1
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Kumar R, Kamboj H, Dhanda S, Verma A, Chander Y, Nehra K, Bhati A, Dedar RK, Sharma DK, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Sharma S, Kumar N. Identification of miR-29a as a novel biomarker for lumpy skin disease virus exposure in cattle. Virulence 2024; 15:2324711. [PMID: 38527940 PMCID: PMC10965105 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2324711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-29a antagonizes IFN-γ production at early times post-LSDV infection in cattle. miR-29a was predicted to target upstream IFN-γ regulators, and its inhibition resulted in enhanced IFN-γ production in sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further, stimulation of PBMCs with LSDV antigen exhibited lower levels of miR-29a, concomitant with a potent cell-mediated immune response (CMI), characterized by an increase in LSDV-specific CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ, which eventually facilitated virus clearance. In addition, a few immunocompromised cattle (developed secondary LSDV infection at ~ 6 months) that failed to mount a potent cell-mediated immune response, were shown to maintain higher miR-29a levels. Furthermore, as compared to the sensitized crossbred cattle, PBMCs from sensitized Rathi (a native Indian breed) animals exhibited lower levels of miR-29a along with an increase in CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ. Finally, we analysed that a ≥ 60% decrease in miR-29a expression levels in the PBMCs of sensitized cattle correlated with a potent CMI response. In conclusion, miR-29a expression is involved in antagonizing the IFN-γ response in LSDV-infected cattle and may serve as a novel biomarker for the acute phase of LSDV infection, as well as predicting the functionality of T cells in sensitized cattle. In addition, Rathi cattle mount a more potent CMI response against LSDV than crossbred cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Himanshu Kamboj
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Kuldeep Nehra
- Livestock Research Station, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Nohar, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udaipur, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
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2
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Manjunathareddy GB, Saminathan M, Sanjeevakumar L, Rao S, Dinesh M, Dhama K, Singh KP, Tripathi BN. Pathological, immunological and molecular epidemiological analysis of lumpy skin disease virus in Indian cattle during a high-mortality epidemic. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-22. [PMID: 39233648 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2398211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically significant, emerging viral disease of Cattle and Buffaloes. This study aimed to investigate the causes of high mortality in a recent LSD epidemic in India. We examined 1618 animals across seventy outbreaks and conducted post-mortem on 48 cattle out of 513 clinically suspected LSD cases. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates recorded were 31.70%, 2.97 and 9.37% respectively. Disease stages were categorized as early (20.81%), mid (42.02%), and late (37.17%) and the distribution of skin lesions was classified as mild (34.14%), moderate (39.39%), and severe (26.47%). Post-mortem findings revealed systemic infection with necrotic and ulcerative nodules on multiple internal organs. Histologically, necrotizing vasculitis and mononuclear cell infiltration with intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed in various organs. The highest viral load was found in skin nodules/scabs, trachea, tongue, and lymph nodes. The viral load was significantly higher in mid- and late-stages of skin nodules and internal organs; whereas, blood from early-stage showed high viral load. The expression of Th1-type and Th2-type cytokines varied significantly across different stages of the disease. The downregulation of the apoptotic intrinsic and upregulation of the extrinsic pathway genes, suggesting that the latter plays a role in LSDV infection. Genetic analysis revealed that the LSD virus (LSDV) isolates were derived from a Kenyan ancestral strain with unique nucleotide changes in RPO30 and P32 gene. In conclusion, the high mortality in the recent Indian LSD epidemic can be attributed to a newly identified, highly virulent strain of LSDV causing systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lalasangi Sanjeevakumar
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sugana Rao
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Vice-Chancellor, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST), Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India
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3
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Kushwaha A, Kumar A, Chandrasekhar S, Poulinlu G, Chand K, Muthuchelvan D, Venkatesan G. Baculovirus expression and purification of virion core and envelope proteins of goatpox virus to evaluate their diagnostic potential. Arch Virol 2024; 169:172. [PMID: 39096433 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Goatpox and sheeppox are highly contagious and economically important viral diseases of small ruminants. Due to the risk they pose to animal health, livestock production, and international trade, capripoxviruses are a considerable threat to the livestock economy. In this study, we expressed two core proteins (A4L and A12L) and one extracellular enveloped virion protein (A33R) of goatpox virus in a baculovirus expression vector system and evaluated their use as diagnostic antigens in ELISA. Full-length A4L, A12L, and A33R genes of the GTPV Uttarkashi strain were amplified, cloned into the pFastBac HT A donor vector, and introduced into DH10Bac cells containing a baculovirus shuttle vector plasmid to generate recombinant bacmids. The recombinant baculoviruses were produced in Sf-21 cells by transfection, and proteins were expressed in TN5 insect cells. The recombinant proteins were analysed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by western blot, with expected sizes of ~30 kDa, ~31 kDa, and ~32 kDa for A4L, A12L, and A33R, respectively. The recombinant proteins were purified, and the immunoreactivity of the purified proteins was confirmed by western blot using anti-GTPV serum. The antigenic specificity of the expressed proteins as diagnostic antigens was evaluated by testing their reactivity with infected, vaccinated, and negative GTPV/SPPV serum in indirect ELISA, and the A33R-based indirect ELISA was optimized. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the A33R-based indirect ELISA were found to be of 89% and 94% for goats and 98% and 91%, for sheep, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with other related viruses. The recombinant-A33R-based indirect ELISA developed in the present study shows that it has potential for the detection of antibodies in GTPV and SPPV infected/vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kushwaha
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Chandrasekhar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G Poulinlu
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - G Venkatesan
- FMD Laboratory, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, H A Farm, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India.
