1
|
He Z, Wang R, Song C, Liu J, Chen R, Zheng M, Liu W, Jiang G, Mao W. Exploring the causal relationship between immune cells and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:145. [PMID: 38509507 PMCID: PMC10956372 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-02942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential pathogenic mechanism of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is widely recognized to involve immune dysregulation. However, the current pool of studies has yet to establish a unanimous agreement regarding the correlation between various types of immune cells and IPF. METHODS By conducting a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using publicly available genetic data, the study examined the causal relationship between IPF and 731 immune cells. To ensure the reliability of the results, combined sensitivity analyses and inverse Mendelian analyses were conducted. Moreover, within subgroups, multivariate Mendelian randomization analyses were utilized to investigate the autonomous causal connection between immune cell characteristics and IPF. RESULTS After adjusting for false discovery rate, it was discovered that 20 immunophenotypes exhibited a significant association with IPF. After subgrouping for multivariate Mendelian randomization analysis, there were six immunophenotypes that remained significantly associated with IPF. These included CD33 + HLA DR + CD14dim (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, P = 0.033), HLA DR + NK (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.98, P = 0.017), CD39 + CD8 + T cell %T cell (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.99, P = 0.024), CD3 on activated & secreting Treg (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.98, P = 0.026), PDL-1 on CD14- CD16 + monocyte (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.84-0.95, P = 8 × 10-4), and CD45 on CD33 + HLA DR + CD14- (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION Our study reveals a noteworthy association between IPF and various immune cells, providing valuable insights for clinical research and aiding the advancement of immunologically-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Chenghu Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Ruo Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Mingfeng Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Weici Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Guanyu Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sikking MA, Stroeks SL, Marelli-Berg F, Heymans SR, Ludewig B, Verdonschot JA. Immunomodulation of Myocardial Fibrosis. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1477-1488. [PMID: 38093747 PMCID: PMC10714184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a potential cornerstone in the treatment of myocardial fibrosis. During a myocardial insult or heart failure, danger signals stimulate innate immune cells to produce chemokines and profibrotic cytokines, which initiate self-escalating inflammatory processes by attracting and stimulating adaptive immune cells. Stimulation of fibroblasts by inflammatory processes and the need to replace damaged cardiomyocytes fosters reshaping of the cardiac fibroblast landscape. In this review, we discuss new immunomodulatory strategies that manipulate and direct cardiac fibroblast activation and differentiation. In particular, we highlight immunomodulatory strategies that target fibroblasts such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells, interleukin-11, and invariant natural killer T-cells. Moreover, we discuss the potential of manipulating both innate and adaptive immune system components for the translation into clinical validation. Clearly, multiple pathways should be considered to develop innovative approaches to ameliorate myocardial fibrosis and hence to reduce the risk of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurits A. Sikking
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie L.V.M. Stroeks
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane R.B. Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Job A.J. Verdonschot
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamada T, Nakashima T, Masuda T, Sakamoto S, Yamaguchi K, Horimasu Y, Miyamoto S, Iwamoto H, Fujitaka K, Hamada H, Kamada N, Hattori N. Intestinal overgrowth of Candida albicans exacerbates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice with dysbiosis. J Pathol 2023; 261:227-237. [PMID: 37565293 DOI: 10.1002/path.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates an interaction between the intestinal microbiota and diseases in distal organs. However, the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and the intestinal microbiota, especially intestinal fungal microbiota, is poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of changes in the intestinal fungal microbiota on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice with intestinal overgrowth of Candida albicans, which was established by oral administration of antibiotics plus C. albicans, showed accelerated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis relative to the control mice (i.e. without C. albicans treatment). In addition, the mice with intestinal overgrowth of C. albicans showed enhanced Th17-type immunity, and treatment with IL-17A-neutralizing antibody alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in these mice but not in the control mice. This result indicates that IL-17A is involved in the pathogenesis of C. albicans-exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis. Even before bleomycin treatment, the expression of Rorc, the master regulator of Th17, was already upregulated in the pulmonary lymphocytes of the mice with intestinal overgrowth of C. albicans. Subsequent administration of bleomycin triggered these Th17-skewed lymphocytes to produce IL-17A, which enhanced endothelial-mesenchymal transition. These results suggest that intestinal overgrowth of C. albicans exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis via IL-17A-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, it might be a potential therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis. This study may serve as a basis for using intestinal fungal microbiota as novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary fibrosis. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamada
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taku Nakashima
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kakuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horimasu
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Fujitaka
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hamada
- Department of Physical Analysis and Therapeutic Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarrand J, Soyfoo MS. Involvement of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14481. [PMID: 37833928 PMCID: PMC10572663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex reversible biological process characterized by the loss of epithelial features and the acquisition of mesenchymal features. EMT was initially described in developmental processes and was further associated with pathological conditions including metastatic cascade arising in neoplastic progression and organ fibrosis. Fibrosis is delineated by an excessive number of myofibroblasts, resulting in exuberant production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, thereby compromising organ function and ultimately leading to its failure. It is now well acknowledged that a significant number of myofibroblasts result from the conversion of epithelial cells via EMT. Over the past two decades, evidence has accrued linking fibrosis to many chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In addition, chronic inflammatory states observed in most autoimmune and inflammatory diseases can act as a potent trigger of EMT, leading to the development of a pathological fibrotic state. In the present review, we aim to describe the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of EMT to the pathophysiological processes of various rheumatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sarrand
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhammad S. Soyfoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gong X, Han Z, Fan H, Wu Y, He Y, Fu Y, Zhu T, Li H. The interplay of inflammation and remodeling in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: current understanding and future directions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238673. [PMID: 37771597 PMCID: PMC10523020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a common clinical condition characterized by persistent mucosal inflammation and tissue remodeling, has a complex pathogenesis that is intricately linked to innate and adaptive immunity. A number of studies have demonstrated that a variety of immune cells and cytokines that play a vital role in mediating inflammation in CRS are also involved in remodeling of the nasal mucosa and the cells as well as different cytokines involved in remodeling in CRS are also able to exert some influence on inflammation, even though the exact relationship between inflammation and remodeling in CRS has not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, the potential role of immune cells and cytokines in regulating inflammation and remodeling of CRS mucosa has been described, starting with the immune cells and cytokines that act together in inflammation and remodeling. The goal is to aid researchers in understanding intimate connection between inflammation and remodeling of CRS and to offer novel ideas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Gong
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhoutong Han
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongli Fan
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanqiong He
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijie Fu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Zhu
