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Favari C, Rinaldi de Alvarenga JF, Sánchez-Martínez L, Tosi N, Mignogna C, Cremonini E, Manach C, Bresciani L, Del Rio D, Mena P. Factors driving the inter-individual variability in the metabolism and bioavailability of (poly)phenolic metabolites: A systematic review of human studies. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103095. [PMID: 38428187 PMCID: PMC10912651 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review provides an overview of the available evidence on the inter-individual variability (IIV) in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of phenolic metabolites and its determinants. Human studies were included investigating the metabolism and bioavailability of (poly)phenols and reporting IIV. One hundred fifty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Inter-individual differences were mainly related to gut microbiota composition and activity but also to genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, (patho)physiological status, and physical activity, depending on the (poly)phenol sub-class considered. Most of the IIV has been poorly characterised. Two major types of IIV were observed. One resulted in metabolite gradients that can be further classified into high and low excretors, as seen for all flavonoids, phenolic acids, prenylflavonoids, alkylresorcinols, and hydroxytyrosol. The other type of IIV is based on clusters of individuals defined by qualitative differences (producers vs. non-producers), as for ellagitannins (urolithins), isoflavones (equol and O-DMA), resveratrol (lunularin), and preliminarily for avenanthramides (dihydro-avenanthramides), or by quali-quantitative metabotypes characterized by different proportions of specific metabolites, as for flavan-3-ols, flavanones, and even isoflavones. Future works are needed to shed light on current open issues limiting our understanding of this phenomenon that likely conditions the health effects of dietary (poly)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Favari
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Lorena Sánchez-Martínez
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital 'Virgen de La Arrixaca', Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicole Tosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mignogna
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Smorodin E, Chuzmarov V, Veidebaum T. The Potential of Integrative Cancer Treatment Using Melatonin and the Challenge of Heterogeneity in Population-Based Studies: A Case Report of Colon Cancer and a Literature Review. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:1994-2023. [PMID: 38668052 PMCID: PMC11049198 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional hormone regulator that maintains homeostasis through circadian rhythms, and desynchronization of these rhythms can lead to gastrointestinal disorders and increase the risk of cancer. Preliminary clinical studies have shown that exogenous melatonin alleviates the harmful effects of anticancer therapy and improves quality of life, but the results are still inconclusive due to the heterogeneity of the studies. A personalized approach to testing clinical parameters and response to integrative treatment with nontoxic and bioavailable melatonin in patient-centered N-of-1 studies deserves greater attention. This clinical case of colon cancer analyzes and discusses the tumor pathology, the adverse effects of chemotherapy, and the dynamics of markers of inflammation (NLR, LMR, and PLR ratios), tumors (CEA, CA 19-9, and PSA), and hemostasis (D-dimer and activated partial thromboplastin time). The patient took melatonin during and after chemotherapy, nutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D, green tea, and taxifolin), and aspirin after chemotherapy. The patient's PSA levels decreased during CT combined with melatonin (19 mg/day), and melatonin normalized inflammatory markers and alleviated symptoms of polyneuropathy but did not help with thrombocytopenia. The results are analyzed and discussed in the context of the literature on oncostatic and systemic effects, alleviating therapy-mediated adverse effects, association with survival, and N-of-1 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniy Smorodin
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Paldiski mnt 80, 10617 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Valentin Chuzmarov
- 2nd Surgery Department, General Surgery and Oncology Surgery Centre, North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste Str. 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Paldiski mnt 80, 10617 Tallinn, Estonia;
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Thorley J, Thomas C, Thon N, Nuttall H, Martin NRW, Bishop N, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Combined effects of green tea supplementation and eccentric exercise on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:245-256. [PMID: 37439906 PMCID: PMC10786739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether combining eccentric exercise and green tea supplementation synergistically increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activity, a transcription factor responsible for coordinating endogenous antioxidant expression. METHODS In a double-blinded, randomized, between-subjects design, 24 males (mean [SD]; 23 [3] years, 179.6 [6.1] cm, 78.8 [10.6] kg) performed 100 drop jumps following a 6 days supplementation period with either green tea (poly)phenols (n = 12; 500 mg·d-1) or a placebo (n = 12; inulin). NRF2/antioxidant response element (ARE) binding in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion, and differential leukocyte counts were measured pre-, post-, 1 h and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS Exercise did not increase NRF2/ARE binding (p = 0.12) (fold change vs rest: green tea = [post] 0.78 ± 0.45, [1 h] 1.17 ± 0.54, [24 h] 1.06 ± 0.56; placebo = [post] 1.40 ± 1.50, [1 h] 2.98 ± 3.70, [24 h] 1.04 ± 0.45). Furthermore, CAT activity (p = 0.12) and 8-OHdG excretion (p = 0.42) were unchanged in response to exercise and were not augmented by green tea supplementation (p > 0.05 for all). Exercise increased GR activity by 30% (p = 0.01), however no differences were found between supplement groups (p = 0.51). Leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations were only elevated post-exercise (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Eccentric exercise, either performed alone or in conjunction with green tea supplementation, did not significantly increase NRF2 activity in PBMCs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER osf.io/kz37g (registered: 15/09/21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Thorley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolas Thon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Hannah Nuttall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolette Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Hodges JK, Sasaki GY, Vodovotz Y, Bruno RS. Gallation and B-Ring Dihydroxylation Increase Green Tea Catechin Residence Time in Plasma by Differentially Affecting Tissue-Specific Trafficking: Compartmental Model of Catechin Kinetics in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:4021. [PMID: 37764804 PMCID: PMC10536004 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Catechins in green tea extract (GTE) (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG)) vary in bioactivity. We developed a physiologically relevant mathematical model of catechin metabolism to test the hypothesis that fractional catabolic rates of catechins would be differentially affected by their structural attributes. Pharmacokinetic data of plasma and urine catechin concentrations were used from healthy adults (n = 19) who ingested confections containing 0.5 g GTE (290 mg EGCG, 87 mg EGC, 39 mg EC, 28 mg ECG). A 7-compartmental model of catechin metabolism comprised of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine), liver, plasma, extravascular tissues, and kidneys was developed using a mean fraction dose of EGCG, ECG, EGC, and EC. Fitting was by iterative least squares regression analysis, and goodness of fit was ascertained by the estimated variability of parameters (FSD < 0.5). The interaction of gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation most greatly extended plasma residence time such that EGC > EC = EGCG > EGC. The interaction between gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation accelerated the transfer from the upper gastrointestinal tract to the small intestine but delayed subsequent transfers from the small intestine through the liver to plasma and from kidneys to urine. Gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation independently delayed the transfer from plasma to extravascular tissues, except the uptake to kidneys, which was slowed by gallation only. This multi-compartment model, to be validated in a future study, suggests that gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation affect catechin catabolism in a tissue-specific manner and thus their potential bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Hodges
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Geoffrey Y Sasaki
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kciuk M, Alam M, Ali N, Rashid S, Głowacka P, Sundaraj R, Celik I, Yahya EB, Dubey A, Zerroug E, Kontek R. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Therapeutic Potential in Cancer: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:5246. [PMID: 37446908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis have emerged as rational targets that can be exploited in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant phenolic compound found in green tea. It has been shown to regulate multiple crucial cellular signaling pathways, including those mediated by EGFR, JAK-STAT, MAPKs, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and others. Deregulation of the abovementioned pathways is involved in the pathophysiology of cancer. It has been demonstrated that EGCG may exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects or induce epigenetic changes. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that EGCG may be used in the treatment of numerous disorders, including cancer. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the biological properties of EGCG, especially in the context of cancer treatment and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pola Głowacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1 Square, 90-700 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rajamanikandan Sundaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Drug Discovery, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Esam Bashir Yahya
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida 201310, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Enfale Zerroug
