1
|
Mentzer AJ, Dilthey AT, Pollard M, Gurdasani D, Karakoc E, Carstensen T, Muhwezi A, Cutland C, Diarra A, da Silva Antunes R, Paul S, Smits G, Wareing S, Kim H, Pomilla C, Chong AY, Brandt DYC, Nielsen R, Neaves S, Timpson N, Crinklaw A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Rautanen A, Kizito D, Parks T, Auckland K, Elliott KE, Mills T, Ewer K, Edwards N, Fatumo S, Webb E, Peacock S, Jeffery K, van der Klis FRM, Kaleebu P, Vijayanand P, Peters B, Sette A, Cereb N, Sirima S, Madhi SA, Elliott AM, McVean G, Hill AVS, Sandhu MS. High-resolution African HLA resource uncovers HLA-DRB1 expression effects underlying vaccine response. Nat Med 2024; 30:1384-1394. [PMID: 38740997 PMCID: PMC11108778 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
How human genetic variation contributes to vaccine effectiveness in infants is unclear, and data are limited on these relationships in populations with African ancestries. We undertook genetic analyses of vaccine antibody responses in infants from Uganda (n = 1391), Burkina Faso (n = 353) and South Africa (n = 755), identifying associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and antibody response for five of eight tested antigens spanning pertussis, diphtheria and hepatitis B vaccines. In addition, through HLA typing 1,702 individuals from 11 populations of African ancestry derived predominantly from the 1000 Genomes Project, we constructed an imputation resource, fine-mapping class II HLA-DR and DQ associations explaining up to 10% of antibody response variance in our infant cohorts. We observed differences in the genetic architecture of pertussis antibody response between the cohorts with African ancestries and an independent cohort with European ancestry, but found no in silico evidence of differences in HLA peptide binding affinity or breadth. Using immune cell expression quantitative trait loci datasets derived from African-ancestry samples from the 1000 Genomes Project, we found evidence of differential HLA-DRB1 expression correlating with inferred protection from pertussis following vaccination. This work suggests that HLA-DRB1 expression may play a role in vaccine response and should be considered alongside peptide selection to improve vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Mentzer
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alexander T Dilthey
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan Muhwezi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Clare Cutland
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS) 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Sinu Paul
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gaby Smits
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Wareing
- Microbiology Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Amanda Y Chong
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Debora Y C Brandt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, California, CA, USA
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, California, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Neaves
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicolas Timpson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Austin Crinklaw
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Anna Rautanen
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dennison Kizito
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Tom Parks
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kate E Elliott
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tara Mills
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Segun Fatumo
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- The Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, London, UK
| | - Emily Webb
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Peacock
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Microbiology Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Bjorn Peters
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sodiomon Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS) 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, London, UK
| | - Gil McVean
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dobbs KR, Atieli HE, Valim C, Beeson JG. Previous Malaria Exposures and Immune Dysregulation: Developing Strategies To Improve Malaria Vaccine Efficacy in Young Children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:627-630. [PMID: 38442424 PMCID: PMC10993830 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
After several decades in development, two malaria vaccines based on the same antigen and with very similar constructs and adjuvants, RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) and R21/Matrix-M (R21), were recommended by the WHO for widespread vaccination of children. These vaccines are much-needed additions to malaria control programs that, when used in conjunction with other control measures, will help to accelerate reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality. Although R21 is not yet available, RTS,S is currently being integrated into routine vaccine schedules in some areas. However, the efficacy of RTS,S is partial, short-lived, and varies widely according to age and geographic location. It is not clear why RTS,S induces protection in some individuals and not others, what the immune mechanisms are that favor protective immunity with RTS,S, and how immune mechanisms are influenced by host and environmental factors. Several studies suggest that higher levels of previous malaria exposure negatively impact RTS,S clinical efficacy. In this article, we summarize data suggesting that previous malaria exposures negatively impact the efficacy of RTS,S and other malaria vaccine candidates. We highlight recent evidence suggesting that increasing malaria exposure impairs the generation of functional antibody responses to RTS,S. Finally, we discuss how investigation of clinical and immune factors associated with suboptimal responses to RTS,S can be used to develop strategies to optimize RTS,S, which will remain relevant to R21 and next-generation vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clarissa Valim
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reinke S, Pantazi E, Chappell GR, Sanchez-Martinez A, Guyon R, Fergusson JR, Salman AM, Aktar A, Mukhopadhyay E, Ventura RA, Auderset F, Dubois PM, Collin N, Hill AVS, Bezbradica JS, Milicic A. Emulsion and liposome-based adjuvanted R21 vaccine formulations mediate protection against malaria through distinct immune mechanisms. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101245. [PMID: 37913775 PMCID: PMC10694591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvanted protein vaccines offer high efficacy, yet most potent adjuvants remain proprietary. Several adjuvant compounds are being developed by the Vaccine Formulation Institute in Switzerland for global open access clinical use. In the context of the R21 malaria vaccine, in a mouse challenge model, we characterize the efficacy and mechanism of action of four Vaccine Formulation Institute adjuvants: two liposomal (LQ and LMQ) and two squalene emulsion-based adjuvants (SQ and SMQ), containing QS-21 saponin (Q) and optionally a synthetic TLR4 agonist (M). Two R21 vaccine formulations, R21/LMQ and R21/SQ, offer the highest protection (81%-100%), yet they trigger different innate sensing mechanisms in macrophages with LMQ, but not SQ, activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. The resulting in vivo adaptive responses have a different TH1/TH2 balance and engage divergent innate pathways while retaining high protective efficacy. We describe how modular changes in vaccine formulation allow for the dissection of the underlying immune pathways, enabling future mechanistically informed vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Reinke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eirini Pantazi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Gabrielle R Chappell
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Romain Guyon
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joannah R Fergusson
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anjum Aktar
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Ekta Mukhopadhyay
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Roland A Ventura
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Rue du Champ-Blanchod 4, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Rue du Champ-Blanchod 4, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Patrice M Dubois
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Rue du Champ-Blanchod 4, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Rue du Champ-Blanchod 4, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| | - Anita Milicic
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Despite significant declines in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality over the last two decades, it remains a major public health burden in many countries. This underscores the critical need for improved strategies to prevent, treat and control malaria if we are to ultimately progress towards the eradication of this disease. Ideally, this will include the development and deployment of a highly effective malaria vaccine that is able to induce long-lasting protective immunity. There are many malaria vaccine candidates in development, with more than a dozen of these in clinical development. RTS,S/AS01 (also known as Mosquirix) is the most advanced malaria vaccine and was shown to have modest efficacy against clinical malaria in phase III trials in 5- to 17-month-old infants. Following pilot implementation trials, the World Health Organisation has recommended it for use in Africa in young children who are most at risk of infection with P. falciparum, the deadliest of the human malaria parasites. It is well recognised that more effective malaria vaccines are needed. In this review, we discuss malaria vaccine candidates that have progressed into clinical evaluation and highlight the most advanced candidates: Sanaria's irradiated sporozoite vaccine (PfSPZ Vaccine), the chemoattenuated sporozoite vaccine (PfSPZ-CVac), RTS,S/AS01 and the novel malaria vaccine candidate, R21, which displayed promising, high-level efficacy in a recent small phase IIb trial in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle I Stanisic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pierzynowska K, Morcinek-Orłowska J, Gaffke L, Jaroszewicz W, Skowron PM, Węgrzyn G. Applications of the phage display technology in molecular biology, biotechnology and medicine. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-41. [PMID: 37270791 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2219741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phage display technology is based on the presentation of peptide sequences on the surface of virions of bacteriophages. Its development led to creation of sophisticated systems based on the possibility of the presentation of a huge variability of peptides, attached to one of proteins of bacteriophage capsids. The use of such systems allowed for achieving enormous advantages in the processes of selection of bioactive molecules. In fact, the phage display technology has been employed in numerous fields of biotechnology, as diverse as immunological and biomedical applications (in both diagnostics and therapy), the formation of novel materials, and many others. In this paper, contrary to many other review articles which were focussed on either specific display systems or the use of phage display in selected fields, we present a comprehensive overview of various possibilities of applications of this technology. We discuss an usefulness of the phage display technology in various fields of science, medicine and the broad sense of biotechnology. This overview indicates the spread and importance of applications of microbial systems (exemplified by the phage display technology), pointing to the possibility of developing such sophisticated tools when advanced molecular methods are used in microbiological studies, accompanied with understanding of details of structures and functions of microbial entities (bacteriophages in this case).