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Shi M, Zhang S, Zheng Z, Maoz I, Zhang L, Kai G. Molecular regulation of the key specialized metabolism pathways in medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:510-531. [PMID: 38441295 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The basis of modern pharmacology is the human ability to exploit the production of specialized metabolites from medical plants, for example, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. However, in most cases, the availability of these valuable compounds is limited by cellular or organelle barriers or spatio-temporal accumulation patterns within different plant tissues. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate biosynthesis of these specialized metabolites by tightly controlling the expression of biosynthetic genes. Cutting-edge technologies and/or combining multiple strategies and approaches have been applied to elucidate the role of TFs. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the transcription regulation mechanism of representative high-value products and describe the transcriptional regulatory network, and future perspectives are discussed, which will help develop high-yield plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zizhen Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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Zhou G, Shabbir R, Sun Z, Chang Y, Liu X, Chen P. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes in Response to Sorghum Mosaic Virus and Salicylic Acid in Sugarcane. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:234. [PMID: 38256787 PMCID: PMC10819896 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) is one of the most prevalent viruses deteriorating sugarcane production. Salicylic acid (SA) plays an essential role in the defense mechanism of plants and its exogenous application has been observed to induce the resistance against biotic and abiotic stressors. In this study, we set out to investigate the mechanism by which sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) infected sugarcane responds to SA treatment in two sugarcane cultivars, i.e., ROC22 and Xuezhe. Notably, significantly low viral populations were observed at different time points (except for 28 d in ROC22) in response to post-SA application in both cultivars as compared to control based on qPCR data. Furthermore, the lowest number of population size in Xuezhe (20 copies/µL) and ROC22 (95 copies/µL) was observed in response to 1 mM exogenous SA application. A total of 2999 DEGs were identified, of which 731 and 2268 DEGs were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Moreover, a total of 806 DEGs were annotated to GO enrichment categories: 348 biological processes, 280 molecular functions, and 178 cellular components. GO functional categorization revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic processes, extracellular regions, and glucosyltransferase activity, while KEGG annotation revealed that DEGs were mainly concentrated in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction suggesting the involvement of these pathways in SA-induced disease resistance of sugarcane in response to SrMV infection. The RNA-seq dataset and qRT-PCR assay showed that the transcript levels of PR1a, PR1b, PR1c, NPR1a, NPR1b, PAL, ICS, and ABA were significantly up-regulated in response to SA treatment under SrMV infection, indicating their positive involvement in stress endorsement. Overall, this research characterized sugarcane transcriptome during SrMV infection and shed light on further interaction of plant-pathogen under exogenous application of SA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.Z.); (R.S.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rubab Shabbir
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.Z.); (R.S.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zihao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.Z.); (R.S.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yating Chang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.Z.); (R.S.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.Z.); (R.S.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.Z.); (R.S.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Ding M, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Cai X, Zhang B, Ma P, Dong J. Salicylic acid regulates phenolic acid biosynthesis via SmNPR1-SmTGA2/SmNPR4 modules in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5736-5751. [PMID: 37504514 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are the main active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which can be used for the treatment of many diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. It is known that salicylic acid (SA) can enhance phenolic acid content, but the molecular mechanism of its regulation is still unclear. Nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) plays a positive role in the SA signaling pathway. In this study, we identified a SmNPR1 gene that responds to SA induction and systematically investigated its function. We found that SmNPR1 positively affected phenolic acid biosynthesis. Then, we identified a novel TGA transcription factor, SmTGA2, which interacts with