage organelles. Accumulation and mobilization of TAG are strictly regulated since excessive accumulation of TAG leads to obesity and has been correlated with adverse effects on health- and lifespan across phyla. Little is known, however, about when during adult life and why excessive storage lipid accumulation restricts lifespan. We here used genetically obese Drosophila mutant males, which were all shown to be short-lived compared to control males and applied single fly mass spectrometry-based lipidomics to profile TAG, diacylglycerol and major membrane lipid signatures throughout adult fly life from eclosion to death. Our comparative approach revealed distinct phases of lipidome remodeling throughout aging. Quantitative and qualitative compositional changes of TAG and PL species, which are characterized by the length and saturation of their constituent fatty acids, were pronounced during young adult life. In contrast, lipid signatures of adult and senescent flies were remarkably stable. Genetically obese flies displayed both quantitative and qualitative changes in TAG species composition, while PL signatures were almost unaltered compared to normal flies at all ages. Collectively, this suggests a tight control of membrane composition throughout lifetime largely uncoupled from storage lipid metabolism. Finally, we present first evidence for a characteristic lipid signature of moribund flies, likely generated by a rapid and selective storage lipid depletion close to death. Of note, the analytical power to monitor lipid species profiles combined with high sensitivity of this single fly lipidomics approach is universally applicable to address developmental or behavioral lipid signature modulations of importance for insect life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald F Hofbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anantha Krishnan Sen Saji
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Abstract
Dietary intervention has received considerable attention as an approach to extend lifespan and improve aging. However, questions remain regarding optimal dietary regimes and underlying mechanisms of lifespan extension. Here, we asked how an increase of glucose in a chemically defined diet extends the lifespan of adult Drosophila melanogaster We showed that glucose-dependent lifespan extension is not a result of diminished caloric intake, or changes to systemic insulin activity, two commonly studied mechanisms of lifespan extension. Instead, we found that flies raised on glucose-supplemented food increased the expression of cell-adhesion genes, delaying age-dependent loss of intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, we showed that chemical disruption of the gut barrier negated the lifespan extension associated with glucose treatment, suggesting that glucose-supplemented food prolongs adult viability by enhancing the intestinal barrier. We believe our data contribute to understanding intestinal homeostasis, and may assist efforts to develop preventative measures that limit effects of aging on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Galenza
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
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18
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The seesaw of diet restriction and lifespan: lessons from Drosophila studies. Biogerontology 2021; 22:253-259. [PMID: 33575931 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diet restriction (DR) studies undergo the implementation of reduced single or multiple component/s of the fly food without causing malnutrition. The question of how and why DR modifies the fate of lifespan in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster has prompted us to emphasize by attending the control food composition first. Certain concentrations of DR food do not always confer an extended lifespan, rather it enables the flies to achieve their normal lifespan, which was probably reduced by the control food per se (having toxic effect caused due to the excess levels of dietary components). However, the current paradigm of DR studies has elicited its benefits and losses via trade-offs in the organismal traits and have highlighted the need for a common diet, but have not claimed the tested diets as balanced. So, the DR effect on lifespan and other fitness traits cannot be justified only based on varying control food across labs and hence, the approach of DR studies has to be revisited and a balanced diet has to be formulated. The current article discusses the need for a balanced diet, the traits to be considered before designing a diet, and certain problems in the existing synthetic medium. Therefore, based on the control food composition, the validity of lifespan extension conferred by these nutrient restricted diets need to be accounted for.
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19
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Nawrot-Esposito MP, Babin A, Pasco M, Poirié M, Gatti JL, Gallet A. Bacillus thuringiensis Bioinsecticides Induce Developmental Defects in Non-Target Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. INSECTS 2020; 11:E697. [PMID: 33066180 PMCID: PMC7601982 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioinsecticides made from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the bestselling bioinsecticide worldwide. Among Bt bioinsecticides, those based on the strain Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) are widely used in farming to specifically control pest lepidopteran larvae. Although there is much evidence of the lack of acute lethality of Btk products for non-target animals, only scarce data are available on their potential non-lethal developmental adverse effects. Using a concentration that could be reached in the field upon sprayings, we show that Btk products impair growth and developmental time of the non-target dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that these effects are mediated by the synergy between Btk bacteria and Btk insecticidal toxins. We further show that Btk bioinsecticides trigger intestinal cell death and alter protein digestion without modifying the food intake and feeding behavior of the larvae. Interestingly, these harmful effects can be mitigated by a protein-rich diet or by adding the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum into the food. Finally, we unravel two new cellular mechanisms allowing the larval midgut to maintain its integrity upon Btk aggression: First the flattening of surviving enterocytes and second, the generation of new immature cells arising from the adult midgut precursor cells. Together, these mechanisms participate to quickly fill in the holes left by the dying enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Armel Gallet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INRAE, ISA, UMR CNRS 7254/INRAE 1355/UCA, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX, France; (M.-P.N.-E.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (J.-L.G.)