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jain S, Saha P, Syamprasad NP, Panda SR, Rajdev B, Jannu AK, Sharma P, Naidu VGM. Targeting TLR4/3 using chlorogenic acid ameliorates LPS+POLY I:C-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome via alleviating oxidative stress-mediated NLRP3/NF-κB axis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:785-805. [PMID: 36951146 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition caused due to significant pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been shown to possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoprotective properties. However, the protective effect of CGA on viral and bacterial-induced ALI/ARDS is not yet explored. Hence, the current study is aimed to evaluate the preclinical efficacy of CGA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (POLY I:C)-induced ALI/ARDS models in vitro and in vivo. Human airway epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to LPS+POLY I:C significantly elevated oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. Co-treatment with CGA (10 and 50 µM) prevented inflammation and oxidative stress mediated by TLR4/TLR3 and NLRP3 inflammasome axis. BALB/c mice, when chronically challenged with LPS+POLY I:C showed a significant influx of immune cells, up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely: IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and treatment with intranasal CGA (1 and 5 mg/kg) normalized the elevated levels of immune cell infiltration as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. D-Dimer, the serum marker for intravascular coagulation, was significantly increased in LPS+ POLY I:C challenged animals which was reduced with CGA treatment. Further, CGA treatment also has a beneficial effect on the lung and heart, as shown by improving lung physiological and cardiac functional parameters accompanied by the elevated antioxidant response and simultaneous reduction in tissue damage caused by LPS+POLY I:C co-infection. In summary, these comprehensive, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that CGA may be a viable therapeutic option for bacterial and viral-induced ALI-ARDS-like pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Pritam Saha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Nayadi Parambil Syamprasad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Samir Rajan Panda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Bishal Rajdev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Arun Kumar Jannu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Vegi Ganga Modi Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila village, Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for the Excellence of GMP Extraction Facility, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Asker ME, Abdelmeged AA, Shaheen MA, Eissa RG. Sunitinib displays pulmonary fibrosis in experimental rats: Role of IL-17A dependent pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110173. [PMID: 37058748 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Sunitinib (SUN) is an FDA approved first line drug for management of metastatic renal cancers and advanced cancerous states of gastrointestinal tract, however, side effects including fibrosis has been reported. Secukinumab (Secu) is an immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting several cellular signaling molecules. This study aimed to examine pulmonary protective potential of Secu in SUN-induced pulmonary fibrosis mediated through inhibition of inflammation via targeting IL-17A associated signaling pathway and using pirfenidone (PFD), an antifibrotic drug approved in 2014 for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis with IL-17A as one of its targets, as a reference drug. Wistar rats (160-200 g) were divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 6); Group 1 served as normal control; Group 2 served as disease control where it was exposed to SUN (25 mg/kg; 3 times weekly orally for 28 days); Group 3 was administered SUN and Secu (3 mg/kg subcutaneous at 0,14 and 28 days) and Group 4 was administered SUN and PFD (100 mg/kg/day orally for 28 days). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in addition to components of IL-17A signaling pathway (TGF-β, collagen, hydroxyproline). Results revealed that IL-17A-associated signaling pathway was activated in fibrotic lung tissue induced by SUN. Relative to normal control, SUN administration significantly elevated lung organ coefficient, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, TGF-β, hydroxyproline and collagen expression. Secu or PFD treatment restored the altered levels to nearly normal values. Our study indicates that IL-17A participates in the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis in a TGF-β dependent manner. Hence, components of IL-17A signaling pathway represent potential therapeutic targets for protection and treatment of fibro-proliferative lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervat E Asker
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdelmeged
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Shaheen
- Department of Histology & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Rana G Eissa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen H, Luo Y, Zhu Y, Ye Y, Chen D, Song X, Xiao Z, Liu M, Li S. Enhanced secretion of hepatocyte growth factor in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1070736. [PMID: 36726784 PMCID: PMC9885268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) are a reportedly promising choice in the treatment of irreversible pulmonary fibrosis and lethal interstitial lung disease with limited drug treatment options. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of UCMSCs overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which is considered one of the main anti-fibrotic factors secreted by MSCs. Adenovirus vector carrying the HGF gene was transfected into UCMSCs to produce HGF-modified UCMSCs (HGF-UCMSCs). Transfection promoted the proliferation of UCMSCs and did not change the morphology, and differentiation ability, or biomarkers. Rats were injected with HGF-UCMSCs on days 7 and 11 after intratracheal administration of bleomycin (10 mg/kg). We performed an analysis of histopathology and lung function to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effect. The results showed that HGF-UCMSCs decreased the Ashcroft scores in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, the percentage positive area in Masson trichrome-stained sections, and the hydroxyproline level in lungs. Forced expiratory volume in the first 300 m/forced vital capacity was also improved by HGF-UCMSCs. To explore the possible therapeutic mechanism of HGF-UCMSCs, we detected inflammatory factors in the lungs and performed mRNA sequencing in UCMSCs and HGF-UCMSCs. The data indicated that inhibition of interleukin-17 in the lung may be related to the anti-fibrosis of HGF-UCMSCs, and overexpressed HGF probably played a primary role in the treatment. Collectively, our study findings suggested that the overexpression of HGF may improve the anti-fibrotic effect of UCMSCs through directly or indirectly interacting with interleukin-17-producing cells in fibrotic lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulong Luo
- Innovation Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Ye
- Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Difei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhulin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Ming Liu, ; Shiyue Li,
| | - Shiyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Ming Liu, ; Shiyue Li,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan S, Guo D, Liang X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Xie D. Relaxin in fibrotic ligament diseases: Its regulatory role and mechanism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1131481. [PMID: 37123405 PMCID: PMC10134402 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1131481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic ligament diseases (FLDs) are diseases caused by the pathological accumulation of periarticular fibrotic tissue, leading to functional disability around joint and poor life quality. Relaxin (RLX) has been reported to be involved in the development of fibrotic lung and liver diseases. Previous studies have shown that RLX can block pro-fibrotic process by reducing the excess extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and accelerating collagen degradation in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies have shown that RLX can attenuate connective tissue fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β/Smads signaling pathways to inhibit the activation of myofibroblasts. However, the specific roles and mechanisms of RLX in FLDs remain unclear. Therefore, in this review, we confirmed the protective effect of RLX in FLDs and summarized its mechanism including cells, key cytokines and signaling pathways involved. In this article, we outline the potential therapeutic role of RLX and look forward to the application of RLX in the clinical translation of FLDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhi Liang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luhui Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Denghui Xie, ; Qun Zhang,
| | - Denghui Xie
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Denghui Xie, ; Qun Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi M, Cui H, Shi J, Mei Y. mmu-microRNA-92a-3p attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by modulating Cpeb4-mediated Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1297-1306. [PMID: 35909199 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic lung disorder, in which the mechanism of mmu-microRNA (miR)-92a-3p is not elucidated clearly. The present work was proposed to disclose mmu-miR-92a-3p-focused mechanism in PF with cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 4 (Cpeb4)/Smad2/3 axis. PF was induced in mice by the intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM). Then, the BLM-treated mice were injected with mmu-miR-92a-3p- and/or Cpeb4-related adenovirus vectors. mmu-miR-92a-3p, Cpeb4, and Smad2/3 expression in lung tissues were examined. Alveolar cell apoptosis and collagen deposition in lung tissues and inflammatory factors in serum were observed. The interaction between mmu-miR-92a-3p and Cpeb4 was explored. Lowly expressed mmu-miR-92a-3p and highly expressed Cpeb4 and Smad2/3 were manifested in BLM-induced PF mice. BLM-induced PF mice exhibited enhanced inflammation, alveolar cell apoptosis, and collagen deposition, which would be attenuated by upregulating mmu-miR-92a-3p or downregulating Cpeb4. mmu-miR-92a-3p targeted Cpeb4. Upregulating mmu-miR-92a-3p or downregulating Cpeb4 inactivated the Smad2/3 signaling pathway in BLM-induced PF mice. It is elaborated that mmu-miR-92a-3p attenuates the process of PF by modulating Cpeb4-mediated Smad2/3 signaling pathway, renewing the molecular mechanism of PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengkun Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389 Xincun Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huixia Cui