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Weronika Jaroszewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr M Skowron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rzymski P. Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19 vaccines: focus on adenoviral vectors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183258. [PMID: 37180147 PMCID: PMC10169623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is a life-saving intervention. However, it does not come up without a risk of rare adverse events, which frequency varies between vaccines developed using different technological platforms. The increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been reported for selected adenoviral vector vaccines but not for other vaccine types, including more widely used mRNA preparations. Therefore, it is unlikely that GBS results from the cross-reactivity of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein generated after the COVID-19 vaccination. This paper outlines two hypotheses according to which increased risk of GBS following adenoviral vaccination is due to (1) generation of anti-vector antibodies that may cross-react with proteins involved in biological processes related to myelin and axons, or (2) neuroinvasion of selected adenovirus vectors to the peripheral nervous system, infection of neurons and subsequent inflammation and neuropathies. The rationale behind these hypotheses is outlined, advocating further epidemiological and experimental research to verify them. This is particularly important given the ongoing interest in using adenoviruses in developing vaccines against various infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nourani L, Mehrizi AA, Pirahmadi S, Pourhashem Z, Asadollahi E, Jahangiri B. CRISPR/Cas advancements for genome editing, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccine development for Plasmodium parasites, and genetic engineering of Anopheles mosquito vector. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 109:105419. [PMID: 36842543 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria as vector-borne disease remains important health concern with over 200 million cases globally. Novel antimalarial medicines and more effective vaccines must be developed to eliminate and eradicate malaria. Appraisal of preceding genome editing approaches confirmed the CRISPR/Cas nuclease system as a novel proficient genome editing system and a tool for species-specific diagnosis, and drug resistance researches for Plasmodium species, and gene drive to control Anopheles population. CRISPR/Cas technology, as a handy tool for genome editing can be justified for the production of transgenic malaria parasites like Plasmodium transgenic lines expressing Cas9, chimeric Plasmodium transgenic lines, knockdown and knockout transgenic parasites, and transgenic parasites expressing alternative alleles, and also mutant strains of Anopheles such as only male mosquito populations, generation of wingless mosquitoes, and creation of knock-out/ knock-in mutants. Though, the incorporation of traditional methods and novel molecular techniques could noticeably enhance the quality of results. The striking development of a CRISPR/Cas-based diagnostic kit that can specifically diagnose the Plasmodium species or drug resistance markers is highly required in malaria settings with affordable cost and high-speed detection. Furthermore, the advancement of genome modifications by CRISPR/Cas technologies resolves contemporary restrictions to culturing, maintaining, and analyzing these parasites, and the aptitude to investigate parasite genome functions opens up new vistas in the better understanding of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nourani
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Pourhashem
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Asadollahi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Jahangiri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recent Advances in the Development of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines for Parasitic Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030334. [PMID: 36986434 PMCID: PMC10058461 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against parasites have lagged centuries behind those against viral and bacterial infections, despite the devastating morbidity and widespread effects of parasitic diseases across the globe. One of the greatest hurdles to parasite vaccine development has been the lack of vaccine strategies able to elicit the complex and multifaceted immune responses needed to abrogate parasitic persistence. Viral vectors, especially adenovirus (AdV) vectors, have emerged as a potential solution for complex disease targets, including HIV, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases, to name a few. AdVs are highly immunogenic and are uniquely able to drive CD8+ T cell responses, which are known to be correlates of immunity in infections with most protozoan and some helminthic parasites. This review presents recent developments in AdV-vectored vaccines targeting five major human parasitic diseases: malaria, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. Many AdV-vectored vaccines have been developed for these diseases, utilizing a wide variety of vectors, antigens, and modes of delivery. AdV-vectored vaccines are a promising approach for the historically challenging target of human parasitic diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sandalinas F, Filteau S, Joy EJM, Segovia de la Revilla L, MacDougall A, Hopkins H. Measuring the impact of malaria infection on indicators of iron and vitamin A status: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:87-103. [PMID: 35260210 PMCID: PMC9816655 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and infections such as malaria affect estimates of micronutrient status. Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane library were searched to identify studies reporting mean concentrations of ferritin, hepcidin, retinol or retinol binding protein in individuals with asymptomatic or clinical malaria and healthy controls. Study quality was assessed using the US National Institute of Health tool. Random effects meta-analyses were used to generate summary mean differences. In total, forty-four studies were included. Mean ferritin concentrations were elevated by: 28·2 µg/l (95 % CI 15·6, 40·9) in children with asymptomatic malaria; 28·5 µg/l (95 % CI 8·1, 48·8) in adults with asymptomatic malaria; and 366 µg/l (95 % CI 162, 570) in children with clinical malaria compared with individuals without malaria infection. Mean hepcidin concentrations were elevated by 1·52 nmol/l (95 % CI 0·92, 2·11) in children with asymptomatic malaria. Mean retinol concentrations were reduced by: 0·11 µmol/l (95 % CI -0·22, -0·01) in children with asymptomatic malaria; 0·43 µmol/l (95 % CI -0·71, -0·16) in children with clinical malaria and 0·73 µmol/l (95 % CI -1·11, -0·36) in adults with clinical malaria. Most of these results were stable in sensitivity analyses. In children with clinical malaria and pregnant women, difference in ferritin concentrations were greater in areas with higher transmission intensity. We conclude that biomarkers of iron and vitamin A status should be statistically adjusted for malaria and the severity of infection. Several studies analysing asymptomatic infections reported elevated ferritin concentrations without noticeable elevation of inflammation markers, indicating a need to adjust for malaria status in addition to inflammation adjustments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Sandalinas
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Edward J. M. Joy
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Amy MacDougall
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Hopkins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morter R, Tiono AB, Nébié I, Hague O, Ouedraogo A, Diarra A, Viebig NK, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ, Sirima SB. Impact of exposure to malaria and nutritional status on responses to the experimental malaria vaccine ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP in 5-17 month-old children in Burkina Faso. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058227. [PMID: 36532031 PMCID: PMC9755991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental malaria vaccine ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP previously showed protective efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum infection in Phase IIa sporozoite challenge studies in adults in the United Kingdom and in a Phase IIb field efficacy trial in Kenyan adults. However, it failed to demonstrate efficacy in a phase IIb trial in 5-17 month-old children in an area of high malaria transmission in Burkina Faso. This secondary analysis investigated whether exposure to malaria or nutritional status might be associated with reduced responses to vaccination in this cohort. Parasite blood smears and anti-AMA-1 IgG titres were used to assess history of exposure to malaria and weight-for-length Z scores were calculated to assess nutritional status. Differences in vaccine-specific anti-TRAP IgG titre and ex vivo IFNγ ELISpot response were measured between groups. In total, n = 336 volunteers randomised to receive the experimental vaccine regimen were included in this analysis. A positive smear microscopy result was associated with reduced anti-TRAP IgG titre (geometric mean titre: 2775 (uninfected) vs 1968 (infected), p = 0.025), whilst anti-AMA-1 IgG titres were weakly negatively correlated with reduced ex vivo IFNγ ELISpot response (r = -0.18, p = 0.008). Nutritional status was not associated with either humoral or cellular immunogenicity. Vaccine efficacy was also measured separately for vaccinees with positive and negative blood smears. Although not significant in either group compared to controls, vaccine efficacy measured by Cox hazard ratio was higher in uninfected compared to infected individuals (19.8% [p = 0.50] vs 3.3% [p = 0.69]). Overall, this data suggests exposure to malaria may be associated with impaired vaccine immunogenicity. This may have consequences for the testing and eventual deployment of various vaccines, in areas with high endemicity for malaria. Trial Registration Pactr.org, identifier PACTR201208000404131; ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01635647.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morter
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Nébié
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Oliver Hague
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Ewer
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sodiomon B. Sirima, ; Katie J. Ewer,
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,*Correspondence: Sodiomon B. Sirima, ; Katie J. Ewer,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun Y, Shi X, Lu F, Fu H, Yin Y, Xu J, Jin C, Han ET, Huang X, Chen Y, Dong C, Cheng Y. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine targeting plasmodium blood-stage antigens elicits immune response and protects against malaria with protein booster strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042414. [PMID: 36504817 PMCID: PMC9731671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Merozoite invasion of the erythrocytes in humans is a key step in the pathogenesis of malaria. The proteins involved in the merozoite invasion could be potential targets for the development of malaria vaccines. Novel viral-vector-based malaria vaccine regimens developed are currently under clinical trials. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a single-stranded negative-strand RNA virus widely used as a vector for virus or cancer vaccines. Whether the VSV-based malarial vaccine is more effective than conventional vaccines based on proteins involved in parasitic invasion is still unclear. In this study, we have used the reverse genetics system to construct recombinant VSVs (rVSVs) expressing apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2), and reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5), which are required for Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Our results showed that VSV-based viral vaccines significantly increased Plasmodium-specific IgG levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Also, VSV-PyAMA1 and VSV-PyRON2sp prime-boost regimens could significantly increase the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ-producing by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and suppress invasion in vitro. The rVSV prime-protein boost regimen significantly increase Plasmodium antigen-specific IgG levels in the serum of mice compared to the homologous rVSV prime-boost. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of rVSV prime protein boost immunization in the mice challenged with P. yoelii 17XL was better compared to traditional antigen immunization. Together, our results show that VSV vector is a novel strategy for malarial vaccine development and preventing the parasitic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodan Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eun-taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Chunsheng Dong,
