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Chávez-Guevara IA, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ramos-Jiménez A, Brun JF. Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2023; 53:2399-2416. [PMID: 37584843 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity. METHODS A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%[Formula: see text]O2peak]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HRpeak]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax. RESULTS Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (n = 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (n = 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (n = 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40-60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg-1·min-1; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min-1. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L-1 while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h-1 and 42.8-60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (p < 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HRpeak. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax. CONCLUSION Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57-64% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, EFFECTS-262 Research Group, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jean Frederic Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHRU Montpellier, PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Chávez-Guevara IA, Hernández-Torres RP, Trejo-Trejo M, Moreno-Brito V, González-Rodríguez E, Ramos-Jiménez A. Association Among Different Aerobic Threshold Markers and FATmax in Men With Obesity. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:861-868. [PMID: 35512235 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2065235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This work studies the interrelation of the first ventilatory threshold (VT1), the heart rate inflection point (HRIP), and the exercise intensity at which blood lactate started to accumulate (LIAB) or increased 1 mmol∙L-1 above baseline (LT+1.0); and examinee their association with the exercise intensity eliciting maximal fat oxidation (FATmax). Methods: Eighteen young men with obesity performed an incremental-load exercise test on a treadmill after overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration were recorded. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association among FATmax and AeT markers. A standard error of estimate (SEE) ≤9 beats∙min-1 and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to examine the accuracy of different AeT for predicting FATmax heart rate. Results: The FATmax occurred at 36±7%VO2peak before the HRIP (41±6%VO2peak), LIAB (42±10%VO2peak), LT+1.0 (61±9%VO2peak) and VT1 (40±7%VO2peak). Furthermore, the HRIP (R2= 0.71; SEE= 6 beats∙min-1; CCC=0.77), VT1 (R2= 0.76; SEE= 5 beats∙min-1; CCC=0.84) and LIAB (R2= 0.77; SEE= 5 beats∙min-1; CCC=0.85) were strongly associated to FATmax and showed an acceptable estimation error for predicting FATmax heart rate. Otherwise, LT+1.0 showed a moderate correlation with FATmax, a low accuracy for predicting FATmax HR (R2= 0.57; SEE= 7 beats∙min-1; CCC=0.66) and a poor agreement with the rest of AeT markers (Bias: +20%VO2peak). Conclusion: The HRIP, LIAB and VT1 did not perfectly captured the FATmax, however, these could be exchanged for predicting the FATmax heart rate in men with obesity. Moreover, the LT+1.0 should not be used for AeT or FATmax assessment in men with obesity.
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Bertrand É, Caru M, Morel S, Bergeron Parenteau A, Belanger V, Laverdière C, Krajinovic M, Sinnett D, Levy E, Marcil V, Curnier D. Substrate oxidation during exercise in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 40:701-718. [PMID: 37440691 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2023.2232399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at high risk of developing long-term cardiometabolic complications during their survivorship. Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) is a marker during exercise of cardiometabolic health, and is associated with metabolic risk factors. Our aim was to characterize the carbohydrate and fat oxidation during exercise in childhood ALL survivors. Indirect calorimetry was measured in 250 childhood ALL survivors to quantify substrate oxidation rates during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. A best-fit third-order polynomial curve was computed for fat oxidation rate (mg/min) against exercise intensity (%V ̇ O2peak) and was used to determine the MFO and the peak fat oxidation (Fatmax). The crossover point was also identified. Differences between prognostic risk groups were assessed (ie, standard risk [SR], high risk with and without cardio-protective agent dexrazoxane [HR + DEX and HR]). MFO, Fatmax and crossover point were not different between the groups (p = .078; p = .765; p = .726). Fatmax and crossover point were achieved at low exercise intensities. A higher MFO was achieved by men in the SR group (287.8 ± 111.2 mg/min) compared to those in HR + DEX (239.8 ± 97.0 mg/min) and HR groups (229.3 ± 98.9 mg/min) (p = .04). Childhood ALL survivors have low fat oxidation during exercise and oxidize carbohydrates at low exercise intensities, independently of the cumulative doses of doxorubicin they received. These findings alert clinicians on the long-term impact of cancer treatments on childhood ALL survivors' substrate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Bertrand
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Caru
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophia Morel
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Veronique Belanger
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Curnier
