1
|
Rodríguez RD, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Exploring the contribution of genetics on the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024:101971. [PMID: 39013664 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by diverse clinical manifestations affecting multiple organs and systems. The understanding of genetic factors underlying the various manifestations of SLE has evolved considerably in recent years. This review provides an overview of the genetic implications in some of the most prevalent manifestations of SLE, including renal involvement, neuropsychiatric, cutaneous, constitutional, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular manifestations. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the genetic basis of these manifestations, highlighting key genetic variants and pathways implicated in their pathogenesis. Additionally, we explore the clinical implications of genetic findings, including their potential role in risk stratification, prognosis, and personalized treatment approaches for patients with SLE. Through a comprehensive examination of the genetic landscape of SLE manifestations, this review aims to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms driving disease heterogeneity and inform future research directions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Rodríguez
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO). Pfizer/ University of Granada/ Andalusian Government, Spain
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO). Pfizer/ University of Granada/ Andalusian Government, Spain; Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma W, Huang G, Wang Z, Wang L, Gao Q. IRF7: role and regulation in immunity and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236923. [PMID: 37638030 PMCID: PMC10449649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 7 was originally identified as master transcriptional factor that produced IFN-I and regulated innate immune response, subsequent studies have revealed that IRF7 performs a multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge of the role of IRF7 in immunity and autoimmunity. We focus on the latest regulatory mechanisms of IRF7 in IFN-I, including signaling pathways, transcription, translation, and post-translational levels, the dimerization and nuclear translocation, and the role of IRF7 in IFN-III and COVID-19. In addition to antiviral immunity, we also discuss the role and mechanism of IRF7 in autoimmunity, and the further research will expand our understanding of IRF7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiangguo Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang SUS, Kulatunge O, O'Sullivan KM. Deciphering the Genetic Code of Autoimmune Kidney Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051028. [PMID: 37239388 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune kidney diseases occur due to the loss of tolerance to self-antigens, resulting in inflammation and pathological damage to the kidneys. This review focuses on the known genetic associations of the major autoimmune kidney diseases that result in the development of glomerulonephritis: lupus nephritis (LN), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic associated vasculitis (AAV), anti-glomerular basement disease (also known as Goodpasture's disease), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), and membranous nephritis (MN). Genetic associations with an increased risk of disease are not only associated with polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) II region, which governs underlying processes in the development of autoimmunity, but are also associated with genes regulating inflammation, such as NFkB, IRF4, and FC γ receptors (FCGR). Critical genome-wide association studies are discussed both to reveal similarities in gene polymorphisms between autoimmune kidney diseases and to explicate differential risks in different ethnicities. Lastly, we review the role of neutrophil extracellular traps, critical inducers of inflammation in LN, AAV, and anti-GBM disease, where inefficient clearance due to polymorphisms in DNase I and genes that regulate neutrophil extracellular trap production are associated with autoimmune kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie U-Shane Huang
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Oneli Kulatunge
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Kim Maree O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giordano D, Kuley R, Draves KE, Elkon KB, Giltiay NV, Clark EA. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) from dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils is required for B cell maturation and autoantibody production in SLE-like autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1050528. [PMID: 36923413 PMCID: PMC10009188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose and methods B cell-activating factor (BAFF) contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although several anti-BAFF Abs and derivatives have been developed for the treatment of SLE, the specific sources of BAFF that sustain autoantibody (auto-Ab) producing cells have not been definitively identified. Using BAFF-RFP reporter mice, we identified major changes in BAFF-producing cells in two mouse spontaneous lupus models (Tlr7 Tg mice and Sle1), and in a pristane-induced lupus (PIL) model. Results First, we confirmed that similar to their wildtype Tlr7 Tg and Sle1 mice counterparts, BAFF-RFP Tlr7 Tg mice and BAFF-RFP Sle1 mice had increased BAFF serum levels, which correlated with increases in plasma cells and auto-Ab production. Next, using the RFP reporter, we defined which cells had dysregulated BAFF production. BAFF-producing neutrophils (Nphs), monocytes (MOs), cDCs, T cells and B cells were all expanded in the spleens of BAFF-RFP Tlr7 Tg mice and BAFF-RFP Sle1 mice compared to controls. Furthermore, Ly6Chi inflammatory MOs and T cells had significantly increased BAFF expression per cell in both spontaneous lupus models, while CD8- DCs up-regulated BAFF expression only in the Tlr7 Tg mice. Similarly, pristane injection of BAFF-RFP mice induced increases in serum BAFF levels, auto-Abs, and the expansion of BAFF-producing Nphs, MOs, and DCs in both the spleen and peritoneal cavity. BAFF expression in MOs and DCs, in contrast to BAFF from Nphs, was required to maintain homeostatic and pristane-induced systemic BAFF levels and to sustain mature B cell pools in spleens and BMs. Although acting through different mechanisms, Nph, MO and DC sources of BAFF were each required for the development of auto-Abs in PIL mice. Conclusions Our findings underscore the importance of considering the relative roles of specific myeloid BAFF sources and B cell niches when developing treatments for SLE and other BAFF-associated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniela Giordano,
