1
|
Litwin AH, Akiyama MJ. US Veterans Health Administration Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Program: A Model for National HCV Elimination Through Patient-Centered Medical Homes. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:1580-1582. [PMID: 38279941 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alain H Litwin
- Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC
- Prisma Health Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health, Greenville
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Matthew J Akiyama
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clemenzi-Allen AA, Hebert J, Reid MA, Mains T, Hammer H, Gandhi M, Pratt L, Wesson P. Interruptions in HIV and Behavioral Health Care for Criminal-Legal Involved People Living with HIV Following Implementation of Decarceration and Shelter in Place in San Francisco, California. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1093-1103. [PMID: 38060113 PMCID: PMC10896806 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Decarceration policies, enacted for SARS-CoV-2 mitigation in carceral settings, potentially exacerbated barriers to care for people living with HIV (PWH) with criminal legal involvement (CLI) during Shelter-in-Place (SIP) by limiting opportunities for engagement in provisions of HIV and behavioral health care. We compared health care engagement for PWH with CLI in San Francisco, California before and after decarceration and SIP using interrupted time series analyses. Administrative data identified PWH booked at the San Francisco County Jail with at least one clinic encounter from 01/01/2018-03/31/2020 within the municipal health care network. Monthly proportions of HIV, substance use, psychiatric and acute care encounters before (05/01/2019-02/29/2020) and after (03/01/2020-12/31/2020) SIP and decarceration were compared using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) log-binomial and logistic regression models, clustering on the patient-level. Of 436 patients, mean age was 43 years (standard-deviation 11); 88% cisgender-male; 39% white, 66% homeless; 67% had trimorbidity by Elixhauser score (medical comorbidity, psychotic disorder or depression, and substance use disorder). Clinical encounters immediately dropped following SIP for HIV (aOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.90) and substance use visits (aRR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.99) and declined in subsequent months. Differential reductions in clinical encounters were seen among Black/African Americans (aRR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99) and people experiencing homelessness (aRR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.98). Significant reductions in care were observed for PWH with CLI during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among Black/African Americans and people experiencing homelessness. Strategies to End the HIV Epidemic must improve engagement across diverse care settings to improve outcomes for this key population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Asa Clemenzi-Allen
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
- , 798 Brannan St, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA.
| | - Jillian Hebert
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael Alistair Reid
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tyler Mains
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hali Hammer
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lisa Pratt
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Wesson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of HIV Infection among Detainees: A Review of the Literature. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122380. [PMID: 36553904 PMCID: PMC9777892 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detainees are one of the most vulnerable populations to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is mostly caused by the lack of knowledge on the topic among the inmates; the lack of prophylaxis; the high percentage of risky behaviors in jail, such as sexual abuse, unprotected sexual intercourses, and injective drug use; and the generally low perception of the risk of transmission. It has also been observed that the problem does not cease to exist at the moment of release, but it also may be aggravated by the weak support system or the total absence of programs for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to avoid discontinuation of antiretroviral drugs. Difficulty in providing housing and jobs and, therefore, a form of stability for ex-detainees, also contributes to none adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Among the detainees, there are also categories of people more susceptible to discrimination and violence and, therefore, to risky behaviors, such as black people, Hispanics, transgender people, and men who have sex with men (MSM). We reviewed the literature in order to provide a more complete picture on the situation of PLWHA in jail and to also analyze the difficulties of ex-detainees in adhering to HIV therapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dauria EF, Kulkarni P, Clemenzi-Allen A, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Beckwith CG. Interventions Designed to Improve HIV Continuum of Care Outcomes for Persons with HIV in Contact with the Carceral System in the USA. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:281-291. [PMID: 35674879 PMCID: PMC9175158 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe existing evidence and identify future directions for intervention research related to improving HIV care outcomes for persons with HIV involved in the carceral system in the USA, a population with high unmet HIV care needs. RECENT FINDINGS Few recent intervention studies focus on improving HIV care outcomes for this population. Successful strategies to improve care outcomes include patient navigation, substance use treatment, and incentivizing HIV care outcomes. Technology-supported interventions are underutilized in this population. Notable gaps in the existing literature include intervention research addressing HIV care needs for cisgender and transgender women and those under carceral supervision in the community. Future research should address existing gaps in the literature and respond to emergent needs including understanding how the changing HIV care delivery environment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the approval of new injectable ART formulation shape HIV care outcomes in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Dauria
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Clemenzi-Allen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Curt G Beckwith
- Alpert Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases/Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Improving Post-Release Care Engagement for People Living with HIV Involved in the Criminal Justice System: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1607-1617. [PMID: 34705154 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Given sub-optimal HIV care outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH) post-release from incarceration, we systematically searched peer-reviewed literature (2010-2021) describing controlled trial interventions aimed at improving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) adherence and care linkage following release from correctional facilities for PLWH. Of 392 studies, 16 (4%) met the inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in the United States and involved some form of intensive case management. Trials that scored highest in terms of study quality provided cell phones for engagement, reported sustained viral load suppression as a measurable outcome to infer ART adherence, and measured longitudinal data collected for at least 3-to-6 months following release. The two trials that demonstrated improved HIV viral load suppression involved Peer Navigators, and incentivized undetectable viral load, respectively. Facilitating support for addictions and addressing other social and structural barriers to achieving optimal health is also of vital importance in bridging care gaps for PLWH.
Collapse
|
7
|
Beckwith CG, Min S, Manne A, Novitsky V, Howison M, Liu T, Kuo I, Kurth A, Bazerman L, Agopian A, Kantor R. HIV Drug Resistance and Transmission Networks Among a Justice-Involved Population at the Time of Community Reentry in Washington, D.C. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:903-912. [PMID: 33896212 PMCID: PMC8716515 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Justice-involved (JI) populations bear a disproportionate burden of HIV infection and are at risk of poor treatment outcomes. Drug resistance prevalence and emergence, and phylogenetic inference of transmission networks, understudied in vulnerable JI populations, can inform care and prevention interventions, particularly around the critical community reentry period. We analyzed banked blood specimens from CARE+ Corrections study participants in Washington, D.C. (DC) across three time points and conducted HIV drug resistance testing using next-generation sequencing (NGS) at 20% and 5% thresholds to identify prevalent and evolving resistance during community reentry. Phylogenetic analysis was used to identify molecular clusters within participants, and in an extended analysis between participants and publicly available DC sequences. HIV sequence data from 54 participants (99 specimens) were analyzed. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was 14% at both thresholds, and acquired drug resistance was 47% at 20%, and 57% at 5% NGS thresholds, respectively. The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 43% at 20%, and 52% at 5% NGS thresholds, respectively. Among 34 participants sampled longitudinally, 21%–35% accumulated 10–17 new resistance mutations during a mean 4.3 months. In phylogenetic analysis within the JI population, 11% were found in three molecular clusters. The extended phylogenetic analysis identified 46% of participants in 22 clusters, of which 21 also included publicly-available DC sequences, and one JI-only unique dyad. This is the first study to identify a high prevalence of HIV drug resistance and its accumulation in a JI population during community reentry and suggests phylogenetic integration of this population into the non-JI DC HIV community. These data support the need for new, effective, and timely interventions to improve HIV treatment during this vulnerable period, and for JI populations to be included in broader surveillance and prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curt G. Beckwith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sugi Min
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Akarsh Manne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Vladimir Novitsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mark Howison
- Research Improving People's Lives, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Irene Kuo
- George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ann Kurth
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lauri Bazerman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anya Agopian