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Yang Cheng,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang L, Liu MQ, Wan CQ, Cheng NN, Su YB, Zheng YP, Peng XL, Yu JM, Fu YH, He JS. The protective immunity induced by intranasally inoculated serotype 63 chimpanzee adenovirus vector expressing human respiratory syncytial virus prefusion fusion glycoprotein in BALB/c mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041338. [PMID: 36466668 PMCID: PMC9716990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous pediatric pathogen causing serious lower respiratory tract disease worldwide. No licensed vaccine is currently available. In this work, the coding gene for mDS-Dav1, the full-length and prefusion conformation RSV fusion glycoprotein (F), was designed by introducing the stabilized prefusion F (preF) mutations from DS-Cav1 into the encoding gene of wild-type RSV (wtRSV) F protein. The recombinant adenovirus encoding mDS-Cav1, rChAd63-mDS-Cav1, was constructed based on serotype 63 chimpanzee adenovirus vector and characterized in vitro. After immunizing mice via intranasal route, the rChAd63-mDS-Cav1 induced enhanced neutralizing antibody and F-specific CD8+ T cell responses as well as good immune protection against RSV challenge with the absence of enhanced RSV disease (ERD) in BALB/c mice. The results indicate that rChAd63-mDS-Cav1 is a promising mucosal vaccine candidate against RSV infection and warrants further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Hui Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khan S, Salisch NC, Gil AI, Boedhoe S, Boer KFD, Serroyen J, Schuitemaker H, Zahn RC. Sequential use of Ad26-based vaccine regimens in NHP to induce immunity against different disease targets. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:146. [PMID: 36379957 PMCID: PMC9664441 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus (Ad)26 serotype–based vector vaccine Ad26.COV2.S has been used in millions of subjects for the prevention of COVID-19, but potentially elicits persistent anti-vector immunity. We investigated if vaccine-elicited immunity to Ad26 vector–based vaccines significantly influences antigen-specific immune responses induced by a subsequent vaccination with Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens against different disease targets in non-human primates. A homologous Ad26 vector–based vaccination regimen or heterologous regimens (Ad26/Ad35 or Ad26/Modified Vaccinia Ankara [MVA]) induced target pathogen–specific immunity in animals, but also persistent neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against the vectors. However, subsequent vaccination (interval, 26–57 weeks) with homologous and heterologous Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens encoding different target pathogen immunogens did not reveal consistent differences in humoral or cellular immune responses against the target pathogen, as compared to responses in naïve animals. These results support the sequential use of Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens targeting different diseases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Thrombospondin-Related Anonymous Protein (TRAP) Family Expression by Babesia bovis Life Stages within the Mammalian Host and Tick Vector. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112173. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick-transmitted disease bovine babesiosis causes significant economic losses in many countries around the world. Current control methods include modified live-attenuated vaccines that have limited efficacy. Recombinant proteins could provide effective, safe, and low-cost alternative vaccines. We compared the expression of the Babesia bovis thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family from parasites in bovine blood, in vitro induced sexual stages, and kinetes from tick hemolymph. Quantitative PCR showed that in blood and sexual stages, TRAP3 was highly transcribed as compared to the other TRAPs. In contrast, the TRAP1 gene was highly transcribed in kinetes as compared to the other TRAPs. Fixed immunofluorescence assays showed that TRAP2, 3, and 4 proteins were expressed by both blood and sexual stages. Conversely, TRAP1 protein, undetected on blood and induced sexual stages, was the only family member expressed by kinetes. Live IFA revealed that TRAP2, 3, and 4 proteins were expressed on the surface of both B. bovis blood and sexual stages. Modeling of B. bovis TRAP1 and TRAP4 tertiary structure demonstrated both proteins folded the metal-ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) domain structure of Plasmodium TRAP. In conclusion, TRAP proteins may serve as potential vaccine targets to prevent infection of bovine and ticks with B. bovis essential for controlling the spread of bovine babesiosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Owalla TJ, Hergott DEB, Seilie AM, Staubus W, Chavtur C, Chang M, Kublin JG, Egwang TG, Murphy SC. Rethinking detection of pre-existing and intervening Plasmodium infections in malaria clinical trials. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003452. [PMID: 36203582 PMCID: PMC9531235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing and intervening low-density Plasmodium infections complicate the conduct of malaria clinical trials. These infections confound infection detection endpoints, and their immunological effects may detract from intended vaccine-induced immune responses. Historically, these infections were often unrecognized since infrequent and often analytically insensitive parasitological testing was performed before and during trials. Molecular diagnostics now permits their detection, but investigators must weigh the cost, complexity, and personnel demands on the study and the laboratory when scheduling such tests. This paper discusses the effect of pre-existing and intervening, low-density Plasmodium infections on malaria vaccine trial endpoints and the current methods employed for their infection detection. We review detection techniques, that until recently, provided a dearth of cost-effective strategies for detecting low density infections. A recently deployed, field-tested, simple, and cost-effective molecular diagnostic strategy for detecting pre-existing and intervening Plasmodium infections from dried blood spots (DBS) in malaria-endemic settings is discussed to inform new clinical trial designs. Strategies that combine sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques with convenient DBS collections and cost-effective pooling strategies may enable more thorough and informative infection monitoring in upcoming malaria clinical trials and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonny J. Owalla
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Med Biotech Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dianna E. B. Hergott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annette M. Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Weston Staubus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chris Chavtur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James G. Kublin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Seattle Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas G. Egwang
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Med Biotech Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Seattle Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Sean C. Murphy,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim MJ, Chu KB, Kang HJ, Yoon KW, Eom GD, Mao J, Lee SH, Subbiah J, Kang SM, Moon EK, Quan FS. Protective Immunity Induced by Immunization with Baculovirus, Virus-like Particle, and Vaccinia Virus Expressing the AMA1 of Plasmodium berghei. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092289. [PMID: 36140395 PMCID: PMC9496152 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime–boost immunization regimens using various vaccine platforms demonstrated promising results against infectious diseases. Here, mice were sequentially immunized with the recombinant baculovirus (rBV), virus-like particle (VLP), and recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vaccines expressing the Plasmodium berghei apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) for protective efficacy evaluation. The rBV_V_rVV heterologous immunization regimen elicited high levels of parasite-specific IgG, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody responses in sera. Upon P. berghei challenge infection, proliferations of germinal center B cells in the inguinal lymph nodes, as well as blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were induced. More importantly, rBV_V_rVV immunization significantly diminished the parasitemia and prevented drastic bodyweight loss in mice post-challenge infection with P. berghei. Our findings revealed that immunization with rBV, VLP, and rVV expressing the AMA1 conferred protection against P. berghei infection, providing evidence for the potential implementation of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hae-Ji Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kehrer J, Formaglio P, Muthinja JM, Weber S, Baltissen D, Lance C, Ripp J, Grech J, Meissner M, Funaya C, Amino R, Frischknecht F. Plasmodium
sporozoite disintegration during skin passage limits malaria parasite transmission. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54719. [PMID: 35403820 PMCID: PMC9253755 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During transmission of malaria‐causing parasites from mosquitoes to mammals, Plasmodium sporozoites migrate rapidly in the skin to search for a blood vessel. The high migratory speed and narrow passages taken by the parasites suggest considerable strain on the sporozoites to maintain their shape. Here, we show that the membrane‐associated protein, concavin, is important for the maintenance of the Plasmodium sporozoite shape inside salivary glands of mosquitoes and during migration in the skin. Concavin‐GFP localizes at the cytoplasmic periphery and concavin(−) sporozoites progressively round up upon entry of salivary glands. Rounded concavin(−) sporozoites fail to pass through the narrow salivary ducts and are rarely ejected by mosquitoes, while normally shaped concavin(−) sporozoites are transmitted. Strikingly, motile concavin(−) sporozoites disintegrate while migrating through the skin leading to parasite arrest or death and decreased transmission efficiency. Collectively, we suggest that concavin contributes to cell shape maintenance by riveting the plasma membrane to the subtending inner membrane complex. Interfering with cell shape maintenance pathways might hence provide a new strategy to prevent a malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kehrer
- Integrative Parasitology Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
- Infectious Diseases Imaging Platform Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
| | - Pauline Formaglio
- Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Julianne Mendi Muthinja