| | - Runa Kuley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keith B. Elkon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalia V. Giltiay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ortíz-Fernández L, Martín J, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. A Summary on the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Sclerosis, and Sjögren's Syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 64:392-411. [PMID: 35749015 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome are four major autoimmune rheumatic diseases characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, caused by a dysregulation of the immune system that leads to a wide variety of clinical manifestations. These conditions present complex etiologies strongly influenced by multiple environmental and genetic factors. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region was the first locus identified to be associated and still represents the strongest susceptibility factor for each of these conditions, particularly the HLA class II genes, including DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1, but class I genes have also been associated. Over the last two decades, the genetic component of these disorders has been extensively investigated and hundreds of non-HLA risk genetic variants have been uncovered. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that autoimmune rheumatic diseases share molecular disease pathways, such as the interferon (IFN) type I pathways, which are reflected in a common genetic background. Some examples of well-known pleiotropic loci for autoimmune rheumatic diseases are the HLA region, DNASEL13, TNIP1, and IRF5, among others. The identification of the causal molecular mechanisms behind the genetic associations is still a challenge. However, recent advances have been achieved through mouse models and functional studies of the loci. Here, we provide an updated overview of the genetic architecture underlying these four autoimmune rheumatic diseases, with a special focus on the HLA region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ortíz-Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- GENYO. Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av de la Ilustración 114, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain. .,Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Solna, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. Lupus Susceptibility Loci Predispose Mice to Clonal Lymphocytic Responses and Myeloid Expansion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2403-2424. [PMID: 35477687 PMCID: PMC9254690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lupus susceptibility results from the combined effects of numerous genetic loci, but the contribution of these loci to disease pathogenesis has been difficult to study due to the large cellular heterogeneity of the autoimmune immune response. We performed single-cell RNA, BCR, and TCR sequencing of splenocytes from mice with multiple polymorphic lupus susceptibility loci. We not only observed lymphocyte and myeloid expansion, but we also characterized changes in subset frequencies and gene expression, such as decreased CD8 and marginal zone B cells and increased Fcrl5- and Cd5l-expressing macrophages. Clonotypic analyses revealed expansion of B and CD4 clones, and TCR repertoires from lupus-prone mice were distinguishable by algorithmic specificity prediction and unsupervised machine learning classification. Myeloid differential gene expression, metabolism, and altered ligand-receptor interaction were associated with decreased Ag presentation. This dataset provides novel mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology of a spontaneous model of lupus, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for autoantibody-mediated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Glauzy S, Olson B, May CK, Parisi D, Massad C, Hansen JE, Ryu C, Herzog EL, Meffre E. Defective Early B Cell Tolerance Checkpoints in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis Allow the Production of Self Antigen-Specific Clones. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:307-317. [PMID: 34279059 PMCID: PMC8766600 DOI: 10.1002/art.41927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early selection steps preventing autoreactive naive B cell production are often impaired in patients with autoimmune diseases, but central and peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoints have not been assessed in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study was undertaken to characterize early B cell tolerance checkpoints in patients with SSc. METHODS Using an in vitro polymerase chain reaction-based approach that allows the expression of recombinant antibodies cloned from single B cells, we tested the reactivity of antibodies expressed by 212 CD19+CD21low CD10+IgMhigh CD27- new emigrant/transitional B cells and 190 CD19+CD21+CD10-IgM+CD27- mature naive B cells from 10 patients with SSc. RESULTS Compared to serum from healthy donors, serum from patients with SSc displayed elevated proportions of polyreactive and antinuclear-reactive new emigrant/transitional B cells that recognize topoisomerase I, suggesting that defective central B cell tolerance contributes to the production of serum autoantibodies characteristic of the disease. Frequencies of autoreactive mature naive B cells were also significantly increased in SSc patients compared to healthy donors, thus indicating that a peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint may be impaired in SSc. CONCLUSION Defective counterselection of developing autoreactive naive B cells in SSc leads to the production of self antigen-specific B cells that may secrete autoantibodies and allow the formation of immune complexes, which promote fibrosis in SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salome Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brennan Olson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher K. May