- George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Rami Kantor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Woznica DM, Fernando NB, Bonomo EJ, Owczarzak J, Zack B, Hoffmann CJ. Interventions to Improve HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among Individuals Released From Prison or Jail: Systematic Literature Review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:271-285. [PMID: 33079904 PMCID: PMC8495492 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV care continuum outcomes deteriorate among people returning from incarceration. Interventions to improve care outcomes postincarceration have been characterized by substantial heterogeneity in approach, outcome metrics, and results. A large number of recently published interventions have not been systematically reviewed. METHODS We searched peer reviewed and scholarly databases for published and gray literature describing interventions to improve HIV care continuum outcomes among individuals released from prison or jail. We systematically screened quantitative and qualitative intervention reports published through 2018, then extracted and analyzed study data using a classification scheme that we developed for categorizing intervention levels and strategies. RESULTS We included 23 reports from the peer-reviewed literature, 2 from gray literature, and 2 from conference abstracts (27 total). Seventeen studies were classified as individual level, 3 as biomedical level, 2 as organizational level, and 5 as multilevel. Nine studies were randomized controlled trials, 4 of which reported power calculations. Fifteen studies were quasiexperimental; one was a case study. Eleven studies were conducted in prisons, 7 in jails, and 9 in both prisons and jails. Of 11 studies reporting hypothesis tests, 5 found statistically significant effect sizes on primary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that demonstrate postrelease improvements in clinic attendance and viral suppression include patient navigation strategies, especially involving peer support, and substance use treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Woznica
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Jill Owczarzak
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Christopher J Hoffmann
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lopez KD, Cravero C, Krishnan A, Carvalho de Sousa Freire VE, Culbert GJ. Feasibility of a mHealth survey application for incarcerated and postrelease people living with HIV in a low-resource setting. Res Nurs Health 2020; 44:201-212. [PMID: 33341994 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mobile health (mHealth) holds considerable promise as a way to give people greater control of their health information, privacy, and sharing in the context of HIV research and clinical services. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of an mHealth research application from the perspective of three stakeholder groups involved in an HIV clinical trial in Jakarta, Indonesia: (a) incarcerated people living with HIV (PLWH), (b) research assistants (RAs), and (c) research investigators. Incarcerated PLWH (n = 150) recruited from two large all-male prisons completed questionnaires, including questions about mHealth acceptability, on an mHealth survey application using a proprietary data collection software development platform. RAs who administered questionnaires (n = 8) rated the usability of the software application using the system usability scale (SUS) and open-ended questions. Research investigators (n = 2) completed in-depth interviews, that were coded and analyzed using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a conceptual framework. Over 90% of incarcerated PLWH felt the mHealth application offered adequate comfort, privacy, and accuracy in recording their responses. RAs' SUS scores ranged from 60% to 90% (M = 76.25) and they found the mHealth survey application challenging to learn, but highly satisfying. Compared with paper-based data collection, researchers felt that electronic data collection led to improved accuracy and efficiency of data collection and the ability to monitor data collection remotely and in real time. The researchers perceived the learnability of the application as acceptable but required self-instruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Archana Krishnan
- University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Gabriel J Culbert
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Improving Care Outcomes for PLWH Experiencing Homelessness and Unstable Housing: a Synthetic Review of Clinic-Based Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:259-267. [PMID: 32382919 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Singular interventions targeting vulnerable populations of people living with HIV (PLWH) are necessary for reducing new infections and optimizing individual-level outcomes, but extant literature for PLWH who experience homelessness and unstable housing (HUH) has not been compiled. To inform implementation of clinic-based programs that improve care outcomes in this population, we present a synthetic review of key studies examining clinic-based interventions, specifically case management, patient navigation, financial incentives, and the use of mobile technology. RECENT FINDINGS Results from unimodal interventions are mixed or descriptive, are limited by inability to address related multi-modal barriers to care, and do not address major challenges to implementation. Multi-component interventions are needed, but gaps in our knowledge base may limit widespread uptake of such interventions before further data are compiled. Future research evaluating interventions for PLWH experiencing HUH should include implementation outcomes in order to facilitate adaptation across diverse clinical settings.