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Rugbeer N, Constantinou D, Torres G. Effect of a novel 90-second "Gear" exercise programme on markers of inflammation and cardiorespiratory fitness measurements in person at risk of cardiovascular disease. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:734-743. [PMID: 35135384 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2038158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the effect of the novel "Gear" exercise programmes on inflammatory markers and cardiorespiratory fitness measurements. The participants mean age was 38 ± 5.74 years, with a mean body mass of 83 ± 16.93kg. Participants were randomly assigned to either the "Gear" exercise programme repeated at different times during the day (GEP-DT): cycled for 90 seconds, repeated three times per day, three days per week; the "Gear" exercise programme repeated at one point in time (GEP-OT): cycled for 90 seconds followed by four minutes and 30 seconds rest, repeated three times at one point in time, three days per week; moderate-intensity continuous exercise group (MICE): cycled for 30 minutes at 55-69% of HRmax or the control group (CTRL): did not exercise. The GEP-DT demonstrated a moderate increase in load at ventilation threshold (VT-L) (MD = 8.18 ± 12.30, % Δ = 14.53, d = 0.77, d (95% CI): (-0.17, 1.64)). The GEP-OT group demonstrated a large effect size for VT-L (MD = 11.79 ± 18.77, % Δ = 18.86, d = 0.81, d (95% CI): (-0.02, 1.63)). The GEP-DT and GEP-OT raised the VT-L, which prevented premature fatigue and improved the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rugbeer
- Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - D Constantinou
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - G Torres
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ferri Marini C, Tadger P, Chávez-Guevara IA, Tipton E, Meucci M, Nikolovski Z, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Peric R. Factors Determining the Agreement between Aerobic Threshold and Point of Maximal Fat Oxidation: Follow-Up on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Association. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:453. [PMID: 36612784 PMCID: PMC9819531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise at the intensity matching maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) has been proposed as a key element in both athletes and clinical populations when aiming to enhance the body's ability to oxidize fat. In order to allow a more standardized and tailored training approach, the connection between FATmax and the individual aerobic thresholds (AerT) has been examined. Although recent findings strongly suggest that a relationship exists between these two intensities, correlation alone is not sufficient to confirm that the intensities necessarily coincide and that the error between the two measures is small. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to examine the agreement levels between the exercise intensities matching FATmax and AerT by pooling limits of agreement in a function of three parameters: (i) the average difference, (ii) the average within-study variation, and (iii) the variation in bias across studies, and to examine the influence of clinical and methodological inter- and intra-study differences on agreement levels. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021239351) and ClinicalTrials (NCT03789045). PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies examining FATmax and AerT connection. Overall, 12 studies with forty-five effect sizes and a total of 774 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The ROBIS tool for risk of bias assessment was used to determine the quality of included studies. In conclusion, the overall 95% limits of agreement of the differences between FATmax and AerT exercise intensities were larger than the a priori determined acceptable agreement due to the large variance caused by clinical and methodological differences among the studies. Therefore, we recommend that future studies follow a strict standardization of data collection and analysis of FATmax- and AerT-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ferri Marini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Isaac Armando Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Tipton
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Marco Meucci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Zoran Nikolovski
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Francisco Jose Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18001 Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Ratko Peric
- Department for Exercise Physiology, Orthopedic Clinic Orthosport, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Peric R, Nikolovski Z, Meucci M, Tadger P, Ferri Marini C, Amaro-Gahete FJ. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Association and Differences between Aerobic Threshold and Point of Optimal Fat Oxidation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6479. [PMID: 35682065 PMCID: PMC9180269 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, scientists have attempted to evaluate whether the point of maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) and the aerobic threshold (AerT) are connected. The existence of such a relationship would allow a more tailored training approach for athletes while improving the efficacy of individualized exercise prescriptions when treating numerous health-related issues. However, studies have reported conflicting results, and this issue remains unresolved. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed: (i) to examine the strength of the association between FATmax and AerT by using the effect size (ES) of correlation coefficient (r) and standardized mean difference (SMD); (ii) to identify potential moderators and their influence on ES variability. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021239351) and ClinicalTrials (NCT03789045). PubMed and Google Scholar were searched and fourteen articles, consisting of overall 35 ES for r and 26 ES for SMD were included. Obtained ESs were analyzed using a multilevel random-effects meta-analysis. Our results support the presence of a significant association between FATmax and AerT exercise intensities. In conclusion, due to the large ES variance caused by clinical and methodological differences among the studies, we recommend that future studies follow strict standardization of data collection and analysis of FATmax and AerT-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratko Peric