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4
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Dhanda S, Sharma DK, Kamboj H, Kumar G, Mittal P, Kumar R, Verma A, Rathore K, Gaur M, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Sharma S, Kumar N. Evaluation of the immune responses in buffaloes vaccinated with a live-attenuated lumpy skin disease vaccine (Lumpi-ProVac Ind). Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:226. [PMID: 39093442 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Since 2019, Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has suddenly spread in many Asian countries, including India. LSD primarily occurs in cattle. However, recent LSD outbreaks in India have also revealed significant morbidity and production losses in buffaloes. This has raised concerns about the role of buffaloes in the epidemiology and transmission of LSD and necessitates the inclusion of buffaloes in the mass vaccination program for the prevention and control of the disease in the country. However, there is no significant data on the immune response in buffaloes following vaccination with the LSD vaccine. In this study, we evaluated antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination with a newly developed live-attenuated LSD vaccine (Lumpi-ProVacInd). The detectable amount of anti-LSDV antibodies was observed at 1-2 months following vaccination, with a peak antibody titer at 3 months. Upon stimulation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the UV-inactivated LSDV antigen, there was a significant increase in CD8 + T cell counts in vaccinated animals as compared to the unvaccinated animals. Besides, vaccinated animals also showed a significant increase in IFN-γ levels upon antigenic stimulation of their PBMCs with LSDV antigen. In conclusion, the buffaloes also mount a potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune response following vaccination with Lumpi-ProVacInd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dhanda
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Navaina, Udaipur, India
| | - Himanshu Kamboj
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Garvit Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Priyasi Mittal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Karishma Rathore
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Navaina, Udaipur, India
| | - Mitesh Gaur
- Network Project On Buffalo, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Navaina, Udaipur, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India.
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, India.
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5
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Di Giuseppe A, Zenobio V, Dall'Acqua F, Di Sabatino D, Calistri P. Lumpy Skin Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:261-276. [PMID: 38811129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious non-zoonotic viral disease of cattle. The disease raises great concern due to the recent rapid spread toward free countries and reoccurrence in countries where control and preventive measures had achieved eradication. Deep nodules involving skin, subcutaneous tissue, and occasionally muscles are localized mostly in the head, neck, perineum, genitalia, udder, and limbs. LSD can cause large economic losses mainly because of the decline in milk production and the decrease in hide value, in addition to the ban of movement of animals and animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Giuseppe
- Veterinary Operations Center for Epidemiology, Programming, Information (COVEPI), Istituto Zooprofilattico dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" or Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
| | - Valentina Zenobio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Dall'Acqua
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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6
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Haga IR, Shih BB, Tore G, Polo N, Ribeca P, Gombo-Ochir D, Shura G, Tserenchimed T, Enkhbold B, Purevtseren D, Ulziibat G, Damdinjav B, Yimer L, Bari FD, Gizaw D, Adedeji AJ, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Kumarawadu PL, Batten C, Corla A, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Law A, Lycett S, Downing T, Beard PM. Sequencing and Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Whole Genomes Reveals a New Viral Subgroup in West and Central Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:557. [PMID: 38675899 PMCID: PMC11053774 DOI: 10.3390/v16040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the capripoxvirus (CPPV) genus of the Poxviridae family. LSDV is a rapidly emerging, high-consequence pathogen of cattle, recently spreading from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia. We have sequenced the whole genome of historical LSDV isolates from the Pirbright Institute virus archive, and field isolates from recent disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. These genome sequences were compared to published genomes and classified into different subgroups. Two subgroups contained vaccine or vaccine-like samples ("Neethling-like" clade 1.1 and "Kenya-like" subgroup, clade 1.2.2). One subgroup was associated with outbreaks of LSD in the Middle East/Europe (clade 1.2.1) and a previously unreported subgroup originated from cases of LSD in west and central Africa (clade 1.2.3). Isolates were also identified that contained a mix of genes from both wildtype and vaccine samples (vaccine-like recombinants, grouped in clade 2). Whole genome sequencing and analysis of LSDV strains isolated from different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia have provided new knowledge of the drivers of LSDV emergence, and will inform future disease control strategies.
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Grants
- BB/R002606/1, BB/R008833/1, BB/X011038/1, BB/X011046/1, BB/CCG2250, BB/CCG1780/1, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D, , BBS/E/I/00007039, /1, BB/IDG2250/1, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismar R. Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Barbara B. Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Genomics and Enabling Data, Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Builing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Maxwell Clerk Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Delgerzul Gombo-Ochir
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gansukh Shura
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Tsagaan Tserenchimed
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Bazarragchaa Enkhbold
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- General Authority for Veterinary Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia;
| | - Lama Yimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Fufa D. Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebata P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia;
| | - Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Rebecca Bitiyong Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Graham L. Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Tim Downing
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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7
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Xie S, Cui L, Liao Z, Zhu J, Ren S, Niu K, Li H, Jiang F, Wu J, Wang J, Wu J, Song B, Wu W, Peng C. Genomic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus asian variants and evaluation of its cellular tropism. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:65. [PMID: 38514651 PMCID: PMC10957905 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a poxvirus that mainly affects cattle and can lead to symptoms such as severe reduction in milk production as well as infertility and mortality, which has resulted in dramatic economic loss in affected countries in Africa, Europe, and Asia. In this study, we successfully isolated two strains of LSDV from different geographical regions in China. Comparative genomic analyses were performed by incorporating additional LSDV whole genome sequences reported in other areas of Asia. Our analyses revealed that LSDV exhibited an 'open' pan-genome. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled distinct branches of LSDV evolution, signifying the prevalence of multiple lineages of LSDV across various regions in Asia. In addition, a reporter LSDV expressing eGFP directed by a synthetic poxvirus promoter was generated and used to evaluate the cell tropism of LSDV in various mammalian and avian cell lines. Our results demonstrated that LSDV replicated efficiently in several mammalian cell lines, including human A549 cells. In conclusion, our results underscore the necessity for strengthening LSD outbreak control measures and continuous epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lianxin Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyi Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junda Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuning Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kang Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, 102618, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, 102618, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases/Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases/Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China