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher Massad
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James E. Hansen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Correspondence to: Eric Meffre, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 353F, New Haven, CT 06511, USA., Phone: 203-737-4535, Fax: 203-785-7903,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Satterthwaite AB. TLR7 Signaling in Lupus B Cells: New Insights into Synergizing Factors and Downstream Signals. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:80. [PMID: 34817709 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is driven by nucleic acid-containing antigens that stimulate endosomal TLRs. We review new advances in our understanding of how TLR7 signaling in B cells drives autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Pathogenic B cell responses to TLR7 engagement are shaped by the disease-associated cytokine environment. TLR7, IFNγ, and IL-21 together promote the formation of autoreactive germinal centers and the ABC/DN2 B cell subset. BAFF and type 1 IFNs enhance autoantibody production from transitional B cells in concert with TLR7. TLR7 signaling components STAT1, BANK1, IRF5, SLC15A4, and CXorf21/TASL are associated genetically with SLE and important for lupus development in mice, while role of T-bet is controversial. Proper control of TLR7 trafficking by UNC93B1, syntenin-1, and αvβ3 integrin is critical for preventing autoimmunity. A better understanding of TLR7 signaling has revealed potential new therapeutic approaches for SLE, several of which are being tested in animal models or clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatic Diseases Division and Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8884, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bolin K, Imgenberg-Kreuz J, Leonard D, Sandling JK, Alexsson A, Pucholt P, Haarhaus ML, Almlöf JC, Nititham J, Jönsen A, Sjöwall C, Bengtsson AA, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Svenungsson E, Gunnarsson I, Syvänen AC, Lerang K, Troldborg A, Voss A, Molberg Ø, Jacobsen S, Criswell L, Rönnblom L, Nordmark G. Variants in BANK1 are associated with lupus nephritis of European ancestry. Genes Immun 2021; 22:194-202. [PMID: 34127828 PMCID: PMC8277572 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The genetic background of lupus nephritis (LN) has not been completely elucidated. We performed a case-only study of 2886 SLE patients, including 947 (33%) with LN. Renal biopsies were available from 396 patients. The discovery cohort (Sweden, n = 1091) and replication cohort 1 (US, n = 962) were genotyped on the Immunochip and replication cohort 2 (Denmark/Norway, n = 833) on a custom array. Patients with LN, proliferative nephritis, or LN with end-stage renal disease were compared with SLE without nephritis. Six loci were associated with LN (p < 1 × 10−4, NFKBIA, CACNA1S, ITGA1, BANK1, OR2Y, and ACER3) in the discovery cohort. Variants in BANK1 showed the strongest association with LN in replication cohort 1 (p = 9.5 × 10−4) and proliferative nephritis in a meta-analysis of discovery and replication cohort 1. There was a weak association between BANK1 and LN in replication cohort 2 (p = 0.052), and in the meta-analysis of all three cohorts the association was strengthened (p = 2.2 × 10−7). DNA methylation data in 180 LN patients demonstrated methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) effects between a CpG site and BANK1 variants. To conclude, we describe genetic variations in BANK1 associated with LN and evidence for genetic regulation of DNA methylation within the BANK1 locus. This indicates a role for BANK1 in LN pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bolin
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliana Imgenberg-Kreuz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Leonard
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna K Sandling
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Alexsson
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pascal Pucholt
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malena Loberg Haarhaus
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Carlsson Almlöf
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joanne Nititham
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karoline Lerang
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Troldborg
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Voss
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Øyvind Molberg
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsey Criswell
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gómez Hernández G, Morell M, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. The Role of BANK1 in B Cell Signaling and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051184. [PMID: 34066164 PMCID: PMC8151866 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The B cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats (BANK1) is expressed primarily in B cells and with multiple but discrete roles in B cell signaling, including B cell receptor signaling, CD40-related signaling, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The gene for BANK1, located in chromosome 4, has been found to contain genetic variants that are associated with several autoimmune diseases and also other complex phenotypes, in particular, with systemic lupus erythematosus. Common genetic variants are associated with changes in BANK1 expression in B cells, while rare variants modify their capacity to bind efferent effectors during signaling. A BANK1-deficient model has shown the importance of BANK1 during TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and has confirmed its role in the disease. Still, much needs to be done to fully understand the function of BANK1, but the main conclusion is that it may be the link between different signaling functions within the B cells and they may act to synergize the various pathways within a cell. With this review, we hope to enhance the interest in this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Gómez Hernández
- GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.G.H.); (M.M.)
| | - María Morell
- GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.G.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.G.H.); (M.M.)