- LMCE Laboratory, Group of Computational and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Chao S, Li LJ, Lu J, Zhao SX, Zhao MH, Huang GA, Yin S, Shen W, Sun QY, Zhao Y, Ge ZJ, Zhao L. Epigallocatechin gallate improves the quality of diabetic oocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114267. [PMID: 36669363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes compromises the quality and developmental potential of oocytes. Therefore, it is important to study how to ameliorate the adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has a variety of physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetes. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of EGCG on the maturation of diabetic oocytes in vitro. OBJECTIVE Investigating the role of EGCG in restoring the adverse effects of diabetes on oocyte quality. METHODS Diabetes mouse model was established by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Oocytes were collected and matured in vitro with/without EGCG in M16 medium. RESULTS Compared with control, diabetic oocytes have a higher frequency of spindle defects and chromosome misalignment, but EGCG effectively reduces the incidence of oocytes with abnormal spindle assembly and chromosome mismatches. Moreover, the abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of diabetic oocytes is significantly alleviated by EGCG, and the reduced expression of genes regulating mitochondrial fusion (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and fission (Drp1) in diabetic oocytes is significantly increased while EGCG is added. EGCG also decreases the higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic oocytes that may be regulated by the increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2). EGCG can also reduce the DNA damage of diabetic oocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that EGCG, at least partially, improve the quality of diabetic oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Shu-Xian Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Gui-An Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Shen Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- Fertility Preservation Lab and Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jia Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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Dinda B, Dinda S, Dinda M. Therapeutic potential of green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG) in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Major interactions with host/virus proteases. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:100402. [PMID: 36597465 PMCID: PMC9800022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic from the human pathogenic virus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a major health hazard globally. The morbidity and transmission modality of this disease are severe and uncontrollable. As no effective clinical drugs are available for treatment of COVID-19 infection till to date and only vaccination is used as prophylaxis and its efficacy is restricted due to emergent of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for effective drugs for its treatment. PURPOSE The aim of this review was to provide a detailed analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin constituent of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) beverage to highlight the scope of EGCG in clinical medicine as both prophylaxis and treatment of present COVID-19 infection. In addition, the factors related to poor oral bioavailabilty of EGCG was also analysed for a suggestion for future research in this direction. STUDY DESIGN We collected the published articles related to anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of EGCG against the original strain (Wuhan type) and its newly emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS A systematic search on the published literature was conducted in various databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus to collect the relevant literature. RESULTS The findings of this search demonstrate that EGCG shows potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus by preventing viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. The studies on the molecular mechanisms of EGCG in inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in host cells reveal that EGCG blocks the entry of the virus particles by interaction with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of viral spike (S) protein to host cell surface receptor protease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as suppression of the expressions of host proteases, ACE2, TMPRSS2 and GRP78, required for viral entry, by Nrf2 activation in host cells. Moreover, EGCG inhibits the activities of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), endoribonuclease Nsp15 in vitro models and of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in molecular docking model for suppression of viral replication. In addition, EGCG significantly inhibits viral inflammatory cytokine production by stimulating Nrf2- dependent host immune response in virus-infected cells. EGCG significantly reduces the elevated levels of HMGB1, a biomarker of sepsis, lung fibrosis and thrombotic complications in viral infections. EGCG potentially inhibits the infection of original (Wuhan type) strain of SARS-CoV-2 and other newly emerged variants as well as the infections of SARS-CoV-2 virus spike-protein of WT and its mutants-mediated pseudotyped viruses . EGCG shows maximum inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection when the host cells are pre-incubated with the drug prior to viral infection. A sorbitol/lecithin-based throat spray containing concentrated green tea extract rich in EGCG content significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in oral mucosa. Several factors including degradation in gastrointestinal environment, low absorption in small intestine and extensive metabolism of EGCG are responsible for its poor bioavailability in humans. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of EGCG in humans reveal poor bioavailability of EGCG in human plasma and EGCG-4"-sulfate is its major metabolite. The concentration of EGCG-4"-sulfate in human plasma is almost equivalent to that of free EGCG (Cmax 177.9 vs 233.5 nmol/L). These findings suggest that inhibition of sulfation of EGCG is a crucial factor for improvement of its bioavailability. In vitro study on the mechanism of EGCG sulfonation indicates that sulfotransferases, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfonation in human liver and small intestine, respectively. Some attempts including structural modifications, and nanoformulations of EGCG and addition of nutrients with EGCG have been made to improve the bioavailability of EGCG. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that EGCG has strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection independent of viral strains (Wuhan type (WT), other variants) by inhibition of viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. EGCG may be useful in reduction of this viral load in salivary glands of COVID-19 patients, if it is applied in mouth and throat wash formulations in optimal concentrations. EGCG could be a promising candidate in the development of effective vaccine for prevention of the infections of newly emergent strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus. EGCG might be useful also as a clinical medicine for treatment of COVID-19 patients if its bioavailability in human plasma is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799 022, India
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Kamalpur Govt Degree College, Dhalai,Tripura, 799 285, India
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, VA, 22908, United States of America
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Olson KR, Derry PJ, Kent TA, Straub KD. The Effects of Antioxidant Nutraceuticals on Cellular Sulfur Metabolism and Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:68-94. [PMID: 35819295 PMCID: PMC9885552 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Nutraceuticals are ingested for health benefits, in addition to their general nutritional value. These dietary supplements have become increasingly popular since the late 20th century and they are a rapidly expanding global industry approaching a half-trillion U.S. dollars annually. Many nutraceuticals are promulgated as potent antioxidants. Recent Advances: Experimental support for the efficacy of nutraceuticals has lagged behind anecdotal exuberance. However, accumulating epidemiological evidence and recent, well-controlled clinical trials are beginning to support earlier animal and in vitro studies. Although still somewhat limited, encouraging results have been suggested in essentially all organ systems and against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Critical Issues: Health benefits of "antioxidant" nutraceuticals are largely attributed to their ability to scavenge oxidants. This has been criticized based on several factors, including limited bioavailability, short tissue retention time, and the preponderance of endogenous antioxidants. Recent attention has turned to nutraceutical activation of downstream antioxidant systems, especially the Keap1/Nrf2 (Kelch like ECH associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) axis. The question now becomes, how do nutraceuticals activate this axis? Future Directions: Reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its metabolites, are potent activators of the Keap1/Nrf2 axis and avid scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Evidence is beginning to accumulate that a variety of nutraceuticals increase cellular RSS by directly providing RSS in the diet, or through a number of catalytic mechanisms that increase endogenous RSS production. We propose that nutraceutical-specific targeting of RSS metabolism will lead to the design and development of even more efficacious antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 68-94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul J. Derry
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas A. Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karl D. Straub