SmNPR1. SmTGA2 positively regulates phenolic acid biosynthesis by directly up-regulating SmCYP98A14 expression. After double-gene transgenic analysis and other biochemical assays, it was found that SmNPR1 and SmTGA2 work synergistically to regulate phenolic acid biosynthesis. In addition, SmNPR4 forms a heterodimer with SmNPR1 to inhibit the function of SmNPR1, and SA can alleviate this effect. Collectively, these findings elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis by SmNPR1-SmTGA2/SmNPR4 modules and provide novel insights into the SA signaling pathway regulating plant secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongfeng Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaona Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Lin C, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li X, Song Z. Spatiotemporal and Transcriptional Characterization on Tanshinone Initial Synthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113607. [PMID: 36362395 PMCID: PMC9655840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinones are the bioactive constituents of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), which is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat cardiovascular and other diseases, and they synthesize and accumulate in the root periderm of S. miltiorrhiza. However, there is no relevant report on the initial stage of tanshinone synthesis, as well as the root structure and gene expression characteristics. The present study aims to provide new insights into how these bioactive principles begin to synthesize by characterizing possible differences in their biosynthesis and accumulation during early root development from both spatial and temporal aspects. The morphological characteristics and the content of tanshinones in roots of S. miltiorrhiza were investigated in detail by monitoring the seedlings within 65 days after germination (DAGs). The ONT transcriptome sequencing was applied to investigate gene expression patterns. The periderm of the S. miltiorrhiza storage taproot initially synthesized tanshinone on about 30 DAGs. Three critical stages of tanshinone synthesis were preliminarily determined: preparation, the initial synthesis, and the continuous rapid synthesis. The difference of taproots in the first two stages was the smallest, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in terpene synthesis. Most genes involved in tanshinone synthesis were up regulated during the gradual formation of the red taproot. Plant hormone signal transduction and ABC transport pathways were widely involved in S. miltiorrhiza taproot development. Five candidate genes that may participate in or regulate tanshinone synthesis were screened according to the co-expression pattern. Moreover, photosynthetic ferredoxin (FD), cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), and CCAAT binding transcription factor (CBF) were predicted to interact with the known downstream essential enzyme genes directly. The above results provide a necessary basis for analyzing the initial synthesis and regulation mechanism of Tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Lin
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xingfeng Li
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhenqiao Song
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.S.)
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Koramutla MK, Tuan PA, Ayele BT. Salicylic Acid Enhances Adventitious Root and Aerenchyma Formation in Wheat under Waterlogged Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031243. [PMID: 35163167 PMCID: PMC8835647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of salicylic acid (SA) in regulating morpho-anatomical adaptive responses of a wheat plant to waterlogging. Our pharmacological study showed that treatment of waterlogged wheat plants with exogenous SA promotes the formation axile roots and surface adventitious roots that originate from basal stem nodes, but inhibits their elongation, leading to the formation of a shallow root system. The treatment also enhanced axile root formation in non-waterlogged plants but with only slight reductions in their length and branch root formation. Exogenous SA enhanced the formation of root aerenchyma, a key anatomical adaptive response of plants to waterlogging. Consistent with these results, waterlogging enhanced SA content in the root via expression of specific isochorismate synthase (ICS; ICS1 and ICS2) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; PAL4, PAL5 and PAL6) genes and in the stem nodes via expression of specific PAL (PAL5 and PAL6) genes. Although not to the same level observed in waterlogged plants, exogenous SA also induced aerenchyma formation in non-waterlogged plants. The findings of this study furthermore indicated that inhibition of ethylene synthesis in SA treated non-waterlogged and waterlogged plants does not have any effect on SA-induced emergence of axile and/or surface adventitious roots but represses SA-mediated induction of aerenchyma formation. These results highlight that the role of SA in promoting the development of axile and surface adventitious roots in waterlogged wheat plants is ethylene independent while the induction of aerenchyma formation by SA requires the presence of ethylene.