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17167 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Le Berre L, Chesneau M, Danger R, Dubois F, Chaussabel D, Garand M, Brouard S. Connection of BANK1, Tolerance, Regulatory B cells, and Apoptosis: Perspectives of a Reductionist Investigation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:589786. [PMID: 33815360 PMCID: PMC8015775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BANK1 transcript is upregulated in whole blood after kidney transplantation in tolerant patients. In comparison to patients with rejection, tolerant patients display higher level of regulatory B cells (Bregs) expressing granzyme B (GZMB+) that have the capability to prevent effector T cells proliferation. However, BANK1 was found to be decreased in these GZMB+ Bregs. In this article, we investigated seven different transcriptomic studies and mined the literature in order to make link between BANK1, tolerance and Bregs. As for GZMB+ Bregs, we found that BANK1 was decreased in other subtypes of Bregs, including IL10+ and CD24hiCD38hi transitional regulatory B cells, along with BANK1 was down-regulated in activated/differentiated B cells, as in CD40-activated B cells, in leukemia and plasma cells. Following a reductionist approach, biological concepts were extracted from BANK1 literature and allowed us to infer association between BANK1 and immune signaling pathways, as STAT1, FcγRIIB, TNFAIP3, TRAF6, and TLR7. Based on B cell signaling literature and expression data, we proposed a role of BANK1 in B cells of tolerant patients that involved BCR, IP3R, and PLCG2, and a link with the apoptosis pathways. We confronted these data with our experiments on apoptosis in total B cells and Bregs, and this suggests different involvement for BANK1 in these two cells. Finally, we put in perspective our own data with other published data to hypothesize two different roles for BANK1 in B cells and in Bregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Le Berre
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Mélanie Chesneau
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Florian Dubois
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mathieu Garand
- Systems Biology and Immunology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Su SB, Tao L, Deng ZP, Chen W, Qin SY, Jiang HX. TLR10: Insights, controversies and potential utility as a therapeutic target. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12988. [PMID: 33047375 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family acts as a bridge connecting innate and acquired immunity. TLR10 remains one of the least understood members of this family. Some studies have examined TLR10 ligands, dimerization of TLR10 with other TLRs, and downstream signalling pathways and functions, but they have often arrived at conflicting conclusions. TLR10 can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines by forming homodimers with itself or heterodimers with TLR1 or other TLRs, but it can also inhibit proinflammatory responses when co-expressed with TLR2 or potentially other TLRs. Mutations in the Toll/Interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain of TLR10 alter its signalling activity. Polymorphisms in the TLR10 gene can change the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and hence modulate the susceptibility to infection and autoimmune diseases. Understanding the full range of TLR10 ligands and functions may allow the receptor to be exploited as a therapeutic target in inflammation- or immune-related diseases. Here, we summarize recent findings on the pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of TLR10 and the molecular pathways in which it is implicated. Our goal is to pave the way for future studies of the only orphan TLR thought to have strong potential as a target in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ze-Ping Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Academic Affairs, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chodisetti SB, Fike AJ, Domeier PP, Schell SL, Mockus TE, Choi NM, Corradetti C, Hou B, Atkins HM, Caricchio R, Decker T, Lukacher AE, Olsen N, Rahman ZSM. Serine Phosphorylation of the STAT1 Transactivation Domain Promotes Autoreactive B Cell and Systemic Autoimmunity Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2641-2650. [PMID: 32253245 PMCID: PMC9305983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2023]
Abstract
Although STAT1 tyrosine-701 phosphorylation (designated STAT1-pY701) is indispensable for STAT1 function, the requirement for STAT1 serine-727 phosphorylation (designated STAT1-pS727) during systemic autoimmune and antipathogen responses remains unclear. Using autoimmune-prone B6.Sle1b mice expressing a STAT1-S727A mutant in which serine is replaced by alanine, we report in this study that STAT1-pS727 promotes autoimmune Ab-forming cell (AFC) and germinal center (GC) responses, driving autoantibody production and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development. In contrast, STAT1-pS727 is not required for GC, T follicular helper cell (Tfh), and Ab responses to various foreign Ags, including pathogens. STAT1-pS727 is also not required for gut microbiota and dietary Ag-driven GC and Tfh responses in B6.Sle1b mice. By generating B cell-specific bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that STAT1-pS727 plays an important B cell-intrinsic role in promoting autoimmune AFC, GC, and Tfh responses, leading to SLE-associated autoantibody production. Our analysis of the TLR7-accelerated B6.Sle1b.Yaa SLE disease model expressing a STAT1-S727A mutant reveals STAT1-pS727-mediated regulation of autoimmune AFC and GC responses and lupus nephritis development. Together, we identify previously unrecognized differential regulation of systemic autoimmune and antipathogen responses by STAT1-pS727. Our data implicate STAT1-pS727 as a therapeutic target for SLE without overtly affecting STAT1-mediated protection against pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Stephanie L Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Taryn E Mockus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nicholas M Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Baidong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Hannah M Atkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lauenstein JU, Scherm MJ, Udgata A, Moncrieffe MC, Fisher DI, Gay NJ. Negative Regulation of TLR Signaling by BCAP Requires Dimerization of Its DBB Domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2269-2276. [PMID: 32198144 PMCID: PMC7128310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dimerization of the BCAP Toll/IL1 domain is required for function. BCAP TIR modulates the oligomerization state of TLR signaling adaptor MAL. TIG domains are a promiscuous dimerization module in gene expression and signaling.