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20
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Sellin J, Fülle JB, Thiele C, Bauer R, Bülow MH. Free fatty acid determination as a tool for modeling metabolic diseases in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 126:104090. [PMID: 32730782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Free or non-esterified fatty acids are the product of lipolysis of storage fat, i.e. triacylglyceroles. When the amount of fat exceeds the capacity of lipid-storing organs, free fatty acids affect and damage other non-lipid-storing organs. This process is termed lipotoxicity. Within a cell, free fatty acids can damage mitochondria, and lipotoxicity-induced mitochondrial damage has been associated recently with Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders. Drosophila melanogaster has a rising popularity as a model organism for metabolic diseases, but an optimized assay for measuring free fatty acids in Drosophila tissue samples is missing. Here we present a detailed protocol highlighting technical requirements and pitfalls to determine free fatty acids in samples of Drosophila tissue. The colorimetric assay allows the reproducible and cost-efficient measurement of free fatty acids in a 96 well plate format. We used our assay to determine changes in free fatty acid levels in different developmental stages and feeding conditions, and found that larvae and adults have different patterns of free fatty acid formation during starvation. Our assay is a valuable tool in the modeling of metabolic diseases with Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sellin
- University of Bonn, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Molecular Developmental Biology, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Judith B Fülle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph Thiele
- University of Bonn, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- University of Bonn, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Molecular Developmental Biology, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Margret H Bülow
- University of Bonn, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Molecular Developmental Biology, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Schmitt RE, Messick MR, Shell BC, Dunbar EK, Fang H, Shelton KL, Venton BJ, Pletcher SD, Grotewiel M. Dietary yeast influences ethanol sedation in Drosophila via serotonergic neuron function. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12779. [PMID: 31169340 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abuse of alcohol is a major clinical problem with far-reaching health consequences. Understanding the environmental and genetic factors that contribute to alcohol-related behaviors is a potential gateway for developing novel therapeutic approaches for patients that abuse the drug. To this end, we have used Drosophila melanogaster as a model to investigate the effect of diet, an environmental factor, on ethanol sedation. Providing flies with diets high in yeast, a routinely used component of fly media, increased their resistance to ethanol sedation. The yeast-induced resistance to ethanol sedation occurred in several different genetic backgrounds, was observed in males and females, was elicited by yeast from different sources, was readily reversible, and was associated with increased nutrient intake as well as decreased internal ethanol levels. Inhibition of serotonergic neuron function using multiple independent genetic manipulations blocked the effect of yeast supplementation on ethanol sedation, nutrient intake, and internal ethanol levels. Our results demonstrate that yeast is a critical dietary component that influences ethanol sedation in flies and that serotonergic signaling is required for the effect of dietary yeast on nutrient intake, ethanol uptake/elimination, and ethanol sedation. Our studies establish the fly as a model for diet-induced changes in ethanol sedation and raise the possibility that serotonin might mediate the effect of diet on alcohol-related behavior in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Schmitt
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Monica R. Messick
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Brandon C. Shell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Ellyn K. Dunbar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Huai‐Fang Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Keith L. Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Scott D. Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Mike Grotewiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center Richmond VA USA
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22
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Büyükgüzel K, Büyükgüzel E, Chudzińska E, Lewandowska-Wosik A, Gaj R, Adamski Z. Drosophila melanogaster Response to Feeding with Neomycin-Based Medium Expressed in Fluctuating Asymmetry. INSECTS 2020; 11:E378. [PMID: 32570778 PMCID: PMC7348700 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model species used for a wide range of studies. Contamination of Drosophila cultures with bacterial infection is common and is readily eradicated by antibiotics. Neomycin antibiotics can cause stress to D. melanogaster's larvae and imagoes, which may affect the interpretation of the results of research using culture from neomycin-based medium. In the present study, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), one of the important bioindicators of stress, was measured. Larvae and imagoes of a wild-type D. melanogaster strain were exposed to various concentrations of neomycin. The size of anal papillae and selected wing veins were measured using scanning electron and light microscopy, respectively. Next, the FA was checked. The values obtained for larval anal papillae appeared to be concentration-dependant; the FA indices increased with the concentration of neomycin. The wing FA presented a large but variable correlation, depending on the measured vein. However, the mean length of veins was the highest for the control group, with neomycin-exposed groups showing lower values. The research showed that neomycin may cause sublethal stress in D. melanogaster, which manifests in increased FA indices. This suggests that neomycin can cause physiological and developmental stress in insects, which should be taken into account when interpreting the results of studies using these model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Büyükgüzel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey;
| | - Ender Büyükgüzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey;
| | - Ewa Chudzińska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (E.C.); (A.L.-W.)
| | - Anetta Lewandowska-Wosik
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (E.C.); (A.L.-W.)