Collapse
|
11
|
Case Managers Caring for Patients in a Managed Health Care Organization in South Africa, Part 2. Prof Case Manag 2020; 25:361-366. [PMID: 33017376 DOI: 10.1097/ncm.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Martin RA, Couture R, Tasker N, Carter C, Copeland DM, Kibler M, Whittle JS. Emergency medical care of incarcerated patients: Opportunities for improvement and cost savings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232243. [PMID: 32339213 PMCID: PMC7185724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States (US), the lifetime incidence of incarceration is 6.6%, exceeding that of any other nation. Compared to the general US population, incarcerated individuals are disproportionally affected by chronic health conditions, mental illness, and substance use disorders. Barriers to accessing medical care are common in correctional facilities. We sought to characterize the local incarcerated patient population and explore barriers to medical care in these patients. We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study by reviewing the medical records of incarcerated patients presenting to the adult emergency department (ED) of a single academic, tertiary care facility with medical or psychiatric (med/psych) and trauma-related emergencies between January 2012 and December 2014. Data on demographics, medical complexity, trauma intentionality, and barriers to medical care were analyzed using descriptive statistics, unpaired student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables, and chi-square analysis or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Trauma patients were younger with fewer medical comorbidities and were less likely to be admitted to the hospital than med/psych patients. 47.8% of injuries resulted from violence or were self-inflicted. Most trauma-related complaints were managed by the emergency medicine physician in the ED. While barriers to medical care were not correlated with hospital admission, 5.4% of med/psych and 2.9% of trauma patients reported barriers as a contributing factor to the ED encounter. Med/psych patients commonly reported a lack of access to medications, while trauma patients reported a delay in medical care. Trauma-related presentations were less medically complex than med/psych-related complaints. Medical management of most injuries required no hospital resources outside of the ED, indicating a potential role for outpatient management of trauma-related complaints. Additional opportunities for health care improvement and cost savings include the implementation of programs that target violence, prevent injuries, and promote the continuity of medical care while incarcerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Martin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rosanna Couture
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicole Tasker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christine Carter
- The University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David M. Copeland
- The University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary Kibler
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Whittle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yan T, Chan CWH, Chow KM, Zheng W, Sun M. A systematic review of the effects of character strengths-based intervention on the psychological well-being of patients suffering from chronic illnesses. J Adv Nurs 2020; 76:1567-1580. [PMID: 32187708 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify and evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of character strengths-based intervention on the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses. DESIGN A systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Six electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO (CINAHL® and MEDLINE), Web of Science, and PsycINFO, were searched from inception to December 2018. REVIEW METHODS The quality appraisal of evidence and summary of studies were undertaken following Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists and the standard guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-analysis was conducted according to Cochrane methods using RevMan 5.1. RESULTS Clinical studies on the character strengths-based intervention for patients with chronic illnesses are limited. Eight studies involving 692 patients were identified and critically appraised in this review. Meta-analysis results for three comparable studies indicated that character strengths-based intervention was effective in improving the self-esteem of patients with chronic illnesses and it significantly enhanced their general self-efficacy and reduced their depression. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the effectiveness of character strengths-based intervention on improving the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses. However, caution is needed in interpreting these results due to limited studies and heterogeneity across studies. Further research is needed to provide strong evidence on the applicability of the intervention in clinical practice. IMPACT This rigorous review provided current evidence on using character strengths-based intervention to improve the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses. Character strengths-based intervention provides a creative approach for patients because it may help improve their well-being, happiness, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, and reduce depression and mental symptoms. Studies in different groups of patients suffering from chronic illnesses are recommended in the future. The character strengths-based intervention should be replicated in various inpatient facilities and include a larger and a more ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmen W H Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ming Chow