The B cell adaptor protein (BCAP) is a multimodular regulator of inflammatory signaling in diverse immune system cells. BCAP couples TLR signaling to phosphoinositide metabolism and inhibits MyD88-directed signal transduction. BCAP is recruited to the TLR signalosome forming multitypic interactions with the MAL and MyD88 signaling adaptors. In this study, we show that indirect dimerization of BCAP TIR is required for negative regulation of TLR signaling. This regulation is mediated by a transcription factor Ig (TIG/IPT) domain, a fold found in the NF-κB family of transcription factors. We have solved the crystal structure of the BCAP TIG and find that it is most similar to that of early B cell factor 1 (EBF1). In both cases, the dimer is stabilized by a helix-loop-helix motif at the C terminus and interactions between the β-sheets of the Ig domains. BCAP is exclusively localized in the cytosol and is unable to bind DNA. Thus, the TIG domain is a promiscuous dimerization module that has been appropriated for a range of regulatory functions in gene expression and signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Lauenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael J Scherm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Atul Udgata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin C Moncrieffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - David I Fisher
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
BANK1 interacts with TRAF6 and MyD88 in innate immune signaling in B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:954-965. [PMID: 31243359 PMCID: PMC7608278 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports a possible role of BANK1 in innate immune signaling in B cells. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of BANK1 with two key mediators in interferon and inflammatory cytokine production, TRAF6 and MyD88. We revealed by coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) analyses the binding of BANK1 with TRAF6 and MyD88, which were mediated by the BANK1 Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. In addition, the natural BANK1–40C variant showed increased binding to MyD88. Next, we demonstrated in mouse splenic B cells that BANK1 colocalized with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 and that after stimulation with TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, the number of double-positive BANK1–TLR7, –TLR9, –TRAF6, and –MyD88 cells increased. Furthermore, we identified five TRAF6-binding motifs (BMs) in BANK1 and confirmed by point mutations and decoy peptide experiments that the C-terminal domain of BANK1-full-length (-FL) and the N-terminal domain of BANK1–Delta2 (-D2) are necessary for this binding. Functionally, we determined that the absence of the TIR domain in BANK1–D2 is important for its lysine (K)63-linked polyubiquitination and its ability to produce interleukin (IL)-8. Overall, our study describes a specific function of BANK1 in MyD88–TRAF6 innate immune signaling in B cells, clarifies functional differences between the two BANK1 isoforms and explains for the first time a functional link between autoimmune phenotypes including SLE and the naturally occurring BANK1–40C variant.