| | - Renata Gaj
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry & Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Science, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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23
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Development of fly tolerance to consuming a high-protein diet requires physiological, metabolic and transcriptional changes. Biogerontology 2020; 21:619-636. [PMID: 32468146 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mortality in insects consuming high-protein-and-low-carbohydrate diets resembles a type III lifespan curve with increased mortality at an early age and few survivors that live a relatively long lifespan. We selected for a Drosophila line able to live for a long time on an imbalanced high-protein-low-carbohydrate diet by carrying out five rounds of breeding to select for the most long-lived survivors. Adaptation to this diet in the selected line was studied at the biochemical, physiological and transcriptomic levels. The selected line of flies consumed less of the imbalanced food but also accumulated more storage metabolites: glycogen, triacylglycerides, and trehalose. Selected flies also had a higher activity of alanine transaminase and a higher urea content. Adaptation of the selected line on the transcriptomic level was characterized by down-regulation of genes encoding serine endopeptidases (Jon25i, Jon25ii, betaTry, and others) but up-regulation of genes encoding proteins related to the immune system, such as antimicrobial peptides, Turandot-family humoral factors, hexamerin isoforms, and vitellogenin. These sets of down- and up-regulated genes were similar to those observed in fruit flies with suppressed juvenile hormone signaling. Our data show that the physiological adaptation of fruit flies to a high-protein-low-carbohydrate diet occurs via intuitive pathways, namely a decrease in food consumption, conversion of amino acids into ketoacids to compensate for the lack of carbohydrate, and accumulation of storage metabolites to eliminate the negative effects of excess amino acids. Nevertheless, transcriptomic adaptation occurs in a counter-intuitive way likely via an influence of gut microbiota on food digestion.
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24
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Barrett M, Fiocca K, Waddell EA, McNair C, O'Donnell S, Marenda DR. Larval mannitol diets increase mortality, prolong development and decrease adult body sizes in fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster). Biol Open 2020; 8:bio.047084. [PMID: 31822472 PMCID: PMC6955208 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of polyols to disrupt holometabolous insect development has not been studied and identifying compounds in food that affect insect development can further our understanding of the pathways that connect growth rate, developmental timing and body size in insects. High-sugar diets prolong development and generate smaller adult body sizes in Drosophila melanogaster We tested for concentration-dependent effects on development when D. melanogaster larvae are fed mannitol, a polyalcohol sweetener. We also tested for amelioration of developmental effects if introduction to mannitol media is delayed past the third instar, as expected if there is a developmental sensitive-period for mannitol effects. Both male and female larvae had prolonged development and smaller adult body sizes when fed increasing concentrations of mannitol. Mannitol-induced increases in mortality were concentration dependent in 0 M to 0.8 M treatments with mortality effects beginning as early as 48 h post-hatching. Larval survival, pupariation and eclosion times were unaffected in 0.4 M mannitol treatments when larvae were first introduced to mannitol 72 h post-hatching (the beginning of the third instar); 72 h delay of 0.8 M mannitol introduction reduced the adverse mannitol effects. The developmental effects of a larval mannitol diet closely resemble those of high-sugar larval diets.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Barrett
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Katherine Fiocca
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Edward A Waddell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Cheyenne McNair
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Sean O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104.,Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104
| | - Daniel R Marenda
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19104 .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
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25
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Flatt T. Life-History Evolution and the Genetics of Fitness Components in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2020; 214:3-48. [PMID: 31907300 PMCID: PMC6944413 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits or "fitness components"-such as age and size at maturity, fecundity and fertility, age-specific rates of survival, and life span-are the major phenotypic determinants of Darwinian fitness. Analyzing the evolution and genetics of these phenotypic targets of selection is central to our understanding of adaptation. Due to its simple and rapid life cycle, cosmopolitan distribution, ease of maintenance in the laboratory, well-understood evolutionary genetics, and its versatile genetic toolbox, the "vinegar fly" Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most powerful, experimentally tractable model systems for studying "life-history evolution." Here, I review what has been learned about the evolution and genetics of life-history variation in D. melanogaster by drawing on numerous sources spanning population and quantitative genetics, genomics, experimental evolution, evolutionary ecology, and physiology. This body of work has contributed greatly to our knowledge of several fundamental problems in evolutionary biology, including the amount and maintenance of genetic variation, the evolution of body size, clines and climate adaptation, the evolution of senescence, phenotypic plasticity, the nature of life-history trade-offs, and so forth. While major progress has been made, important facets of these and other questions remain open, and the D. melanogaster system will undoubtedly continue to deliver key insights into central issues of life-history evolution and the genetics of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flatt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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26
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Vásquez-Procopio J, Osorio B, Cortés-Martínez L, Hernández-Hernández F, Medina-Contreras O, Ríos-Castro E, Comjean A, Li F, Hu Y, Mohr S, Perrimon N, Missirlis F. Intestinal response to dietary manganese depletion inDrosophila. Metallomics 2020; 12:218-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations to manganese deficiency.