- Department for Exercise Physiology, Orthopedic Clinic Orthosport, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Zoran Nikolovski
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Marco Meucci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA;
| | | | - Carlo Ferri Marini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Francisco José Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18001 Granada, Spain
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18001 Granada, Spain
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Beyond the Calorie Paradigm: Taking into Account in Practice the Balance of Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081605. [PMID: 35458167 PMCID: PMC9027421 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature shows that exercise is not simply a way to generate a calorie deficit as an add-on to restrictive diets but exerts powerful additional biological effects via its impact on mitochondrial function, the release of chemical messengers induced by muscular activity, and its ability to reverse epigenetic alterations. This review aims to summarize the current literature dealing with the hypothesis that some of these effects of exercise unexplained by an energy deficit are related to the balance of substrates used as fuel by the exercising muscle. This balance of substrates can be measured with reliable techniques, which provide information about metabolic disturbances associated with sedentarity and obesity, as well as adaptations of fuel metabolism in trained individuals. The exercise intensity that elicits maximal oxidation of lipids, termed LIPOXmax, FATOXmax, or FATmax, provides a marker of the mitochondrial ability to oxidize fatty acids and predicts how much fat will be oxidized over 45–60 min of low- to moderate-intensity training performed at the corresponding intensity. LIPOXmax is a reproducible parameter that can be modified by many physiological and lifestyle influences (exercise, diet, gender, age, hormones such as catecholamines, and the growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor I axis). Individuals told to select an exercise intensity to maintain for 45 min or more spontaneously select a level close to this intensity. There is increasing evidence that training targeted at this level is efficient for reducing fat mass, sparing muscle mass, increasing the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise, lowering blood pressure and low-grade inflammation, improving insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the circulating cholesterol level. Training protocols based on this concept are easy to implement and accept in very sedentary patients and have shown an unexpected efficacy over the long term. They also represent a useful add-on to bariatric surgery in order to maintain and improve its weight-lowering effect. Additional studies are required to confirm and more precisely analyze the determinants of LIPOXmax and the long-term effects of training at this level on body composition, metabolism, and health.
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Is the Tyme Wear Smart Shirt Reliable and Valid at Detecting Personalized Ventilatory Thresholds in Recreationally Active Individuals? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031147. [PMID: 35162172 PMCID: PMC8835019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the Tyme Wear smart shirt is as reliable and valid in detecting personalized ventilatory thresholds when compared to the Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400. In this validation study, 19 subjects were recruited to conduct two graded exercise test (GXT) trials. Each GXT trial was separated by 7 to 10 days of rest. During the GXT, gas exchange and heart rate data were collected by the TrueOne 2400 (TRUE) in addition to the ventilation data collected by the Tyme Wear smart shirt (S-PRED). Gas exchange data from TRUE were used to detect ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2). TRUE and S-PRED VT1 and VT2 were compared to determine the reliability and validity of the smart shirt. Of the 19 subjects, data from 15 subjects were used during analysis. S-PRED exhibited excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient—CC > 0.90) reliability for detection of VT1 and VT2 utilizing time point and workload and moderate (0.90 > ICC > 0.75) reliability utilizing heart rate. TRUE exhibited excellent reliability for detection of VT1 and VT2 utilizing time point, workload, and heart rate. When compared to TRUE, S-PRED appears to underestimate the VT1 workload (p > 0.05) across both trials and heart rate (p < 0.05) for trial 1. However, S-PRED appears to underestimate VT2 workload (p < 0.05) and heart rate (p < 0.05) across both trials. The result from this study suggests that the Tyme Wear smart shirt is less valid but is comparable in reliability when compared to the gold standard. Moreover, despite the underestimation of S-PRED VT1 and VT2, the S-PRED-detected personalized ventilatory thresholds provide an adequate training workload for most individuals. In conclusion, the Tyme Wear smart shirt provides easily accessible testing to establish threshold-guided training zones but does not devalue the long-standing laboratory equivalent.