Collapse
|
17
|
Harris VM, Harley ITW, Kurien BT, Koelsch KA, Scofield RH. Lysosomal pH Is Regulated in a Sex Dependent Manner in Immune Cells Expressing CXorf21. Front Immunol 2019; 10:578. [PMID: 31001245 PMCID: PMC6454867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:CXorf21 and SLC15a4 both contain risk alleles for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The former escapes X inactivation. Our group predicts specific endolysosomal-dependent immune responses are driven by the protein products of these genes, which form a complex at the endolysosomal surface. Our previous studies have shown that knocking out CXorf21 increases lysosomal pH in female monocytes, and the present study assesses whether the lysosomal pH in 46,XX women, who overexpress CXorf21 in monocytes, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs), differs from 46,XY men. Methods: To determine endolysosome compartment pH we used both LysoSensor™ Yellow/Blue DND-160 and pHrodo® Red AM Intracellular pH Indicator in primary monocyte, B cells, DCs, NK cells, and T cells from healthy men and women volunteers. Results: Compared to male samples, female monocytes, B cells, and DCs had lower endolysosomal pH (female/male pH value: monocytes 4.9/5.6 p < 0.0001; DCs 4.9/5.7 p = 0.044; B cells 5.0/5.6 p < 0.05). Interestingly, T cells and NK cells, which both express low levels of CXorf21, showed no differential pH levels between men and women. Conclusion: We have previously shown that subjects with two or more X-chromosomes have increased CXorf21 expression in specific primary immune cells. Moreover, knockdown of CXorf21 increases lysosomal pH in female monocytes. The present data show that female monocytes, DC, B cells, where CXorf21 is robustly expressed, have lower lysosomal pH compared to the same immune cell populations from males. The lower pH levels observed in specific female immune cells provide a function to these SLE/SS-associated genes and a mechanism for the reported inflated endolysosomal-dependent immune response observed in women compared to men (i.e., TLR7/type I Interferon activity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Harris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Research Service, Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Isaac T W Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Biji T Kurien
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Research Service, Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kristi A Koelsch
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Research Service, Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Robert Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Research Service, Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Medical Service, Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fike AJ, Elcheva I, Rahman ZSM. The Post-GWAS Era: How to Validate the Contribution of Gene Variants in Lupus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:3. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
19
|
Exploring the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a genetic perspective. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:283-297. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
20
|
A rare regulatory variant in the MEF2D gene affects gene regulation and splicing and is associated with a SLE sub-phenotype in Swedish cohorts. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:432-441. [PMID: 30459414 PMCID: PMC6460566 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with heterogeneous clinical presentation and complex etiology involving the interplay between genetic, epigenetic, environmental and hormonal factors. Many common SNPs identified by genome wide-association studies (GWAS) explain only a small part of the disease heritability suggesting the contribution from rare genetic variants, undetectable in GWAS, and complex epistatic interactions. Using targeted re-sequencing of coding and conserved regulatory regions within and around 215 candidate genes selected on the basis of their known role in autoimmunity and genes associated with canine immune-mediated diseases, we identified a rare regulatory variant rs200395694:G > T located in intron 4 of the MEF2D gene encoding the myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D transcription factor and associated with SLE in Swedish cohorts (504 SLE patients and 839 healthy controls, p = 0.014, CI = 1.1–10). Fisher’s exact test revealed an association between the genetic variant and a triad of disease manifestations including Raynaud, anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein (anti-RNP), and anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies (p = 0.00037) among the patients. The DNA-binding activity of the allele was further studied by EMSA, reporter assays, and minigenes. The region has properties of an active cell-specific enhancer, differentially affected by the alleles of rs200395694:G > T. In addition, the risk allele exerts an inhibitory effect on the splicing of the alternative tissue-specific isoform, and thus may modify the target gene set regulated by this isoform. These findings emphasize the potential of dissecting traits of complex diseases and correlating them with rare risk alleles with strong biological effects.
Collapse
|
21
|
Martínez-Bueno M, Oparina N, Dozmorov MG, Marion MC, Comeau ME, Gilkeson G, Kamen D, Weisman M, Salmon J, McCune JW, Harley JB, Kimberly R, James JA, Merrill J, Montgomery C, Langefeld CD, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Trans-Ethnic Mapping of BANK1 Identifies Two Independent SLE-Risk Linkage Groups Enriched for Co-Transcriptional Splicing Marks. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082331. [PMID: 30096841 PMCID: PMC6121630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BANK1 is a susceptibility gene for several systemic autoimmune diseases in several populations. Using the genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from Europeans (EUR) and African Americans (AA), we performed an extensive fine mapping of ankyrin repeats 1 (BANK1). To increase the SNP density, we used imputation followed by univariate and conditional analysis, combined with a haplotypic and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis. The data from Europeans showed that the associated region was restricted to a minimal and dependent set of SNPs covering introns two and three, and exon two. In AA, the signal found in the Europeans was split into two independent effects. All of the major risk associated SNPs were eQTLs, and the risks were associated with an increased BANK1 gene expression. Functional annotation analysis revealed the enrichment of repressive B cell epigenomic marks (EZH2 and H3K27me3) and a strong enrichment of splice junctions. Furthermore, one eQTL located in intron two, rs13106926, was found within the binding site for RUNX3, a transcriptional activator. These results connect the local genome topography, chromatin structure, and the regulatory landscape of BANK1 with co-transcriptional splicing of exon two. Our data defines a minimal set of risk associated eQTLs predicted to be involved in the expression of BANK1 modulated through epigenetic regulation and splicing. These findings allow us to suggest that the increased expression of BANK1 will have an impact on B-cell mediated disease pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Nina Oparina
- Unit of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 67 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Miranda C Marion
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Mary E Comeau
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Diane Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Michael Weisman
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Jane Salmon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Joseph W McCune
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John B Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH and US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Robert Kimberly
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology and Clinical Pharmacology Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Joan Merrill
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology and Clinical Pharmacology Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Courtney Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology and Clinical Pharmacology Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 67 Solna, Sweden.