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Akiyama MJ, Columbus D, MacDonald R, Jordan AO, Schwartz J, Litwin AH, Eckhardt B, Carmody E. Linkage to hepatitis C care after incarceration in jail: a prospective, single arm clinical trial. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:703. [PMID: 31395019 PMCID: PMC6686449 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem in correctional settings. HCV treatment is often not possible in U.S. jails due to short lengths of stay. Linkage to care is crucial in these settings, but competing priorities complicate community healthcare engagement and retention after incarceration. Methods We conducted a single arm clinical trial of a combined transitional care coordination (TCC) and patient navigation intervention and assessed the linkage rate and factors associated with linkage to HCV care after incarceration. Results During the intervention, 84 participants returned to the community after their index incarceration. Most participants were male and Hispanic, with a history of mental illness and a mean age of 45 years. Of those who returned to the community, 26 (31%) linked to HCV care within a median of 20.5 days; 17 (20%) initiated HCV treatment, 15 (18%) completed treatment, 9 (11%) had a follow-up lab drawn to confirm sustained virologic response (SVR), and 7 (8%) had a documented SVR. Among those with follow-up labs the known SVR rate was (7/9) 78%. Expressing a preference to be linked to the participant’s existing health system, being on methadone prior to incarceration, and feeling that family or a loved one were concerned about the participant’s wellbeing were associated with linkage to HCV care. Reporting drinking alcohol to intoxication prior to incarceration was negatively associated with linkage to HCV care. Conclusion We demonstrate that an integrated strategy with combined TCC and patient navigation may be effective in achieving timely linkage to HCV care. Additional multicomponent interventions aimed at treatment of substance use disorders and increasing social support could lead to further improvement. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04036760 July 30th, 2019 (retrospectively registered).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Akiyama
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3300 Kossuth Ave, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA. .,New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Devin Columbus
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ross MacDonald
- New York City Health + Hospitals, Correctional Health Services, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison O Jordan
- New York City Health + Hospitals, Correctional Health Services, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessie Schwartz
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Alain H Litwin
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,Clemson University School of Health Research, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Prisma Health - Upstate, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ellie Carmody
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang EA, Lin HJ, Aminawung JA, Busch SH, Gallagher C, Maurer K, Puglisi L, Shavit S, Frisman L. Propensity-matched study of enhanced primary care on contact with the criminal justice system among individuals recently released from prison to New Haven. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028097. [PMID: 31048315 PMCID: PMC6502013 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health systems can be integral to addressing population health, including persons with incarceration exposure. Few studies have comprehensively integrated state-wide data to assess how the primary care system can impact criminal justice outcomes. We examined whether enhanced primary care can decrease future contact with the criminal justice system among individuals just released from prison. METHODS We linked administrative data (2013-2016) of Connecticut Department of Correction, Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Department of Social Service, Court Support Services Division, and Department of Public Health to conduct a quasi-experimental study using propensity score matching of 94 participants who received enhanced primary care in Transitions Clinic to 94 controls not exposed to the programme. The propensity score included 23 variables, which encompassed participants' medical and incarceration history and service utilisation. The main outcomes were reincarceration rates and days incarcerated in the first year from the index date, which was either enrolment in the Transitions Clinic programme or release from prison in the control group. RESULTS The odds of reincarceration, including arrests and new convictions, were similar for the two groups, but Transitions Clinic participants had lower odds of returning to prison for a parole or probation technical violation (adjusted OR: 0.38; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.93) compared with the control group. Further, Transitions Clinic participants had fewer incarceration days (incidence rate ratio: 0.55; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.84) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced primary care for individuals just released from prison can reduce reincarceration for technical violations and shorten time spent within correctional facilities. This study shows how community health systems may play a role in current strategies to reduce prison populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Wang
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ju Lin
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut System, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Research Division, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jenerius A Aminawung
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Susan H Busch
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Colleen Gallagher
- Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen Maurer
- Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa Puglisi
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shira Shavit
- Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Linda Frisman