- Department of Medical Institution Conducting Clinical Trials for Human Used Drug, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046099, Shanxi, China
| | - Jialun Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046099, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunqing Mei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389 Xincun Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma H, Liu S, Li S, Xia Y. Targeting Growth Factor and Cytokine Pathways to Treat Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918771. [PMID: 35721111 PMCID: PMC9204157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown origin that usually results in death from secondary respiratory failure within 2–5 years of diagnosis. Recent studies have identified key roles of cytokine and growth factor pathways in the pathogenesis of IPF. Although there have been numerous clinical trials of drugs investigating their efficacy in the treatment of IPF, only Pirfenidone and Nintedanib have been approved by the FDA. However, they have some major limitations, such as insufficient efficacy, undesired side effects and poor pharmacokinetic properties. To give more insights into the discovery of potential targets for the treatment of IPF, this review provides an overview of cytokines, growth factors and their signaling pathways in IPF, which have important implications for fully exploiting the therapeutic potential of targeting cytokine and growth factor pathways. Advances in the field of cytokine and growth factor pathways will help slow disease progression, prolong life, and improve the quality of life for IPF patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanrui Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nie YJ, Wu SH, Xuan YH, Yan G. Role of IL-17 family cytokines in the progression of IPF from inflammation to fibrosis. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:21. [PMID: 35550651 PMCID: PMC9102601 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic interstitial lung disease with no established treatment and is characterized by progressive scarring of the lung tissue and an irreversible decline in lung function. Chronic inflammation has been demonstrated to be the pathological basis of fibrosis. Emerging studies have revealed that most interleukin-17 (IL-17) isoforms are essential for the mediation of acute and chronic inflammation via innate and adaptive immunity. Overexpression or aberrant expression of IL-17 cytokines contributes to various pathological outcomes, including the initiation and exacerbation of IPF. Here, we aim to provide an overview of IL-17 family members in the pathogenesis of IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Juan Nie
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, 515000, Shandong, China
| | - Ying-Hua Xuan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Neutrophils and Asthma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051175. [PMID: 35626330 PMCID: PMC9140072 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although eosinophilic inflammation is characteristic of asthma pathogenesis, neutrophilic inflammation is also marked, and eosinophils and neutrophils can coexist in some cases. Based on the proportion of sputum cell differentiation, asthma is classified into eosinophilic asthma, neutrophilic asthma, neutrophilic and eosinophilic asthma, and paucigranulocytic asthma. Classification by bronchoalveolar lavage is also performed. Eosinophilic asthma accounts for most severe asthma cases, but neutrophilic asthma or a mixture of the two types can also present a severe phenotype. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of neutrophilic asthma include sputum neutrophils, blood neutrophils, chitinase-3-like protein, and hydrogen sulfide in sputum and serum. Thymic stromal lymphoprotein (TSLP)/T-helper 17 pathways, bacterial colonization/microbiome, neutrophil extracellular traps, and activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of neutrophilic asthma and coexistence of obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and habitual cigarette smoking have been associated with its pathogenesis. Thus, targeting neutrophilic asthma is important. Smoking cessation, neutrophil-targeting treatments, and biologics have been tested as treatments for severe asthma, but most clinical studies have not focused on neutrophilic asthma. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, anti-TSLP antibodies, azithromycin, and anti-cholinergic agents are promising drugs for neutrophilic asthma. However, clinical research targeting neutrophilic inflammation is required to elucidate the optimal treatment.
Collapse
|
14
|
Margelidon-Cozzolino V, Tsicopoulos A, Chenivesse C, de Nadai P. Role of Th17 Cytokines in Airway Remodeling in Asthma and Therapy Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:806391. [PMID: 35386663 PMCID: PMC8974749 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.806391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a frequent pathological feature of severe asthma leading to permanent airway obstruction in up to 50% of cases and to respiratory disability. Although structural changes related to airway remodeling are well-characterized, immunological processes triggering and maintaining this phenomenon are still poorly understood. As a consequence, no biotherapy targeting cytokines are currently efficient to treat airway remodeling and only bronchial thermoplasty may have an effect on bronchial nerves and smooth muscles with uncertain clinical relevance. Th17 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22, play a role in neutrophilic inflammation in severe asthma and may be involved in airway remodeling. Indeed, IL-17 is increased in sputum from severe asthmatic patients, induces the expression of "profibrotic" cytokines by epithelial, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and provokes human airway smooth muscle cell migration in in vitro studies. IL-22 is also increased in asthmatic samples, promotes myofibroblast differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells in vitro. Accordingly, we also found high levels of IL-17 and IL-22 in a mouse model of dog-allergen induced asthma characterized by a strong airway remodeling. Clinical trials found no effect of therapy targeting IL-17 in an unselected population of asthmatic patients but showed a potential benefit in a sub-population of patients exhibiting a high level of airway reversibility, suggesting a potential role on airway remodeling. Anti-IL-22 therapies have not been evaluated in asthma yet but were demonstrated efficient in severe atopic dermatitis including an effect on skin remodeling. In this review, we will address the role of Th17 cytokines in airway remodeling through data from in vitro, in vivo and translational studies, and examine the potential place of Th17-targeting therapies in the treatment of asthma with airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Margelidon-Cozzolino
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité INSERM U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité INSERM U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Chenivesse
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité INSERM U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- CRISALIS (Clinical Research Initiative in Severe Asthma: a Lever for Innovation & Science), F-CRIN Network, INSERM US015, Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia de Nadai
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité INSERM U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo P, Li B, Liu MM, Li YX, Weng GY, Gao Y. Protective effects of lotus plumule ethanol extracts on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1432-1441. [PMID: 34724865 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1993670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive fibrosing disease, characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and remodeling of the lung architecture, which finally result in respiratory failure. Currently, there is no satisfactory treatment for PF, therefore, the development of effective agents is urgently needed. Lotus plumule, the green embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a plant of the Nymphaeaceae family, is a traditional Chinese food with exceptional nutritional value and its extracts exert prominent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of lotus plumule extracts (LPEs) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF in mice. Therefore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis were performed. The histopathological examination demonstrated that LPEs could obviously decrease the degree of alveolitis, deposition of ECM and the production of collagen I (Col-I) in the pulmonary interstitium. In addition, the results showed that LPEs markedly alleviated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Additionally, the content of Col-I and hydroxyproline (HYP) was also attenuated. In conclusion, LPEs could ameliorate the BLM-induced lung fibrosis, thus suggesting that LPEs could serve as a potential therapeutic approach for PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Department of Health Service, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Li
- Specialized Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- Department of Health Service, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Li
- Department of Health Service, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Gong-Yu Weng