| | - Baifen Song
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chen Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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8
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Yadav P, Kumar A, Nath SS, Devasurmutt Y, Shashidhar G, Joshi M, Puvar A, Sharma S, Raval J, Pandit R, Chavda P, Nagaraj S, Revanaiah Y, Patil D, Raval SK, Raval J, Kanani A, Thakar F, Kumar N, Reddy GBM, Joshi C, Gulati BR, Tatu U. Unravelling the genomic origins of lumpy skin disease virus in recent outbreaks. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:196. [PMID: 38373902 PMCID: PMC10875885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae. LSDV was endemic in most of Africa, the Middle East and Turkey, but since 2015, several outbreaks have been reported in other countries. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing approach to investigate the origin of the outbreak and understand the genomic landscape of the virus. Our study showed that the LSDV strain of 2022 outbreak exhibited many genetic variations compared to the Reference Neethling strain sequence and the previous field strains. A total of 1819 variations were found in 22 genome sequences, which includes 399 extragenic mutations, 153 insertion frameshift mutations, 234 deletion frameshift mutations, 271 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 762 silent SNPs. Thirty-eight genes have more than 2 variations per gene, and these genes belong to viral-core proteins, viral binding proteins, replication, and RNA polymerase proteins. We highlight the importance of several SNPs in various genes, which may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of LSDV. Phylogenetic analysis performed on all whole genome sequences of LSDV showed two types of variants in India. One group of the variant with fewer mutations was found to lie closer to the LSDV 2019 strain from Ranchi while the other group clustered with previous Russian outbreaks from 2015. Our study highlights the importance of genomic characterization of viral outbreaks to not only monitor the frequency of mutations but also address its role in pathogenesis of LSDV as the outbreak continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ankeet Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sujith S Nath
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yashas Devasurmutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Apurvasinh Puvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Sonal Sharma
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Janvi Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | | | - Priyank Chavda
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Sudeep Nagaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Yogisharadhya Revanaiah
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Deepak Patil
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - S K Raval
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigar Raval
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | | | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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9
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van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Last RD, Romito M, Wallace DB. Detection and Genome Sequencing of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses in Wildlife Game Species in South Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 38399948 PMCID: PMC10892850 DOI: 10.3390/v16020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has recently undergone rapid spread, now being reported from more than 80 countries, affecting predominantly cattle and to a lesser extent, water buffalo. This poxvirus was previously considered to be highly host-range restricted. However, there is an increasing number of published reports on the detection of the virus from different game animal species. The virus has not only been shown to infect a wide range of game species under experimental conditions, but has also been naturally detected in oryx, giraffe, camels and gazelle. In addition, clinical lumpy skin disease has previously been described in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), an African antelope species, in South Africa. This report describes the characterization of lumpy skin disease virus belonging to cluster 1.2, from field samples from springbok, impala (Aepyceros melampus) and a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in South Africa using PCR, Sanger and whole genome sequencing. Most of these samples were submitted from wild animals in nature reserves or game parks, indicating that the disease is not restricted to captive-bred animals on game farms or zoological gardens. The potential role of wildlife species in the transmission and maintenance of LSDV is further discussed and requires continuing investigation, as the virus and disease may pose a serious threat to endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Robert D. Last
- Vetdiagnostix–Veterinary Pathology Services, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa;
| | - Marco Romito
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X4, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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10
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Moudgil G, Chadha J, Khullar L, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Lumpy skin disease: Insights into current status and geographical expansion of a transboundary viral disease. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106485. [PMID: 38052279 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease of livestock animals which was first reported in 1929 in Zambia. Although LSD is a neglected disease of economic importance, it extends a direct impact on the international trade and economy in livestock-dependent countries. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has been endemic in African countries, where several outbreaks have been reported previously. However, the virus has spread rapidly across the Middle East in the past two decades, reaching Russia and, recently, the Asian subcontinent. With unprecedented cluster outbreaks being reported across Asian countries like India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, LSDV is certainly undergoing an epidemiological shift and expanding its geographical footprint worldwide. Due to high mortality among livestock animals, the recent LSD outbreaks have gained attention from global regulatory authorities and raised serious concerns among epidemiologists and veterinary researchers. Despite networked global surveillance of the disease, recurrent LSD cases pose a threat to the livestock industry. Hence, this review provides recent insights into the LSDV biology by augmenting the latest literature associated with its pathogenesis, transmission, current intervention strategies, and economic implications. The review critically examines the changing epidemiological footprint of LSDV globally, especially in relation to developing countries of the Asian subcontinent. We also speculate the possible reasons contributing to the ongoing LSD outbreaks, including illegal animal trade, climate change, genetic recombination events between wild-type and vaccine strains, reversion of vaccine strains to virulent phenotype, and deficiencies in active monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lavanya Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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11
