1
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Bauerle WL. Humulus lupulus L. Strobilus Photosynthetic Capacity and Carbon Assimilation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091816. [PMID: 37176874 PMCID: PMC10180558 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The economic value of Humulus lupulus L. (hop) is recognized, but the primary metabolism of the hop strobilus has not been quantified in response to elevated CO2. The photosynthetic contribution of hop strobili to reproductive effort may be important for growth and crop yield. This component could be useful in hop breeding for enhanced performance in response to environmental signals. The objective of this study was to assess strobilus gas exchange, specifically the response to CO2 and light. Hop strobili were measured under controlled environment conditions to assess the organ's contribution to carbon assimilation and lupulin gland filling during the maturation phase. Leaf defoliation and bract photosynthetic inhibition were deployed to investigate the glandular trichome lupulin carbon source. Strobilus-level physiological response parameters were extrapolated to estimate strobilus-specific carbon budgets under current and future atmospheric CO2 conditions. Under ambient atmospheric CO2, the strobilus carbon balance was 92% autonomous. Estimated strobilus carbon uptake increased by 21% from 415 to 600 µmol mol-1 CO2, 14% from 600 to 900 µmol mol-1, and another 8%, 4%, and 3% from 900 to 1200, 1500, and 1800 µmol mol-1, respectively. We show that photosynthetically active bracts are a major source of carbon assimilation and that leaf defoliation had no effect on lupulin production or strobilus photosynthesis, whereas individual bract photosynthesis was linked to lupulin production. In conclusion, hop strobili can self-generate enough carbon assimilation under elevated CO2 conditions to function autonomously, and strobilus bracts are the primary carbon source for lupulin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA
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2
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Wingler A, Henriques R. Sugars and the speed of life-Metabolic signals that determine plant growth, development and death. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13656. [PMID: 35243645 PMCID: PMC9314607 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development depend on the availability of carbohydrates synthesised in photosynthesis (source activity) and utilisation of these carbohydrates for growth (sink activity). External conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability and stress, can affect source as well as sink activity. Optimal utilisation of resources is under circadian clock control. This molecular timekeeper ensures that growth responses are adjusted to different photoperiod and temperature settings by modulating starch accumulation and degradation accordingly. For example, during the night, starch degradation is required to provide sugars for growth. Under favourable growth conditions, high sugar availability stimulates growth and development, resulting in an overall accelerated life cycle of annual plants. Key signalling components include trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P), which reflects sucrose availability and stimulates growth and branching when the conditions are favourable. Under sink limitation, Tre6P does, however, inhibit night-time starch degradation. Tre6P interacts with Sucrose-non-fermenting1-Related Kinase1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that inhibits growth under starvation and stress conditions and delays development (including flowering and senescence). Tre6P inhibits SnRK1 activity, but SnRK1 increases the Tre6P to sucrose ratio under favourable conditions. Alongside Tre6P, Target of Rapamycin (TOR) stimulates processes such as protein synthesis and growth when sugar availability is high. In annual plants, an accelerated life cycle results in early leaf and plant senescence, thus shortening the lifespan. While the availability of carbohydrates in the form of sucrose and other sugars also plays an important role in seasonal life cycle events (phenology) of perennial plants, the sugar signalling pathways in perennials are less well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College Cork, Distillery FieldsCork
| | - Rossana Henriques
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College Cork, Distillery FieldsCork
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3
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Ferguson JN, Tidy AC, Murchie EH, Wilson ZA. The potential of resilient carbon dynamics for stabilizing crop reproductive development and productivity during heat stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2066-2089. [PMID: 33538010 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Impaired carbon metabolism and reproductive development constrain crop productivity during heat stress. Reproductive development is energy intensive, and its requirement for respiratory substrates rises as associated metabolism increases with temperature. Understanding how these processes are integrated and the extent to which they contribute to the maintenance of yield during and following periods of elevated temperatures is important for developing climate-resilient crops. Recent studies are beginning to demonstrate links between processes underlying carbon dynamics and reproduction during heat stress, consequently a summation of research that has been reported thus far and an evaluation of purported associations are needed to guide and stimulate future research. To this end, we review recent studies relating to source-sink dynamics, non-foliar photosynthesis and net carbon gain as pivotal in understanding how to improve reproductive development and crop productivity during heat stress. Rapid and precise phenotyping during narrow phenological windows will be important for understanding mechanisms underlying these processes, thus we discuss the development of relevant high-throughput phenotyping approaches that will allow for more informed decision-making regarding future crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Ferguson
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison C Tidy
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Erik H Murchie
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Zoe A Wilson
- Division of Plant & Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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4