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Chen W, Zhang J, Zheng S, Wang Z, Xu C, Zhang Q, Wu J, Lou H. Metabolite profiling and transcriptome analyses reveal novel regulatory mechanisms of melatonin biosynthesis in hickory. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:196. [PMID: 34465767 PMCID: PMC8408178 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that melatonin regulates the expression of various elements in the biosynthesis and catabolism of plant hormones. In contrast, the effects of these different plant hormones on the biosynthesis and metabolism of melatonin and their underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the melatonin biosynthesis pathway was proposed from constructed metabolomic and transcriptomic libraries from hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) nuts. The candidate pathway genes were further identified by phylogenetic analysis, amino-acid sequence alignment, and subcellular localization. Notably, most of the transcription factor-related genes coexpressed with melatonin pathway genes were hormone-responsive genes. Furthermore, dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that CcEIN3 (response to ethylene) and CcAZF2 (response to abscisic acid) could activate melatonin biosynthesis pathway genes, a tryptophan decarboxylase coding gene (CcTDC1) and an N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase coding gene (CcASMT1), by directly binding to their promoters, respectively. Our results provide a molecular basis for the characterization of novel melatonin biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms and demonstrate for the first time that abscisic acid and ethylene can regulate melatonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Chuanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zheng H, Jing L, Jiang X, Pu C, Zhao S, Yang J, Guo J, Cui G, Tang J, Ma Y, Yu M, Zhou X, Chen M, Lai C, Huang L, Shen Y. The ERF-VII transcription factor SmERF73 coordinately regulates tanshinone biosynthesis in response to stress elicitors in Salvia miltiorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1940-1955. [PMID: 33983629 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate the role of SmERF73, a group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR stress response transcription factor, in the regulation of post-modification of the skeleton precursors of diterpene tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Most genes found to be involved in tanshinone biosynthesis are located on chromosome 6, and five of these genes comprise a large gene cluster in S. miltiorrhiza. We found that SmERF73 overexpression in S. miltiorrhiza coordinately up-regulated the transcription of seven tanshinone biosynthetic genes, four of which were located in the tanshinone gene cluster, consequently increasing tanshinone accumulation, while SmERF73 silencing reduced corresponding gene transcription and tanshinone accumulation. SmERF73 recognizes GCC-box promoter elements of four tanshinone-associated genes (DXR1, CPS1, KSL1 and CYP76AH3) and activates their expression. Moreover, SmERF73 and its targets were up-regulated by stress elicitors; SmERF73 appears to be at least partly mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway via interaction with SmJAZ3. SmERF73 coordinately regulates tanshinone biosynthetic gene expression, suggesting a potential link between tanshinone production and plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li Jing
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Muyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuteng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Transcriptome analysis reveals key defense-related genes upon SA induction in Cocos nucifera L. Genes Genomics 2021; 44:197-210. [PMID: 34216358 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is an important regulator of genes involved in plant defense and pathogen-triggered systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Coconut is an important crop affected by several pathogens. Reported evidence suggests SA involvement in defense responses, including SAR in coconut. OBJECTIVE To identified differentially expressed genes in leaf and root tissues of coconut plantlets, as a result of SA, that might be involved in coconut defense responses. METHODS Comparative transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq of leaf and root tissues from in vitro coconut plantlets unexposed and exposed to SA 2.5 mM for 48 h. And in silico validation of gene expression by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We identified 4615 and 3940 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) in leaf and root tissues respectively. Our GO analysis showed functional categories related to the induction of defense responses, such as "systemic acquired resistance" and highly enriched hormone categories, such as abscisic acid. The most abundant KEGG pathway in our results was "Biosynthesis of antibiotics". Our findings support that exogenous application of SA to plantlets induced the activation of PRs, RGAs, ICS2, NLTP2, PER4, TRXM and some WRKYs mediated by NPR1-dependent pathways. Also, we found DEUs, such as BZR1, HSL1, and WHY2 that support that SA could regulate defense-related genes through NPR1-independent pathways. CONCLUSION The present study of massive data analysis carried out on coconut plantlets exposed to SA, generates valuable information that increases our understanding of defense molecular mechanisms in coconut and open new venues for research for the improvement of management of coconut diseases.