- Central Arkansas Veteran's Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Wan C, Ouyang J, Li M, Rengasamy KRR, Liu Z. Effects of green tea polyphenol extract and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications: Recent advances. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5719-5747. [PMID: 36533409 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2157372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major non-communicable diseases accounting for millions of death annually and increasing economic burden. Hyperglycemic condition in diabetes creates oxidative stress that plays a pivotal role in developing diabetes complications affecting multiple organs such as the heart, liver, kidney, retina, and brain. Green tea from the plant Camellia sinensis is a common beverage popular in many countries for its health benefits. Green tea extract (GTE) is rich in many biologically active compounds, e.g., epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), which acts as a potent antioxidant. Recently, several lines of evidence have shown the promising results of GTE and EGCG for diabetes management. Here, we have critically reviewed the effects of GTE and EGCC on diabetes in animal models and clinical studies. The concerns and challenges regarding the clinical use of GTE and EGCG against diabetes are also briefly discussed. Numerous beneficial effects of green tea and its catechins, particularly EGCG, make this natural product an attractive pharmacological agent that can be further developed to treat diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Wan
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (LNPMC), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Afzal O, Dalhat MH, Altamimi ASA, Rasool R, Alzarea SI, Almalki WH, Murtaza BN, Iftikhar S, Nadeem S, Nadeem MS, Kazmi I. Green Tea Catechins Attenuate Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Deficits. Molecules 2022; 27:7604. [PMID: 36364431 PMCID: PMC9655201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases exert an overwhelming socioeconomic burden all around the globe. They are mainly characterized by modified protein accumulation that might trigger various biological responses, including oxidative stress, inflammation, regulation of signaling pathways, and excitotoxicity. These disorders have been widely studied during the last decade in the hopes of developing symptom-oriented therapeutics. However, no definitive cure has yet been discovered. Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages. The same plant, Camellia Sinensis (L.).O. Kuntze, is used to make green, black, and oolong teas. Green tea has been most thoroughly studied because of its anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The beneficial effect of consumption of tea on neurodegenerative disorders has been reported in several human interventional and observational studies. The polyphenolic compounds found in green tea, known as catechins, have been demonstrated to have many therapeutic effects. They can help in preventing and, somehow, treating neurodegenerative diseases. Catechins show anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant effects via blocking cytokines' excessive production and inflammatory pathways, as well as chelating metal ions and free radical scavenging. They may inhibit tau protein phosphorylation, amyloid beta aggregation, and release of apoptotic proteins. They can also lower alpha-synuclein levels and boost dopamine levels. All these factors have the potential to affect neurodegenerative disorders. This review will examine catechins' neuroprotective effects by highlighting their biological, pharmacological, antioxidant, and metal chelation abilities, with a focus on their ability to activate diverse cellular pathways in the brain. This review also points out the mechanisms of catechins in various neurodegenerative and cognitive diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Hassan Dalhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22310, Pakistan
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Nadeem
- Department of Zoology, Kinnaird College for Women, 93-Jail Road Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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García‐Villalba R, Giménez‐Bastida JA, Cortés‐Martín A, Ávila‐Gálvez MÁ, Tomás‐Barberán FA, Selma MV, Espín JC, González‐Sarrías A. Urolithins: a Comprehensive Update on their Metabolism, Bioactivity, and Associated Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101019. [PMID: 35118817 PMCID: PMC9787965 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Urolithins, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota from the polyphenols ellagitannins and ellagic acid, are discovered by the research group in humans almost 20 years ago. Pioneering research suggests urolithins as pleiotropic bioactive contributors to explain the health benefits after consuming ellagitannin-rich sources (pomegranates, walnuts, strawberries, etc.). Here, this study comprehensively updates the knowledge on urolithins, emphasizing the review of the literature published during the last 5 years. To date, 13 urolithins and their corresponding conjugated metabolites (glucuronides, sulfates, etc.) have been described and, depending on the urolithin, detected in different human fluids and tissues (urine, blood, feces, breastmilk, prostate, colon, and breast tissues). There has been a substantial advance in the research on microorganisms involved in urolithin production, along with the compositional and functional characterization of the gut microbiota associated with urolithins metabolism that gives rise to the so-called urolithin metabotypes (UM-A, UM-B, and UM-0), relevant in human health. The design of in vitro studies using physiologically relevant assay conditions (molecular forms and concentrations) is still a pending subject, making some reported urolithin activities questionable. In contrast, remarkable progress has been made in the research on the safety, bioactivity, and associated mechanisms of urolithin A, including the first human interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García‐Villalba
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - Juan Antonio Giménez‐Bastida
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - Adrián Cortés‐Martín
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - María Ángeles Ávila‐Gálvez
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - Francisco A. Tomás‐Barberán
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - María Victoria Selma
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
| | - Antonio González‐Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on QualitySafety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsCEBAS‐CSICMurciaCampus de EspinardoSpain
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Llambrich S, González-Colom R, Wouters J, Roldán J, Salassa S, Wouters K, Van Bulck V, Sharpe J, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Vande Velde G, Martínez-Abadías N. Green Tea Catechins Modulate Skeletal Development with Effects Dependent on Dose, Time, and Structure in a down Syndrome Mouse Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194167. [PMID: 36235819 PMCID: PMC9572077 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered skeletal development in Down syndrome (DS) results in a brachycephalic skull, flattened face, shorter mandibular ramus, shorter limbs, and reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Our previous study showed that low doses of green tea extract enriched in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (GTE-EGCG), administered continuously from embryonic day 9 to postnatal day 29, reduced facial dysmorphologies in the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of DS, but high doses could exacerbate them. Here, we extended the analyses to other skeletal structures and systematically evaluated the effects of high and low doses of GTE-EGCG treatment over postnatal development in wild-type (WT) and TS mice using in vivo µCT and geometric morphometrics. TS mice developed shorter and wider faces, skulls, and mandibles, together with shorter and narrower humerus and scapula, and reduced BMD dynamically over time. Besides facial morphology, GTE-EGCG did not rescue any other skeletal phenotype in TS treated mice. In WT mice, GTE-EGCG significantly altered the shape of the skull and mandible, reduced the length and width of the long bones, and lowered the BMD. The disparate effects of GTE-EGCG depended on the dose, developmental timepoint, and anatomical structure analyzed, emphasizing the complex nature of DS and the need to further investigate the simultaneous effects of GTE-EGCG supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Llambrich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rubèn González-Colom
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Wouters
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Roldán
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Salassa
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaat Wouters
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vicky Van Bulck
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Sharpe
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- EMBL Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (G.V.V.); (N.M.-A.); Tel.: +32-16330924 (G.V.V.); +34-934034564 (N.M.-A.)
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.V.V.); (N.M.-A.); Tel.: +32-16330924 (G.V.V.); +34-934034564 (N.M.-A.)
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Fraga LN, Milenkovic D, Lajolo FM, Hassimotto NMA. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of SULT1A1, SULT1C4, ABCC2 and Phase II Flavanone Metabolites Excretion after Orange Juice Intake. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183770. [PMID: 36145145 PMCID: PMC9502135 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits and juices are a major source of dietary flavanones, and the regular consumption of these foods is inversely associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the biological benefits depend on the bioavailability of these compounds, and previous studies have reported a large interindividual variability in the absorption and excretion of these compounds. Different factors, such as age, gender or genetic polymorphism of genes coding enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of the flavanones, may explain this heterogeneity. This study aimed to assess the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism of sulfotransferases SULT1A1 and SULT1C4, and ABCC2 transporter genes on excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites in volunteers after 24 h of orange juice intake. Forty-six volunteers ingested a single dose of 500 mL of orange juice and 24-h urine was collected. The hesperetin and naringenin phase II metabolites were quantified in urine, and SNPs in SULT1A1, SULT1C4 and ABCC2 genes were genotyped. A significant (p < 0.05) relationship between the SNPs in these genes and the high excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites were observed. These results identified novel polymorphisms associated with higher absorption of flavanones, which may provide bases for future personalized nutritional guidelines for consuming flavanone-rich foods rich in these nutrients for better benefit from their health properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layanne Nascimento Fraga
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (N.M.A.H.)
| | - Franco Maria Lajolo
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Neuza Mariko Aymoto Hassimotto
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (N.M.A.H.)