- Department of Health Service, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Health Service, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paquissi FC, Abensur H. The Th17/IL-17 Axis and Kidney Diseases, With Focus on Lupus Nephritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:654912. [PMID: 34540858 PMCID: PMC8446428 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.654912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by dysregulation and hyperreactivity of the immune response at various levels, including hyperactivation of effector cell subtypes, autoantibodies production, immune complex formation, and deposition in tissues. The consequences of hyperreactivity to the self are systemic and local inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs. Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most worrying manifestations of SLE, and most patients have this involvement at some point in the course of the disease. Among the effector cells involved, the Th17, a subtype of T helper cells (CD4+), has shown significant hyperactivation and participates in kidney damage and many other organs. Th17 cells have IL-17A and IL-17F as main cytokines with receptors expressed in most renal cells, being involved in the activation of many proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways. The Th17/IL-17 axis promotes and maintains repetitive tissue damage and maladaptive repair; leading to fibrosis, loss of organ architecture and function. In the podocytes, the Th17/IL-17 axis effects include changes of the cytoskeleton with increased motility, decreased expression of health proteins, increased oxidative stress, and activation of the inflammasome and caspases resulting in podocytes apoptosis. In renal tubular epithelial cells, the Th17/IL-17 axis promotes the activation of profibrotic pathways such as increased TGF-β expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with consequent increase of extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, the IL-17 promotes a proinflammatory environment by stimulating the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines by intrinsic renal cells and immune cells, and the synthesis of growth factors and chemokines, which together result in granulopoiesis/myelopoiesis, and further recruitment of immune cells to the kidney. The purpose of this work is to present the prognostic and immunopathologic role of the Th17/IL-17 axis in Kidney diseases, with a special focus on LN, including its exploration as a potential immunotherapeutic target in this complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Chanana Paquissi
- Department of Medicine, Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Abensur
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manivannan J, Sundaresan L. Systems level insights into the impact of airborne exposure on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and COVID-19 outcome - A multi-omics big data study. GENE REPORTS 2021; 25:101312. [PMID: 34401607 PMCID: PMC8358088 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that led to more than 800,00 deaths and continues to be a major threat worldwide. The scientific community has been studying the risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. Recent studies highlight the possible contribution of atmospheric air pollution, specifically particulate matter (PM) exposure as a co-factor in COVID-19 severity. Hence, meaningful translation of suitable omics datasets of SARS-CoV-2 infection and PM exposure is warranted to understand the possible involvement of airborne exposome on COVID-19 outcome. Publicly available transcriptomic data (microarray and RNA-Seq) related to COVID-19 lung biopsy, SARS-CoV-2 infection in epithelial cells and PM exposure (lung tissue, epithelial and endothelial cells) were obtained in addition with proteome and interactome datasets. System-wide pathway/network analysis was done through appropriate software tools and data resources. The primary findings are; 1. There is no robust difference in the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors upon particulate exposure, 2. The upstream pathways associated with upregulated genes during SARS-CoV-2 infection considerably overlap with that of PM exposure, 3. Similar pathways were differentially expressed during SARS-CoV-2 infection and PM exposure, 4. SARS-CoV-2 interacting host factors were predicted to be associated with the molecular impact of PM exposure and 5. Differentially expressed pathways during PM exposure may increase COVID-19 severity. Based on the observed molecular mechanisms (direct and indirect effects) the current study suggests that airborne PM exposure has to be considered as an additional co-factor in the outcome of COVID-19.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- COVID-19
- COVID19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CTSB, cathepsin B
- CTSL, cathepsin L
- DEG, differentially expressed genes
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- IL-17, interleukin-17
- Microarray
- Omics
- PM, particulate matter
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPI, protein-protein interaction
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Particulate matter
- Pathway analysis
- Proteome
- RNA-seq
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- X2K, eXpression2Kinases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeganathan Manivannan
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmikirupa Sundaresan
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang HW, Guo Y, Sun LX, Ni FB, Xu K. Prognostic value of small mother against decapentaplegic expression in human gastric cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2534-2549. [PMID: 34138687 PMCID: PMC8806811 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1935192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in the world with alow 5-year survival rate. To date, no study has investigated the prognostic role of the small mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD) in gastric cancer. The association of SMADs with overall survival (OS) of gastric cancer was analyzed on the online Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter database. Clinical data such as stage, differentiation, gender, treatment, and Her2 mutation status of gastric cancer patients were analyzed. The (E)-SIS3 was used to inhibit SMAD3 expression in gastric cancer cells, and the effects of SMAD3 on gastric cancer cells were analyzed via real-time cellular analysis (RTCA), flow cytometry, colony formation, and immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that the high expression of three members of SMADs (SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD4) was correlated with afavorable OS of gastric cancer patients. Meanwhile, SMAD3 expression level indicated highly differentiated cancer. We also observed that surgical treatment was associated with high expression level of SMAD1 and SMAD2. Besides, the effect of Her2 on gastric cancer was not noticeable. Moreover, (E)-SIS3 pharmacological assay revealed that inhibition of expression of SMAD3 suppressed the proliferation and migration ability of gastric cancer cells via inducing apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the high expression level of three members of SMADs (SMAD1, SMAD2, and SMAD4) is significantly correlated with favorable OS of gastric cancer patients, which is opposite to SMAD3. Thus, SMADs regulate the differentiation of cancer and can be used to guide treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He-Wei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Surgery, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Xiao Sun
- Department of Surgery, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Biao Ni
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reyes-García J, Montaño LM, Carbajal-García A, Wang YX. Sex Hormones and Lung Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:259-321. [PMID: 34019274 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes, synthetize and release cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. Gender differences in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lung ailments including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), lung cancer (LC), and infectious related illnesses have been reported. Moreover, the effects of sex hormones on both androgens and estrogens, such as testosterone (TES) and 17β-estradiol (E2), driving characteristic inflammatory patterns in those lung inflammatory diseases have been investigated. In general, androgens seem to display anti-inflammatory actions, whereas estrogens produce pro-inflammatory effects. For instance, androgens regulate negatively inflammation in asthma by targeting type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T-helper (Th)-2 cells to attenuate interleukin (IL)-17A-mediated responses and leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis pathway. Estrogens may promote neutrophilic inflammation in subjects with asthma and COPD. Moreover, the activation of estrogen receptors might induce tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we summarize the most recent advances in the functional roles and associated signaling pathways of inflammatory cellular responses in asthma, COPD, PF, LC, and newly occurring COVID-19 disease. We also meticulously deliberate the influence of sex steroids on the development and progress of these common and severe lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fathimath Muneesa M, Shaikh SB, Jeena TM, Bhandary YP. Inflammatory mediators in various molecular pathways involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107608. [PMID: 33857801 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a type of interstitial lung disease (ILD) that is marked by scarring of lung tissue, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. The survival rate of IPF is disappointing and to date demonstrates a clinical quandary. The exact etiology of the disease remains under discussion. According to the recent hypothesis, inflammatory mediators cause severe damage to the alveolar epithelium leading to the impairment of the alveolar structure. The role of inflammation in the development of the IPF has been controversial for years. There are two schools of thought regarding the role of inflammation. One group of researchers claims that cell death and fibroblast dysfunction are the primary causes and inflammation is just a secondary cause of IPF. The other group claims inflammation to be the primary cause. Studies using human subjects have also reported inflammation as a critical element in IPF. Inflammatory cytokinesserve amajor rolein commencing theinflammatoryresponse in the lungs. Several cytokines are reported to be involved in different molecular mechanisms underlying IPF, someof which alsocontribute additionally by acting as growth factors. The present review addressed to explore the contribution of various inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and various other inflammatory molecules activating the major molecular pathways involved during the development of IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fathimath Muneesa