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Liu C, Xi H, Chen X, Zhao Y, Yao J, Si J, Zhang L. Genome-wide identification and expression pattern of alkaline/neutral invertase gene family in Dendrobium catenatum. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hangxian Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xueliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase SmPHA4 Negatively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073353. [PMID: 33805926 PMCID: PMC8037235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, due to the pharmacological action of its active components such as the tanshinones. Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase plays key roles in numerous physiological processes in plants. However, little is known about the PM H+-ATPase gene family in S. miltiorrhiza (Sm). Here, nine PM H+-ATPase isoforms were identified and named SmPHA1-SmPHA9. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the genetic distance of SmPHAs was relatively far in the S. miltiorrhiza PM H+-ATPase family. Moreover, the transmembrane structures were rich in SmPHA protein. In addition, SmPHA4 was found to be highly expressed in roots and flowers. HPLC revealed that accumulation of dihydrotanshinone (DT), cryptotanshinone (CT), and tanshinone I (TI) was significantly reduced in the SmPHA4-OE lines but was increased in the SmPHA4-RNAi lines, ranging from 2.54 to 3.52, 3.77 to 6.33, and 0.35 to 0.74 mg/g, respectively, suggesting that SmPHA4 is a candidate regulator of tanshinone metabolites. Moreover, qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of tanshinone biosynthetic-related key enzymes was also upregulated in the SmPHA4-RNAi lines. In summary, this study highlighted PM H+-ATPase function and provided new insights into regulatory candidate genes for modulating secondary metabolism biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Li L, Wang D, Zhou L, Yu X, Yan X, Zhang Q, Li B, Liu Y, Zhou W, Cao X, Wang Z. JA-Responsive Transcription Factor SmMYB97 Promotes Phenolic Acid and Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14850-14862. [PMID: 33284615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are active principles in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge administered for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Jasmonic acid (JA) promotes secondary metabolite accumulation, but the regulatory mechanism is unknown in S. miltiorrhiza. We identified and characterized the JA-responsive gene SmMYB97. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that SmMYB97 was clustered with AtMYB11, AtMYB12, and ZmP1 in the subgroup S7 regulating flavonol biosynthesis. SmMYB97 was highly expressed in S. miltiorrhiza leaves and induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). SmMYB97 was localized in the nucleus and had strong transcriptional activation activity. SmMYB97 overexpression increased phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis and upregulated the genes implicated in these processes. Yeast one-hybrid and transient transcriptional activity assays disclosed that SmMYB97 binds the PAL1, TAT1, CPS1, and KSL1 promoter regions. SmJAZ8 interacts with SmMYB97 and downregulates the genes that it controls. This study partially clarified the regulatory network of MeJA-mediated secondary metabolite biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiaoding Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xinyi Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yuanchu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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12
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Lin W, Li Y, Lu Q, Lu H, Li J. Combined Analysis of the Metabolome and Transcriptome Identified Candidate Genes Involved in Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis in the Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041337. [PMID: 32079236 PMCID: PMC7073005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess changes of metabolite content and regulation mechanism of the phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway at different developmental stages of leaves, this study performed a combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves at different developmental stages. Metabolite and transcript profiling were conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer and high-throughput RNA sequencing, respectively. Transcriptome identification showed that 58 genes were involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acid. Among them, 10 differentially expressed genes were detected between every two developmental stages. Identification and quantification of metabolites indicated that 14 metabolites were located in the phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Among them, eight differentially accumulated metabolites were detected between every two developmental stages. Association analysis between metabolome and transcriptome showed that six differentially expressed structural genes were significantly positively correlated with metabolite accumulation and showed similar expression trends. A total of 128 transcription factors were identified that may be involved in the regulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis; these include 12 MYBs and 10 basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors. A regulatory network of the phenolic acid biosynthesis was established to visualize differentially expressed candidate genes that are involved in the accumulation of metabolites with significant differences. The results of this study contribute to the further understanding of phenolic acid biosynthesis during the development of leaves of C. paliurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Lin
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.L.); (H.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yueling Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiuwei Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (W.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Shan C, Wang C, Zhang S, Shi Y, Ma K, Yang Q, Wu J. Transcriptome analysis of Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) Matsum and identification of genes related to Triterpenoid Saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:49. [PMID: 31941462 PMCID: PMC6964110 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) Matsum (C. gracile) is an annual herb with pharmacological properties effective in the treatment of various diseases, including hepatic carcinoma. Triterpenoid saponins are crucial bioactive compounds in C. gracile. However, the molecular understanding of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the flowers, leaves, roots, and stems of C. gracile plants using the BGISEQ-500 platform. The assembly of transcripts from all four types of tissues generated 128,856 unigenes, of which 99,020 were mapped to several public databases for functional annotation. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified via the comparison of gene expression levels between leaves and other tissues (flowers, roots, and stems). Multiple genes encoding pivotal enzymes, such as squalene synthase (SS), or transcription factors (TFs) related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were identified and further analyzed. The expression levels of unigenes encoding important enzymes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Different chemical constituents of triterpenoid saponins were identified by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). CONCLUSIONS Our results greatly extend the public transcriptome dataset of C. gracile and provide valuable information for the identification of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and other important secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Shan
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Chenkai Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Kelong Ma
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.,Clinical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Qingshan Yang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China. .,Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230012, China.