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology and Clinical Pharmacology Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding on genetic basis of SLE has been advanced through genome-wide association studies. We review recent progress in lupus genetics with a focus on SLE-associated loci that have been functionally characterized, and discuss the potential for clinical translation of genetics data. RECENT FINDINGS Over 100 loci have been confirmed to show robust association with SLE and many share with other immune-mediated diseases. Although causative variants captured at these established loci are limited, they guide biological studies of gene targets for functional characterization which highlight the importance of aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acid, type I interferon overproduction, and defective immune cell signaling underlying the pathogenesis of SLE. Increasing examples illustrate a predictive value of genetic findings in susceptibility/prognosis prediction, clinical classification, and pharmacological implication. Genetic findings provide a foundation for better understanding of disease pathogenic mechanisms and opportunities for target selection in lupus drug development.
Collapse
|
23
|
Suthers AN, Sarantopoulos S. TLR7/TLR9- and B Cell Receptor-Signaling Crosstalk: Promotion of Potentially Dangerous B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:775. [PMID: 28751890 PMCID: PMC5507964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are capable of receptor-mediated responses to foreign antigens. Recognition of microbial-derived nucleic acid (NA) by toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 in B cells has been substantiated. Endogenous NA released from damaged or dying cells can also be immunogenic in certain contexts and can incite aberrant activation of B cells. When TLR-driven B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells are not properly constrained, pathologic autoantibodies are produced. It is also clear that endosomal TLR7/TLR9 can operate in conjunction with BCR. In addition to BCR signaling, a balance between TLR7 and TLR9 is pivotal in the development of B cell autoreactivity. While TLR9 is important in normal memory B cell responses through BCR, TLR9 activation has been implicated in autoantibody production. Paradoxically, TLR9 also plays known protective roles against autoimmunity by directly and indirectly inhibiting TLR7-mediated autoantibody production. Herein, we summarize literature supporting mechanisms underpinning the promotion of pathological BCR-activated B cells by TLR7 and TLR9. We focus on the literature regarding known points of TLR7/TLR9 and BCR crosstalk. Data also suggest that the degree of TLR responsiveness relies on alterations of certain intrinsic B-cell signaling molecules and is also context specific. Because allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a high NA and B cell-activating factor environment, we conclude that B cell studies of synergistic TLR-BCR signaling in human diseases like chronic graft-versus-host disease are warranted. Further understanding of the distinct molecular pathways mediating TLR-BCR synergy will lead to the development of therapeutic strategies in autoimmune disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Suthers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hess NJ, Felicelli C, Grage J, Tapping RI. TLR10 suppresses the activation and differentiation of monocytes with effects on DC-mediated adaptive immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:1245-1252. [PMID: 28235773 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1116-492r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are important pattern-recognition receptors involved in the activation of innate immune responses against foreign pathogens. TLR10 is the only TLR family member without a known ligand, signaling pathway, or clear cellular function. Previous work has shown that TLR10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production in response to TLR agonists in a mixed human mononuclear cell population. We report that TLR10 is preferentially expressed on monocytes and suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production resulting from either TLR or CD40 stimulation. TLR10 engagement affects both the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways, leading to changes in the transcriptome of isolated human monocytes. Differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells in the presence of an αTLR10 mAb reduced the expression of maturation markers and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, again in response to either TLR or CD40 stimulation. Finally, in coculture experiments, TLR10 differentiated dendritic cells exhibited a decreased capacity to activate T cells as measured by IL-2 and IFN-γ production. These data demonstrate that TLR10 is a novel regulator of innate immune responses and of the differentiation of primary human monocytes into effective dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hess
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA; and
| | - Christopher Felicelli
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA; and
| | - Jennifer Grage
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA; and
| | - Richard I Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA; and .,College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hess NJ, Jiang S, Li X, Guan Y, Tapping RI. TLR10 Is a B Cell Intrinsic Suppressor of Adaptive Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:699-707. [PMID: 27956526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play a central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses with several TLR agonists acting as known B cell mitogens. Despite thousands of publications on TLRs, the function of TLR10 remains unknown. We have found that Ab-mediated engagement of TLR10 on primary human B cells suppresses B cell proliferation, cytokine production, and signal transduction. When challenged with either a T independent or T dependent Ag, TLR10 transgenic mice exhibit diminished Ab responses. Adoptive transfer of splenic B cells into B cell-deficient mice revealed that the suppressive effects on Ag-specific humoral immune responses are entirely B cell intrinsic. Our results demonstrate that TLR10 has a functional role within the B cell lineage that is distinct from that of other TLR family members and may provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases characterized by dysregulated B cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hess