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Kumar N, Barua S, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Kumar A, Verma A, Singh L, Godara B, Chander Y, Kumar G, Riyesh T, Sharma DK, Pathak A, Kumar S, Dedar RK, Mehta V, Gaur M, Bhardwaj B, Vyas V, Chaudhary S, Yadav V, Bhati A, Kaul R, Bashir A, Andrabi A, Yousuf RW, Koul A, Kachhawaha S, Gurav A, Gautam S, Tiwari HA, Munjal VK, Gupta MK, Kumar R, Gulati BR, Misri J, Kumar A, Mohanty AK, Nandi S, Singh KP, Pal Y, Dutt T, Tripathi BN. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated lumpy skin disease vaccine in India. Virulence 2023; 14:2190647. [PMID: 36919498 PMCID: PMC10038050 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported for the first time in India in 2019 and since then, it has become endemic. Since a homologous (LSD-virus based) vaccine was not available in the country, goatpox virus (GPV)-based heterologous vaccine was authorized for mass immunization to induce protection against LSD in cattle. This study describes the evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated LSD vaccine developed by using an Indian field strain, isolated in 2019 from cattle. The virus was attenuated by continuous passage (P = 50) in Vero cells. The vaccine (50th LSDV passage in Vero cells, named as Lumpi-ProVacInd) did not induce any local or systemic reaction upon its experimental inoculation in calves (n = 10). At day 30 post-vaccination (pv), the vaccinated animals were shown to develop antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and exhibited complete protection upon virulent LSDV challenge. A minimum Neethling response (0.018% animals; 5 out of 26,940 animals) of the vaccine was observed in the field trials conducted in 26,940 animals. There was no significant reduction in the milk yield in lactating animals (n = 10108), besides there was no abortion or any other reproductive disorder in the pregnant animals (n = 2889). Sero-conversion was observed in 85.18% animals in the field by day 30 pv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Lokender Singh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhagraj Godara
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Garvit Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udaipur, India
| | - Anubha Pathak
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Vishal Mehta
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Banswara, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mitesh Gaur
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udaipur, India
| | | | - Vithilesh Vyas
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - Adrish Bhati
- Livestock Research station, Nohar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Kaul
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjum Andrabi
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | | | - Subhash Kachhawaha
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
| | - Amol Gurav
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | | | | | | | - Madhurendu K Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| | | | - Sukdeb Nandi
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
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12
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Manzoor S, Abubakar M, Ul-Rahman A, Syed Z, Ahmad K, Afzal M. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from recent outbreaks in Pakistan. Arch Virol 2023; 168:297. [PMID: 38007412 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral transboundary disease listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). The first case of this disease was reported in Pakistan in late 2021. Since then, numerous outbreaks have been documented in various regions and provinces across the country. The current study primarily aimed to analyze samples collected during LSD outbreaks in cattle populations in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using partial sequences of the GPCR, p32, and RP030 genes. Collectively, the LSDV strains originating from outbreaks in Pakistan exhibited a noticeable clustering pattern with LSDV strains reported in African, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries, including Egypt, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India, China, and Thailand. The precise reasons behind the origin of the virus strain and its subsequent spread to Pakistan remain unknown. This underscores the need for further investigations into outbreaks across the country. The findings of the current study can contribute to the establishment of effective disease control strategies, including the implementation of a mass vaccination campaign in disease-endemic countries such as Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Manzoor
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Zainab Syed
- FAO Project, National Agriculture Research Centre premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- FAO Project, National Agriculture Research Centre premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
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13
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Manjunatha Reddy GB, Pabbineedi SM, Nagaraj S, Bijalwan S, Tadakod S, Bhutia Z, Palmu D, Rai S, Bhutia PD, Bhutia PT, Shenga E, Gulati BR. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Yak ( Bos grunniens): An Evidence of Species Spillover from Cattle in India. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2823. [PMID: 38137967 PMCID: PMC10746030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is a global concern that affects cattle and buffalo. Recently, the disease has been reported in new species such as the Indian Gazelle, Camel, Banteng, Gaur, and Giraffe from various parts of the world. This report provides an insight into the occurrence of LSD in Yak from Sikkim, a North-Eastern state of India. During the investigation, both cattle and yak exhibited typical clinical signs of LSD, including skin nodular lesions. The morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates for cattle were 9.08%, 1.84%, and 20.24%, respectively. Similarly, the morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates in yak were 7.57%, 1.24%, and 16.33%, respectively. The virus isolation and amplification of LSDV-specific genes confirmed the presence of LSDV in cattle, yak, and vectors. Further, demonstrated antibodies in randomly collected sera from naïve and unvaccinated cattle and yak using indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (iELISA) and Serum Neutralisation test (SNT) from this region. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of P32, GPCR, and RPO30 genes revealed that the virus isolated from both species was 100% identical to each other and also closely related to the field LSDV isolates circulating in the Indian subcontinent. The study highlighted the emergence of LSDV in unconventional hosts and underscored the need to include other bovine species in national disease control programs, encompassing disease surveillance initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Mounica Pabbineedi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, India; (S.M.P.); (S.N.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Sudeep Nagaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, India; (S.M.P.); (S.N.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Shraddha Bijalwan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, India; (S.M.P.); (S.N.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Sunil Tadakod
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, India; (S.M.P.); (S.N.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (B.R.G.)
| | - Zeruiah Bhutia
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department, Tadong, Sikkim 791109, India; (Z.B.); (D.P.); (S.R.); (P.D.B.); (P.T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Diki Palmu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department, Tadong, Sikkim 791109, India; (Z.B.); (D.P.); (S.R.); (P.D.B.); (P.T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Seema Rai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department, Tadong, Sikkim 791109, India; (Z.B.); (D.P.); (S.R.); (P.D.B.); (P.T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Pempa Doma Bhutia
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department, Tadong, Sikkim 791109, India; (Z.B.); (D.P.); (S.R.); (P.D.B.); (P.T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Pem Tshering Bhutia
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department, Tadong, Sikkim 791109, India; (Z.B.); (D.P.); (S.R.); (P.D.B.); (P.T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Emila Shenga
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Department, Tadong, Sikkim 791109, India; (Z.B.); (D.P.); (S.R.); (P.D.B.); (P.T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, India; (S.M.P.); (S.N.); (S.B.); (S.T.); (B.R.G.)