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27
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Schönborn JW, Jehrke L, Mettler-Altmann T, Beller M. FlySilico: Flux balance modeling of Drosophila larval growth and resource allocation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17156. [PMID: 31748517 PMCID: PMC6868164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms depend on a highly connected and regulated network of biochemical reactions fueling life sustaining and growth promoting functions. While details of this metabolic network are well established, knowledge of the superordinate regulatory design principles is limited. Here, we investigated by iterative wet lab and modeling experiments the resource allocation process during the larval development of Drosophila melanogaster. We chose this system, as survival of the animals depends on the successful allocation of their available resources to the conflicting processes of growth and storage metabolite deposition. First, we generated “FlySilico”, a curated metabolic network of Drosophila, and performed time-resolved growth and metabolite measurements with larvae raised on a holidic diet. Subsequently, we performed flux balance analysis simulations and tested the predictive power of our model by simulating the impact of diet alterations on growth and metabolism. Our predictions correctly identified the essential amino acids as growth limiting factor, and metabolic flux differences in agreement with our experimental data. Thus, we present a framework to study important questions of resource allocation in a multicellular organism including process priorization and optimality principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wilhelm Schönborn
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Jehrke
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry & Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany. .,Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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28
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Durmaz E, Rajpurohit S, Betancourt N, Fabian DK, Kapun M, Schmidt P, Flatt T. A clinal polymorphism in the insulin signaling transcription factor foxo contributes to life-history adaptation in Drosophila. Evolution 2019; 73:1774-1792. [PMID: 31111462 PMCID: PMC6771989 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental aim of adaptation genomics is to identify polymorphisms that underpin variation in fitness traits. In Drosophila melanogaster, latitudinal life-history clines exist on multiple continents and make an excellent system for dissecting the genetics of adaptation. We have previously identified numerous clinal single-nucleotide polymorphism in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS), a pathway known from mutant studies to affect life history. However, the effects of natural variants in this pathway remain poorly understood. Here we investigate how two clinal alternative alleles at foxo, a transcriptional effector of IIS, affect fitness components (viability, size, starvation resistance, fat content). We assessed this polymorphism from the North American cline by reconstituting outbred populations, fixed for either the low- or high-latitude allele, from inbred DGRP lines. Because diet and temperature modulate IIS, we phenotyped alleles across two temperatures (18°C, 25°C) and two diets differing in sugar source and content. Consistent with clinal expectations, the high-latitude allele conferred larger body size and reduced wing loading. Alleles also differed in starvation resistance and expression of insulin-like receptor, a transcriptional target of FOXO. Allelic reaction norms were mostly parallel, with few GxE interactions. Together, our results suggest that variation in IIS makes a major contribution to clinal life-history adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Durmaz
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Subhash Rajpurohit
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19140
- Division of Biological and Life SciencesAhmedabad UniversityAhmedabadIndia
| | - Nicolas Betancourt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19140
| | - Daniel K. Fabian
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteWellcome Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population, GeneticsViennaAustria
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19140
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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Bhumika, Singh AK. Patterns of morphological divergence in fruit fly: response to nutritional variations through changes in allometric relationships and trait sizes. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika
- Genetics Laboratory Department of Zoology Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - A. K. Singh
- Genetics Laboratory Department of Zoology Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
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Krittika S, Lenka A, Yadav P. Evidence of dietary protein restriction regulating pupation height, development time and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio042952. [PMID: 31171531 PMCID: PMC6602320 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fitness and behavioral traits are optimized according to the rearing environment to ensure survival of most organisms including fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster Fruit flies are known to uphold various trade-offs in their lifespan, development time, fecundity, etc., to confer better survival in the particular exposed environment. The diet of D. melanogaster plays a major role between larval and adult fitness or fitness related traits; its role in the regulation of correlations between pupation height, pre-adult development and adult fitness has not been studied empirically. In our study, we assayed the effect of restricting dietary protein alone from the larval stage to adult stage in fruit flies and studied development time, pre-adult survivorship, pupation height, larval feeding rate and their corresponding lifespan under a light/dark cycle (LD12:12 h). We found that under very low protein concentration in diet, development time and lifespan of the flies increased significantly, along with decreased pupation height and vice versa, while pre-adult survivorship remained unchanged across diets. The results from our study can be taken to suggest that development time is negatively and positively correlated with pupation height and adult lifespan respectively. Thus, a higher protein restriction decreases pupation height and increases development time and vice versa, thereby emphasizing differential alterations taken up by various fitness traits, probably to enhance the overall organismal fitness.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Krittika
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alisha Lenka
- Gautam Buddha University, School of Biotechnology, Yamuna Expressway, Near, PariChowk, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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31
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Corfas RA, Sharma T, Dickinson MH. Diverse Food-Sensing Neurons Trigger Idiothetic Local Search in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1660-1668.e4. [PMID: 31056390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Foraging animals may benefit from remembering the location of a newly discovered food patch while continuing to explore nearby [1, 2]. For example, after encountering a drop of yeast or sugar, hungry flies often perform a local search [3, 4]. That is, rather than remaining on the food or simply walking away, flies execute a series of exploratory excursions during which they repeatedly depart and return to the resource. Fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, can perform this food-centered search behavior in the absence of external landmarks, instead relying on internal (idiothetic) cues [5]. This path-integration behavior may represent a deeply conserved navigational capacity in insects [6, 7], but its underlying neural basis remains unknown. Here, we used optogenetic activation to screen candidate cell classes and found that local searches can be initiated by diverse sensory neurons. Optogenetically induced searches resemble those triggered by actual food, are modulated by starvation state, and exhibit key features of path integration. Flies perform tightly centered searches around the fictive food site, even within a constrained maze, and they can return to the fictive food site after long excursions. Together, these results suggest that flies enact local searches in response to a wide variety of food-associated cues and that these sensory pathways may converge upon a common neural system for navigation. Using a virtual reality system, we demonstrate that local searches can be optogenetically induced in tethered flies walking on a spherical treadmill, laying the groundwork for future studies to image the brain during path integration. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román A Corfas