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadiya B Shaikh
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - T M Jeena
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Yashodhar P Bhandary
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
She YX, Yu QY, Tang XX. Role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:52. [PMID: 33723241 PMCID: PMC7960958 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins, a group of cytokines participating in inflammation and immune response, are proved to be involved in the formation and development of pulmonary fibrosis. In this article, we reviewed the relationship between interleukins and pulmonary fibrosis from the clinical, animal, as well as cellular levels, and discussed the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Despite the effects of interleukin-targeted treatment on experimental pulmonary fibrosis, clinical applications are lacking and unsatisfactory. We conclude that intervening in one type of interleukins with similar functions in IPF may not be enough to stop the development of fibrosis as it involves a complex network of regulation mechanisms. Intervening interleukins combined with other existing therapy or targeting interleukins affecting multiple cells/with different functions at the same time may be one of the future directions. Furthermore, the intervention time is critical as some interleukins play different roles at different stages. Further elucidation on these aspects would provide new perspectives on both the pathogenesis mechanism, as well as the therapeutic strategy and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin She
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
MUC4 is overexpressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and collaborates with transforming growth factor β inducing fibrotic responses. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:377-388. [PMID: 32887938 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several mucins are implicated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however, there is no evidence regarding the role of MUC4 in the development of IPF. Here we demonstrated that MUC4 was overexpressed in IPF patients (n = 22) compared with healthy subjects (n = 21) and located in pulmonary arteries, bronchial epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and hyperplastic alveolar type II cells. Decreased expression of MUC4 using siRNA-MUC4 inhibited the mesenchymal/myofibroblast transformations of alveolar type II A549 cells and lung fibroblasts, as well as cell senescence and fibroblast proliferation induced by TGF-β1. The induction of the overexpression of MUC4 increased the effects of TGF-β1 on mesenchymal/myofibroblast transformations and cell senescence. MUC4 overexpression and siRNA-MUC4 gene silencing increased or decreased, respectively, the phosphorylation of TGFβRI and SMAD3, contributing to smad-binding element activation. Immunoprecipitation analysis and confocal immunofluorescence showed the formation of a protein complex between MUC4β/p-TGFβRI and p-SMAD3 in the cell membrane after TGF-β1 stimulation and in lung tissue from IPF patients. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was reduced in mice transiently transfected with siRNA-MUC4. This study shows that MUC4 expression is enhanced in IPF and promotes fibrotic processes in collaboration with TGF-β1 canonical pathway that could be an attractive druggable target for human IPF.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ponce-Gallegos MA, González-Pérez MI, Mejía M, Nava-Quiroz KJ, Pérez-Rubio G, Buendía-Roldán I, Ramos-Martínez E, Rojas-Serrano J, Falfán-Valencia R. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the IL17A Gene Is Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease Positive to Anti-Jo1 Antisynthetase Autoantibodies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020174. [PMID: 33672430 PMCID: PMC7926454 DOI: 10.3390/life11020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD) is a rare multisystemic connective tissue disease affecting the skin, joints, muscles, and lungs, characterized by anti-aminoacyl transfer-RNA-synthetases (anti-tRNA) autoantibodies production, being anti-Jo1 the most frequent. We included one-hundred twenty-one ASSD patients and 340 healthy subjects (HS), and also, we divided the case group into anti-Jo1 and non-anti-Jo1. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL17A gene were evaluated. Anti-Jo1 was the most common anti-tRNA antibody in our cohort, and the most frequent tomographic pattern was non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Anti-Jo1 ASSD patients had higher levels of creatine phosphokinase than the non-anti-Jo1 group. Significant differences in genotype frequencies with rs8193036/CC between anti-Jo1 vs. non-anti-Jo1 ASSD patients (p < 0.001), maintaining the association after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.002). Additionally, in the anti-Jo1 group vs. HS comparison, we found a statistically significant difference with the same SNP (p = 0.018, OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.15-7.35), maintaining the association after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.036). The rs8193036/CC genotype in IL17A is associated with ASSD patients with anti-Jo1. Also, anti-Jo1 and non-anti-Jo1 patients display differences in genotype frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Ponce-Gallegos
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Montserrat I. González-Pérez
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.I.G.-P.); (M.M.)
| | - Mayra Mejía
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.I.G.-P.); (M.M.)
| | - Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Espiridión Ramos-Martínez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.I.G.-P.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.-S.); (R.F.-V.)
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.P.-G.); (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.-S.); (R.F.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The IL-17 family is an evolutionarily old cytokine family consisting of six members (IL-17A through IL-17F). IL-17 family cytokines signal through heterodimeric receptors that include the shared IL-17RA subunit, which is widely expressed throughout the body on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. The founding family member, IL-17A, is usually referred to as IL-17 and has received the most attention for proinflammatory roles in autoimmune diseases like psoriasis. However, IL-17 is associated with a wide array of diseases with perhaps surprisingly variable pathologies. This review focuses on recent advances in the roles of IL-17 during health and in disease pathogenesis. To decipher the functions of IL-17 in diverse disease processes it is useful to first consider the physiological functions that IL-17 contributes to health. We then discuss how these beneficial functions can be diverted toward pathogenic amplification of deleterious pathways driving chronic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Majumder
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA; ,
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang W, Cao M, Zhang Y, Gu L, PuYang J, Liu M, Xia Q. Systems bioinformatic approach to determine the pharmacological mechanisms of radix astragali and radix angelicae sinensis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
26
|
Cong L, Li T, Wang H, Wu Y, Wang S, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Duan J. IL-17A-producing T cells exacerbate fine particulate matter-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8532-8544. [PMID: 32643865 PMCID: PMC7412687 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the primary air pollutant that is able to induce airway injury. Compelling evidence has shown the involvement of IL-17A in lung injury, while its contribution to PM2.5-induced lung injury remains largely unknown. Here, we probed into the possible role of IL-17A in mouse models of PM2.5-induced lung injury. Mice were instilled with PM2.5 to construct a lung injury model. Flow cytometry was carried out to isolate γδT and Th17 cells. ELISA was adopted to detect the expression of inflammatory factors in the supernatant of lavage fluid. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (mBECs) were extracted, and the expression of TGF signalling pathway-, autophagy- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway-related proteins in mBECs was detected by immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis. The mitochondrial function was also evaluated. PM2.5 aggravated the inflammatory response through enhancing the secretion of IL-17A by γδT/Th17 cells. Meanwhile, PM2.5 activated the TGF signalling pathway and induced EMT progression in bronchial epithelial cells, thereby contributing to pulmonary fibrosis. Besides, PM2.5 suppressed autophagy of bronchial epithelial cells by up-regulating IL-17A, which in turn activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. Furthermore, IL-17A impaired the energy metabolism of airway epithelial cells in the PM2.5-induced models. This study suggested that PM2.5 could inhibit autophagy of bronchial epithelial cells and promote pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by inducing the secretion of IL-17A in γδT and Th17 cells and regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu‐Hong Cong