- Integrative Parasitology Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sebastian Weber
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Danny Baltissen
- Integrative Parasitology Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christopher Lance
- Integrative Parasitology Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
| | - Johanna Ripp
- Integrative Parasitology Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
| | - Janessa Grech
- Experimental Parasitology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
| | - Markus Meissner
- Experimental Parasitology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg University Medical School Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li G, Cappuccini F, Marchevsky NG, Aley PK, Aley R, Anslow R, Bibi S, Cathie K, Clutterbuck E, Faust SN, Feng S, Heath PT, Kerridge S, Lelliott A, Mujadidi Y, Ng KF, Rhead S, Roberts H, Robinson H, Roderick MR, Singh N, Smith D, Snape MD, Song R, Tang K, Yao A, Liu X, Lambe T, Pollard AJ. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in children aged 6-17 years: a preliminary report of COV006, a phase 2 single-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2022; 399:2212-2225. [PMID: 35691324 PMCID: PMC9183219 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination of children and young people against SARS-CoV-2 is recommended in some countries. Scarce data have been published on immune responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines in people younger than 18 years compared with the same data that are available in adults. METHODS COV006 is a phase 2, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) in children and adolescents at four trial sites in the UK. Healthy participants aged 6-17 years, who did not have a history of chronic respiratory conditions, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, or previously received capsular group B meningococcal vaccine (the control), were randomly assigned to four groups (4:1:4:1) to receive two intramuscular doses of 5 × 1010 viral particles of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or control, 28 days or 84 days apart. Participants, clinical investigators, and the laboratory team were masked to treatment allocation. Study groups were stratified by age, and participants aged 12-17 years were enrolled before those aged 6-11 years. Due to the restrictions in the use of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in people younger than 30 years that were introduced during the study, only participants aged 12-17 years who were randomly assigned to the 28-day interval group had received their vaccinations at the intended interval (day 28). The remaining participants received their second dose at day 112. The primary outcome was assessment of safety and tolerability in the safety population, which included all participants who received at least one dose of the study drug. The secondary outcome was immunogenicity, which was assessed in participants who were seronegative to the nucleocapsid protein at baseline and received both prime and boost vaccine. This study is registered with ISRCTN (15638344). FINDINGS Between Feb 15 and April 2, 2021, 262 participants (150 [57%] participants aged 12-17 years and 112 [43%] aged 6-11 years; due to the change in the UK vaccination policy, the study terminated recruitment of the younger age group before the planned number of participants had been enrolled) were randomly assigned to receive vaccination with two doses of either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n=211 [n=105 at day 28 and n=106 at day 84]) or control (n=51 [n=26 at day 28 and n=25 at day 84]). One participant in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 day 28 group in the younger age bracket withdrew their consent before receiving a first dose. Of the participants who received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 169 (80%) of 210 participants reported at least one solicited local or systemic adverse event up to 7 days following the first dose, and 146 (76%) of 193 participants following the second dose. No serious adverse events related to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 administration were recorded by the data cutoff date on Oct 28, 2021. Of the participants who received at least one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, there were 128 unsolicited adverse events up to 28 days after vaccination reported by 83 (40%) of 210 participants. One participant aged 6-11 years receiving ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reported a grade 4 fever of 40·2°C on day 1 following first vaccination, which resolved within 24 h. Pain and tenderness were the most common local solicited adverse events for all the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and capsular group B meningococcal groups following both doses. Of the 242 participants with available serostatus data, 14 (6%) were seropositive at baseline. Serostatus data were not available for 20 (8%) of 262 participants. Among seronegative participants who received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and pseudoneutralising antibody titres at day 28 after the second dose were higher in participants aged 12-17 years with a longer interval between doses (geometric means of 73 371 arbitrary units [AU]/mL [95% CI 58 685-91 733] and 299 half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50; 95% CI 230-390]) compared with those aged 12-17 years who received their vaccines 28 days apart (43 280 AU/mL [95% CI 35 852-52 246] and 150 IC50 [95% CI 116-194]). Humoral responses were higher in those aged 6-11 years than in those aged 12-17 years receiving their second dose at the same 112-day interval (geometric mean ratios 1·48 [95% CI 1·07-2·07] for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and 2·96 [1·89-4·62] for pseudoneutralising antibody titres). Cellular responses peaked after a first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 across all age and interval groups and remained above baseline after a second vaccination. INTERPRETATION ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is well tolerated and immunogenic in children aged 6-17 years, inducing concentrations of antibody that are similar to those associated with high efficacy in phase 3 studies in adults. No safety concerns were raised in this trial. FUNDING AstraZeneca and the UK Department of Health and Social Care through the UK National Institute for Health and Care Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Li
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Federica Cappuccini
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie G Marchevsky
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Anslow
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katrina Cathie
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Shuo Feng
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul T Heath
- Vaccine Institute, St George's, University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Kerridge
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice Lelliott
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Khuen Foong Ng
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Rhead
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Roberts
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion R Roderick
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Smith
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew D Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Karly Tang
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andy Yao
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aleshnick M, Florez-Cuadros M, Martinson T, Wilder BK. Monoclonal antibodies for malaria prevention. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1810-1821. [PMID: 35395399 PMCID: PMC8979832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific proteins that are cloned from a single B cell and bind to a single epitope on a pathogen. These laboratory-made molecules can serve as prophylactics or therapeutics for infectious diseases and have an impressive capacity to modulate the progression of disease, as demonstrated for the first time on a large scale during the COVID-19 pandemic. The high specificity and natural starting point of monoclonal antibodies afford an encouraging safety profile, yet the high cost of production remains a major limitation to their widespread use. While a monoclonal antibody approach to abrogating malaria infection is not yet available, the unique life cycle of the malaria parasite affords many opportunities for such proteins to act, and preliminary research into the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in preventing malaria infection, disease, and transmission is encouraging. This review examines the current status and future outlook for monoclonal antibodies against malaria in the context of the complex life cycle and varied antigenic targets expressed in the human and mosquito hosts, and provides insight into the strengths and limitations of this approach to curtailing one of humanity’s oldest and deadliest diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Aleshnick
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Thomas Martinson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Brandon K Wilder
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA; Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mogire RM, Muriuki JM, Morovat A, Mentzer AJ, Webb EL, Kimita W, Ndungu FM, Macharia AW, Cutland CL, Sirima SB, Diarra A, Tiono AB, Lule SA, Madhi SA, Prentice AM, Bejon P, Pettifor JM, Elliott AM, Adeyemo A, Williams TN, Atkinson SH. Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071372. [PMID: 35405984 PMCID: PMC9002534 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates the master iron hormone hepcidin, and iron in turn alters vitamin D metabolism. Although vitamin D and iron deficiency are highly prevalent globally, little is known about their interactions in Africa. To evaluate associations between vitamin D and iron status we measured markers of iron status, inflammation, malaria parasitemia, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in 4509 children aged 0.3 months to 8 years living in Kenya, Uganda, Burkina Faso, The Gambia, and South Africa. Prevalence of iron deficiency was 35.1%, and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 0.6% and 7.8% as defined by 25(OH)D concentrations of <30 nmol/L and <50 nmol/L, respectively. Children with 25(OH)D concentrations of <50 nmol/L had a 98% increased risk of iron deficiency (OR 1.98 [95% CI 1.52, 2.58]) compared to those with 25(OH)D concentrations >75 nmol/L. 25(OH)D concentrations variably influenced individual markers of iron status. Inflammation interacted with 25(OH)D concentrations to predict ferritin levels. The link between vitamin D and iron status should be considered in strategies to manage these nutrient deficiencies in African children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reagan M. Mogire
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Accredited Research Centre, Open University, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Correspondence: (R.M.M.); (S.H.A.); Tel.: +254-709-983274 (R.M.M.); +254-709-983000 (S.H.A.)
| | - John Muthii Muriuki
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
| | - Alireza Morovat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Emily L. Webb
- Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (E.L.W.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Wandia Kimita
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
| | - Francis M. Ndungu
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
| | - Alex W. Macharia
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
| | - Clare L. Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (Alive), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso; (S.B.S.); (A.D.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso; (S.B.S.); (A.D.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso; (S.B.S.); (A.D.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Swaib A. Lule
- Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (E.L.W.); (S.A.L.)