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Ensing DJ, Sora DMDH, Eckert CG. Chronic selection for early reproductive phenology in an annual plant across a steep, elevational gradient of growing season length. Evolution 2021; 75:1681-1698. [PMID: 34048598 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Colonization along ubiquitous gradients of growing season length should require adaptation of phenological traits, driven by natural selection. Although phenology often varies with season length and genetic differentiation in phenological traits sometimes seems adaptive, few studies test whether natural selection is responsible for these patterns. The annual plant Rhinanthus minor is genetically differentiated for phenology across a 1000-m elevational gradient of growing season length in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. We estimated phenotypic selection on five phenological traits for three generations of naturally occurring individuals at 12 sites (n = 10,112), and two generations of genetically and phenotypically more variable transplanted populations at nine of these sites (n = 24,611). Selection was weak for most traits, but consistently favored early flowering across the gradient rather than only under short seasons. There was no evidence that apparent selection favoring early reproduction arose from failure to consider all components of fitness, or variation in other correlated phenological traits. Instead, selection for earlier flowering may be balanced by selection for strong cogradient phenological plasticity that indirectly favors later flowering. However, this probably does not explain the consistency of selection on flowering time across this steep, elevational gradient of growing season length.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ensing
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dylan M D H Sora
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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5
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Kivivirta KI, Herbert D, Roessner C, de Folter S, Marsch-Martinez N, Becker A. Transcriptome analysis of gynoecium morphogenesis uncovers the chronology of gene regulatory network activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1076-1090. [PMID: 33793890 PMCID: PMC8133673 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The gynoecium is the most complex organ formed by the flowering plants. It encloses the ovules, provides a surface for pollen contact and self-incompatibility reactions, allows pollen tube growth, and, post fertilization, develops into the fruit. Consequently, the regulation of gynoecium morphogenesis is complex and appropriate timing of this process in part determines reproductive success. However, little is known about the global control of gynoecium development, even though many regulatory genes have been characterized. Here, we characterized dynamic gene expression changes using laser-microdissected gynoecium tissue from four developmental stages in Arabidopsis. We provide a high-resolution map of global expression dynamics during gynoecium morphogenesis and link these to the gynoecium interactome. We reveal groups of genes acting together early and others acting late in morphogenesis. Clustering of co-expressed genes enables comparisons between the leaf, shoot apex, and gynoecium transcriptomes, allowing the dissection of common and distinct regulators. Furthermore, our results lead to the discovery of genes with putative transcription factor activity (B3LF1, -2, DOFLF1), which, when mutated, lead to impaired gynoecium expansion, illustrating that global transcriptome analyses reveal yet unknown developmental regulators. Our data show that genes encoding highly interacting proteins, such as SEPALLATA3, AGAMOUS, and TOPLESS, are expressed evenly during development but switch interactors over time, whereas stage-specific proteins tend to have fewer interactors. Our analysis connects specific transcriptional regulator activities, protein interactions, and underlying metabolic processes, contributing toward a dynamic network model for gynoecium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo I Kivivirta
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Denise Herbert
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Clemens Roessner
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), CP 36824 Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Annette Becker
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Author for communication:
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6
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Multiple Loci Control Variation in Plasticity to Foliar Shade Throughout Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4103-4114. [PMID: 32988993 PMCID: PMC7642929 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance response is a set of developmental changes exhibited by plants to avoid shading by competitors, and is an important model of adaptive plant plasticity. While the mechanisms of sensing shading by other plants are well-known and appear conserved across plants, less is known about the developmental mechanisms that result in the diverse array of morphological and phenological responses to shading. This is particularly true for traits that appear later in plant development. Here we use a nested association mapping (NAM) population of Arabidopsis thaliana to decipher the genetic architecture of the shade avoidance response in late-vegetative and reproductive plants. We focused on four traits: bolting time, rosette size, inflorescence growth rate, and inflorescence size, found plasticity in each trait in response to shade, and detected 17 total QTL; at least one of which is a novel locus not previously identified for shade responses in Arabidopsis. Using path analysis, we dissected each colocalizing QTL into direct effects on each trait and indirect effects transmitted through direct effects on earlier developmental traits. Doing this separately for each of the seven NAM populations in each environment, we discovered considerable heterogeneity among the QTL effects across populations, suggesting allelic series at multiple QTL or interactions between QTL and the genetic background or the environment. Our results provide insight into the development and variation in shade avoidance responses in Arabidopsis, and emphasize the value of directly modeling the relationships among traits when studying the genetics of complex developmental syndromes.