- Department of EmergencyChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Tao Li
- Surgical Intensive Care UnitChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hui Wang
- Surgical Intensive Care UnitChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yi‐Na Wu
- Surgical Intensive Care UnitChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shu‐Peng Wang
- Surgical Intensive Care UnitChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Yue Zhao
- Surgical Intensive Care UnitChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Qiang Zhang
- Department of EmergencyChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jun Duan
- Surgical Intensive Care UnitChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Interleukin-17A induces vascular remodeling of small arteries and blood pressure elevation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:513-527. [PMID: 32104886 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An important link exists between hypertension and inflammation. Hypertensive patients present elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-17A (IL-17A). This cytokine participates in host defense, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory pathologies, and cardiovascular diseases, mainly through the regulation of proinflammatory factors. Emerging evidence also suggests that IL-17A could play a role in regulating blood pressure and end-organ damage. Here, our preclinical studies in a murine model of systemic IL-17A administration showed that increased levels of circulating IL-17A raised blood pressure induced inward remodeling of small mesenteric arteries (SMAs) and arterial stiffness. In IL-17A-infused mice, treatment with hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide diminished blood pressure elevation, without modifying mechanical and structural properties of SMA, suggesting a direct vascular effect of IL-17A. The mechanisms of IL-17A seem to involve an induction of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy and phenotype changes, in the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins accumulation. Accordingly, treatment with an IL-17A neutralizing antibody diminished SMA remodeling in a model of angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. Moreover, in vitro studies in VSMCs reported here, provide further evidence of the direct effects of IL-17A on cell growth responses. Our experimental data suggest that IL-17A is a key mediator of vascular remodeling of the small arteries, which might contribute, at least in part, to blood pressure elevation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Finato AC, Almeida DF, Dos Santos AR, Nascimento DC, Cavalcante RS, Mendes RP, Soares CT, Paniago AMM, Venturini J. Evaluation of antifibrotic and antifungal combined therapies in experimental pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Med Mycol 2020; 58:667-678. [PMID: 31578565 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the Paracoccidioides genus. Most of the patients with chronic form present sequelae, like pulmonary fibrosis, with no effective treatment, leading to impaired lung functions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antifibrotic activity of three compounds: pentoxifylline (PTX), azithromycin (AZT), and thalidomide (Thal) in a murine model of pulmonary PCM treated with itraconazole (ITC) or cotrimoxazole (CMX). BALB/c mice were inoculated with P. brasiliensis (Pb) by the intratracheal route and after 8 weeks, they were submitted to one of the following six treatments: PTX/ITC, PTX/CMX, AZT/ITC, AZT/CMX, Thal/ITC, and Thal/CMX. After 8 weeks of treatment, the lungs were collected for determination of fungal burden, production of OH-proline, deposition of reticulin fibers, and pulmonary concentrations of cytokines and growth factors. Pb-infected mice treated with PTX/ITC presented a reduction in the pulmonary concentrations of OH-proline, associated with lower concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and higher concentrations of IL-10 compared to the controls. The Pb-infected mice treated with AZT/CMX exhibited decreased pulmonary concentrations of OH-proline associated with lower levels of TGF-β1, and higher levels of IL-10 compared controls. The mice treated with ITC/Thal and CMX/Thal showed intense weight loss, increased deposition of reticulin fibers, high pulmonary concentrations of CCL3, IFN-γ and VEGF, and decreased concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and TGF-β1. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the antifibrotic role of PTX only when associated with ITC, and AZT only when associated with CMX, but Thal did not show any action upon addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Finato
- Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora F Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Amanda R Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo S Cavalcante
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-687 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo P Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-687 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anamaria M M Paniago
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - James Venturini
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED). Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Curcumin attenuates IL-17A mediated pulmonary SMAD dependent and non-dependent mechanism during acute lung injury in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5643-5649. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
30
|
Sisto M, Lorusso L, Ingravallo G, Ribatti D, Lisi S. TGFβ1-Smad canonical and -Erk noncanonical pathways participate in interleukin-17-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Sjögren's syndrome. J Transl Med 2020; 100:824-836. [PMID: 31925325 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a primary role in triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in many chronic inflammatory diseases. EMT plays a critical role in the progression of salivary gland (SG) fibrosis in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). This study focused on the activation of the canonical TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and noncanonical TGF-β1/Erk1/2 pathways in IL-17-dependent TGFβ1-induced EMT in human SG epithelial cells (SGEC) derived from healthy subjects. The expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 during IL-17 treatment-stimulated EMT was evaluated in healthy SGEC. Cotreatment with IL-17 and specific TGFβ receptor type I kinase inhibitor SB431542, or Erk 1/2 inhibitor U0126, abrogates the corresponding morphological changes and EMT phenotypic markers expression in healthy SGEC. Interestingly, inhibition of canonical TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signal transduction had no effect on activation of the noncanonical TGFβ1/Erk1/2/EMT pathway, suggesting that the two pathways act independently in activating IL-17-dependent EMT in SGEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Sisto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Pathology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shaikh SB, Prabhu A, Bhandary YP. Interleukin-17A: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lung Diseases. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:921-928. [PMID: 30652654 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190116115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has gained a lot of attention because of its involvement in respiratory diseases. Interleukin-17 cytokine family includes six members, out of which, IL-17A participates towards the immune responses in allergy and inflammation. It also modulates the progression of respiratory disorders. OBJECTIVE The present review is an insight into the involvement and contributions of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A in chronic respiratory diseases like Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Distress (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, obliterative bronchiolitis, lung cancer and many others. CONCLUSION IL-17A is a major regulator of inflammatory responses. In all the mentioned diseases, IL- 17A plays a prime role in inducing the diseases, whereas the lack of this pro-inflammatory cytokine reduces the severity of respective respiratory diseases. Thereby, this review suggests IL-17A as an instrumental target in chronic respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Bi Shaikh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore -575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Prabhu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore -575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Yashodhar Prabhakar Bhandary