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Zhou H, Li C, Qiu X, Lu S. Systematic Analysis of Alkaline/Neutral Invertase Genes Reveals the Involvement of Smi-miR399 in Regulation of SmNINV3 and SmNINV4 in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110490. [PMID: 31717988 PMCID: PMC6918228 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline/neutral invertases (NINVs), which irreversibly catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose, play crucial roles in carbohydrate metabolism and plant development. Comprehensive insights into NINV genes are lacking in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plant with significant medicinal and economic value. Through genome-wide prediction, nine putative SmNINV genes, termed SmNINV1-SmNINV9, were identified. Integrated analysis of gene structures, sequence features, conserved domains, conserved motifs and phylogenetic trees revealed the conservation and divergence of SmNINVs. The identified SmNINVs were differentially expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and different root tissues. They also responded to drought, salicylic acid, yeast extract, and methyl jasmonate treatments. More importantly, computational prediction and experimental validation showed that SmNINV3 and SmNINV4 were targets of Smi-miR399, a conserved miRNA previously shown to affect Pi uptake and translocation through the cleavage of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2). Consistently, analysis of 43 NINV genes and 26 miR399 sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Manihot esculenta, and Solanum lycopersicum showed that various AtNINV, PtNINV, MeNINV, and SlNINV genes were regulated by miR399. It indicates that the miR399-NINV module exists widely in plants. Furthermore, Smi-miR399 also cleaved SmPHO2 transcripts in S. miltiorrhiza, suggesting the complexity of NINVs, PHO2, and miR399 networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shanfa Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-57833366
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15
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Aminfar Z, Rabiei B, Tohidfar M, Mirjalili MH. Identification of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenic acids in the mint family. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15826. [PMID: 31676750 PMCID: PMC6825174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic acids (TAs), a large group of natural compounds with diverse biological activity, are produced by several plant taxa. Betulinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acids are the most medicinally important TAs and are mainly found in plants of the mint family. Metabolic engineering is strongly dependent on identifying the key genes in biosynthetic pathways toward the products of interest. In this study, gene expression tracking was performed by transcriptome mining, co-expression network analysis, and tissue-specific metabolite-expression analysis in order to identify possible key genes involved in TAs biosynthetic pathways. To this end, taxa-specific degenerate primers of six important genes were designed using an effective method based on the MEME algorithm in a phylogenetically related group of sequences and successfully applied in three members of the Lamiaceae (Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Thymus persicus). Based on the results of in-depth data analysis, genes encoding squalene epoxidase and oxido squalene cyclases are proposed as targets for boosting triterpene production. The results emphasize the importance of identifying key genes in triterpene biosynthesis, which may facilitate genetic manipulation or overexpression of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aminfar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Rabiei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Tehran, Iran.
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Proteomic analysis reveals novel insights into tanshinones biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5768. [PMID: 30962498 PMCID: PMC6453882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal plant highly appreciated by its content of tanshinones and salvianolic acids. Tanshinones are of particular relevance for their anti-oxidant, anti-tumoral and anti-inflammatory properties. Abiotic and biotic agents as silver nitrate and yeast extract have shown efficiently to stimulate tanshinone accumulation, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains essentially unknown. By using hairy roots as experimental material and the elicitors mentioned, were obtained up to 22 mg of tanshinones per gram of dry weight. Differential label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was applied to study the proteins involved in tanshinone biosynthesis. A total of 2650 proteins were identified in roots extracts, of which 893 showed statistically (p < 0.05) significant change in relative abundance compared to control roots, 251 proteins were upregulated and 642 downregulated. Among the upregulated proteins the predominant functional categories were metabolism (47%), stress defense (18%) and redox homeostasis (10%). Within the metabolism category, isoprenoid metabolism enzymes, cytochromes P450 and FAD-binding berberine proteins showed abundance profile linked to tanshinone concentration. The results presented here allowed to propose 5 new cytochromes P450 and 5 berberine enzymes as candidates to be involved into tanshinone biosynthesis, a novel finding that opens new avenues to improve tanshinone production through biotechnological approaches.