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14
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Pandita S, Verma A, Kamboj H, Kumar R, Chander Y, Barua S, Tripathi BN, Kumar N. miRNA profiling of primary lamb testicle cells infected with lumpy skin disease virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:290. [PMID: 37955695 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, miRNA profiling of cells infected with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was conducted for the first time. When compared to mock-infected cells, LSDV-infected primary lamb testicle (LT) cells showed dysregulation of 64, 85, and 85 miRNAs at 12 hours postinfection (hpi), 48 hpi, and 72 hpi, respectively. While some of these miRNAs were found to be dysregulated at a particular time point following LSDV infection, others were dysregulated at all three time points. Analysis of the differentially expressed miRNA-mRNA interaction networks, Gene Ontology analysis of the predicted targets, and KEGG analysis of highly enriched pathways revealed several cellular factors/pathways involved in protein/ion/enzyme binding, cell differentiation, movement of subcellular components, calcium reabsorption, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and melanogenesis. Some selected upregulated (oar-mir-379-5p, oar-let-7d, Chr10-18769, Chr2_5162 and oar-miR-493-5p) and downregulated (ChrX-33741, Chr3_8257 and Chr26_32680) miRNAs were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. These findings contribute to our understanding of virus replication, virus-host interactions, and disease pathogenesis, and the differentially expressed miRNAs and their cellular targets may serve as biomarkers as well as novel targets for therapeutic intervention against LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Pandita
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Himanshu Kamboj
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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15
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Ahmad W, Sattar A, Ahmad M, Aziz MW, Iqbal A, Tipu MY, Mushtaq RMZ, Rasool N, Ahmed HS, Ahmad M. Unveiling Oxidative Stress-Induced Genotoxicity and Its Alleviation through Selenium and Vitamin E Therapy in Naturally Infected Cattle with Lumpy Skin Disease. Vet Sci 2023; 10:643. [PMID: 37999466 PMCID: PMC10675407 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious infection of cattle caused by a virus of the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus. In Pakistan, recent outbreaks have resulted in significant nationwide mortality and economic losses. A 20-day prospective cohort study was performed on sixty infected cattle with the aim to evaluate LSD-induced oxidative stress's genotoxic role and to determine the ameliorative effect of antioxidant therapy using principal component analysis (PCA) and a multivariable ordinal logistic regression model. LSDV was identified from scab samples and nodular lesions using RPO30-specific gene primers. The infected cattle were divided into control and treated groups. The animals were observed initially and finally on day 20 to evaluate the homeostatic, oxidative, and genotoxic changes. The animals in the treated group were administered a combination of selenium (Se) and vitamin E at the standard dose rate for five consecutive days. A substantial (p < 0.05) improvement in the hematological indices was observed in the treated group. The treated group also showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in levels of serum nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) post-therapy. The PCA at the final sampling data of the treated group showed that Principal Component (PC1 eigenvalue 1.429) was influenced by superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.3632), catalase (CAT; 0.2906), and glutathione (GSH; 0.0816) and PC2 (eigenvalue 1.200) was influenced by CAT (0.4362), MDA (0.2056), and NO (0.0693). A significant correlation between serum NO (76%) and MDA levels (80%) was observed with genetic damage index (GDI) scores. The ordinal logistic regression model regarding the use of antioxidant therapy revealed 73.95-times (95%CI; 17.36-314.96) improvement in the GDI in treated animals. The multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that each unit increase in NO and MDA resulted in a 13% increase in genotoxicity in infected individuals. In conclusion, our study revealed that LSD-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation product causes genotoxicity in affected animals. Furthermore, the combined Se and vitamin E therapy significantly alleviated oxidative stress and genotoxicity in LSD-affected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Tipu
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Naeem Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Saleet Ahmed
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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16
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Zhai Q, Zhou X, Du L, Yang N, Lou Y, Liu J, Zhai S. A Real-Time Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Specific Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:625. [PMID: 37888577 PMCID: PMC10611296 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection, accompanied by loss of hide quality, poor reproductive efficiency, consistent degenerative emaciation, and milk yield reduction of animals, causes severe economic implications in endemic zones. The heterologous attenuated goat pox (GTPV) vaccine (AV41 strain) was used in China to prevent LSDV infection. Only a few LSDV detection methods that distinguish LSDV from GTPV vaccine strains have been reported before. For simple, rapid, and specific detection of LSDV, the real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method was established with the specific primers and probes designed according to the conserved regions of ORF132 gene sequences. The assay could be finished within 20 min at a constant temperature (39 °C). This method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 15 copies/μL for LSDV and no cross-reaction with the nucleic acids of goat pox virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Pasteurella multocida, and bovine healthy tissue. Furthermore, 43 clinical samples were detected by this method and the real-time PCR recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), with a kappa value, was 0.94. These results demonstrated that the real-time RPA method for detecting LSDV developed in this study was characterized by high sensitivity and specificity, which has wide application value in the clinical diagnosis and detection of LSDV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Liyin Du
- Zijin Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Zijin 517400, China;
| | - Nan Yang
- Zhengzhou Zhongdao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 451000, China;
| | - Yakun Lou
- Zhengzhou Zhongdao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 451000, China;
| | - Jianying Liu
- Guangdong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Shaolun Zhai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
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17
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Sprygin A, Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Krotova A, Bydovskaya O, Prokhvatilova L, Chvala I. Development and application of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect lumpy skin disease virus belonging to the Kenyan sheep and goat pox group. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:247. [PMID: 37777780 PMCID: PMC10543856 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in Southeast and South Asia are attributed to different lineages of LSD virus (LSDV). Variants belonging to the novel recombinant cluster 2.5 circulate in China and Thailand, while a Kenyan sheep and goat pox (KSGP) strain from cluster 1.1 circulates in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The clusters representing these circulating strains are vastly different. However, if their distribution encroaches into each other's ranges, it will be impossible to differentiate between them due to the lack of suitable molecular tools. Thus, fit-for-purpose molecular tools are in demand to effectively and timeously diagnose and investigate the epidemiology of LSDVs in a region. These could significantly contribute to the phylogenetic delineation of LSDVs and the development of preventive measures against transboundary spillovers. This work aimed to develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting open reading frame LW032, capable of specifically detecting KSGP-related isolates and recombinant LSDV strains containing the KSGP backbone. The analytical specificity was proven against the widest possible panel of recombinant vaccine-like LSDV strains known to date. The amplification efficiency was 91.08%, and the assay repeatability had a cycle threshold variation of 0.56-1.1 over five repetitions across three runs. This KSGP-specific assay is reliable and fast and is recommended for use in LSDV epidemiological studies where the accurate detection of KSGP genetic signatures is a priority, particularly in regions where KSGP-like and other lineages are circulating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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18