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda;
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia;
| | - Philip Bejon
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - John M. Pettifor
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, R68 Old Potchefstroom Road, Bertsham, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Alison M. Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda;
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20891-5635, USA;
| | - Thomas N. Williams
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London SW7 2NA, UK
| | - Sarah H. Atkinson
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (W.K.); (F.M.N.); (A.W.M.); (P.B.); (T.N.W.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Correspondence: (R.M.M.); (S.H.A.); Tel.: +254-709-983274 (R.M.M.); +254-709-983000 (S.H.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kusi KA, Ofori EA, Akyea-Mensah K, Kyei-Baafour E, Frimpong A, Ennuson NA, Belmonte M, Ganeshan H, Huang J, Amoah LE, Villasante E, Sedegah M. Towards large-scale identification of HLA-restricted T cell epitopes from four vaccine candidate antigens in a malaria endemic community in Ghana. Vaccine 2021; 40:757-764. [PMID: 34969544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sterile protection against clinical malaria has been achieved in animal models and experimental human challenge studies involving immunization with radiation attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccines as well as by live sporozoites under chloroquine prophylaxis. Parasite-specific IFN-γ and granzyme B-secreting CD8 + T cells have been identified as key mediators of protection. Although the exact parasite targets of protective CD8 + T cell responses are not fully defined, responses against a handful of vaccine candidate antigens have been associated with protection. Identifying the T cell targets in these antigens will facilitate the development of simpler, cost-effective, and efficacious next generation multi-epitope vaccines. The aim of this study was to identify immunodominant portions of four malaria vaccine candidate antigens using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from adults with life-long exposure to malaria parasites. Cryopreserved PBMCs from 291 HLA-typed subjects were stimulated with pools of overlapping 15mer peptides spanning the entire sequences of P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP, 9 pools), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1, 12 pools), thrombospondin related anonymous protein (TRAP, 6 pools) and cell traversal for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS, 4 pools) in FluoroSpot assays. 125 of 291 subjects made IFN-γ responses to 30 of the 31 peptide pools tested and 22 of 291 made granzyme B responses, with 20 making dual responses. The most frequent responses were to the CSP C-terminal region and the least frequent responses were to TRAP and CelTOS. There was no association between FluoroSpot responses and active malaria infection, detected by either microscopy, RDT, or PCR. In conclusion, CSP and AMA1 have relatively higher numbers of epitopes that trigger IFN-γ and granzyme B-secreting T cells in adults with life-long malaria parasite exposure compared to the other two antigens tested, and highlights the continued relevance of these two antigens as vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Ebenezer Addo Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Akyea-Mensah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Nana Aba Ennuson
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsakiri M, Naziris N, Demetzos C. Innovative vaccine platforms against infectious diseases: Under the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121212. [PMID: 34687816 PMCID: PMC8527590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While classic vaccines have proved greatly efficacious in eliminating serious infectious diseases, innovative vaccine platforms open a new pathway to overcome dangerous pandemics via the development of safe and effective formulations. Such platforms play a key role either as antigen delivery systems or as immune-stimulators that induce both innate and adaptive immune responses. Liposomes or lipid nanoparticles, virus-like particles, nanoemulsions, polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles, as well as viral vectors, all belong to the nanoscale and are the main categories of innovative vaccines that are currently on the market or in clinical and preclinical phases. In this paper, we review the above formulations used in vaccinology and we discuss their connection with the development of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pirahmadi S, Afzali S, Zargar M, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA. How can we develop an effective subunit vaccine to achieve successful malaria eradication? Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105203. [PMID: 34547408 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infection, is the most widespread parasitic disease. Despite numerous efforts to eradicate malaria, this disease is still a health concern worldwide. Owing to insecticide-resistant vectors and drug-resistant parasites, available controlling measures are insufficient to achieve a malaria-free world. Thus, there is an urgent need for new intervention tools such as efficient malaria vaccines. Subunit vaccines are the most promising malaria vaccines under development. However, one of the major drawbacks of subunit vaccines is the lack of efficient and durable immune responses including antigen-specific antibody, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell responses, long-lived plasma cells, memory cells, and functional antibodies for parasite neutralization or inhibition of parasite invasion. These types of responses could be induced by whole organism vaccines, but eliciting these responses with subunit vaccines has been proven to be more challenging. Consequently, subunit vaccines require several policies to overcome these challenges. In this review, we address common approaches that can improve the efficacy of subunit vaccines against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zargar
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kurtovic L, Reiling L, Opi DH, Beeson JG. Recent clinical trials inform the future for malaria vaccines. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:26. [PMID: 35602185 PMCID: PMC9053263 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kurtovic et al. highlight some of the recent advances in the development and clinical evaluation of malaria vaccines. The authors outline key vaccine strategies and clinical trials, and discuss priorities for research into the development of an efficacious malaria vaccine.
Collapse
|
25
|
The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for risk/benefit assessment of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine platform. Vaccine 2021; 39:3067-3080. [PMID: 33077299 PMCID: PMC7568176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) was formed to evaluate the safety and characteristics of live, recombinant viral vector vaccines. The Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector system is being explored as a platform for development of multiple vaccines. This paper reviews the molecular and biological features specifically of the MVA-BN vector system, followed by a template with details on the safety and characteristics of an MVA-BN based vaccine against Zaire ebolavirus and other filovirus strains. The MVA-BN-Filo vaccine is based on a live, highly attenuated poxviral vector incapable of replicating in human cells and encodes glycoproteins of Ebola virus Zaire, Sudan virus and Marburg virus and the nucleoprotein of the Thai Forest virus. This vaccine has been approved in the European Union in July 2020 as part of a heterologous Ebola vaccination regimen. The MVA-BN vector is attenuated following over 500 serial passages in eggs, showing restricted host tropism and incompetence to replicate in human cells. MVA has six major deletions and other mutations of genes outside these deletions, which all contribute to the replication deficiency in human and other mammalian cells. Attenuation of MVA-BN was demonstrated by safe administration in immunocompromised mice and non-human primates. In multiple clinical trials with the MVA-BN backbone, more than 7800 participants have been vaccinated, demonstrating a safety profile consistent with other licensed, modern vaccines. MVA-BN has been approved as smallpox vaccine in Europe and Canada in 2013, and as smallpox and monkeypox vaccine in the US in 2019. No signal for inflammatory cardiac disorders was identified throughout the MVA-BN development program. This is in sharp contrast to the older, replicating vaccinia smallpox vaccines, which have a known risk for myocarditis and/or pericarditis in up to 1 in 200 vaccinees. MVA-BN-Filo as part of a heterologous Ebola vaccination regimen (Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo) has undergone clinical testing including Phase III in West Africa and is currently in use in large scale vaccination studies in Central African countries. This paper provides a comprehensive picture of the MVA-BN vector, which has reached regulatory approvals, both as MVA-BN backbone for smallpox/monkeypox, as well as for the MVA-BN-Filo construct as part of an Ebola vaccination regimen, and therefore aims to provide solutions to prevent disease from high-consequence human pathogens.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mogire RM, Morovat A, Muriuki JM, Mentzer AJ, Webb EL, Kimita W, Ndungu FM, Macharia AW, Cutland CL, Sirima SB, Diarra A, Tiono AB, Lule SA, Madhi SA, Sandhu MS, Prentice AM, Bejon P, Pettifor JM, Elliott AM, Adeyemo A, Williams TN, Atkinson SH. Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in young African children. BMC Med 2021; 19:115. [PMID: 34011341 PMCID: PMC8136043 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living in sub-Saharan Africa have a high burden of rickets and infectious diseases, conditions that are linked to vitamin D deficiency. However, data on the vitamin D status of young African children and its environmental and genetic predictors are limited. We aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in young African children. METHODS We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and typed the single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs4588 and rs7041, in the GC gene encoding the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in 4509 children aged 0-8 years living in Kenya, Uganda, Burkina Faso, The Gambia and South Africa. We evaluated associations between vitamin D status and country, age, sex, season, anthropometric indices, inflammation, malaria and DBP haplotypes in regression analyses. RESULTS Median age was 23.9 months (interquartile range [IQR] 12.3, 35.9). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency using 25(OH)D cut-offs of < 30 nmol/L and < 50 nmol/L was 0.6% (95% CI 0.4, 0.9) and 7.8% (95% CI 7.0, 8.5), respectively. Overall median 25(OH)D level was 77.6 nmol/L (IQR 63.6, 94.2). 25(OH)D levels were lower in South Africa, in older children, during winter or the long rains, and in those with afebrile malaria, and higher in children with inflammation. 25(OH)D levels did not vary by stunting, wasting or underweight in adjusted regression models. The distribution of Gc variants was Gc1f 83.3%, Gc1s 8.5% and Gc2 8.2% overall and varied by country. Individuals carrying the Gc2 variant had lower median 25(OH)D levels (72.4 nmol/L (IQR 59.4, 86.5) than those carrying the Gc1f (77.3 nmol/L (IQR 63.5, 92.8)) or Gc1s (78.9 nmol/L (IQR 63.8, 95.5)) variants. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 0.6% and 7.8% of young African children were vitamin D deficient as defined by 25(OH)D levels < 30 nmol/L and < 50 nmol/L, respectively. Latitude, age, season, and prevalence of inflammation and malaria should be considered in strategies to assess and manage vitamin D deficiency in young children living in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reagan M Mogire
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme - Accredited Research Centre, Open University, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Alireza Morovat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - John Muthii Muriuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily L Webb
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wandia Kimita
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alex W Macharia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Clare L Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (Alive), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), 06, 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), 06, 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alfred B Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), 06, 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Swaib A Lule
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John M Pettifor
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, South Drive, MSC 5635, Bethesda, Maryland, 20891-5635, USA