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17
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Michelotti V, Lamontanara A, Buriani G, Orrù L, Cellini A, Donati I, Vanneste JL, Cattivelli L, Tacconi G, Spinelli F. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:585. [PMID: 30081820 PMCID: PMC6090863 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2007, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) has become a pandemic disease leading to important economic losses in every country where kiwifruit is widely cultivated. Options for controlling this disease are very limited and rely primarily on the use of bactericidal compounds, such as copper, and resistance inducers. Among the latter, the most widely studied is acibenzolar-S-methyl. To elucidate the early molecular reaction of kiwifruit plants (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis) to Psa infection and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment, a RNA seq analysis was performed at different phases of the infection process, from the epiphytic phase to the endophytic invasion on acibenzolar-S-methyl treated and on non-treated plants. The infection process was monitored in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS De novo assembly of kiwifruit transcriptome revealed a total of 39,607 transcripts, of which 3360 were differentially expressed during the infection process, primarily 3 h post inoculation. The study revealed the coordinated changes of important gene functional categories such as signaling, hormonal balance and transcriptional regulation. Among the transcription factor families, AP2/ERF, MYB, Myc, bHLH, GATA, NAC, WRKY and GRAS were found differentially expressed in response to Psa infection and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment. Finally, in plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl, a number of gene functions related to plant resistance, such as PR proteins, were modulated, suggesting the set-up of a more effective defense response against the pathogen. Weighted-gene coexpression network analysis confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides an in-depth description of the plant molecular reactions to Psa, it highlights the metabolic pathway related to acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced resistance and it contributes to the development of effective control strategies in open field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Michelotti
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Giampaolo Buriani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Donati
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joel L. Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Bisley Road, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Gianni Tacconi
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Lin W, Huang W, Ning S, Wang X, Ye Q, Wei D. De novo characterization of the Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees) Bremek transcriptome and analysis of candidate genes involved in indican biosynthesis and metabolism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199788. [PMID: 29975733 PMCID: PMC6033399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek is an herb widely used for the clinical treatment of colds, fever, and influenza in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The roots, stems and leaves can be used as natural medicine, in which indigo and indirubin are two main active ingredients. In this study, quantification of indigo, indirubin, indican and adenosine among various tissues of B. cusia was conducted using HPLC-DAD. Leaves have significantly higher contents than stems and roots (380.66, 315.15, 20,978.26, 4323.15 μg/g in leaves, 306.36, 71.71, 3,056.78, 139.45 μg/g in stems, and 9.31, 7.82, 170.45, 197.48 μg/g in roots, respectively). De novo transcriptome sequencing of B. cusia was performed for the first time. The sequencing yielded 137,216,248, 122,837,394 and 140,240,688 clean reads from leaves, stems and roots respectively, which were assembled into 51,381 unique sequences. A total of 33,317 unigenes could be annotated using the databases of Nr, Swiss-Prot, KEGG and KOG. These analyses provided a detailed view of the enzymes involved in indican backbone biosynthesis, such as cytochrome P450, UDP-glycosyltransferase, glucosidase and tryptophan synthase. Analysis results showed that tryptophan synthase was the candidate gene involved in the tissue-specific biosynthesis of indican. We also detected sixteen types of simple sequence repeats in RNA-Seq data for use in future molecular mark assisted breeding studies. The results will be helpful in further analysis of B. cusia functional genomics, especially in increasing biosynthesis of indican through biotechnological approaches and metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Lin
- School of Life science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Life science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuju Ning
- School of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- School of Life science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Ye
- School of Life science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daozhi Wei