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14
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Huang X, Wang Y, Yang W, Dong J, Li L. Regulation of dietary polyphenols on cancer cell pyroptosis and the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Nutr 2022; 9:974896. [PMID: 36091247 PMCID: PMC9453822 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.974896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem that threatens human life worldwide. In recent years, immunotherapy has made great progress in both clinical and laboratory research. But the high heterogeneity and dynamics of tumors makes immunotherapy not suitable for all cancers. Dietary polyphenols have attracted researchers' attention due to their ability to induce cancer cell pyroptosis and to regulate the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This review expounds the regulation of dietary polyphenols and their new forms on cancer cell pyroptosis and the TIME. These dietary polyphenols include curcumin (CUR), resveratrol (RES), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), apigenin, triptolide (TPL), kaempferol, genistein and moscatilin. New forms of dietary polyphenols refer to their synthetic analogs and nano-delivery, liposomes. Studies in the past decade are included. The result shows that dietary polyphenols induce pyroptosis in breast cancer cells, liver cancer cells, oral squamous cells, carcinoma cells, and other cancer cells through different pathways. Moreover, dietary polyphenols exhibit great potential in the TIME regulation by modulating the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, enhancing antitumor immune cells, weakening the function and activity of immunosuppressive cells, and targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to reduce their tumor infiltration and promote their polarization toward the M1 type. Dietary polyphenols are also used with radiotherapy and chemotherapy to improve antitumor immunity and shape a beneficial TIME. In conclusion, dietary polyphenols induce cancer cell pyroptosis and regulate the TIME, providing new ideas for safer cancer cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Dong
| | - Lin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Lin Li
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15
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Safety and preliminary efficacy on cognitive performance and adaptive functionality of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in children with Down syndrome. A randomized phase Ib clinical trial (PERSEUS study). Genet Med 2022; 24:2004-2013. [PMID: 35951014 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although some caregivers are using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) off label in hopes of improving cognition in young adults with Down syndrome (DS), nothing is known about its safety, tolerability, and efficacy in the DS pediatric population. We aimed to evaluate safety and tolerability of a dietary supplement containing EGCG and if EGCG improves cognitive and functional performance. METHODS A total of 73 children with DS (aged 6-12 years) were randomized. Participants received 0.5% EGCG (10 mg/kg daily dose) or placebo for 6 months with 3 months follow up after treatment discontinuation. RESULTS In total, 72 children were treated and 66 completed the study. A total of 38 participants were included in the EGCG group and 35 in the placebo group. Of 72 treated participants, 62 (86%) had 229 treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Of 37 participants in the EGCG group, 13 (35%) had 18 drug-related treatment-emergent AEs and 12 of 35 (34%) from the placebo group had 22 events. In the EGCG group, neither severe AEs nor increase in the incidence of AEs related to safety biomarkers were observed. Cognition and functionality were not improved compared with placebo. Secondary efficacy outcomes in girls point to a need for future work. CONCLUSION The use of EGCG is safe and well-tolerated in children with DS, but efficacy results do not support its use in this population.
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Ntamo Y, Jack B, Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Nkambule BB, Nyambuya TM, Mabhida SE, Hanser S, Orlando P, Tiano L, Dludla PV. Epigallocatechin gallate as a nutraceutical to potentially target the metabolic syndrome: novel insights into therapeutic effects beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:87-109. [PMID: 35916835 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the most abundant and powerful flavonoids contained in green tea. Because of the global increase in green tea consumption, there has been a general interest in understanding its health benefits, including its bioactive compounds like EGCG. Indeed, preclinical evidence already indicates that EGCG demonstrated a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could be essential in protecting against metabolic syndrome. The current review explores clinical evidence reporting on the beneficial effects of EGCG supplementation in obese subjects or patients with diverse metabolic complications that include type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The discussion incorporates the impact of different formulations of EGCG, as well as the effective doses and treatment duration. Importantly, besides highlighting the potential use of EGCG as a nutraceutical, the current review also discusses crucial evidence related to its pharmaceutical development as an agent to hinder metabolic diseases, including its bioavailability and metabolism profile, as well as its well-known biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonela Ntamo
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Babalwa Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | | | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Sihle E Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sidney Hanser
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
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17
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Hayashi A, Terasaka S, Nukada Y, Kameyama A, Yamane M, Shioi R, Iwashita M, Hashizume K, Morita O. 4″-Sulfation Is the Major Metabolic Pathway of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Humans: Characterization of Metabolites, Enzymatic Analysis, and Pharmacokinetic Profiling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8264-8273. [PMID: 35786898 PMCID: PMC9284555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol, has beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed EGCG sulfation process to better understand its phase II metabolism, a process required to maximize its health benefits. Results show that kinetic activity of sulfation in the human liver and intestinal cytosol is 2-fold and 60- to 300-fold higher than that of methylation and glucuronidation, respectively, suggesting sulfation as the key metabolic pathway. Moreover, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfation in the liver and intestine, respectively. Additionally, our human ingestion study revealed that the concentration of EGCG-4″-sulfate in human plasma (Cmax: 177.9 nmol·L-1, AUC: 715.2 nmol·h·L-1) is equivalent to free EGCG (Cmax: 233.5 nmol·L-1, AUC: 664.1 nmol·h·L-1), suggesting that EGCG-4″-sulfate is the key metabolite. These findings indicate that sulfation is a crucial factor for improving EGCG bioavailability, while also advancing the understanding of the bioactivity and toxicity of EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Hayashi
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
- . Tel.: +81-285-68-7214
| | - Shimpei Terasaka
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kameyama
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ryuta Shioi
- Biological
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masazumi Iwashita
- Biological
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Hashizume
- Biological
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- Safety
Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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18
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Combined Curcumin and Luteolin Synergistically Inhibit Colon Cancer Associated with Notch1 and TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Cultured Cells and Xenograft Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123001. [PMID: 35740666 PMCID: PMC9221484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to select a combination of curcumin and luteolin, two phytochemicals from food, at lower concentrations with a higher inhibitory effect on colon cancer growth and investigate possible molecular mechanisms of this anti-colon cancer effect. By pairwise combination screening, we identified that the combination of curcumin (CUR) at 15 μM and luteolin (LUT) at 30 μM (C15L30) synergistically suppressed the proliferation of human colon cancer CL-188 cells, but the individual chemicals had a little inhibitory effect at the selected concentrations. This result was also confirmed in other colon cancer DLD-1cells, suggesting that this synergistic inhibitory effect of C15L30 applies to different colon cancer cells. The combination C15L30 synergistically suppressed the wound closure (wound healing assay) in CL-188 cells. We also found that the combination of CUR and LUT (at 20 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively, IP injection, 5 days for 2 weeks) synergistically suppressed tumor growth in CL-188 cell-derived xenograft mice. Western blot results showed that protein levels of Notch1 and TGF-β were synergistically reduced by the combination, both in CL-188 cells and xenograft tumors. Tumor pathological analysis revealed that combined CUR and LUT synergistically increased necrosis, but the individual treatment with CUR and LUT had no significant effect on tumor necrosis. Therefore, combined curcumin and luteolin synergically inhibit colon cancer development by suppressing cell proliferation, necrosis, and migration associated with Notch1 and TGF-β pathways. This study provides evidence that colon cancer may be prevented/treated by consuming foods having high levels of luteolin and curcumin in humans.