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Shumilova I, Sprygin A, Mazloum A, Pronin V, Byadovskaya O, Babiuk S, Donnik I, Chvala I. Comparison of Gross Pathology between Classical and Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1883. [PMID: 37766289 PMCID: PMC10537798 DOI: 10.3390/v15091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology caused by three different isolates of lumpy skin disease virus, classical field cluster 1.2 strain Dagestan/2015, recombinant vaccine-like cluster 2.1 strain Saratov/2017, and cluster 2.2 strain Udmurtiya/2019, in cattle was compared from experimental infections. The infection of cattle was performed using intravenous administration of 2 mL of 105 TCID50/mL of each specific LSDV. Both classical and recombinant forms of LSDV cause pathological changes in the skin and lymph nodes, as well as the trachea and lungs. Due to circulatory disorders in the affected organs, multiple areas of tissue necrosis were observed, which, with the resurgence of secondary microflora, led to the development of purulent inflammation. Observed pathological changes caused by the recombinant vaccine-like strain Udmurtiya/2019 were characterized by a more pronounced manifestation of the pathoanatomical picture compared to the classical field strains Dagestan/2015 and Saratov/2017. Interestingly, Dagestan/2015 and Udmurtiya/2019 caused damage to the lymph nodes, characterized by serous inflammation and focal purulent lymphadenitis caused by purulent microflora. "Saratov/2017" did not cause pathology in the lymph nodes. All LSDVs were virulent and caused pathology, which was not distinguishable between viruses. This data set will serve as the experimentally validated basis for the comparative examination of novel LSDV strains in gross pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shumilova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Valeriy Pronin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Olga Byadovskaya
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada;
| | - Irina Donnik
- Federal State Budgetary Educational, Institution of Higher Education, Ural State Agrarian University (FSBEI HE Ural SAU), 620075 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
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19
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Pervin S, Ahamed MM, Chouhan CS, Jahan MS, Ahmed R, Nazmul KHM, Nazir H, Siddique MP, Rahman MT, Kafi MA, Rahman MB. Isolation, adaptation, and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:563-569. [PMID: 37969804 PMCID: PMC10636076 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The research aimed to isolate, adapt to cell culture, and characterize the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from clinically infected cattle in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods From September 2019 to June 2020, 37 skin nodules and skin swabs were aseptically collected from afflicted cattle in the outbreak regions of Jhenaidah and Kishoreganj in Bangladesh. The LSDV was isolated from embryonated specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs along the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route and the Vero cell line after several blind passages. The viral attachment protein was targeted for molecular detection using polymerase chain reactions (PCR). For phylogenetic analysis, PCR-positive products were partially sequenced. Results The virus was evident in the cell line, showed cytopathic effects after the 13 blind passage, and on the CAM of SPF chicken eggs, exhibited thickening of the CAM with pock-like lesions. A total of 12 samples (32.43%) tested positive for LSDV by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the present isolates (accession numbers MN792649 and MN792650) revealed 100% similarity with strains from India (MN295064), Kenya (AF325528, MN072619, KX683219), Greece (KY829023), Serbia (KY702007), and Kazakhstan (MN642592); moreover, 99.43% to 100% similarity to the sheep pox virus. Conclusion Partially sequenced LSDV was developed as a vaccine seed and was first isolated in Bangladesh and characterized at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Pervin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mostakin Ahamed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Chandra Shaker Chouhan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salim Jahan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rony Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - K. H. M. Nazmul
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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20
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Pivova EY, Vlasov ME, Sevskikh TA, Povolyaeva OS, Zhivoderov SP. A Study of the Susceptibility of Laboratory Animals to the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1489. [PMID: 37511863 PMCID: PMC10381359 DOI: 10.3390/life13071489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study on the susceptibility of laboratory animals to the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Mice weighing 15-20 g, hamsters weighing 40-60 g, guinea pigs weighing 600-1200 g, and rabbits weighing 2.5-3 kg were used in this study. Nodules were observed on the skin of rabbits and hamsters at the sites of inoculation. The virus was isolated from the affected skin areas in cell culture and examined using real-time PCR, indicating its tropism for animal skin. The production of anticapripoxvirus antibodies was detected using the neutralization reaction, starting from 10 days after infection in mice, 27 days in rabbits, and 14 days in hamsters. Some laboratory animals exhibited multiple skin nodules. This indicates that these animal species may play a role in maintaining the epizootic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yurievna Pivova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
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21
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Breman FC, Haegeman A, Krešić N, Philips W, De Regge N. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Genome Sequence Analysis: Putative Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, Single Gene versus Whole Genome Phylogeny and Genomic Evolution. Viruses 2023; 15:1471. [PMID: 37515159 PMCID: PMC10385495 DOI: 10.3390/v15071471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease virus is a poxvirus from the genus Capripox that mainly affects bovines and it causes severe economic losses to livestock holders. The Lumpy Skin Disease virus is currently dispersing in Asia, but little is known about detailed phylogenetic relations between the strains and genome evolution. We reconstructed a whole-genome-sequence (WGS)-based phylogeny and compared it with single-gene-based phylogenies. To study population and spatiotemporal patterns in greater detail, we reconstructed networks. We determined that there are strains from multiple clades within the previously defined cluster 1.2 that correspond with recorded outbreaks across Eurasia and South Asia (Indian subcontinent), while strains from cluster 2.5 spread in Southeast Asia. We concluded that using only a single gene (cheap, fast and easy to routinely use) for sequencing lacks phylogenetic and spatiotemporal resolution and we recommend to create at least one WGS whenever possible. We also found that there are three gene regions, highly variable, across the genome of LSDV. These gene regions are located in the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the LSDV genome and they encode genes that are involved in immune evasion strategies of the virus. These may provide a starting point to further investigate the evolution of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris C Breman
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nina Krešić
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
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22