- School of Life science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, Fang J, Qi X, Lin M, Zhong Y, Sun L, Cui W. Combined Analysis of the Fruit Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Actinidia arguta. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051471. [PMID: 29762529 PMCID: PMC5983832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the interrelation between the change of metabolites and the change of fruit color, we performed a combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis of the flesh in two different Actinidia arguta cultivars: "HB" ("Hongbaoshixing") and "YF" ("Yongfengyihao") at two different fruit developmental stages: 70d (days after full bloom) and 100d (days after full bloom). Metabolite and transcript profiling was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer and high-throughput RNA sequencing, respectively. The identification and quantification results of metabolites showed that a total of 28,837 metabolites had been obtained, of which 13,715 were annotated. In comparison of HB100 vs. HB70, 41 metabolites were identified as being flavonoids, 7 of which, with significant difference, were identified as bracteatin, luteolin, dihydromyricetin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin and (-)-epigallocatechin. Association analysis between metabolome and transcriptome revealed that there were two metabolic pathways presenting significant differences during fruit development, one of which was flavonoid biosynthesis, in which 14 structural genes were selected to conduct expression analysis, as well as 5 transcription factor genes obtained by transcriptome analysis. RT-qPCR results and cluster analysis revealed that AaF3H, AaLDOX, AaUFGT, AaMYB, AabHLH, and AaHB2 showed the best possibility of being candidate genes. A regulatory network of flavonoid biosynthesis was established to illustrate differentially expressed candidate genes involved in accumulation of metabolites with significant differences, inducing red coloring during fruit development. Such a regulatory network linking genes and flavonoids revealed a system involved in the pigmentation of all-red-fleshed and all-green-fleshed A. arguta, suggesting this conjunct analysis approach is not only useful in understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype, but is also a powerful tool for providing more valuable information for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Jinbao Fang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Miaomiao Lin
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Yunpeng Zhong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Leiming Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Wen Cui
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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Li J, Li C, Lu S. Identification and characterization of the cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PeerJ 2018. [PMID: 29527415 PMCID: PMC5842782 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine DNA methylation is highly conserved epigenetic modification involved in a wide range of biological processes in eukaryotes. It was established and maintained by cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases) in plants. Through genome-wide identification, eight putative SmC5-MTase genes were identified from the genome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine material and an emerging model medicinal plant. Based on conserved domains and phylogenetic analysis, eight SmC5-MTase genes were divided into four subfamilies, including MET, CMT, DRM and DNMT2. Genome-wide comparative analysis of the C5-MTase gene family in S. miltiorrhiza and Arabidopsis thaliana, including gene structure, sequence features, sequence alignment and conserved motifs, was carried out. The results showed conservation and divergence of the members of each subfamily in plants. The length of SmC5-MTase open reading frames ranges widely from 1,152 (SmDNMT2) to 5,034 bp (SmMET1). The intron number of SmC5-MTases varies between 7 (SmDRM1) and 20 (SmCMT1 and SmCMT2b). These features were similar to their counterparts from Arabidopsis. Sequence alignment and conserved motif analysis showed the existence of highly conserved and subfamily-specific motifs in the C5-MTases analyzed. Differential transcript abundance was detected for SmC5-MTases, implying genome-wide variance of DNA methylation in different organs and tissues. Transcriptome-wide analysis showed that the transcript levels of all SmC5-MTase genes was slightly changed under yeast extract and methyl jasmonate treatments. Six SmC5-MTases, including SmMET1, SmCMT1, SmCMT2a, SmCMT2b, SmCMT3 and SmDRM1, were salicylic acid-responsive, suggesting the involvement of SmC5-MTases in salicylic acid-dependent immunity. These results provide useful information for demonstrating the role of DNA methylation in bioactive compound biosynthesis and Dao-di herb formation in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wei T, Deng K, Wang H, Zhang L, Wang C, Song W, Zhang Y, Chen C. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Potential Mechanisms of Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Salvia Miltiorrhiza Plants Expressing AtDREB1A from Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534548 PMCID: PMC5877688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, drought-resistant transgenic plants of Salvia miltiorrhiza were produced via overexpression of the transcription factor AtDREB1A. To unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning elevated drought tolerance in transgenic plants, in the present study we compared the global transcriptional profiles of wild-type (WT) and AtDREB1A-expressing transgenic plants using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Using cluster analysis, we identified 3904 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Compared with WT plants, 423 unigenes were up-regulated in pRD29A::AtDREB1A-31 before drought treatment, while 936 were down-regulated and 1580 and 1313 unigenes were up- and down-regulated after six days of drought. COG analysis revealed that the 'signal transduction mechanisms' category was highly enriched among these DEGs both before and after drought stress. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation, DEGs associated with "ribosome", "plant hormone signal transduction", photosynthesis", "plant-pathogen interaction", "glycolysis/gluconeogenesis" and "carbon fixation" are hypothesized to perform major functions in drought resistance in AtDREB1A-expressing transgenic plants. Furthermore, the number of DEGs associated with different transcription factors increased significantly after drought stress, especially the AP2/ERF, bZIP and MYB protein families. Taken together, this study substantially expands the transcriptomic information for S. miltiorrhiza and provides valuable clues for elucidating the mechanism of AtDREB1A-mediated drought tolerance in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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22
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Wei T, Deng K, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Zheng X, Wang C, Liu Z, Chen C, Zhang Y. Modulating AtDREB1C Expression Improves Drought Tolerance in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:52. [PMID: 28174590 PMCID: PMC5259653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration responsive element binding proteins are transcription factors of the plant-specific AP2 family, many of which contribute to abiotic stress responses in several plant species. We investigated the possibility of increasing drought tolerance in the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, through modulating the transcriptional regulation of AtDREB1C in transgenic plants under the control of a constitutive (35S) or drought-inducible (RD29A) promoter. AtDREB1C transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants showed increased survival under severe drought conditions compared to the non-transgenic wild-type (WT) control. However, transgenic plants with constitutive overexpression of AtDREB1C showed considerable dwarfing relative to WT. Physiological tests suggested that the higher chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity in the transgenic plants enhanced plant drought stress resistance compared to WT. Transcriptome analysis of S. miltiorrhiza following drought stress identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the AtDREB1C transgenic lines and WT. These DEGs are involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ribosome, starch and sucrose metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. The modified pathways involved in plant hormone signaling are thought to be one of the main causes of the increased drought tolerance of AtDREB1C transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbin Chen, Yong Zhang,
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbin Chen, Yong Zhang,
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Samad AFA, Sajad M, Nazaruddin N, Fauzi IA, Murad AMA, Zainal Z, Ismail I. MicroRNA and Transcription Factor: Key Players in Plant Regulatory Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:565. [PMID: 28446918 PMCID: PMC5388764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent achievements in plant microRNA (miRNA), a large class of small and non-coding RNAs, are very exciting. A wide array of techniques involving forward genetic, molecular cloning, bioinformatic analysis, and the latest technology, deep sequencing have greatly advanced miRNA discovery. A tiny miRNA sequence has the ability to target single/multiple mRNA targets. Most of the miRNA targets are transcription factors (TFs) which have paramount importance in regulating the plant growth and development. Various families of TFs, which have regulated a range of regulatory networks, may assist plants to grow under normal and stress environmental conditions. This present review focuses on the regulatory relationships between miRNAs and different families of TFs like; NF-Y, MYB, AP2, TCP, WRKY, NAC, GRF, and SPL. For instance NF-Y play important role during drought tolerance and flower development, MYB are involved in signal transduction and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, AP2 regulate the floral development and nodule formation, TCP direct leaf development and growth hormones signaling. WRKY have known roles in multiple stress tolerances, NAC regulate lateral root formation, GRF are involved in root growth, flower, and seed development, and SPL regulate plant transition from juvenile to adult. We also studied the relation between miRNAs and TFs by consolidating the research findings from different plant species which will help plant scientists in understanding the mechanism of action and interaction between these regulators in the plant growth and development under normal and stress environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul F. A. Samad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Muhammad Sajad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, PunjabPakistan
- Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Nazaruddin Nazaruddin
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda AcehIndonesia
| | - Izzat A. Fauzi
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Abdul M. A. Murad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
- Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
- Centre of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology, National University of Malaysia, SelangorMalaysia
- *Correspondence: Ismanizan Ismail,
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