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Zhang L, Wang X, Si H. Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of the combination of resveratrol and curcumin in human vascular endothelial cells and rodent aorta. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 108:109083. [PMID: 35691595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic increased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play critical roles in the development of endothelial dysfunction and therefore induce cardiovascular disease. Although phytochemicals have the potential ability to reduce the risk of CVD, the big gap between required high concentration in cells and the low bioavailability in the blood of phytochemicals compromise their therapeutic potentials. This study aims to investigate if combined phytochemicals at low levels exert a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect and to define relevant molecular mechanisms. Our results found that combined curcumin (5 µM) and resveratrol (5 µM) synergistically (combination index is 0.78) inhibited TNF-α-induced monocytes adhesion to human endothelial EA.hy 926 cells while the individual chemicals did not have such effect at the selected concentrations. The concentrations of curcumin (5 µM) and resveratrol (5 µM) are very close to the maximum level of curcumin (3.56 µM) and resveratrol (2 µM) in human blood. Dietary supplementation of combined curcumin (500mg/kg) and resveratrol (200mg/kg) synergistically reduced TNF-α-induced vascular inflammation in C57BL/6 mice with a similar pattern in cells. Moreover, the combination ameliorated the TNF-α-induced protein expressions and circulating levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in EA.hy 926 cells, mice aorta and serum. Furthermore, combined curcumin and resveratrol significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear protein expression than that by the individual chemical alone in EA.hy 926 cells, indicating that the synergistic effect of the combination may result from that curcumin reduces the required minimum concentration for resveratrol to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In conclusion, the combination of curcumin and resveratrol protects against TNF-α-induced vascular inflammation by suppressing NF-κB signaling in vitro and in vivo models. This study suggests that dietary intake of a combination of curcumin and resveratrol or its foods may be a practical, safe approach to prevent vascular inflammation and therefore prevent/treat vascular diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hongwei Si
- Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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20
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Green Tea Extract to Prevent Colorectal Adenomas, Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:884-894. [PMID: 35213393 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical, epidemiological, and small clinical studies suggest that green tea extract (GTE) and its major active component epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) exhibit antineoplastic effects in the colorectum. METHODS A randomized, double-blind trial of GTE standardized to 150 mg of EGCG b.i.d. vs placebo over 3 years was conducted to prevent colorectal adenomas (n = 1,001 with colon adenomas enrolled, 40 German centers). Randomization (1:1, n = 879) was performed after a 4-week run-in with GTE for safety assessment. The primary end point was the presence of adenoma/colorectal cancer at the follow-up colonoscopy 3 years after randomization. RESULTS The safety profile of GTE was favorable with no major differences in adverse events between the 2 well-balanced groups. Adenoma rate in the modified intention-to-treat set (all randomized participants [intention-to-treat population] and a follow-up colonoscopy 26-44 months after randomization; n = 632) was 55.7% in the placebo and 51.1% in the GTE groups. This 4.6% difference was not statistically significant (adjusted relative risk 0.905; P = 0.1613). The respective figures for the per-protocol population were 54.3% (151/278) in the placebo group and 48.3% (129/267) in the GTE group, indicating a slightly lower adenoma rate in the GTE group, which was not significant (adjusted relative risk 0.883; P = 0.1169). DISCUSSION GTE was well tolerated, but there was no statistically significant difference in the adenoma rate between the GTE and the placebo groups in the whole study population.
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21
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of various PET-bottled Japanese green teas and tea compounds in vitro. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1547-1557. [PMID: 35606466 PMCID: PMC9126694 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious threat to global public health. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is a significant concern regarding the continued effectiveness of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. Thus, natural products such as foods, drinks, and other compounds should be investigated for their potential to treat COVID-19. Here, we examined the in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 of various polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-bottled green Japanese teas and tea compounds. Six types of PET-bottled green tea were shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 121- to 323-fold dilution. Our study revealed for the first time that a variety of PET-bottled Japanese green tea drinks inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in a dilution-dependent manner. The tea compounds epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate showed virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, with IC50 values of 6.5 and 12.5 µM, respectively. The investigated teas and tea compounds inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the viral RNA levels and infectious titers. Furthermore, the green teas and EGCG showed significant inhibition at the entry and post-entry stages of the viral life cycle and inhibited the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease. These findings indicate that green tea drinks and tea compounds are potentially useful in prophylaxis and COVID-19 treatment.
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22
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Farabegoli F, Pinheiro M. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Delivery in Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: Potentiality and Perspectives for Future Applications in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:809706. [PMID: 35496283 PMCID: PMC9046542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.809706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention is a strategy aimed to not only reduce the risk but also delay the development or recurrence of cancer. An ideal chemopreventive agent is not dangerous and ought not to result in side effects or damage to human health. In this context, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is considered a suitable chemopreventive agent, but its clinical use is limited by many factors, namely, the difference in source, administration, individual metabolism, absorption, and distribution. Genetic and dietary differences greatly cause this variability, which has limited the rational use of EGCG in chemoprevention and, particularly, the definition of a safe and efficient concentration. In the present mini review, the main limitations to a complete understanding of the use of EGCG as a chemopreventive agent will be briefly illustrated. This review also indicates the introduction and trialing of lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a proper strategy to deliver EGCG at a well-defined concentration for better investigation of the chemopreventive activity. Finally, some examples of cancers that might benefit from EGCG treatment in different stages of the disease are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Farabegoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fulvia Farabegoli,
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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23
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Iglesias-Carres L, Neilson AP. Utilizing preclinical models of genetic diversity to improve translation of phytochemical activities from rodents to humans and inform personalized nutrition. Food Funct 2021; 12:11077-11105. [PMID: 34672309 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are an essential tool in different areas of research, including nutrition and phytochemical research. Traditional inbred mouse models have allowed the discovery of therapeutical targets and mechanisms of action and expanded our knowledge of health and disease. However, these models lack the genetic variability typically found in human populations, which hinders the translatability of the results found in mice to humans. The development of genetically diverse mouse models, such as the collaborative cross (CC) or the diversity outbred (DO) models, has been a useful tool to overcome this obstacle in many fields, such as cancer, immunology and toxicology. However, these tools have not yet been widely adopted in the field of phytochemical research. As demonstrated in other disciplines, use of CC and DO models has the potential to provide invaluable insights for translation of phytochemicals from rodents to humans, which are desperately needed given the challenges and numerous failed clinical trials in this field. These models may prove informative for personalized use of phytochemicals in humans, including: predicting interindividual variability in phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy, identifying genetic loci or genes governing response to phytochemicals, identifying phytochemical mechanisms of action and therapeutic targets, and understanding the impact of genetic variability on individual response to phytochemicals. Such insights would prove invaluable for personalized implementation of phytochemicals in humans. This review will focus on the current work performed with genetically diverse mouse populations, and the research opportunities and advantages that these models can offer to phytochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
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24