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - Song Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - Richard I Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and .,College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with complex genetic underpinnings. This review attempts to assemble the myriad of genomic findings to build a clearer picture of the pathobiology of SLE to serve as a guide for therapeutics. Over 100 genes are now known for SLE, and several more penetrant ones have led to the emergence of more defined lupus phenotypes. Also discussed here are the targeted therapies that have come up on the horizon and the specific biologic mechanisms of more traditional therapies which have only recently been explored. The diagnostic toolbox has been enhanced by the addition of new antibodies, gene expression signatures, and mutation panels. This provides an opportunity to piece together the lupus puzzle and even revisit the clinical classification of SLE.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dam EM, Habib T, Chen J, Funk A, Glukhova V, Davis-Pickett M, Wei S, James R, Buckner JH, Cerosaletti K. The BANK1 SLE-risk variants are associated with alterations in peripheral B cell signaling and development in humans. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:171-180. [PMID: 27816669 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the development of autoantibodies that drive disease pathogenesis. Genetic studies have associated nonsynonymous variants in the BANK1 B cell scaffolding gene with susceptibility to SLE and autoantibodies in lupus. To determine how the BANK1 SLE-risk variants contribute to the dysregulated B cell program in lupus, we performed genotype/phenotype studies in human B cells. Targeted phospho-proteomics were used to evaluate BCR/CD40 signaling in human B cell lines engineered to express the BANK1 risk or non-risk variant proteins. We found that phosphorylation of proximal BCR signaling molecules was reduced in B cells expressing the BANK1 risk protein compared to the non-risk protein. Similar to these findings, we observed decreased B cell signaling in primary B cells from genotyped healthy control subjects carrying the BANK1 risk haplotype, including blunted BCR- and CD40-dependent AKT activation. Consistent with decreased AKT activation, we found that BANK1 risk B cells expressed increased basal levels of FOXO1 protein and increased expression of FOXO1 target genes upon stimulation compared to non-risk B cells. Healthy subjects carrying the BANK1 risk haplotype were also characterized by an expansion of memory B cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the SLE susceptibility variants in the BANK1 gene may contribute to lupus by altering B cell signaling, increasing FOXO1 levels, and enhancing memory B cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Dam
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Janice Chen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Andrew Funk
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Veronika Glukhova
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Mel Davis-Pickett
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shan Wei
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Richard James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zouali M, Tsay G. Developing connections amongst B lymphocytes and deregulated pathways in autoimmunity. Mol Med 2016; 22:705-712. [PMID: 27730250 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologists have long investigated B lymphocytes as solely antibody producing cells. With further studies, it became clear that B cells are able to exert a variety of functions within the immune system, and beyond. As a result, B cells are considered promising targets for immunotherapy in a variety of disorders. Recently, experts in B cell biology and autoimmunity convened to discuss important stepping stones to decipher the complexity of B lymphocyte-mediated pathways in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- Inserm, U1132, Paris, F-75475, France.,Université Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, F-75475, France
| | - Gregory Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Teruel M, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. The genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus: What are the risk factors and what have we learned. J Autoimmun 2016; 74:161-175. [PMID: 27522116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome-wide association study is a free-hypothesis approach based on screening of thousands or even millions of genetic variants distributed throughout the whole human genome in relation to a phenotype. The relevant role of the genome-wide association studies in the last decade is undisputed because it has permitted to elucidate multiple risk genetic factors associated with the susceptibility to several human complex diseases. Regarding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) this approach has allowed to identify more than 60 risk loci for SLE susceptibility across populations to date, increasing our understanding on the pathogenesis of this disease. We present the latest findings in the genetic of SLE across populations using genome-wide approaches. These studies revealed that most of the genetic risk is shared across borders and ethnicities. Finally, we focus on describing the most important risk loci for SLE attempting to cover the genetic findings in relation to functional polymorphisms, such as missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or regulatory variants involved in the development of the disease. The functional studies try to identify the causality of some GWAS-associated variants, many of which fall in non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting a regulatory role. Many loci show an environmental interaction, another aspect revealed by the studies of epigenetic modifications and those associated with genetic variants. Finally, new-generation sequencing technologies can open other paths in the research on SLE genetics, the role of rare variants and the detailed identification of causal regulatory variation. The clinical relevance of the genetic factors will be shown when we are able to use them or in combination with other molecular measurements to re-classify a heterogeneous disease such as SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teruel
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, PTS, Granada, 18016, Spain.
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, PTS, Granada, 18016, Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 67, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|