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut System, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Research Division, Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bedell PS, So M, Morse DS, Kinner SA, Ferguson WJ, Spaulding AC. Corrections for Academic Medicine: The Importance of Using Person-First Language for Individuals Who Have Experienced Incarceration. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:172-175. [PMID: 30699100 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This Invited Commentary addresses the use of labels and their impact on people involved in the criminal justice system. There are 2.2 million adults incarcerated in the United States and close to 6.6 million under correctional supervision on any day. Many of these people experience health inequalities and inadequate health care both in and out of correctional facilities. These numbers are reason enough to raise alarm among health care providers and criminal justice researchers about the need to conceptualize better ways to administer health care for these individuals. Using terms like "convict," "prisoner," "parolee," and "offender" to describe these individuals increases the stigma that they already face. The authors propose that employing person-first language for justice-involved individuals would help to reduce the stigma they face during incarceration and after they are released. Coordinated, dignified, and multidisciplinary care is essential for this population given the high rates of morbidity and mortality they experience both in and out of custody and the many barriers that impede their successful integration with families and communities. Academic medicine can begin to address the mistrust that formerly incarcerated individuals often have toward the health care system by using the humanizing labels recommended in this Invited Commentary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Precious S Bedell
- P.S. Bedell is research coordinator II, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, doctoral student, Warner School of Education and Human Development, and Diversity and Inclusive Climate Leadership Fellowship Fellow 2018-2020, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. M. So is research assistant, Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-0472. D.S. Morse is associate professor of psychiatry and medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York. S.A. Kinner is National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellow and Group Leader, Justice Health, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and head, Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-5343. W.J. Ferguson is professor of family medicine and community health and director of academic programs, Health and Criminal Justice Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts. A.C. Spaulding is associate professor of epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and medicine (joint), Emory University School of Medicine, and adjunct associate professor of medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Spaulding AC, Adee MG, Lawrence RT, Chhatwal J, von Oehsen W. Five Questions Concerning Managing Hepatitis C in the Justice System: Finding Practical Solutions for Hepatitis C Virus Elimination. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 32:323-345. [PMID: 29778259 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 30% of Americans with hepatitis C virus (HCV) pass through a jail or prison annually. One in 7 incarcerated persons is viremic. Screening and treatment is cost-effective and beneficial to society as a whole. Yet at current (2018) levels of funding for HCV management, prisons are not aggressively seeking cases; few incarcerated persons with HCV actually receive treatment. This article explores barriers to screening for and treating hepatitis C in state prisons, and ways that states may overcome these barriers, such as nominal pricing. While high prices for direct-acting antivirals discourage treatment, potential strategies exist to lower prices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road Room 3033, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
| | - Madeline G Adee
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road Room 3033, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert T Lawrence
- Alaska Department of Corrections, 550 West 7th Avenue, Suite 1860, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
| | - Jagpreet Chhatwal
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, 101 Merrimac Street, Floor 10, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William von Oehsen
- Powers Pyles Sutter & Verville PC, 1501 M Street Northwest, Seventh Floor, Washington, DC 20005-1700, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khawcharoenporn T, Cole J, Claus J, Bell T, Lewis A, Zawitz C, Kessler H. A randomized controlled study of intervention to improve continuity care engagement among HIV-infected persons after release from jails. AIDS Care 2018; 31:777-784. [PMID: 30304936 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1533236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Short-term stay, multiple jail admissions and social and financial difficulties are significant obstacles for continuity care engagement (CCE) after release among HIV-infected jail detainees. However, data existing on interventions or strategies to increase post-release CCE among this population are limited. We conducted a randomized controlled study among HIV-infected detainees at Cook County Jail during 2011-2014. The intervention group received telephone contact within 2-4 days of release by a continuity clinic coordinator, who scheduled and informed the ex-detainees of their appointment date within 6 weeks post-release plus standard of care, while the control group received standard of care. The standard of care included comprehensive discharge planning, offering substance abuse treatment and provision of information on how to self-schedule an appointment with the chosen clinics. Of the 166 detainees enrolled, 56 were excluded due to being sent to prison or re-incarcerated within 6 weeks. The final cohort included 55 detainees in each of the groups. The rate of CCE within 6 weeks after release was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (58% vs. 33%; P = .007). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, being in the control group was the only factor associated with no CCE within 6 weeks (adjusted odds ratio 2.66; 95% confidence interval 1.18-6.00; P = .02). The study findings suggest that the simple telephone contact intervention significantly improved CCE among HIV-infected jail detainees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thana Khawcharoenporn
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine , Thammasat University , Pathumthani , Thailand.,b Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Joanna Cole
- b Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | | | - Thom Bell
- c The Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, Cook County Jail , Chicago , IL , USA
| | | | - Chad Zawitz
- c The Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, Cook County Jail , Chicago , IL , USA.,d Cermak Health Service Division, Cook County Jail , Chicago , IL , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|