- Division of Biology & Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tarun Sharma
- Division of Biology & Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Division of Biology & Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Evangelakou Z, Manola M, Gumeni S, Trougakos IP. Nutrigenomics as a tool to study the impact of diet on aging and age-related diseases: the Drosophila approach. GENES & NUTRITION 2019; 14:12. [PMID: 31073342 PMCID: PMC6498619 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon caused by the time-dependent loss of cellular homeodynamics and consequently of physiological organismal functions. This process is affected by both genetic and environmental (e.g., diet) factors, as well as by their constant interaction. Consistently, deregulation of nutrient sensing and signaling pathways is considered a hallmark of aging. Nutrigenomics is an emerging scientific discipline that studies changes induced by diet on the genome and thus it considers the intersection of three topics, namely health, diet, and genomics. Model organisms, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, have been successfully used for in vivo modeling of higher metazoans aging and for nutrigenomic studies. Drosophila is a well-studied organism with sophisticated genetics and a fully annotated sequenced genome, in which ~ 75% of human disease-related genes have functional orthologs. Also, flies have organs/tissues that perform the equivalent functions of most mammalian organs, while discrete clusters of cells maintain insect carbohydrate homeostasis in a way similar to pancreatic cells. Herein, we discuss the mechanistic connections between nutrition and aging in Drosophila, and how this model organism can be used to study the effect of different diets (including natural products and/or their derivatives) on higher metazoans longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Evangelakou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Manola
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Sentiljana Gumeni
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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Lüersen K, Röder T, Rimbach G. Drosophila melanogaster in nutrition research-the importance of standardizing experimental diets. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:3. [PMID: 30766617 PMCID: PMC6359822 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been increasingly recognized as an important model organism in nutrition research. In order to conduct nutritional studies in fruit flies, special attention should be given to the composition of the experimental diets. Besides complex diets, which are often based on maize, yeast, sucrose, and agar, Drosophila can be also fed chemically defined diets. These so-called holidic diets are standardized in terms of their macro- and micronutrient composition although the quantitative nutrient requirements of flies have yet not been fully established and warrant further investigations. For instance, only few studies address the fatty acid, vitamin, mineral, and trace element requirements of fruit flies. D. melanogaster may be also of interest in the field of nutritional medicine. Diet-induced diabetes and obesity models have been established, and in this context, often, the so-called high-fat and high-sugar diets are fed. However, the composition of these diets is not sufficiently defined and varies between studies. A consensus within the scientific community needs to be reached to standardize the exact composition of experimental complex and holidic diets for D. melanogaster in nutrition research. Since D. melanogaster is an established valuable model system for numerous human diseases, standardized diets are also a prerequisite to conduct diet-disease interaction studies. We suggest that a comprehensive approach, which combines deep phenotyping with disease-related Drosophila models under defined dietary conditions, might lead to the foundation of a so-called fly clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lüersen
- 1Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Röder
- 2Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.,3Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- 1Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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34
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Friedman JE. Developmental Programming of Obesity and Diabetes in Mouse, Monkey, and Man in 2018: Where Are We Headed? Diabetes 2018; 67:2137-2151. [PMID: 30348820 PMCID: PMC6198344 DOI: 10.2337/dbi17-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity and its comorbidities continue to accelerate across the globe. Two-thirds of pregnant women are obese/overweight, as are 20% of preschoolers. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is escalating, affecting up to 1 in 5 pregnant women. The field of developmental origins of health and disease has begun to move beyond associations to potential causal mechanisms for developmental programming. Evidence across species compellingly demonstrates that maternal obesity, diabetes, and Western-style diets create a long-lasting signature on multiple systems, including infant stem cells, the early immune system, and gut microbiota. Such exposures accelerate adipogenesis, disrupt mitochondrial metabolism, and impair energy sensing, affecting neurodevelopment, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Attempts to prevent developmental programming have met with very limited success. A challenging level of complexity is involved in how the host genome, metabolome, and microbiome throughout pregnancy and lactation increase the offspring's risk of metabolic diseases across the life span. Considerable gaps in knowledge include the timing of exposure(s) and permanence or plasticity of the response, encompassing effects from both maternal and paternal dysmetabolism. Basic, translational, and human intervention studies targeting pathways that connect diet, microbiota, and metabolism in mothers with obesity/GDM and their infants are a critical unmet need and present new challenges for disease prevention in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Friedman
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, Department of Medicine; and Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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35
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Nutritional Quality during Development Alters Insulin-Like Peptides' Expression and Physiology of the Adult Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030110. [PMID: 30200185 PMCID: PMC6163675 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes have distinct developmental and adult life history, and the vectorial capacity of females has been shown to be affected by the larval nutritional environment. However, little is known about the effect of developmental nutrition on insulin-signaling and nutrient storage. In this study, we used Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, to determine whether larval nutrition affects insulin gene expression. We also determined the traits regulated by insulin signaling, such as stored-nutrient levels and fecundity. We raised mosquito larvae on two different diets, containing either high protein or high carbohydrates. Development on a high-carbohydrate diet resulted in several life-history phenotypes indicative of suboptimal conditions, including increased developmental time and decreased fecundity. Additionally, our data showed that insulin transcript levels are affected by a high-carbohydrate diet during development. Females, not males, reared on high-carbohydrate diets had much higher transcript levels of insulin-like peptide 3 (ILP3), a mosquito equivalent of human insulin, and these females more readily converted sugar meals into lipids. We also found that AaILP4, not AaILP3, transcript levels were much higher in the males after a sugar meal, suggesting sex-specific differences in the insulin-signaling pathway. Our findings suggest a conserved mechanism of carbohydrate-mediated hyperinsulinemia in animals.