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Chávez-Guevara IA, Hernández-Torres RP, Trejo-Trejo M, González-Rodríguez E, Moreno-Brito V, Wall-Medrano A, Pérez-León JA, Ramos-Jiménez A. Exercise Fat Oxidation Is Positively Associated with Body Fatness in Men with Obesity: Defying the Metabolic Flexibility Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136945. [PMID: 34209545 PMCID: PMC8297250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is thought to be associated with a reduced capacity to increase fat oxidation in response to physical exercise; however, scientific evidence supporting this paradigm remains scarce. This study aimed to determine the interrelationship of different submaximal exercise metabolic flexibility (Metflex) markers and define its association with body fatness on subjects with obesity. Twenty-one male subjects with obesity performed a graded-intensity exercise protocol (Test 1) during which cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and its corresponding exercise intensity (FATmax) were recorded. A week afterward, each subject performed a 60-min walk (treadmill) at FATmax (Test 2), and the resulting fat oxidation area under the curve (TFO) and maximum respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak) were recorded. Blood lactate (LAb) levels was measured during both exercise protocols. Linear regression analysis was used to study the interrelationship of exercise Metflex markers. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate all possible linear relationships between Metflex and anthropometric measurement, controlling for CRF). The MFO explained 38% and 46% of RERpeak and TFO’s associated variance (p < 0.01) while TFO and RERpeak were inversely related (R2 = 0.54, p < 0.01). Body fatness positively correlated with MFO (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) and TFO (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) but inversely related with RERpeak (r = −0.67, p < 0.01). This study shows that MFO and RERpeak are valid indicators of TFO during steady-state exercise at FATmax. The fat oxidation capacity is directly associated with body fatness in males with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Chávez-Guevara
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Rosa P. Hernández-Torres
- Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico;
| | - Marina Trejo-Trejo
- Faculty of Sports, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21289, Mexico;
| | - Everardo González-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (E.G.-R.); (V.M.-B.)
| | - Verónica Moreno-Brito
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (E.G.-R.); (V.M.-B.)
| | - Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Jorge A. Pérez-León
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (A.W.-M.); (J.A.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-656-167-9309
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Afroundeh R, Hofmann P, Esmaeilzadeh S, Narimani M, Pesola AJ. Agreement between heart rate deflection point and maximal lactate steady state in young adults with different body masses. Physiol Int 2021. [PMID: 33764893 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2021.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the agreement between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) variables with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in a sample of young males categorized to different body mass statuses using body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. One hundred and eighteen young males (19.9 ± 4.4 years) underwent a standard running incremental protocol with individualized speed increment between 0.3 and 1.0 km/h for HRDP determination. HRDP was determined using the modified Dmax method called S.Dmax. MLSS was determined using 2-5 series of constant-speed treadmill runs. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (La) were measured in all tests. MLSS was defined as the maximal running speed yielding a La increase of less than 1 mmol/L during the last 20 min. Good agreement was observed between HRDP and MLSS for HR for all participants (±1.96; 95% CI = -11.5 to +9.2 b/min, ICC = 0.88; P < 0.001). Good agreement was observed between HRDP and MLSS for speed for all participants (±1.96; 95% CI = -0.40 to +0.42 km/h, ICC = 0.98; P < 0.001). The same findings were observed when participants were categorized in different body mass groups. In conclusion, HRDP can be used as a simple, non-invasive and time-efficient method to objectively determine submaximal aerobic performance in nonathletic young adult men with varying body mass status, according to the chosen standards for HRDP determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Afroundeh
- 1Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - P Hofmann
- 2Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group; Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health; University of Graz, Austria
| | - S Esmaeilzadeh
- 1Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Islamic Republic of Iran
- 3Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - M Narimani
- 1Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - A J Pesola
- 3Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
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11
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Moghetti P, Balducci S, Guidetti L, Mazzuca P, Rossi E, Schena F, Moghetti P, Balducci S, Guidetti L, Schena F, Mazzuca P, Rossi E. Walking for subjects with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and joint AMD/SID/SISMES evidence-based practical guideline. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Regular exercise is considered a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It improves glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and also improves general well-being, likely playing a role in the prevention of chronic complications of diabetes. However, compliance to exercise recommendations is generally inadequate in subjects with T2DM. Walking is the most ancestral form of physical activity in humans, easily applicable in daily life. It may represent, in many patients, a first simple step towards lifestyle changes. Nevertheless, while most diabetic patients do not engage in any weekly walking, exercise guidelines do not generally detail how to improve its use. The aims of this document are to conduct a systematic review of available literature on walking as a therapeutic tool for people with T2DM, and to provide practical, evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding its utilization in these subjects.
Data synthesis
Analysis of available RCTs proved that regular walking training, especially when supervised, improves glucose control in subjects with T2DM, with favorable effects also on cardiorespiratory fitness, body weight, and blood pressure. Moreover, some recent studies have shown that even short bouts of walking, used for breaking prolonged sitting, can ameliorate glucose profiles in diabetic patients with sedentary behavior.
Conclusions
There is sufficient evidence to recognize that walking is a useful therapeutic tool for people with T2DM. This document discusses theoretical and practical issues for improving its use.
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12
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Moghetti P, Balducci S, Guidetti L, Mazzuca P, Rossi E, Schena F. Walking for subjects with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and joint AMD/SID/SISMES evidence-based practical guideline. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1882-1898. [PMID: 32998820 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Regular exercise is considered a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It improves glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and also improves general well-being, likely playing a role in the prevention of chronic complications of diabetes. However, compliance to exercise recommendations is generally inadequate in subjects with T2DM. Walking is the most ancestral form of physical activity in humans, easily applicable in daily life. It may represent, in many patients, a first simple step towards lifestyle changes. Nevertheless, while most diabetic patients do not engage in any weekly walking, exercise guidelines do not generally detail how to improve its use. The aims of this document are to conduct a systematic review of available literature on walking as a therapeutic tool for people with T2DM, and to provide practical, evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding its utilization in these subjects. DATA SYNTHESIS Analysis of available RCTs proved that regular walking training, especially when supervised, improves glucose control in subjects with T2DM, with favorable effects also on cardiorespiratory fitness, body weight and blood pressure. Moreover, some recent studies have shown that even short bouts of walking, used for breaking prolonged sitting, can ameliorate glucose profiles in diabetic patients with sedentary behavior. CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence to recognize that walking is a useful therapeutic tool for people with T2DM. This document discusses theoretical and practical issues for improving its use. This article is co-published in the journals Sport Sciences for Health and Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moghetti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - S Balducci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - P Mazzuca