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Zhang S, Gai Z, Gui T, Chen J, Chen Q, Li Y. Antioxidant Effects of Protocatechuic Acid and Protocatechuic Aldehyde: Old Wine in a New Bottle. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6139308. [PMID: 34790246 PMCID: PMC8592717 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6139308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are naturally present as secondary metabolites in plant-based sources such as fruits, vegetables, and spices. They have received considerable attention for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties for protection against many chronic disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. They are categorized into various groups based on their chemical structure and include phenolic acids, flavonoids, curcumins, tannins, and quinolones. Their structural variations contribute to their specific beneficial effects on human health. The antioxidant property of phenolic compounds protects against oxidative stress by up-regulation of endogenous antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, and anti-apoptotic activity. Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PAL; 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) are naturally occurring polyphenols found in vegetables, fruits, and herbs. PCA and PAL are the primary metabolites of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, which have been shown to possess pharmacological actions including antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of PCA and PAL by comprehensively summarizing their pharmacological properties reported to date, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ting Gui
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Juanli Chen
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- The Third Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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25
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Iglesias-Aguirre CE, Cortés-Martín A, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Selma MV, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Main drivers of (poly)phenol effects on human health: metabolite production and/or gut microbiota-associated metabotypes? Food Funct 2021; 12:10324-10355. [PMID: 34558584 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high human interindividual variability in response to (poly)phenol consumption, the cause-and-effect relationship between some dietary (poly)phenols (flavanols and olive oil phenolics) and health effects (endothelial function and prevention of LDL oxidation, respectively) has been well established. Most of the variables affecting this interindividual variability have been identified (food matrix, gut microbiota, single-nucleotide-polymorphisms, etc.). However, the final drivers for the health effects of (poly)phenol consumption have not been fully identified. At least partially, these drivers could be (i) the (poly)phenols ingested that exert their effect in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the bioavailable metabolites that exert their effects systemically and/or (iii) the gut microbial ecology associated with (poly)phenol metabolism (i.e., gut microbiota-associated metabotypes). However, statistical associations between health effects and the occurrence of circulating and/or excreted metabolites, as well as cross-sectional studies that correlate gut microbial ecologies and health, do not prove a causal role unequivocally. We provide a critical overview and perspective on the possible main drivers of the effects of (poly)phenols on human health and suggest possible actions to identify the putative actors responsible for the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Á Ávila-Gálvez
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan A Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María V Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Shah D, Gandhi M, Kumar A, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma R, Nair S. Current insights into epigenetics, noncoding RNA interactome and clinical pharmacokinetics of dietary polyphenols in cancer chemoprevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1755-1791. [PMID: 34433338 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the health-beneficial effects of dietary phytochemicals, namely polyphenols, to prevent various diseases, including cancer. Polyphenols, like (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea, curcumin from turmeric, and ellagic acid from pomegranate are known to act by modulating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptotic signal transduction pathways in the tumor milieu. The evolving literature underscores the role of epigenetic regulation of genes associated with cancer by these polyphenols, primarily via non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). However, there is little clarity on the exact role(s) played by these ncRNAs and their interactions with other ncRNAs, or with their protein targets, in response to modulation by these dietary polyphenols. Here, we review ncRNA interactions and functional networks of the complex ncRNA interactome with their targets in preclinical studies along with the role of epigenetics as well as key aspects of pharmacokinetics and phytochemistry of dietary polyphenols. We also summarize the current state of clinical trials with these dietary polyphenols. Taken together, this synthetic review provides insights into the molecular aspects underlying the anticancer chemopreventive effects of dietary polyphenols as well as summarizes data on novel biomarkers modulated by these polyphenols for preventive or therapeutic purposes in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arun Kumar
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Timarpur Delhi, India
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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27
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Ohgitani E, Shin-Ya M, Ichitani M, Kobayashi M, Takihara T, Kawamoto M, Kinugasa H, Mazda O. Significant Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro by a Green Tea Catechin, a Catechin-Derivative, and Black Tea Galloylated Theaflavins. Molecules 2021; 26:3572. [PMID: 34208050 PMCID: PMC8230566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential effects of tea and its constituents on SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed in vitro. Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 was decreased to 1/100 to undetectable levels after a treatment with black tea, green tea, roasted green tea, or oolong tea for 1 min. An addition of (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) significantly inactivated SARS-CoV-2, while the same concentration of theasinensin A (TSA) and galloylated theaflavins including theaflavin 3,3'-di-O-gallate (TFDG) had more remarkable anti-viral activities. EGCG, TSA, and TFDG at 1 mM, 40 µM, and 60 µM, respectively, which are comparable to the concentrations of these compounds in tea beverages, significantly reduced infectivity of the virus, viral RNA replication in cells, and secondary virus production from the cells. EGCG, TSA, and TFDG significantly inhibited interaction between recombinant ACE2 and RBD of S protein. These results suggest potential usefulness of tea in prevention of person-to-person transmission of the novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Masaki Ichitani
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Makinohara, Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Makinohara, Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Takanobu Takihara
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Makinohara, Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Masaya Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Hitoshi Kinugasa
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Makinohara, Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan; (M.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (M.K.)
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28
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Zwolak I. Epigallocatechin Gallate for Management of Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Concerns. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4027. [PMID: 33919748 PMCID: PMC8070748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against toxicities induced by heavy metals (HMs). This most active green tea polyphenol was demonstrated to reduce HM toxicity in such cells and tissues as testis, liver, kidney, and neural cells. Several protective mechanisms that seem to play a pivotal role in EGCG-induced effects, including reactive oxygen species scavenging, HM chelation, activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), anti-inflammatory effects, and protection of mitochondria, are described. However, some studies, especially in vitro experiments, reported potentiation of harmful HM actions in the presence of EGCG. The adverse impact of EGCG on HM toxicity may be explained by such events as autooxidation of EGCG, EGCG-mediated iron (Fe3+) reduction, depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and disruption of mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, challenges hampering the potential EGCG application related to its low bioavailability and proper dosing are also discussed. Overall, in this review, we point out insights into mechanisms that might account for both the beneficial and adverse effects of EGCG in HM poisoning, which may have a bearing on the design of new therapeutics for HM intoxication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zwolak
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Ave. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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29
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Lee Y, Lee J, Lim C. Anticancer activity of flavonoids accompanied by redox state modulation and the potential for a chemotherapeutic strategy. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:321-340. [PMID: 33868744 PMCID: PMC8017064 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since researchers began studying the mechanism of flavonoids' anticancer activity, little attention has been focused on the modulation of redox state in cells as a potential chemotherapeutic strategy. However, recent studies have begun identifying that the anticancer effect of flavonoids occurs both in their antioxidative activity which scavenges ROS and their prooxidative activity which generates ROS. Against this backdrop, this study attempts to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the individual and separate study findings regarding flavonoids' modulation of redox state in cancer cells. It focuses on the mechanism behind the anticancer effect, and mostly on the modulation of redox potential by flavonoids such as quercetin, hesperetin, apigenin, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), luteolin and kaempferol in both in vitro and animal models. In addition, the clinical applications of and bioavailability of flavonoids were reviewed to help build a treatment strategy based on flavonoids' prooxidative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkyu Lee
- Foood and Nutrition, College of Science and Engineering, Dongseo University, Jurae-ro 47, Sasang-Gu, Busan, 47011 Korea
| | - Jehyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Daesingongwon-ro 32, Seo-Gu, Busan, 49201 Korea
| | - Changbaek Lim
- Central Research & Development Center, Daewoo Pharmaceutical Co, LTD. 153, Dadae-ro, Saha-gu, Busan, 49393 Korea
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30