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sarah H Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bezbaruah R, Borah P, Kakoti BB, Al-Shar’I NA, Chandrasekaran B, Jaradat DMM, Al-Zeer MA, Abu-Romman S. Developmental Landscape of Potential Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Vector for Prophylaxis of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:635337. [PMID: 33937326 PMCID: PMC8082173 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.635337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, arose at the end of 2019 as a zoonotic virus, which is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus outbreak COVID-19. Without any clear indications of abatement, the disease has become a major healthcare threat across the globe, owing to prolonged incubation period, high prevalence, and absence of existing drugs or vaccines. Development of COVID-19 vaccine is being considered as the most efficient strategy to curtail the ongoing pandemic. Following publication of genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, globally extensive research and development work has been in progress to develop a vaccine against the disease. The use of genetic engineering, recombinant technologies, and other computational tools has led to the expansion of several promising vaccine candidates. The range of technology platforms being evaluated, including virus-like particles, peptides, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), recombinant proteins, inactivated virus, live attenuated viruses, and viral vectors (replicating and non-replicating) approaches, are striking features of the vaccine development strategies. Viral vectors, the next-generation vaccine platforms, provide a convenient method for delivering vaccine antigens into the host cell to induce antigenic proteins which can be tailored to arouse an assortment of immune responses, as evident from the success of smallpox vaccine and Ervebo vaccine against Ebola virus. As per the World Health Organization, till January 22, 2021, 14 viral vector vaccine candidates are under clinical development including 10 nonreplicating and four replicating types. Moreover, another 39 candidates based on viral vector platform are under preclinical evaluation. This review will outline the current developmental landscape and discuss issues that remain critical to the success or failure of viral vector vaccine candidates against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhushan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Nizar A. Al-Shar’I
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Da’san M. M. Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Munir A. Al-Zeer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeid Abu-Romman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Muriuki JM, Mentzer AJ, Mitchell R, Webb EL, Etyang AO, Kyobutungi C, Morovat A, Kimita W, Ndungu FM, Macharia AW, Ngetsa CJ, Makale J, Lule SA, Musani SK, Raffield LM, Cutland CL, Sirima SB, Diarra A, Tiono AB, Fried M, Gwamaka M, Adu-Afarwuah S, Wirth JP, Wegmüller R, Madhi SA, Snow RW, Hill AVS, Rockett KA, Sandhu MS, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM, Byrd KA, Ndjebayi A, Stewart CP, Engle-Stone R, Green TJ, Karakochuk CD, Suchdev PS, Bejon P, Duffy PE, Davey Smith G, Elliott AM, Williams TN, Atkinson SH. Malaria is a cause of iron deficiency in African children. Nat Med 2021; 27:653-658. [PMID: 33619371 PMCID: PMC7610676 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and iron deficiency (ID) are common and interrelated public health problems in African children. Observational data suggest that interrupting malaria transmission reduces the prevalence of ID1. To test the hypothesis that malaria might cause ID, we used sickle cell trait (HbAS, rs334 ), a genetic variant that confers specific protection against malaria2, as an instrumental variable in Mendelian randomization analyses. HbAS was associated with a 30% reduction in ID among children living in malaria-endemic countries in Africa (n = 7,453), but not among individuals living in malaria-free areas (n = 3,818). Genetically predicted malaria risk was associated with an odds ratio of 2.65 for ID per unit increase in the log incidence rate of malaria. This suggests that an intervention that halves the risk of malaria episodes would reduce the prevalence of ID in African children by 49%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Muthii Muriuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Open University, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Accredited Research Centre, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Mitchell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily L Webb
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony O Etyang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Alireza Morovat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Wandia Kimita
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alex W Macharia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Caroline J Ngetsa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Makale
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Swaib A Lule
- MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Solomon K Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clare L Cutland
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alfred B Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), 06 BP 10248, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moses Gwamaka
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Muheza Designated District Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | | | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robert W Snow
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | | | | | - Reina Engle-Stone
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tim J Green
- SAHMRi Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Emory Global Health Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sarah H Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gebre MS, Brito LA, Tostanoski LH, Edwards DK, Carfi A, Barouch DH. Novel approaches for vaccine development. Cell 2021; 184:1589-1603. [PMID: 33740454 PMCID: PMC8049514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are critical tools for maintaining global health. Traditional vaccine technologies have been used across a wide range of bacterial and viral pathogens, yet there are a number of examples where they have not been successful, such as for persistent infections, rapidly evolving pathogens with high sequence variability, complex viral antigens, and emerging pathogens. Novel technologies such as nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines offer the potential to revolutionize vaccine development as they are well-suited to address existing technology limitations. In this review, we discuss the current state of RNA vaccines, recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines, and advances from biomaterials and engineering that address these important public health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makda S. Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- co-first authors
| | | | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- co-first authors
| | | | - Andrea Carfi
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Folegatti PM, Flaxman A, Jenkin D, Makinson R, Kingham-Page L, Bellamy D, Ramos Lopez F, Sheridan J, Poulton I, Aboagye J, Tran N, Mitton C, Roberts R, Lawrie AM, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ, Gilbert S. Safety and Immunogenicity of Adenovirus and Poxvirus Vectored Vaccines against a Mycobacterium Avium Complex Subspecies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:262. [PMID: 33809415 PMCID: PMC8000717 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost strategies are known to substantially increase immune responses in viral vectored vaccines. Here we report on safety and immunogenicity of the poxvirus Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine expressing four Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens as a single dose or as a booster vaccine following a simian adenovirus (ChAdOx2) prime. We demonstrate that a heterologous prime-boost schedule is well tolerated and induced T-cell immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Folegatti
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (A.F.); (D.J.); (R.M.); (L.K.-P.); (D.B.); (F.R.L.); (J.S.); (I.P.); (J.A.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (R.R.); (A.M.L.); (A.V.S.H.); (K.J.E.); (S.G.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Introduction: An effective vaccine against malaria forms a global health priority. Both naturally acquired immunity and sterile protection induced by irradiated sporozoite immunization were described decades ago. Still no vaccine exists that sufficiently protects children in endemic areas. Identifying immunological correlates of vaccine efficacy can inform rational vaccine design and potentially accelerate clinical development.Areas covered: We discuss recent research on immunological correlates of malaria vaccine efficacy, including: insights from state-of-the-art omics platforms and systems vaccinology analyses; functional anti-parasitic assays; pre-immunization predictors of vaccine efficacy; and comparison of correlates of vaccine efficacy against controlled human malaria infections (CHMI) and against naturally acquired infections.Expert Opinion: Effective vaccination may be achievable without necessarily understanding immunological correlates, but the relatively disappointing efficacy of malaria vaccine candidates in target populations is concerning. Hypothesis-generating omics and systems vaccinology analyses, alongside assessment of pre-immunization correlates, have the potential to bring about paradigm-shifts in malaria vaccinology. Functional assays may represent in vivo effector mechanisms, but have scarcely been formally assessed as correlates. Crucially, evidence is still meager that correlates of vaccine efficacy against CHMI correspond with those against naturally acquired infections in target populations. Finally, the diversity of immunological assays and efficacy endpoints across malaria vaccine trials remains a major confounder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B B McCall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Diversify and Conquer: The Vaccine Escapism of Plasmodium falciparum. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111748. [PMID: 33171746 PMCID: PMC7694999 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, a great deal of effort and resources have been poured into the development of vaccines to protect against malaria, particularly targeting the most widely spread and deadly species of the human-infecting parasites: Plasmodium falciparum. Many of the known proteins the parasite uses to invade human cells have been tested as vaccine candidates. However, precisely because of the importance and immune visibility of these proteins, they tend to be very diverse, and in many cases redundant, which limits their efficacy in vaccine development. With the advent of genomics and constantly improving sequencing technologies, an increasingly clear picture is emerging of the vast genomic diversity of parasites from different geographic areas. This diversity is distributed throughout the genome and includes most of the vaccine candidates tested so far, playing an important role in the low efficacy achieved. Genomics is a powerful tool to search for genes that comply with the most desirable attributes of vaccine targets, allowing us to evaluate function, immunogenicity and also diversity in the worldwide parasite populations. Even predicting how this diversity might evolve and spread in the future becomes possible, and can inform novel vaccine efforts.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mo AXY, Pesce J, Augustine AD, Bodmer JL, Breen J, Leitner W, Hall BF. Understanding vaccine-elicited protective immunity against pre-erythrocytic stage malaria in endemic regions. Vaccine 2020; 38:7569-7577. [PMID: 33071001 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent malaria vaccine trials in endemic areas have yielded disparate results compared to studies conducted in non-endemic areas. A workshop was organized to discuss the differential pre-erythrocytic stage malaria vaccine (Pre-E-Vac) efficacies and underlying protective immunity under various conditions. It was concluded that many factors, including vaccine technology platforms, host genetics or physiologic conditions, and parasite and mosquito vector variations, may all contribute to Pre-E-Vac efficacy. Cross-disciplinary approaches are needed to decipher the multi-dimensional variables that contribute to the observed vaccine hypo-responsiveness. The malaria vaccine community has an opportunity to leverage recent advances in immunology, systems vaccinology, and high dimensionality data science methodologies to generate new clinical datasets with unprecedented levels of functional resolution as well as capitalize on existing datasets for comprehensive and aggregate analyses. These approaches would help to unlock our understanding of Pre-E-Vac immunology and to translate new candidates from the laboratory to the field more predictably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie X Y Mo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA.