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore -575018, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sume SS, Berker E, Ilarslan Y, Ozer Yucel O, Tan C, Goyushov S, Gultekin SE, Tezcan I. Elevated Interleukin-17A expression in amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:613-621. [PMID: 32173874 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker derivative, is frequently used by patients with high blood pressure. Studies reported that it can induce gingival overgrowth. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully described yet. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is known as a proinflammatory cytokine, but current studies indicate that it has a role in fibrotic disorders and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The aim of this study was to figure out the possible role of IL-17A in amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine (29) individuals participated in the study, and they were assigned into 3 groups based on medical status and clinical periodontal examination; 9 patients with amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth, 11 patients with inflammatory gingival overgrowth, and 9 healthy individuals as a control group. Clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival overgrowth index (GOI) were recorded. Blood and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained. Gingival tissues were taken by appropriate periodontal surgery following initial periodontal therapy. To detect IL-17A on tissue samples, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed. Quantitative analysis was done, and the expression level of IL-17A was given as the percent positively stained cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to analyze IL-17A in serum and GCF samples. RESULTS All recorded clinical parameters were significantly higher in gingival overgrowth groups compared with control. Evaluation of inflammation on tissue sections did not show any significant change within the groups. Immunohistochemistry findings showed that IL-17A expression was increased in amlodipine samples (81.90%) compared with control samples (42.35%) (P < .001). There was an increase in the inflammatory group (66.08%) which is significantly less than the amlodipine group (P < .05). IL-17A levels in serum and GCF samples were not different within the study groups. CONCLUSION In this study, elevated IL-17A expression regardless of inflammation shows that amlodipine might cause an increase of IL-17A in gingival tissues. This increase might induce fibrotic changes and EMT in gingival overgrowth tissues. The association of IL-17A with fibrosis and EMT in gingival tissues requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddika Selva Sume
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ezel Berker
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Ilarslan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozer Yucel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagman Tan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samir Goyushov
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel E Gultekin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lavoz C, Rayego-Mateos S, Orejudo M, Opazo-Ríos L, Marchant V, Marquez-Exposito L, Tejera-Muñoz A, Navarro-González JF, Droguett A, Ortiz A, Egido J, Mezzano S, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Ruiz-Ortega M. Could IL-17A Be a Novel Therapeutic Target in Diabetic Nephropathy? J Clin Med 2020; 9:E272. [PMID: 31963845 PMCID: PMC7019373 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease has become a major medical issue in recent years due to its high prevalence worldwide, its association with premature mortality, and its social and economic implications. A number of patients gradually progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring then dialysis and kidney transplantation. Currently, approximately 40% of patients with diabetes develop kidney disease, making it the most prevalent cause of ESRD. Thus, more effective therapies for diabetic nephropathy are needed. In preclinical studies of diabetes, anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies have been used to protect the kidneys. Recent evidence supports that immune cells play an active role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Th17 immune cells and their effector cytokine IL-17A have recently emerged as promising targets in several clinical conditions, including renal diseases. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the involvement of Th17/IL-17A in the genesis of diabetic renal injury, as well as the rationale behind targeting IL-17A as an additional therapy in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lavoz
- Laboratorio de Nefrología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.L.); (V.M.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
| | - Macarena Orejudo
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Opazo-Ríos
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (J.E.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Marchant
- Laboratorio de Nefrología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.L.); (V.M.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marquez-Exposito
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Navarro-González
- Unidad de Investigación y Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Alejandra Droguett
- Laboratorio de Nefrología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.L.); (V.M.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (J.E.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Laboratorio de Nefrología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.L.); (V.M.); (A.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Raúl R. Rodrigues-Diez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.O.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (A.O.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou WJ, Yang HL, Shao J, Mei J, Chang KK, Zhu R, Li MQ. Anti-inflammatory cytokines in endometriosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2111-2132. [PMID: 30826860 PMCID: PMC11105498 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of endometriosis is not fully understood, it is often considered to be an inflammatory disease. An increasing number of studies suggest that differential expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-4 and -10, and transforming growth factor-β1) occurs in women with endometriosis, including in serum, peritoneal fluid and ectopic lesions. These anti-inflammatory cytokines also have indispensable roles in the progression of endometriosis, including by promoting survival, growth, invasion, differentiation, angiogenesis, and immune escape of the endometriotic lesions. In this review, we provide an overview of the expression, origin, function and regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in endometriosis, with brief discussion and perspectives on their future clinical implications in the diagnosis and therapy of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shao
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medicine School, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Kai Chang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Evasovic JM, Singer CA. Regulation of IL-17A and implications for TGF-β1 comodulation of airway smooth muscle remodeling in severe asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L843-L868. [PMID: 30810068 PMCID: PMC6589583 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00416.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma develops as a result of heightened, persistent symptoms that generally coincide with pronounced neutrophilic airway inflammation. In individuals with severe asthma, symptoms are poorly controlled by high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids and often lead to elevated morbidity and mortality rates that underscore the necessity for novel drug target identification that overcomes limitations in disease management. Many incidences of severe asthma are mechanistically associated with T helper 17 (TH17) cell-derived cytokines and immune factors that mediate neutrophilic influx to the airways. TH17-secreted interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is an independent risk factor for severe asthma that impacts airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling. TH17-derived cytokines and diverse immune mediators further interact with structural cells of the airway to induce pathophysiological processes that impact ASM functionality. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pivotal mediator involved in airway remodeling that correlates with enhanced TH17 activity in individuals with severe asthma and is essential to TH17 differentiation and IL-17A production. IL-17A can also reciprocally enhance activation of TGF-β1 signaling pathways, whereas combined TH1/TH17 or TH2/TH17 immune responses may additively impact asthma severity. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive summary of cytokine-driven T cell fate determination and TH17-mediated airway inflammation. It will further review the evidence demonstrating the extent to which IL-17A interacts with various immune factors, specifically TGF-β1, to contribute to ASM remodeling and altered function in TH17-driven endotypes of severe asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Evasovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| | - Cherie A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Combined Activation of Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic AMP in Lung Fibroblasts as a Novel Therapeutic Concept for Lung Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1345402. [PMID: 30984775 PMCID: PMC6431482 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1345402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Remodelling of the peripheral lung tissue and fibrotic foci are the main pathologies of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a disease that is difficult to treat. TGF-β activation of peripheral lung fibroblasts is indicated as the major cause of tissue remodelling in IPF and is resulting in fibroblast hyperplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators combined with cyclic AMP (cAMP) activators have been reported to reduce proliferation and matrix deposition in other conditions than IPF. Therefore, this drug combination may present a novel therapeutic concept for IPF. This study investigated the effect of BAY 41-2272 and forskolin on remodelling parameters in primary human lung fibroblasts. The study determined TGF-β induced proliferation by direct cell counts after 3 days; and deposition of collagen type-I, type III, and fibronectin. BAY 41-2272 significantly reduced TGF-β induced fibroblast proliferation, but did not reduce viability. This inhibitory effect was further supported by forskolin. Both BAY 41-2272 and forskolin alone reduced TGF-β induced collagen and fibronectin de novo synthesis as well as deposition. This effect was significantly stronger when the two compounds were combined. Furthermore, the TGF-β induced expression of fibrilar α-smooth muscle actin was reduced by BAY 41-2272 and this effect was strengthened by forskolin. In addition, BAY 41-2272 and forskolin reduced TGF-β induced β-catenin. All effects of BAY 41-2272 were concentration dependent. The findings suggest that BAY 41-2272 in combination with cAMP stimulation may present a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce tissue remodelling in IPF.