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Yaneva Z, Ivanova D. Catechins within the Biopolymer Matrix-Design Concepts and Bioactivity Prospects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1180. [PMID: 33256098 PMCID: PMC7761086 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and clinical investigations proposed that catechins extracts alone may not provide a sufficient level of bioactivities and promising therapeutic effects to achieve health benefits due to a number of constraints related to poor oral absorption, limited bioavailability, sensitivity to oxidation, etc. Modern scientific studies have reported numerous techniques for the design of micro- and nano-bio-delivery systems as novel and promising strategies to overcome these obstacles and to enhance catechins' therapeutic activity. The objective assessment of their benefits, however, requires a critical comparative estimation of the advantages and disadvantages of the designed catechins-biocarrier systems, their biological activities and safety administration aspects. In this respect, the present review objectively outlines, compares and assesses the recent advances related to newly developed design concepts of catechins' encapsulation into various biopolymer carriers and their release behaviour, with a special emphasis on the specific physiological biofunctionalities of the innovative bioflavonoid/biopolymer delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvezdelina Yaneva
- Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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31
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Arowoogun J, Akanni OO, Adefisan AO, Owumi SE, Tijani AS, Adaramoye OA. Rutin ameliorates copper sulfate-induced brain damage via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22623. [PMID: 32881150 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to Copper (Cu) may result in Cu toxicity and adversely affect health outcomes. We investigated the protective role of rutin on Cu-induced brain damage. Experimental rats were treated as follows: group I: control; group II: Cu-sulfate: 200 mg/kg; group III: Cu-sulfate, and rutin 100 mg/kg; and group IV: rutin 100 mg/kg, for 7 weeks. Cu only treatment significantly decreased body weight gain, while rutin cotreatment reversed this decrease. Cu treatment increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide level, and myeloperoxidase activity and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat brain. Immunohistochemistry showed that COX-2, iNOS, and Bcl-2 proteins were strongly expressed, while Bax was mildly expressed in the brain of Cu-treated rats. Furthermore, brain histology revealed degenerated neurons, and perforated laminae of cerebral cortex in the Cu-only treated rats. Interestingly, coadministration of Cu and rutin reduced the observed histological alteration, improved inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers, thereby protecting against Cu-induced brain damage via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Arowoogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola O Akanni
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adedoyin O Adefisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon E Owumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluwatosin A Adaramoye
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Braal CL, Hussaarts KGAM, Seuren L, Oomen-de Hoop E, de Bruijn P, Buck SAJ, Bos MEMM, Thijs-Visser MF, Zuetenhorst HJM, Mathijssen-van Stein D, Vastbinder MB, van Leeuwen RWF, van Gelder T, Koolen SLW, Jager A, Mathijssen RHJ. Influence of green tea consumption on endoxifen steady-state concentration in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:107-113. [PMID: 32803636 PMCID: PMC7595994 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Many cancer patients use additional herbs or supplements in combination with their anti-cancer therapy. Green tea—active ingredient epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)—is one of the most commonly used dietary supplements among breast cancer patients. EGCG may alter the metabolism of tamoxifen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of green tea supplements on the pharmacokinetics of endoxifen; the most relevant active metabolite of tamoxifen. Methods In this single-center, randomized cross-over trial, effects of green tea capsules on endoxifen levels were evaluated. Patients treated with tamoxifen for at least 3 months were eligible for this study. After inclusion, patients were consecutively treated with tamoxifen monotherapy for 28 days and in combination with green tea supplements (1 g twice daily; containing 300 mg EGCG) for 14 days (or vice versa). Blood samples were collected on the last day of monotherapy or combination therapy. Area under the curve (AUC0–24h), maximum concentration (Cmax) and minimum concentration (Ctrough) were obtained from individual plasma concentration–time curves. Results No difference was found in geometric mean endoxifen AUC0–24h in the period with green tea versus tamoxifen monotherapy (− 0.4%; 95% CI − 8.6 to 8.5%; p = 0.92). Furthermore, no differences in Cmax (− 2.8%; − 10.6 to 5.6%; p = 0.47) nor Ctrough (1.2%; − 7.3 to 10.5%; p = 0.77) were found. Moreover, no severe toxicity was reported during the whole study period. Conclusions This study demonstrated the absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between green tea supplements and tamoxifen. Therefore, the use of green tea by patients with tamoxifen does not have to be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Louwrens Braal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen G A M Hussaarts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Seuren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Oomen-de Hoop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Bruijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan A J Buck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E M M Bos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Mijntje B Vastbinder
- Department of Internal Medicine, IJsselland Hospital, Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof W F van Leeuwen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, CN, PO Box 2040, 3015, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Andreu Fernández V, Almeida Toledano L, Pizarro Lozano N, Navarro Tapia E, Gómez Roig MD, De la Torre Fornell R, García Algar Ó. Bioavailability of Epigallocatechin Gallate Administered With Different Nutritional Strategies in Healthy Volunteers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E440. [PMID: 32438698 PMCID: PMC7278615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavanol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is being tested for the treatment of several diseases in humans. However, its bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile needs a better understanding to enable its use in clinical trials. There is no consensus on the most appropriate concentration of EGCG in the body to obtain the maximum therapeutic effects. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the bioavailability of EGCG orally administered alone or with different food supplements after overnight fasting in order to determine its optimal conditions (high concentrations in blood and the lowest interindividual variations) to be used as a pharmacological tool in human trials. Ten healthy volunteers (5 men and 5 women) aged 25 to 35 years were recruited prospectively. Three series of clinical experiments with a washout period of seven days among each were performed: 1) Teavigo® (EGCG extract) alone, 2) Teavigo® with a standard breakfast, and 3) FontUp® (Teavigo® commercially prepared with fats, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals). Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min after EGCG intake. Free EGCG in plasma was measured using a liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method. The pharmacokinetic variables analyzed statistically were area under the curve (AUC0-360), Cmax, Cav, Cmin, T1/2, and Tmax,. EGCG (Teavigo®) alone was the group with higher AUC0-360, Cmax, and Cav both in men (3.86 ± 4.11 µg/mL/kg/6 h; 5.95 ng/mL/kg; 2.96 ng/mL/kg) and women (3.33 ± 1.08 µg/mL/kg/6 h; 6.66 ng/mL/kg; 3.66 ng/mL). Moreover, FontUp® was the group with the highest value of T1/2 both in men (192 ± 66 min) and women (133 ± 28 min). Teavigo® intake after fasting overnight revealed the highest concentration of EGCG in plasma according to its pharmacokinetic profile, indicating that this is an excellent alternative of administration if the experimental design requires good absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, EGCG taken along with food supplements (FontUp®) improved the stability of the molecule in the body, being the best choice if the experimental design wants to reduce interindividual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Andreu Fernández
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.T.); (M.D.G.R.)
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Almeida Toledano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.T.); (M.D.G.R.)
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- BCNatal—Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nieves Pizarro Lozano
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.L.); (R.D.l.T.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elisabet Navarro Tapia
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.T.); (M.D.G.R.)
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez Roig
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.T.); (M.D.G.R.)
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- BCNatal—Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael De la Torre Fornell
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.P.L.); (R.D.l.T.F.)
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), University Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar García Algar
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, IDIBAPS, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Naturally Occurring PCSK9 Inhibitors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051440. [PMID: 32429343 PMCID: PMC7284437 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, epidemiological and pharmacological data have led to the conclusion that antagonizing or inhibiting Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduces cardiovascular events. This clinical outcome is mainly related to the pivotal role of PCSK9 in controlling low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The absence of oral and affordable anti-PCSK9 medications has limited the beneficial effects of this new therapeutic option. A possible breakthrough in this field may come from the discovery of new naturally occurring PCSK9 inhibitors as a starting point for the development of oral, small molecules, to be used in combination with statins in order to increase the percentage of patients reaching their LDL-cholesterol target levels. In the present review, we have summarized the current knowledge on natural compounds or extracts that have shown an inhibitory effect on PCSK9, either in experimental or clinical settings. When available, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of the listed compounds are described.