| | - John Pesce
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | - Alison Deckhut Augustine
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | | | - Joseph Breen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | - Wolfgang Leitner
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | - B Fenton Hall
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shears MJ, Seilie AM, Kim Lee Sim B, Hoffman SL, Murphy SC. Quantification of Plasmodium knowlesi versus Plasmodium falciparum in the rhesus liver: implications for malaria vaccine studies in rhesus models. Malar J 2020; 19:313. [PMID: 32867784 PMCID: PMC7457220 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhesus macaques are valuable pre-clinical models for malaria vaccine development. The Plasmodium knowlesi/rhesus and Plasmodium falciparum/rhesus models are two established platforms for malaria vaccine testing, and both have previously been used to assess live-attenuated sporozoite vaccines. However, there is evidence that the susceptibility of the rhesus liver to P. knowlesi versus P. falciparum sporozoites likely differs, potentially complicating comparisons between these two platforms. Methods To quantify the differing susceptibility of rhesus to P. knowlesi and P. falciparum sporozoites, animals were infected by direct venous inoculation of purified, cryopreserved wild-type P. knowlesi sporozoites (PkSPZ) or P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ). The entire liver was collected 5 days post-infection, and parasite burden in each liver lobe was quantified using an ultrasensitive Plasmodium 18S rRNA RT-PCR biomarker assay. The potential of using 18S rRNA copy number in the rhesus liver to directly measure the efficacy of vaccines targeting P. falciparum sporozoites and liver stages was also theoretically evaluated. Results Infection of rhesus with a high dose of PkSPZ led to consistently high burden liver stage infections (range 9.5–10.1 log10 copies 18S rRNA/g of liver), with similar amounts of parasite 18S rRNA detected in every liver lobe. Inoculation of rhesus with high doses of PfSPZ led to more variable, lower liver burdens (range 4.9–6.6 log10 copies 18S rRNA/g of liver in infected lobes), with parasite 18S rRNA below the limit of detection in some liver lobes. The low signal and heterogeneity of liver burden in the PfSPZ-infected animals indicates that even this extremely sensitive molecular assay cannot be used to assess reliably vaccine efficacy in the P. falciparum/rhesus platform. Conclusions Detection of 18S rRNA in the liver following high dose intravenous PfSPZ confirmed that rhesus are modestly susceptible to wild-type P. falciparum sporozoites. However, comparison of 18S rRNA RT-PCR biomarker signal indicates that the P. falciparum liver burden was 3–5 logs lower than in PkSPZ-infected animals. Quantification of this difference in liver stage burden will help guide and interpret data from pre-clinical studies of live-attenuated sporozoite vaccines in rhesus models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Stephen L Hoffman
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hayman B, Pagliusi S. Emerging vaccine manufacturers are innovating for the next decade. Vaccine X 2020; 5:100066. [PMID: 32462140 PMCID: PMC7242873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2020.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) is a public health-driven alliance consisting of 43 vaccine manufacturers from 14 countries and territories, operating under the mandate to protect all people against known and emerging infectious diseases, by improving the availability of high-quality vaccines globally. The Network provides a platform for organizations to come together regularly to share technical information, best practices and future prospects. DCVMN members are playing an increasingly important role in public health supplying over 50% of the doses of vaccines procured by UNICEF globally. To evaluate the progress made by Network's members, a survey consisting of 9 questions covering three important components of the manufacturers in the network was created, focusing on company dedicated human resources, vaccine production, and research and development efforts. Results show that more vaccines from more manufacturers are achieving WHO Pre-qualification, with areas of focus including the contributions to a Polio-free world, ending cholera, and tackling re-emerging diseases, such as measles. An increase by 50% of number of manufacturing companies holding WHO prequalified vaccines was observed from 2013 to 2019, strengthening open competitiveness for global vaccines supply. Notably, Network members have 181 vaccine projects in the research and development pipeline, highlighting novel vaccines against mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, novel human papillomavirus and pneumococcal conjugated vaccines. This report summarizes the progressive efforts of DCVMN members to contribute to reducing the burden of infectious diseases globally and details their commitment to vaccine innovation, particularly in the past five years, in the context of how vaccine innovations of today will shape the fight against infectious diseases tomorrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hayman
- DCVMN International, Route de Crassier 7, 1262 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Pagliusi
- DCVMN International, Route de Crassier 7, 1262 Nyon, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marques-da-Silva C, Peissig K, Kurup SP. Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030400. [PMID: 32708179 PMCID: PMC7565498 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, is a devastating disease with over 200 million new cases reported globally every year. Although immunization is arguably the best strategy to eliminate malaria, despite decades of research in this area we do not have an effective, clinically approved antimalarial vaccine. The current impetus in the field is to develop vaccines directed at the pre-erythrocytic developmental stages of Plasmodium, utilizing novel vaccination platforms. We here review the most promising pre-erythrocytic stage antimalarial vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen Peissig
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samarchith P. Kurup
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cappuccini F, Bryant R, Pollock E, Carter L, Verrill C, Hollidge J, Poulton I, Baker M, Mitton C, Baines A, Meier A, Schmidt G, Harrop R, Protheroe A, MacPherson R, Kennish S, Morgan S, Vigano S, Romero PJ, Evans T, Catto J, Hamdy F, Hill AVS, Redchenko I. Safety and immunogenicity of novel 5T4 viral vectored vaccination regimens in early stage prostate cancer: a phase I clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000928. [PMID: 32591433 PMCID: PMC7319775 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) has been under investigation as a target for antigen-specific immunotherapies in metastatic disease settings for the last two decades leading to a licensure of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, in 2010. However, neither Sipuleucel-T nor other experimental PCa vaccines that emerged later induce strong T-cell immunity. METHODS In this first-in-man study, VANCE, we evaluated a novel vaccination platform based on two replication-deficient viruses, chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and MVA (Modified Vaccinia Ankara), targeting the oncofetal self-antigen 5T4 in early stage PCa. Forty patients, either newly diagnosed with early-stage PCa and scheduled for radical prostatectomy or patients with stable disease on an active surveillance protocol, were recruited to the study to assess the vaccine safety and T-cell immunogenicity. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included immune infiltration into the prostate, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) change, and assessment of phenotype and functionality of antigen-specific T cells. RESULTS The vaccine had an excellent safety profile. Vaccination-induced 5T4-specific T-cell responses were measured in blood by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot and were detected in the majority of patients with a mean level in responders of 198 spot-forming cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the presence of both CD8+ and CD4+ polyfunctional 5T4-specific T cells in the circulation. 5T4-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from post-treatment prostate tissue. Some of the patients had a transient PSA rise 2-8 weeks following vaccination, possibly indicating an inflammatory response in the target organ. CONCLUSIONS An excellent safety profile and T-cell responses elicited in the circulation and also detected in the prostate gland support the evaluation of the ChAdOx1-MVA 5T4 vaccine in efficacy trials. It remains to be seen if this vaccination strategy generates immune responses of sufficient magnitude to mediate clinical efficacy and whether it can be effective in late-stage PCa settings, as a monotherapy in advanced disease or as part of multi-modality PCa therapy. To address these questions, the phase I/II trial, ADVANCE, is currently recruiting patients with intermediate-risk PCa, and patients with advanced metastatic castration-resistant PCa, to receive this vaccine in combination with nivolumab. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02390063).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cappuccini
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Pollock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Carter
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Julianne Hollidge
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Megan Baker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Celia Mitton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Baines
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Protheroe
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Steven Kennish
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Susan Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Selena Vigano
- Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro J Romero
- Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - James Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Freddie Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Irina Redchenko