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7
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Marmagne A, Jasinski S, Fagard M, Bill L, Guerche P, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F. Post-flowering biotic and abiotic stresses impact nitrogen use efficiency and seed filling in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4578-4590. [PMID: 31930315 PMCID: PMC7382380 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that plants require for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and many other important metabolites. Plant metabolism and growth are consequently dependent on the amount of N that is assimilated and distributed from source leaves to developing sinks, such as fruits and seeds. The environmental stresses enhanced by climate change deeply influence seed yield and seed composition, and may disturb N use efficiency (NUE) in pants. We aimed to investigate plant responses to extreme climates with regard to NUE, N remobilization efficiency, and seed composition. By studying a collection of Arabidopsis genotypes showing a range of C:N ratios in seeds, we investigated the impact of different post-flowering growth conditions (control, heat, drought, low nitrate availability, induced senescence, and induced plant defense) on seed yield, N allocation in organs, NUE, and N remobilization efficiency. We analysed how post-flowering stresses could change seed filling and showed that post-flowering stresses change both the range of N and C concentrations and the C:N stoichiometry in seeds. Using a new trait, called delta seed composition, we measured the deviation in C:N stoichiometry of each genotype and revealed the genetic determinism of the C:N stoichiometry. Altogether, the results indicate that extreme climate impacts NUE dramatically in plants and generates different bottlenecks in N fluxes during seed filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marmagne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay,, Versailles, France
| | - Sophie Jasinski
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay,, Versailles, France
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay,, Versailles, France
| | - Laurence Bill
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay,, Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Guerche
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay,, Versailles, France
| | | | - Fabien Chardon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay,, Versailles, France
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8
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Salinity Effects on Sugar Homeostasis and Vascular Anatomy in the Stem of the Arabidopsis Thaliana Inflorescence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133167. [PMID: 31261714 PMCID: PMC6651052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of sugar metabolism and partitioning plays an essential role for a plant’s acclimation to its environment, with specific responses in autotrophic and heterotrophic organs. In this work, we analyzed the effects of high salinity on sugar partitioning and vascular anatomy within the floral stem. Stem sucrose and fructose content increased, while starch reduced, in contrast to the response observed in rosette leaves of the same plants. In the stem, the effects were associated with changes in the expression of SWEET and TMT2 genes encoding sugar transporters, SUSY1 encoding a sucrose synthase and several FRK encoding fructokinases. By contrast, the expression of SUC2, SWEET11 and SWEET12, encoding sugar transporters for phloem loading, remained unchanged in the stem. Both the anatomy of vascular tissues and the composition of xylem secondary cell walls were altered, suggesting that high salinity triggered major readjustments of sugar partitioning in this heterotrophic organ. There were changes in the composition of xylem cell walls, associated with the collapse and deformation of xylem vessels. The data are discussed regarding sugar partitioning and homeostasis of sugars in the vascular tissues of the stem.
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9
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Flood PJ. Using natural variation to understand the evolutionary pressures on plant photosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 49:68-73. [PMID: 31284076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the gateway of the Sun's energy into the biosphere and the source of the ozone layer; thus it is both provider and protector of life as we know it. Despite its pivotal role we know surprisingly little about the genetic basis of variation in photosynthesis and the selective pressures giving rise to or maintaining this variation. In this review, I will briefly summarise our current knowledge of intraspecific and interspecific variation in photosynthesis to understand the main selective constraints on photosynthesis and what this means for the future of nature and agriculture in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraic J Flood
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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10
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Ferguson J, Meyer R, Edwards K, Humphry M, Brendel O, Bechtold U. Accelerated flowering time reduces lifetime water use without penalizing reproductive performance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1847-1867. [PMID: 30707443 PMCID: PMC6563486 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection driven by water availability has resulted in considerable variation for traits associated with drought tolerance and leaf-level water-use efficiency (WUE). In Arabidopsis, little is known about the variation of whole-plant water use (PWU) and whole-plant WUE (transpiration efficiency). To investigate the genetic basis of PWU, we developed a novel proxy trait by combining flowering time and rosette water use to estimate lifetime PWU. We validated its usefulness for large-scale screening of mapping populations in a subset of ecotypes. This parameter subsequently facilitated the screening of water use and drought tolerance traits in a recombinant inbred line population derived from two Arabidopsis accessions with distinct water-use strategies, namely, C24 (low PWU) and Col-0 (high PWU). Subsequent quantitative trait loci mapping and validation through near-isogenic lines identified two causal quantitative trait loci, which showed that a combination of weak and nonfunctional alleles of the FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) genes substantially reduced plant water use due to their control of flowering time. Crucially, we observed that reducing flowering time and consequently water use did not penalize reproductive performance, as such water productivity (seed produced per unit of water transpired) improved. Natural polymorphisms of FRI and FLC have previously been elucidated as key determinants of natural variation in intrinsic WUE (δ13 C). However, in the genetic backgrounds tested here, drought tolerance traits, stomatal conductance, δ13 C. and rosette water use were independent of allelic variation at FRI and FLC, suggesting that flowering is critical in determining lifetime PWU but not always leaf-level traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N. Ferguson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
- Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Rhonda C. Meyer
- Department of Molecular GeneticsLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) GaterslebenSeelandGermany
| | - Kieron D. Edwards
- Sibelius Natural Products Health Wellness and FitnessOxfordUK
- Advanced Technologies CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Matt Humphry
- Advanced Technologies CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Quantitative GeneticsBritish American TobaccoCambridgeUK
| | - Oliver Brendel
- Université de LorraineAgroParisTech, INRA, SilvaNancyFrance
| | - Ulrike Bechtold
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
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11
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Brazel AJ, Ó'Maoiléidigh DS. Photosynthetic activity of reproductive organs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1737-1754. [PMID: 30824936 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During seed development, carbon is reallocated from maternal tissues to support germination and subsequent growth. As this pool of resources is depleted post-germination, the plant begins autotrophic growth through leaf photosynthesis. Photoassimilates derived from the leaf are used to sustain the plant and form new organs, including other vegetative leaves, stems, bracts, flowers, fruits, and seeds. In contrast to the view that reproductive tissues act only as resource sinks, many studies demonstrate that flowers, fruits, and seeds are photosynthetically active. The photosynthetic contribution to development is variable between these reproductive organs and between species. In addition, our understanding of the developmental control of photosynthetic activity in reproductive organs is vastly incomplete. A further complication is that reproductive organ photosynthesis (ROP) appears to be particularly important under suboptimal growth conditions. Therefore, the topic of ROP presents the community with a challenge to integrate the fields of photosynthesis, development, and stress responses. Here, we attempt to summarize our understanding of the contribution of ROP to development and the molecular mechanisms underlying its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe J Brazel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Sellami S, Le Hir R, Thorpe MR, Aubry E, Wolff N, Vilaine F, Brini F, Dinant S. Arabidopsis Natural Accessions Display Adaptations in Inflorescence Growth and Vascular Anatomy to Withstand High Salinity during Reproductive Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E61. [PMID: 30862126 PMCID: PMC6473358 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Plant responses to abiotic stresses entail adaptive processes that integrate both physiological and developmental cues. However, the adaptive traits that are involved in the responses to a high soil salinity during reproductive growth are still poorly studied. To identify new clues, we studied the halophyte, Thellungiella salsuginea, and three Arabidopsis accessions, known as tolerant or salt-sensitive. We focused on the quantitative traits associated with the stem growth, sugar content, and anatomy of the plants subjected to the salt treatment, with and without a three-day acclimation, applied during the reproductive stage. The stem growth of Thellungiella salsuginea was not affected by the salt stress. By contrast, salt affected all of the Arabidopsis accessions, with a natural variation in the effect of the salt on growth, sugar content, and stem anatomy. In response to the high salinity, irregular xylem vessels were observed, independently of the accession's tolerance to salt treatment, while the diameter of the largest xylem vessels was reduced in the tolerant accessions. The stem height, growth rate, hexoses-to-sucrose ratio, and phloem-to-xylem ratio also varied, in association with both the genotype and its tolerance to salt stress. Our findings indicate that several quantitative traits for salt tolerance are associated with the control of inflorescence growth and the adjustment of the phloem-to-xylem ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sellami
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, (CBS)/University of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Michael R Thorpe
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Nelly Wolff
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, (CBS)/University of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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Mizzotti C, Rotasperti L, Moretto M, Tadini L, Resentini F, Galliani BM, Galbiati M, Engelen K, Pesaresi P, Masiero S. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis of Arabidopsis Siliques Discloses Genes Essential for Fruit Development and Maturation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1249-1268. [PMID: 30275057 PMCID: PMC6236619 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruits protect the developing seeds of angiosperms and actively contribute to seed dispersion. Furthermore, fruit and seed development are highly synchronized and require exchange of information between the mother plant and the developing generations. To explore the mechanisms controlling fruit formation and maturation, we performed a transcriptomic analysis on the valve tissue of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) silique using RNA sequencing. In doing so, we have generated a data set of differentially regulated genes that will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin the initial phase of fruit growth and, subsequently, trigger fruit maturation. The robustness of our data set has been tested by functional genomic studies. Using a reverse genetics approach, we selected 10 differentially expressed genes and explored the consequences of their disruption for both silique growth and senescence. We found that genes contained in our data set play essential roles in different stages of silique development and maturation, indicating that our transcriptome-based gene list is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms controlling fruit formation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Rotasperti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Computational Biology Unit, Fondazione E. Mach, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Luca Tadini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Resentini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca M Galliani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galbiati
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Computational Biology Unit, Fondazione E. Mach, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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