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36
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Dietary stearic acid regulates mitochondria in vivo in humans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3129. [PMID: 30087348 PMCID: PMC6081440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since modern foods are unnaturally enriched in single metabolites, it is important to understand which metabolites are sensed by the human body and which are not. We previously showed that the fatty acid stearic acid (C18:0) signals via a dedicated pathway to regulate mitofusin activity and thereby mitochondrial morphology and function in cell culture. Whether this pathway is poised to sense changes in dietary intake of C18:0 in humans is not known. We show here that C18:0 ingestion rapidly and robustly causes mitochondrial fusion in people within 3 h after ingestion. C18:0 intake also causes a drop in circulating long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting increased fatty acid beta-oxidation in vivo. This work thereby identifies C18:0 as a dietary metabolite that is sensed by our bodies to control our mitochondria. This could explain part of the epidemiological differences between C16:0 and C18:0, whereby C16:0 increases cardiovascular and cancer risk whereas C18:0 decreases both.
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37
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Measurement of solid food intake in Drosophila via consumption-excretion of a dye tracer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11536. [PMID: 30068981 PMCID: PMC6070562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Drosophila melanogaster (fly) model is a popular platform for investigating diet-related phenomena, it can be challenging to measure the volume of agar-based food media flies consume. We addressed this challenge by developing a dye-based method called Consumption-Excretion (Con-Ex). In Con-Ex studies, flies consume solid food labeled with dye, and the volume of food consumed is reflected by the sum of the dye inside of and excreted by flies. Flies consumed-excreted measurable amounts of FD&C Blue No. 1 (Blue 1) and other dyes in Con-Ex studies, but only Blue 1 was readily detectable at concentrations that had no discernable effect on consumption-excretion. In studies with Blue 1, consumption-excretion (i) increased linearly with feeding duration out to 24 h at two different laboratory sites, (ii) was sensitive to starvation, mating status and strain, and (iii) changed in response to alteration of media composition as expected. Additionally, the volume of liquid Blue 1 consumed from capillary tubes was indistinguishable from the volume of Blue 1 excreted by flies, indicating that excreted Blue 1 reflects consumed Blue 1. Our results demonstrate that Con-Ex with Blue 1 as a food tracer is a useful method for assessing ingestion of agar-based food media in adult flies.
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38
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P. Obesity and Aging in the Drosophila Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071896. [PMID: 29954158 PMCID: PMC6073435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Being overweight increases the risk of many metabolic disorders, but how it affects lifespan is not completely clear. Not all obese people become ill, and the exact mechanism that turns excessive fat storage into a health-threatening state remains unknown. Drosophila melanogaster has served as an excellent model for many diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperglycemia-associated disorders, such as cardiomyopathy or nephropathy. Here, we review the connections between fat storage and aging in different types of fly obesity. Whereas obesity induced by high-fat or high-sugar diet is associated with hyperglycemia, cardiomyopathy, and in some cases, shortening of lifespan, there are also examples in which obesity correlates with longevity. Transgenic lines with downregulations of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways, flies reared under dietary restriction, and even certain longevity selection lines are obese, yet long-lived. The mechanisms that underlie the differential lifespans in distinct types of obesity remain to be elucidated, but fat turnover, inflammatory pathways, and dysregulations of glucose metabolism may play key roles. Altogether, Drosophila is an excellent model to study the physiology of adiposity in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Clemente M, Fusco G, Tonina L, Giomi F. Temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity in the ovipositor of the invasive species Drosophila suzukii. J Therm Biol 2018; 75:62-68. [PMID: 30017053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is a highly successful invasive dipteran which represents a serious threat for global fruit industry. Among other adaptive traits, D. suzukii owes its success to the derived morphological features of its ovipositor, which allows the insect to exploit the exclusive ecological niche of fresh fruit, thus avoiding competition with other closely related species. With the aim of investigating temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity of D. suzukii ovipositor, we reared this insect in four different laboratory conditions, represented by the combination of two developmental temperatures and two diet regimes for the larvae. We recorded the effects of these two factors on ovipositor size and shape and overall body size through a combination of distance-based and geometric morphometric analyses. Results showed that insects attain the largest body sizes at lower temperature, whereas the diet does not determine significant difference in size. However, the effect on size of the two factors is less pronounced in the ovipositor, which shows a negative allometry with respect to body size in all treatments. At higher temperature, ovipositor shape tends also to co-vary with its own size. Neither temperature nor diet have significant effect on ovipositor bilateral fluctuating asymmetry. These results confirm the hypothesis that in D. suzukii the toughened valve of the ovipositor are subjected to effective morpho-functional constraints, while probably being under strong selection by reason of their mechanical role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Tonina
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Folco Giomi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy.