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Hao Z, Gong L, Shen Q, Wang H, Feng S, Wang X, Cai Y, Chen J. Effectiveness of concomitant use of green tea and polyethylene glycol in bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled study. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:150. [PMID: 32404056 PMCID: PMC7218831 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene glycol solution (PEG) is widely used for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopies. However, patients often exhibited adverse events as nausea, vomit and distention due to its uncomfortable tastes and potential side affects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of concomitant use of green tea (GT) with PEG in bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized controlled study. It was conducted at an outpatient setting of colorectal surgery in a tertiary hospital. Patients aged 18 through 80 who were scheduled to undergo colonoscopy between August 2015 and February 2016 were randomly assigned into two groups, admitting either 2 L-PEG solutions with 1 L GT liquids or 2 L-PEG solutions only for bowel preparation. Admitted doses of PEG solutions, taste evaluation, adverse reactions (nausea and vomiting, distention and abdominal pain) were investigated by questionnaires. The bowel cleanliness of each patient was evaluated according to the Aronchick indicators. RESULTS A total of 116 patients were enrolled in this study (PEG+GT 59, PEG 57). Full compliances were achieved in 93.2% patients of group PEG+GT and 59.6% of group PEG (p < 0.001). Mean Aronchick scale between two groups were 2.0 ± 0.9 versus 2.2 ± 0.7 respectively (PEG+GT vs PEG, p = 0.296). Rates of adverse events as nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain in bowel preparation were significantly different between two groups (55.9% vs 77.2%, p = 0.015 and 13.6% vs 33.3%, p = 0.012). Patients in group PEG+GT who have probabilities to receive repeating colonoscopy had a higher willingness to accept PEG+GT again for bowel preparation, compared with PEG group (94.9% vs 57.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Concomitant use of green tea and polyethylene glycol may effectively reduce incidence of adverse events, increase compliances, with comparable bowel cleanliness in bowel preparation. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was retrospectively registered on Feb 1st, 2019 (ChiCTR1900021178).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lifeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Endoscopic Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huipeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shaowen Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuankun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Tseng HC, Wang MH, Chang KC, Soung HS, Fang CH, Lin YW, Li KY, Yang CC, Tsai CC. Protective Effect of (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism-like Symptoms in Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:669-682. [PMID: 31811588 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone (ROT)-induced neurotoxicity has been used for decades as an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. This model exhibits pathophysiological features similar to those reported in patients with PD, namely, striatal nitrosative and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neural cytoarchitecture alteration. (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and potent green tea catechin, has notable anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential protective effects of EGCG on ROT-induced motor and neurochemical dysfunctions in rats. Furthermore, we also aimed to study the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying these effects. ROT treatment (0.5 mg/kg s.c., 21 days) reduced body weight and induced significant motor impairments as assessed using an open-field test, rotarod test, grip strength measurement, and beam-crossing task. EGCG treatment (100 or 300 mg/kg i.p., 60 min prior to ROT administration, 21 days) prevented most of the ROT-induced motor impairments. Moreover, EGCG treatment reduced ROT-induced nitric oxide (NO) level and lipid peroxidation (LPO) production; increased the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), ATPase, and ETC enzymes and the levels of catecholamines in the striatum; and reduced the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers. These results demonstrate the possible neuroprotective effects of EGCG against ROT-induced motor impairments, including anti-oxidatory effect, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, prevention of neurochemical deficiency, anti-neuroinflammatory effect, and anti-apoptotic effect. This is the first report about the neuroprotective effect of EGCG against ROT-induced motor impairments, and the above evidence provides a potential clinically relevant role for EGCG in delaying or treating human PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chien Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 11101, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mao-Hsien Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City, 23702, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chi Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Sheng Soung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuan-Shan Br. of Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Yilan County, 26604, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsiang Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Keng-Yuan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Virgous C, Si H. Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of combined phytochemicals. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 69:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rafieian N, Azimi S, Manifar S, Julideh H, ShirKhoda M. Is there any association between green tea consumption and the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Finding from a case-control study. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:280-284. [PMID: 30583134 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Green tea consumption has been shown to reduce the incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in experimental animal models, however the results from human studies are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between green tea consumption and the risk of HNSCC. DESIGN The study utilised a standardised questionnaire to investigate the relationship between green tea consumption and HNSCC experience. Data about amount of green tea consumption was recorded from 147 patients with HNSCC and 263 age and gender matched controls. The results were analyzed with SPSS statistical software Version 21 using Chi- square test, and Logistic Regression (with a 95% confidence interval). Significance levels were set at 95% and p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between different groups of tea consumers in terms of HNSCC risk (P < 0.001). The risk of developing oral cancer those who consume <1 cup of green tea daily was (OR = 0.29 (0.16-0.52) and for the group of > = 1 cup green tea consumers was 0.38(0.17-0.86) of those who never consume green tea (Reference point) after adjustment for other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The findings support that green tea consumption may reduce the risk of HNSCC. To confirm the efficacy of green tea intake in preventing the development of HNSCC in humans further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Rafieian
- Oral Medicine Department, Dental School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Dietary supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Somayyeh Azimi
- Honorary research Fellow, International Research Collaborative - Oral Health and Equity, Department of Human Sciences, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Soheila Manifar
- Assistant professor, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamideh Julideh
- Dentist, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad ShirKhoda
- Assistant professor of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bitner BF, Ray JD, Kener KB, Herring JA, Tueller JA, Johnson DK, Tellez Freitas CM, Fausnacht DW, Allen ME, Thomson AH, Weber KS, McMillan RP, Hulver MW, Brown DA, Tessem JS, Neilson AP. Common gut microbial metabolites of dietary flavonoids exert potent protective activities in β-cells and skeletal muscle cells. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 62:95-107. [PMID: 30286378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are dietary compounds with potential anti-diabetes activities. Many flavonoids have poor bioavailability and thus low circulating concentrations. Unabsorbed flavonoids are metabolized by the gut microbiota to smaller metabolites, which are more bioavailable than their precursors. The activities of these metabolites may be partly responsible for associations between flavonoids and health. However, these activities remain poorly understood. We investigated bioactivities of flavonoid microbial metabolites [hippuric acid (HA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-phenylvaleric acid (5PVA)] in primary skeletal muscle and β-cells compared to a native flavonoid [(-)-epicatechin, EC]. In muscle, EC was the most potent stimulator of glucose oxidation, while 5PVA and HA simulated glucose metabolism at 25 μM, and all compounds preserved mitochondrial function after insult. However, EC and the metabolites did not uncouple mitochonndrial respiration, with the exception of 5PVA at10 μM. In β-cells, all metabolites more potently enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) compared to EC. Unlike EC, the metabolites appear to enhance GSIS without enhancing β-cell mitochondrial respiration or increasing expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain components, and with varying effects on β-cell insulin content. The present results demonstrate the activities of flavonoid microbial metabolites for preservation of β-cell function and glucose utilization. Additionally, our data suggest that metabolites and native compounds may act by distinct mechanisms, suggesting complementary and synergistic activities in vivo which warrant further investigation. This raises the intriguing prospect that bioavailability of native dietary flavonoids may not be as critical of a limiting factor to bioactivity as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Bitner
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S243 ESC, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jason D Ray
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S243 ESC, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Kyle B Kener
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S243 ESC, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jacob A Herring
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S243 ESC, Provo, UT 84602; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3137 LSB, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Josie A Tueller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3137 LSB, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Deborah K Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3137 LSB, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Claudia M Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3137 LSB, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Dane W Fausnacht
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Mitchell E Allen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Alexander H Thomson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3137 LSB, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Ryan P McMillan
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060; Metabolic Phenotyping Core Facility, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060; Metabolic Phenotyping Core Facility, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060; Metabolic Phenotyping Core Facility, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060; Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, 800 West Campus Dr. Room 3111, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S243 ESC, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060.
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40
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Miyata Y, Matsuo T, Araki K, Nakamura Y, Sagara Y, Ohba K, Sakai H. Anticancer Effects of Green Tea and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms in Bladder Cancer. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:medicines5030087. [PMID: 30103466 PMCID: PMC6164790 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Green tea and green tea polyphenols (GTPs) are reported to inhibit carcinogenesis and malignant behavior in several diseases. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that GTPs suppress the incidence and development of bladder cancer. However, at present, opinions concerning the anticancer effects and preventive role of green tea are conflicting. In addition, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of green tea in bladder cancer remain unclear, as these effects are regulated by several cancer-related factors. A detailed understanding of the pathological roles and regulatory mechanisms at the molecular level is necessary for advancing treatment strategies based on green tea consumption for patients with bladder cancer. In this review, we discuss the anticancer effects of GTPs on the basis of data presented in in vitro studies in bladder cancer cell lines and in vivo studies using animal models, as well as new treatment strategies for patients with bladder cancer, based on green tea consumption. Finally, on the basis of the accumulated data and the main findings, we discuss the potential usefulness of green tea as an antibladder cancer agent and the future direction of green tea-based treatment strategies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Araki
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yuji Sagara
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 852-8501 Nagasaki, Japan.
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41
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Park JE, Kim TE, Shin KH. Quantitative Analysis of Four Catechins from Green Tea Extract in Human Plasma Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Pharmacokinetic Studies. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040984. [PMID: 29690635 PMCID: PMC6017899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea is consumed as a beverage worldwide and has beneficial effects, such as a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. A quantitative analysis of the beneficial components in plasma is important for understanding the potential health benefits of green tea. Four catechins—epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin (EC)—which account for the majority of the components of green tea, were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In this study, a validated method was optimized to obtain the blood concentrations after the one-time ingestion of 630 mg green tea extract with digoxin and then after the ingestion of 630 mg green tea repeatedly for 15 days. The calibration curve, including the LLOQ, was constructed over 1–500 ng/mL for EGCG, ECG, and EGC and 0.1–50 ng/mL for EC. The method for inter- and intra-validation was applied, acceptable for both accuracy and precision. We successfully developed an appropriate UPLC-MS/MS method for human plasma with good reproducibility and sensitivity. Thus, this method could be applied for future preclinical and clinical studies on EGCG, ECG, EGC, and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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