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Vinitchaikul P, Punyapornwithaya V, Seesupa S, Phuykhamsingha S, Arjkumpa O, Sansamur C, Jarassaeng C. The first study on the impact of lumpy skin disease outbreaks on monthly milk production on dairy farms in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:687-692. [PMID: 37235156 PMCID: PMC10206973 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.687-692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) have resulted in substantial economic losses to the dairy industry in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the influence of LSD outbreaks on monthly milk production levels. Materials and Methods Milk production for dairy farms located in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, belonging to the Khon Kaen Dairy Cooperative, was affected by LSD outbreaks from May to August of 2021. The resulting data were analyzed using general linear mixed models. Results It was estimated that the LSD outbreak caused economic losses totaling 2,413,000 Thai Baht (68,943 USD) over the outbreak period. The monthly farm milk production level in May differed from the levels in June and August. Dairy farmers experienced losses between 8.23 and 9.96 tons of milk each month, which equated to between 4180 and 14,440 Thai Baht (119.43 and 412.57 USD) in monthly income. Conclusion This study demonstrated that LSD outbreaks on dairy farms resulted in significant farm milk production losses. Our findings will increase awareness among authorities and stakeholders in the dairy industry of Thailand, as well as to assist in the prevention of future LSD outbreaks and minimize the negative impacts of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramintra Vinitchaikul
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suvaluk Seesupa
- Division of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Department of Livestock Development, Animal Health Section, The 4 Regional Livestock Office, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Jarassaeng
- Division of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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23
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Putty K, Rao PL, Ganji VK, Dutta D, Mondal S, Hegde NR, Srivastava A, Subbiah M. First complete genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus directly from a clinical sample in South India. Virus Genes 2023; 59:317-322. [PMID: 36689139 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a notifiable disease listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and a fast fast-moving transboundary viral disease infecting cattle and buffaloes, was reported in India in 2019 and has since rapidly spread across the country. This study reports the first complete genome sequence and analysis of a pathogenic LSD virus (LSDV) from India (LSDV/208/PVNRTVU/2020) obtained by direct sequencing of a suspected clinical sample using Illumina and Nanopore sequencing technologies. The complete genome sequence of LSDV/208/PVNRTVU/2020 is 150445 bp long, codes for 156 putative genes and carries identical 2254 bp inverted terminal repeats at either ends. The unique features reported in the LSDV isolates from the recent outbreaks in Asia, namely, the insertions of 12 nucleotides in the viral G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and 27 nucleotides leading to duplication of 9 aminoacids in the extracellular enveloped virus-specific (EEV) genes were also conserved in LSDV/208/PVNRTVU/2020. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequence of LSDV/208/PVNRTVU/2020 revealed its close relation with Kenyan strains and clustered away from vaccine strains. Further analysis showed evidence of strong purifying selection without any recombination events. The data presented in this study could be useful for designing effective strategies such as developing rapid diagnostics and vaccines to control LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500030, India
| | - Pachineella Lakshmana Rao
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Vishweshwar Kumar Ganji
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500030, India
| | - Devasmita Dutta
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India
| | - Subhajit Mondal
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India
| | - Madhuri Subbiah
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India.
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24
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Du G, Wu J, Zhang C, Cao X, Li L, He J, Zhang Y, Shang Y. Generation and application of immortalized sertoli cell line from sheep testis. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114727. [PMID: 36990185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary sheep testicular Sertoli cells (STSCs) are ideal for investigating the molecular and pathogenic processes of capripoxvirus. However, the high cost of isolation and culture of primary STSCs, time-consuming operation, and short lifespan greatly limit their real-world application. In our study, the primary STSCs were isolated and immortalized by transfection of a lentiviral recombinant plasmid containing simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. Androgen-binding protein (ABP) and vimentin (VIM) protein expression, SV40 large T antigen activity, proliferation assays, and apoptosis analysis results showed that immortalized large T antigen STSCs (TSTSCs) still had the same physiological characteristics and biological functions as primary STSCs. Moreover, immortalized TSTSCs had strong anti-apoptosis ability, extended lifespan, and enhanced proliferative activity compared to primary STSCs, which had not transformed in vitro and showed any signs of malignancy phenotype in nude mice. Besides, immortalized TSTSCs were susceptible to goatpox virus (GTPV), lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), and Orf virus (ORFV). In conclusion, immortalized TSTSCs are useful in vitro models to study GTPV, LSDV, and ORFV in a wide range of ways, suggesting that it can be safely used in virus isolation, vaccine and drug screening studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; Department of Veterinary Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Institute of Veterinary Research (CAAS), China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Lingxia Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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25
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Datten B, Chaudhary AA, Sharma S, Singh L, Rawat KD, Ashraf MS, Alneghery LM, Aladwani MO, Rudayni HA, Dayal D, Kumar S, Chaubey KK. An Extensive Examination of the Warning Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Available Therapies, and Prognosis for Lumpy Skin Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030604. [PMID: 36992313 PMCID: PMC10058328 DOI: 10.3390/v15030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infects cattle and buffalo and causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). It affects the lymph nodes of the sick animals, causing them to enlarge and appear as lumps (cutaneous nodules) that are 2–5 cm in diameter on their heads, necks, limbs, udders, genitalia, and perinea. A high temperature, a sharp drop in milk supply, discharge from the eyes and nose, salivation, a loss of appetite, depression, damaged hides, and emaciation are further warning signs and symptoms. As per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the incubation period, or the time between an infection and symptoms, is approximately 28 days. Infected animals can transfer the virus by direct contact with the vectors, direct virus secretion from mouth or nose, shared feeding and watering troughs, and even artificial insemination. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO both warn that the spread of illnesses could lead to serious economic losses. This illness reduces cow’s milk production because oral ulcers make the animal weak and lead them to lose their appetite. There are many diagnostics available for LSDV. However, very few tests yield accurate findings. The best methods for preventing and controlling the lumpy skin condition include vaccination and movement restrictions. As a specific cure is not available, the only available treatment for this illness is supportive care for cattle. Recently, India has developed a homologous, live-attenuated vaccine, Lumpi-ProVacInd, which is specifically intended to protect animals against the LSD virus. This study’s primary goal is to accumulate data on symptoms, the most accurate method of diagnosis, treatments, and controls to stop infections from spreading as well as to explore future possibilities for the management of LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Datten
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Lokender Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Dutta Rawat
- Department of Bio and Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammad Saquib Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Riyadh ELM University, Riyadh 12734, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina M. Alneghery
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak O. Aladwani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: or (S.K.); (K.K.C.)
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
- Correspondence: or (S.K.); (K.K.C.)