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Coughlan L. Factors Which Contribute to the Immunogenicity of Non-replicating Adenoviral Vectored Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:909. [PMID: 32508823 PMCID: PMC7248264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are a safe and potently immunogenic vaccine delivery platform. Non-replicating Ad vectors possess several attributes which make them attractive vaccines for infectious disease, including their capacity for high titer growth, ease of manipulation, safety, and immunogenicity in clinical studies, as well as their compatibility with clinical manufacturing and thermo-stabilization procedures. In general, Ad vectors are immunogenic vaccines, which elicit robust transgene antigen-specific cellular (namely CD8+ T cells) and/or humoral immune responses. A large number of adenoviruses isolated from humans and non-human primates, which have low seroprevalence in humans, have been vectorized and tested as vaccines in animal models and humans. However, a distinct hierarchy of immunological potency has been identified between diverse Ad vectors, which unfortunately limits the potential use of many vectors which have otherwise desirable manufacturing characteristics. The precise mechanistic factors which underlie the profound disparities in immunogenicity are not clearly defined and are the subject of ongoing, detailed investigation. It has been suggested that a combination of factors contribute to the potent immunogenicity of particular Ad vectors, including the magnitude and duration of vaccine antigen expression following immunization. Furthermore, the excessive induction of Type I interferons by some Ad vectors has been suggested to impair transgene expression levels, dampening subsequent immune responses. Therefore, the induction of balanced, but not excessive stimulation of innate signaling is optimal. Entry factor binding or receptor usage of distinct Ad vectors can also affect their in vivo tropism following administration by different routes. The abundance and accessibility of innate immune cells and/or antigen-presenting cells at the site of injection contributes to early innate immune responses to Ad vaccination, affecting the outcome of the adaptive immune response. Although a significant amount of information exists regarding the tropism determinants of the common human adenovirus type-5 vector, very little is known about the receptor usage and tropism of rare species or non-human Ad vectors. Increased understanding of how different facets of the host response to Ad vectors contribute to their immunological potency will be essential for the development of optimized and customized Ad vaccine platforms for specific diseases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency (ID) is a major public health burden in African children and accurate prevalence estimates are important for effective nutritional interventions. However, ID may be incorrectly estimated in Africa because most measures of iron status are altered by inflammation and infections such as malaria. Through the current study, we have assessed different approaches to the prediction of iron status and estimated the burden of ID in African children. METHODS We assayed iron and inflammatory biomarkers in 4853 children aged 0-8 years from Kenya, Uganda, Burkina Faso, South Africa, and The Gambia. We described iron status and its relationship with age, sex, inflammation, and malaria parasitemia. We defined ID using the WHO guideline (ferritin < 12 μg/L or < 30 μg/L in the presence of inflammation in children < 5 years old or < 15 μg/L in children ≥ 5 years old). We compared this with a recently proposed gold standard, which uses regression-correction for ferritin levels based on the relationship between ferritin levels, inflammatory markers, and malaria. We further investigated the utility of other iron biomarkers in predicting ID using the inflammation and malaria regression-corrected estimate as a gold standard. RESULTS The prevalence of ID was highest at 1 year of age and in male infants. Inflammation and malaria parasitemia were associated with all iron biomarkers, although transferrin saturation was least affected. Overall prevalence of WHO-defined ID was 34% compared to 52% using the inflammation and malaria regression-corrected estimate. This unidentified burden of ID increased with age and was highest in countries with high prevalence of inflammation and malaria, where up to a quarter of iron-deficient children were misclassified as iron replete. Transferrin saturation < 11% most closely predicted the prevalence of ID according to the regression-correction gold standard. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ID is underestimated in African children when defined using the WHO guidelines, especially in malaria-endemic populations, and the use of transferrin saturation may provide a more accurate approach. Further research is needed to identify the most accurate measures for determining the prevalence of ID in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
|
40
|
Design and assessment of TRAP-CSP fusion antigens as effective malaria vaccines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0216260. [PMID: 31967991 PMCID: PMC6975556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) are major targets for pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine development. However, the CSP-based vaccine RTS,S provides only marginal protection, highlighting the need for innovative vaccine design and development. Here we design and characterize expression and folding of P. berghei (Pb) and P. falciparum (Pf) TRAP-CSP fusion proteins, and evaluate immunogenicity and sterilizing immunity in mice. TRAP N-terminal domains were fused to the CSP C-terminal αTSR domain with or without the CSP repeat region, expressed in mammalian cells, and evaluated with or without N-glycan shaving. Pb and Pf fusions were each expressed substantially better than the TRAP or CSP components alone; furthermore, the fusions but not the CSP component could be purified to homogeneity and were well folded and monomeric. As yields of TRAP and CSP fragments were insufficient, we immunized BALB/c mice with Pb TRAP-CSP fusions in AddaVax adjuvant and tested the effects of absence or presence of the CSP repeats and absence or presence of high mannose N-glycans on total antibody titer and protection from infection by mosquito bite both 2.5 months and 6 months after the last immunization. Fusions containing the repeats were completely protective against challenge and re-challenge, while those lacking repeats were significantly less effective. These results correlated with higher total antibody titers when repeats were present. Our results show that TRAP-CSP fusions increase protein antigen production, have the potential to yield effective vaccines, and also guide design of effective proteins that can be encoded by nucleic acid-based and virally vectored vaccines.
Collapse
|
41
|
Mehrizi AA, Jafari Zadeh A, Zakeri S, Djadid ND. Population genetic structure analysis of thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) as a vaccine candidate antigen in worldwide Plasmodium falciparum isolates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104197. [PMID: 31954917 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic diversity is a major concern in malaria vaccine development that requires to be considered in developing a malaria vaccine. Plasmodium falciparum thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (PfTRAP) is a leading malaria vaccine candidate antigen. In the current study, we investigated the level of genetic diversity and natural selection of pftrap sequences in P. falciparum isolates from Iran (n = 47). The gene diversity of Iranian pftrap sequences was also compared to available global pftrap sequences deposited in the GenBank or PlasmoDB databases (n = 220). Comparison of Iranian PfTRAP sequences with T9/96 reference sequence showed the presence of 35 amino acid changes in 32 positions and a limited variation in repeat sequences, leading to 13 distinct haplotypes. The overall nucleotide diversity (π) for the ectodomain of Iranian pftrap sequences was 0.00444 ± 0.00043, with the highest diversity in Domain IV. Alignment comparison of global PfTRAP sequences with T9/96 reference sequence indicated 96 amino acid replacements as well as extensive variable repeat sequences (9-23 repeats), which led to 192 haplotypes. Among the global isolates, the lowest nucleotide diversity was detected in French Guianan (0.00428 ± 0.00163) and Iranian (0.00444 ± 0.00043) pftrap sequences, and the most variation was observed in domains II and IV in all populations. The dN-dS value displayed the evidence of positive selection due to recombination and immune system pressure. The Fst analysis revealed a gene flow between African populations; however, genetic differentiation observed between Iranian and other populations probably was due to gene flow barriers. Both conserved and variable epitopes were predicted in B- and T-cell epitopes of PfTRAP antigen. The obtained results from this study could be helpful for developing a PfTRAP-based malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Jafari Zadeh
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Steigerwald R, Brake DA, Barrera J, Schutta CJ, Kalla M, Wennier ST, Volkmann A, Hurtle W, Clark BA, Zurita M, Pisano M, Kamicker BJ, Puckette MC, Rasmussen MV, Neilan JG. Evaluation of modified Vaccinia Ankara-based vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease serotype A24 in cattle. Vaccine 2019; 38:769-778. [PMID: 31718901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To prepare foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) recombinant vaccines in response to newly emerging FMD virus (FMDV) field strains, we evaluated Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN®) as an FMD vaccine vector platform. The MVA-BN vector has the capacity to carry and express numerous foreign genes and thereby has the potential to encode antigens from multiple FMDV strains. Moreover, this vector has an extensive safety record in humans. All MVA-BN-FMD constructs expressed the FMDV A24 Cruzeiro P1 capsid polyprotein as antigen and the FMDV 3C protease required for processing of the polyprotein. Because the FMDV wild-type 3C protease is detrimental to mammalian cells, one of four FMDV 3C protease variants were utilized: wild-type, or one of three previously reported mutants intended to dampen protease activity (C142T, C142L) or to increase specificity and thereby reduce adverse effects (L127P). These 3C coding sequences were expressed under the control of different promoters selected to reduce 3C protease expression. Four MVA-BN-FMD constructs were evaluated in vitro for acceptable vector stability, FMDV P1 polyprotein expression, processing, and the potential for vaccine scale-up production. Two MVA-BN FMD constructs met the in vitro selection criteria to qualify for clinical studies: MVA-mBN360B (carrying a C142T mutant 3C protease and an HIV frameshift for reduced expression) and MVA-mBN386B (carrying a L127P mutant 3C protease). Both vaccines were safe in cattle and elicited low to moderate serum neutralization titers to FMDV following multiple dose administrations. Following FMDV homologous challenge, both vaccines conferred 100% protection against clinical FMD and viremia using single dose or prime-boost immunization regimens. The MVA-BN FMD vaccine platform was capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The demonstration of the successful application of MVA-BN as an FMD vaccine vector provides a platform for further FMD vaccine development against more epidemiologically relevant FMDV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Steigerwald
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - José Barrera
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Christopher J Schutta
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Markus Kalla
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Sonia T Wennier
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Ariane Volkmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - William Hurtle
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Benjamin A Clark
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Mariceny Zurita
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Melia Pisano
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Barbara J Kamicker
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Michael C Puckette
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - Max V Rasmussen
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| | - John G Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
| |
Collapse
|