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Center, Romagna Health District, Rimini, Italy; Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - E Rossi
- Diabetes Unit, ASL of Benevento, Benevento, Italy
| | - F Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Maffetone P, Laursen PB. Maximum Aerobic Function: Clinical Relevance, Physiological Underpinnings, and Practical Application. Front Physiol 2020; 11:296. [PMID: 32300310 PMCID: PMC7142223 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest humans relied on large quantities of metabolic energy from the oxidation of fatty acids to develop larger brains and bodies, prevent and reduce disease risk, extend longevity, in addition to other benefits. This was enabled through the consumption of a high fat and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD). Increased fat oxidation also supported daily bouts of prolonged, low-intensity, aerobic-based physical activity. Over the past 40-plus years, a clinical program has been developed to help people manage their lifestyles to promote increased fat oxidation as a means to improve various aspects of health and fitness that include reducing excess body fat, preventing disease, and optimizing human performance. This program is referred to as maximum aerobic function, and includes the practical application of a personalized exercise heart rate (HR) formula of low-to-moderate intensity associated with maximal fat oxidation (MFO), and without the need for laboratory evaluations. The relationship between exercise training at this HR and associated laboratory measures of MFO, health outcomes and athletic performance must be verified scientifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Maffetone
- Independent Researcher, Ormond Beach, FL, United States.,Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Zimatore G, Gallotta MC, Innocenti L, Bonavolontà V, Ciasca G, De Spirito M, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Recurrence quantification analysis of heart rate variability during continuous incremental exercise test in obese subjects. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:033135. [PMID: 32237785 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present paper concerns a new description of changing in metabolism during incremental exercises test that permit an individually tailored program of exercises for obese subjects. We analyzed heart rate variability from RR interval time series (tachogram) with an alternative approach, the recurrence quantification analysis, that allows a description of a time series in terms of its dynamic structure and is able to identify the phase transitions. A transition in cardiac signal dynamics was detected and it perfectly reflects the aerobic threshold, as identified by gas exchange during an incremental exercise test, revealing the coupling from the respiratory system toward the heart. Moreover, our analysis shows that, in the recurrence plot of RR interval, it is possible to identify a specific pattern that allows to identify phase transitions between different dynamic regimes. The perfect match of the occurrence of the phase transitions with changes observed in the VO2 consumption, the gold standard approach to estimate thresholds, strongly supports the possibility of using our analysis of RR interval to detect metabolic threshold. In conclusion, we propose a novel nonlinear data analysis method that allows for an easy and personalized detection of thresholds both from professional and even from low-cost wearable devices, without the need of expensive gas analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate (CO) 22060, Italy
| | - M C Gallotta
- Department of Human, Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome 00135, Italy
| | - L Innocenti
- Department of Human, Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome 00135, Italy
| | - V Bonavolontà
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari 70121, Italy
| | - G Ciasca
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome 00168, Italy
| | - M De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome 00168, Italy
| | - L Guidetti
- Department of Human, Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome 00135, Italy
| | - C Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate (CO) 22060, Italy
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15
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Özdemir Ç, Özgünen K, Günaştı Ö, Eryılmaz SK, Kılcı A, Kurdak SS. Changes in substrate utilization rates during 40 min of walking within the Fatmax range. Physiol Int 2019; 106:294-304. [PMID: 31560234 DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in fat oxidation rate during 40 min of continuous exercise and identify the intensity at the highest fat oxidation rate (Fatmax). METHODS A total of 14 sedentary males with age, body height, weight, and BMI averages of 29.3 ± 0.7 years, 178.3 ± 1.7 cm, 81.1 ± 3.9 kg, and 25.4 ± 0.9 kg/m2, respectively, were included in the study. Fatmax was determined using an indirect calorimeter with an incremental treadmill walking test at least after 12 h of fasting. On a separate day, at least after 12 h of fasting, the participants walked for 40 min within their predetermined individual Fatmax heart rate and speed ranges. RESULTS The initial fat oxidation rate was not sustained within the first 16 min of exercise and was reduced; however, carbohydrate oxidation reached a stable level after nearly 10 min. CONCLUSIONS In sedentary individuals, during low-intensity physical activity, fat oxidation rates may not be sustainable as expected from Fatmax testing. Therefore, when exercise is prescribed, one should consider that the fat oxidation rate might decrease in sedentary overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ç Özdemir
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - K Özgünen
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ö Günaştı
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - S K Eryılmaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - A Kılcı
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - S S Kurdak
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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