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40
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Staats S, Lüersen K, Wagner AE, Rimbach G. Drosophila melanogaster as a Versatile Model Organism in Food and Nutrition Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3737-3753. [PMID: 29619822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used in the biological sciences as a model organism. Drosophila has a relatively short life span of 60-80 days, which makes it attractive for life span studies. Moreover, approximately 60% of the fruit fly genes are orthologs to mammals. Thus, metabolic and signal transduction pathways are highly conserved. Maintenance and reproduction of Drosophila do not require sophisticated equipment and are rather cheap. Furthermore, there are fewer ethical issues involved in experimental Drosophila research compared with studies in laboratory rodents, such as rats and mice. Drosophila is increasingly recognized as a model organism in food and nutrition research. Drosophila is often fed complex solid diets based on yeast, corn, and agar. There are also so-called holidic diets available that are defined in terms of their amino acid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral, and trace element compositions. Feed intake, body composition, locomotor activity, intestinal barrier function, microbiota, cognition, fertility, aging, and life span can be systematically determined in Drosophila in response to dietary factors. Furthermore, diet-induced pathophysiological mechanisms including inflammation and stress responses may be evaluated in the fly under defined experimental conditions. Here, we critically evaluate Drosophila melanogaster as a versatile model organism in experimental food and nutrition research, review the corresponding data in the literature, and make suggestions for future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , University of Kiel , Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , University of Kiel , Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Anika E Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine , University of Lübeck , Ratzeburger Allee 160 , D-23538 Lübeck , Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , University of Kiel , Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
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41
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de Paula MT, Silva MRP, Araújo SM, Bortolotto VC, Martins IK, Macedo GE, Franco JL, Posser T, Prigol M. Drosophila melanogaster: A model to study obesity effects on genes expression and developmental changes on descendants. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5551-5562. [PMID: 29377237 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity and metabolic diseases are two of the most important potential dangers to offspring, given that impaired offspring may cause deficiencies that impair the adult life and health. This study evaluated the oxidative damage, the enzymatic antioxidant defenses, and the enzymes of fatty acid metabolism, such as Acyl-CoA Synthetase and Acetyl-CoA Synthetase (mRNA expression levels), as well as the modulation of cell stress signaling pathway, as Hsp83, and gene expression and insulin-like peptide DILP6 in Drosophila melanogaster models that received a high fat diet (HFD) (10% and 20% of coconut oil) throughout their development period. After 7 days, the progenitor flies were removed and, the remaining eggs were monitored daily, until the eclosion. The descendants were then exposed to a regular diet (RD). The results revealed that the HFD caused a decrease in the proportion of eclosion, lifespan, MTT reduction in mitochondrial enriched fractions, AceCS1 levels, mRNA expression levels (SOD and CAT), and in catalase activity a decrease was only observed in the group that received the highest concentration of coconut oil. In parallel, it was demonstrated an increase in the upregulation of HSP83 mRNA levels, but only when 10% of coconut oil was added, and an increase in glucose and triglyceride levels, as well as in DILP6 mRNA levels in larger concentration of coconut oil tested (20%). In conclusion, flies that have progenitors fed with HFD can develop metabolic dysfunctions, causing oxidative insults, which are involved in the shortening of lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane T de Paula
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia R P Silva
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Stífani M Araújo
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Vandreza C Bortolotto
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Illana K Martins
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Giulianna E Macedo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson L Franco
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia (CIP/BIOTEC), Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-Unipampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Excess adipose fat accumulation, or obesity, is a growing problem worldwide in terms of both the rate of incidence and the severity of obesity-associated metabolic disease. Adipose tissue evolved in animals as a specialized dynamic lipid storage depot: adipose cells synthesize fat (a process called lipogenesis) when energy is plentiful and mobilize stored fat (a process called lipolysis) when energy is needed. When a disruption of lipid homeostasis favors increased fat synthesis and storage with little turnover owing to genetic predisposition, overnutrition or sedentary living, complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are more likely to arise. The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is used as a model to better understand the mechanisms governing fat metabolism and distribution. Flies offer a wealth of paradigms with which to study the regulation and physiological effects of fat accumulation. Obese flies accumulate triacylglycerols in the fat body, an organ similar to mammalian adipose tissue, which specializes in lipid storage and catabolism. Discoveries in Drosophila have ranged from endocrine hormones that control obesity to subcellular mechanisms that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis, many of which are evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, obese flies exhibit pathophysiological complications, including hyperglycemia, reduced longevity and cardiovascular function - similar to those observed in obese humans. Here, we review some of the salient features of the fly that enable researchers to study the contributions of feeding, absorption, distribution and the metabolism of lipids to systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palanker Musselman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Department of Biochemistry 1, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraβe 50/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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43
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Abstract