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu J, Ke F, Cheng H, Zhou J. Traditional Chinese medicine as targeted treatment for epithelial-mesenchymal transition-induced cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1068-1079. [PMID: 30431663 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, which loosens cell-cell adhesion complexes, endows cells with enhanced migratory and invasive properties. Furthermore, this process facilitates both the development of drug resistance and immunosuppression by tumor cells, which preclude the successful treatment of cancer. Recent research has demonstrated that many signaling pathways are involved in EMT progression. In addition, cancer stem cells (CSCs), vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and the tumor-related immune microenvironment all play important roles in tumor formation. However, there are few reports on the relationships between EMT and these factors. In addition, in recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has developed a unique system for treating cancer. In this review, we summarize the crucial signaling pathways associated with the EMT process in cancer patients and discuss the interconnections between EMT and other molecular factors (such as CSCs, VM, and the tumor-related immune microenvironment). We attempt to identify common regulators that might be potential therapeutic targets to thereby optimize tumor treatment. In addition, we outline recent research on TCM approaches that target EMT and thereby provide a foundation for further research on the exact mechanisms by which TCMs affect EMT in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinrong Zhou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yangyin Yiqi Mixture Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats through Inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad Pathway and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2710509. [PMID: 30719057 PMCID: PMC6335662 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2710509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective effect of Yangyin Yiqi Mixture (YYYQ) on Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats based on TGF-β1/Smad signal pathway and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods 120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, BLM group, BLM + Pred group, BLM+YYYQ-L group, BLM+YYYQ-M group, and BLM+YYYQ-H group. Rats were given an intratracheal instillation of 3 mg/kg BLM to establish the pulmonary fibrosis model and followed by different dosages of YYYQ (11, 22, 44g/kg, via intragastric gavage) or prednisone soluble (4.2mg/kg, via intragastric gavage) or water. After 14 days and 28 days, tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome to observe histopathological changes. Protein levels of TGF-β1, CTGF, Interleukin 18, and hydroxyproline were detected by ELISA method, and mRNA expressions of TGF-β1, TβRI, TβRII, Smad3, Smad7, α-SMA, E-cadherin, laminin, and collagen I were detected by RT-PCR. Results TGF-β1, CTGF, Interleukin 18, and hydroxyproline levels and mRNA expression of TGF-β1, TβRI, TβRII, Smad3, α-SMA, laminin, and collagen I were significantly increased (p <0.01), while Smad7 and E-cadherin levels were significantly decreased in BLM group (p <0.01). YYYQ-M and YYYQ-H group had downregulated the TGF-β1, CTGF, hydroxyproline contents, and mRNA expression of TGF-β1, TβRI, TβRII, Smad3, α-SMA, laminin, and collagen I and upregulated mRNA levels of Smad7 and E-cadherin significantly (p <0.01 or p <0.05). The result from the present study, which was also supported by histological evidence, suggested that YYYQ-M group and YYYQ-H group exhibited better treatment effect on Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrotic rats when compared to that of BLM + Pred group (p <0.01). Meanwhile, the effect of YYYQ, in three different dosages, on the level of interleukin 18 was not significant. Conclusion These results showed that YYYQ has the potential of ameliorating the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and the mechanism may be related to suppressing TGF-β1/Smad signal pathway and EMT in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis of rats.
Collapse
|
39
|
Song S, Qiu D, Luo F, Wei J, Wu M, Wu H, Du C, Du Y, Ren Y, Chen N, Duan H, Shi Y. Knockdown of NLRP3 alleviates high glucose or TGFB1-induced EMT in human renal tubular cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:101-113. [PMID: 30307163 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tubular injury is one of the crucial determinants of progressive renal failure in diabetic nephropathy (DN), while epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular cells contributes to the accumulation of matrix protein in the diabetic kidney. Activation of the nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome leads to the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1B and is involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes. In this study, we explored the role of NLRP3 inflammasome on high glucose (HG) or transforming growth factor-B1 (TGFB1)-induced EMT in HK-2 cells. We evaluated EMT through the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and E-cadherin as well as the induction of a myofibroblastic phenotype. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed using the confocal microscopy. HG was shown to induce EMT at 48 h, which was blocked by NLRP3 silencing or antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). We found that NLRP3 interference could inhibit HG-induced ROS. Knockdown of NLRP3 could prevent HG-induced EMT by inhibiting the phosphorylation of SMAD3, P38 MAPK and ERK1/2. In addition, P38 MAPK and ERK1/2 might be involved in HG-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Besides, TGFB1 induced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the generation of ROS, which were blocked by NLRP3 interference or NAC. Tubular cells exposed to TGFB1 also underwent EMT, and this could be inhibited by NLRP3 shRNA or NAC. These results indicated that knockdown of NLRP3 antagonized HG-induced EMT by inhibiting ROS production, phosphorylation of SMAD3, P38MAPK and ERK1/2, highlighting NLRP3 as a potential therapy target for diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Song
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Duojun Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fengwei Luo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinying Wei
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunxia Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunzhuo Ren
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ma T, Wang X, Jiao Y, Wang H, Qi Y, Gong H, Zhang L, Jiang D. Interleukin 17 (IL-17)-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prolong the Survival of Allogeneic Skin Grafts. Ann Transplant 2018; 23:615-621. [PMID: 30166501 PMCID: PMC6248056 DOI: 10.12659/aot.909381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential of self-renewal and multi-differentiation and have a wide application prospect in organ transplantation for the effect of inducing immune tolerance. It has found that interleukin 17 (IL-17) could enhance the inhibition effect of MSCs on T cell proliferation and increase the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of IL-17-induced MSCs on allograft survival time after transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS BMSCs were characterized by differential staining. The allogenic skin transplantations were performed and the BMSCs pre-treated by IL-17 were injected. To assess the immunosuppressive function of IL-17-induced BMSCs, the morphology of the grafts, the homing ability of the BMSCs, and the survival time of the grafts were analyzed. RESULTS BMSCs from BALB/c have multidirectional differentiation potential to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineage cells. IL-17-induced BMSCs prolonged the survival time of allogeneic skin grafts dramatically. We found that there were more labeled MSCs in the skin grafts, and the Treg subpopulations percentage, IL-10, and TGF-β were significantly increased, while the IFN-γ level was decreased compared to the control group and MSCs group. In conclusion, IL-17 can enhance the homing ability of MSCs and regulate the immunosuppressive function of MSC. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IL-17 plays the crucial role in MSC homing behaviors and promotes immunosuppression of MSCs during transplantation procedures, suggesting that IL-17-pre-treated MSCs have potential to prolong graft survival and reduce transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengxiao Ma
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Plastic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ya Jiao
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjun Qi
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongmin Gong
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Longxiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Duyin Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rout-Pitt N, Farrow N, Parsons D, Donnelley M. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT): a universal process in lung diseases with implications for cystic fibrosis pathophysiology. Respir Res 2018; 19:136. [PMID: 30021582 PMCID: PMC6052671 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that arises due to mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, which encodes for a protein responsible for ion transport out of epithelial cells. This leads to a disruption in transepithelial Cl-, Na + and HCO3− ion transport and the subsequent dehydration of the airway epithelium, resulting in infection, inflammation and development of fibrotic tissue. Unlike in CF, fibrosis in other lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been well characterised. One of the driving forces behind fibrosis is Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a process where epithelial cells lose epithelial proteins including E-Cadherin, which is responsible for tight junctions. The cell moves to a more mesenchymal phenotype as it gains mesenchymal markers such as N-Cadherin (providing the cells with migration potential), Vimentin and Fibronectin (proteins excreted to help form the extracellular matrix), and the fibroblast proliferation transcription factors Snail, Slug and Twist. This review paper explores the EMT process in a range of lung diseases, details the common links that these have to cystic fibrosis, and explores how understanding EMT in cystic fibrosis may open up novel methods of treating patients with cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Rout-Pitt
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.
| | - Nigel Farrow
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.,Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium (AusRec), Perth, Western Australia, 6105, Australia
| | - David Parsons
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.,Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium (AusRec), Perth, Western Australia, 6105, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|