Accumulating epidemiological evidence indicates a strong clinical association between obesity and an increased risk of cancer. The global pandemic of obesity indicates a public health trend towards a substantial increase in cancer incidence and mortality. However, the mechanisms that link obesity to cancer remain incompletely understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been increasingly used to model an expanding spectrum of human diseases. Fly models provide a genetically simpler system that is ideal for use as a first step towards dissecting disease interactions. Recently, the combining of fly models of diet-induced obesity with models of cancer has provided a novel model system in which to study the biological mechanisms that underlie the connections between obesity and cancer. In this Review, I summarize recent advances, made using Drosophila, in our understanding of the interplay between diet, obesity, insulin resistance and cancer. I also discuss how the biological mechanisms and therapeutic targets that have been identified in fly studies could be utilized to develop preventative interventions and treatment strategies for obesity-associated cancers. Summary: This Review highlights a Drosophila model of diet-induced obesity and cancer, and how these two models are combined to study the interplay between obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Hirabayashi
- Metabolism and Cell Growth Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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44
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Hoedjes KM, Rodrigues MA, Flatt T. Amino acid modulation of lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:118-122. [PMID: 29129276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating amino acid (AA) intake in Drosophila can profoundly affect lifespan and reproduction. Remarkably, AA manipulation can uncouple the commonly observed trade-off between these traits. This finding seems to challenge the idea that this trade-off is due to competitive resource allocation, but here we argue that this view might be too simplistic. We also discuss the mechanisms of the AA response, mediated by the IIS/TOR and GCN2 pathways. Elucidating how these pathways respond to specific AA will likely yield important insights into how AA modulate the reproduction-lifespan relationship. The Drosophila model offers powerful genetic tools, combined with options for precise diet manipulation, to address these fundamental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Hoedjes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL Sorge, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marisa A Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL Sorge, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, UNIL Sorge, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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45
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Piper MD. Using artificial diets to understand the nutritional physiology of Drosophila melanogaster. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:104-111. [PMID: 29129274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial diets have been in use for rearing insects for more than 100 years. Their composition ranges from completely chemically defined (holidic), to semi-defined (meridic) to non-defined (oligidic). Recently, meridic and holidic diets have been used to demonstrate previously unrecognised nutrient-sensitive behaviours and patterns of fitness trait expression in adult Drosophila melanogaster. This article presents a summary of the basic nutritional requirements of Drosophila followed by an account of some of these nutrient-modified phenotypes and what they can reveal about fundamental mechanisms. Precisely controlled nutrition, combined with the many advantages of Drosophila present an ideal system for the development of large scale metabolic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dw Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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46
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Shingleton AW, Masandika JR, Thorsen LS, Zhu Y, Mirth CK. The sex-specific effects of diet quality versus quantity on morphology in Drosophila melanogaster. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170375. [PMID: 28989746 PMCID: PMC5627086 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the quality and quantity of nutrition is a major contributor to phenotypic variation in animal populations. Although we know much of how dietary restriction impacts phenotype, and of the molecular-genetic and physiological mechanisms that underlie this response, we know much less of the effects of dietary imbalance. Specifically, although dietary imbalance and restriction both reduce overall body size, it is unclear whether both have the same effect on the size of individual traits. Here, we use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to explore the effect of dietary food versus protein-to-carbohydrate ratio on body proportion and trait size. Our results indicate that body proportion and trait size respond differently to changes in diet quantity (food concentration) versus diet quality (protein-to-carbohydrate ratio), and that these effects are sex specific. While these differences suggest that Drosophila use at least partially distinct developmental mechanisms to respond to diet quality versus quantity, further analysis indicates that the responses can be largely explained by the independent and contrasting effects of protein and carbohydrate concentration on trait size. Our data highlight the importance of considering macronutrient composition when elucidating the effect of nutrition on trait size, at the levels of both morphology and developmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lily S. Thorsen
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Li H, Tennessen JM. Methods for studying the metabolic basis of Drosophila development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6:10.1002/wdev.280. [PMID: 28556549 PMCID: PMC5561480 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of metabolic research has experienced an unexpected renaissance. While this renewed interest in metabolism largely originated in response to the global increase in diabetes and obesity, studies of metabolic regulation now represent the frontier of many biomedical fields. This trend is especially apparent in developmental biology, where metabolism influences processes ranging from stem cell differentiation and tissue growth to sexual maturation and reproduction. In this regard, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful tool for dissecting conserved mechanisms that underlie developmental metabolism, often with a level of detail that is simply not possible in other animals. Here we describe why the fly is an ideal system for exploring the relationship between metabolism and development, and outline a basic experimental strategy for conducting these studies. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e280. doi: 10.1002/wdev.280 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Jason M. Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405
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48
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Bayliak MM, Lylyk MP, Shmihel HV, Sorochynska OM, Semchyshyn OI, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate promotes higher protein and lower triacylglyceride levels and induces oxidative stress in larvae and young adults but not in middle-aged Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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