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Kumar A, Venkatesan G, Kushwaha A, Poulinlu G, Saha T, Ramakrishnan MA, Dhar P, Kumar GS, Singh RK. Genomic characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) from India: Circulation of Kenyan-like LSDV strains with unique kelch-like proteins. Acta Trop 2023; 241:106838. [PMID: 36796571 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important poxviral disease endemic to Asia, Europe, and Africa. Recently, LSD has spread to naïve countries, including India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand. Here, we describe the complete genomic characterization of LSDV from India, LSDV-WB/IND/19 isolated from an LSD affected calf in 2019 determined by Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS). The LSDV-WB/IND/19 has a genome size of 150,969 bp encoding 156 putative ORFs. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequence suggested that LSDV-WB/IND/19 is closely related to Kenyan LSDV strains with 10-12 variants with non-synonymous changes confined to LSD_019, LSD_049, LSD_089, LSD_094, LSD_096, LSD_140, and LSD_144 genes. In contrast to complete kelch-like proteins in Kenyan LSDV strains, LSDV-WB/IND/19 LSD_019 and LSD_144 genes were found to encode truncated versions (019a, 019b, and 144a, 144b). LSD_019a and LSD_019b proteins of LSDV-WB/IND/19 resemble that of wild-type LSDV strains based on SNPs and the C-terminal part of LSD_019b except for deletion at K229, whereas the LSD_144a and LSD_144b proteins resemble that of Kenyan LSDV strains based on SNPs, however, C-terminal part of LSD_144a resembles that of vaccine-associated LSDV strains due to premature truncation. The NGS findings were confirmed by Sanger sequencing of these genes in Vero cell isolate as well as in the original skin scab along with similar findings in another Indian LSDV from scab specimen. LSD_019 and LSD_144 genes are thought to modulate virulence and host range in capripoxviruses. This study demonstrates the circulation of unique LSDV strains in India and highlights the importance of constant monitoring of the molecular evolution of LSDV and associated factors in the region in light of the emergence of recombinant LSDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand Kushwaha
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G Poulinlu
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tapabrata Saha
- Block Animal Health Centre, Chhatna, Bankura, West Bengal, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - Pronab Dhar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Sai Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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The genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus from an outbreak in India suggests a distinct lineage of the virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:81. [PMID: 36740645 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although previously confined to regions within Africa, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infections have caused significantly large outbreaks in several regions of the world in recent years. In 2019, an outbreak of the disease was reported in India with low rates of morbidity and no reported mortality. However, in 2022, an ongoing outbreak of LSDV spanning over seven states in India resulted in the loss of over 80,000 cattle over a period of three months. Here, we report complete genome sequences of six isolates of LSDV collected from affected cattle during an ongoing outbreak of the disease in Rajasthan, India. Analysis of these sequences showed that the genome isolates from the 2022 outbreak have a large number of genetic variations compared to the reference strain and that they form a distinct genetic lineage. This report thus highlights the importance of genome sequencing and surveillance of transboundary infectious agents to track the prevalence and emergence of variants.
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Nandi S, Mahajan S, Mishra R, Nautiyal S, Agrawal RK, Singh M, Biswas SK, Chander V, Singh KP, Sharma GK. LSDV126 gene based molecular assays for specific detection and characterization of emerging Lumpy Skin Disease virus. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114665. [PMID: 36509247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious and economically important viral disease, which is currently emerging in the Indian subcontinent. LSD is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) under the genus Capripoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. Since its first incursion in India in the year 2019, the virus is rapidly disseminating through different means like direct contact, fomites and mainly by blood-feeding insects. As the disease has never been reported from India or neighbouring countries, there is a lack of planning and preparatory measures in terms of diagnostics and vaccines to control the disease. In the absence of any homologous vaccine, a live attenuated heterologous goat pox vaccine (Uttarkashi strain) is now being widely used in the country for the prevention of LSDV infection. Use of live attenuated goat pox virus vaccine necessitates the availability of an assay which could specifically detect and differentiate LSDV from goat pox virus. In this study, nucleotide sequences of LSDV126 gene encoding extracellular enveloped virus protein of circulating LSDV and goat pox virus were determined and analyzed. Deletion of 27 nt tandem repeats was observed in LSDV in comparison to goat pox and LSDV vaccine viruses. The deletion region was targeted for designing primers specific to LSDV, but not goat pox virus. A novel isothermal polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) was optimized as pen side diagnostic for prompt and sensitive detection of genomic DNA of LSDV. The assay was found to be highly sensitive and specific when compared to the real-time PCR. The assay was found to be specifically detecting only LSDV but not the goat pox virus. The limit of detection was identified as 9 × 10-6 ng of positive DNA. The assay will provide a point of care tool that will be a boon for the successful control of LSD in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukdeb Nandi
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Ragini Mishra
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sushmita Nautiyal
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Ravi Kant Agrawal
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sanchay K Biswas
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Vishal Chander
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India.
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Wei YR, Ma WG, Wang P, Wang W, Su XH, Yang XY, Mi XY, Wu JY, Huang J. Retrospective genomic analysis of the first Lumpy skin disease virus outbreak in China (2019). Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1073648. [PMID: 36713885 PMCID: PMC9879060 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a severe systemic disease affecting cattle and other ruminants. Lumpy skin disease was first reported in northwest China in August 2019 and has severely threatened the cattle breeding industry in China. However, there have been limited genomic studies of LSDV from the first outbreak and its subsequent epidemics. This study aims to characterize the comparative genomic evolution of the LSDV strain from the first outbreak in China. The etiological agent was isolated in a Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell culture and subsequently identified by PCR and Sanger sequencing of six selected genes. The genome sequence was determined using Illumina sequencing and analyzed through genome alignment and phylogenetic tree. The results showed that all six genes were successfully amplified and genetically clustered into LSDV. The virus presented the highest homology to strain China/GD01/2020, which shared 100% identities among 150 open reading frames (ORFs), and 97.1-99.7% identities among additional 6 ORFs. Bayesian inference tree analysis revealed that the virus shared a common ancestor with LSDV strains from China and Vietnam. The study provides an additional genomic data for LSDV tracking and control in China and neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Wei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen-Ge Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Su
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue-Yun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Mi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiong Huang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China,*Correspondence: Jiong Huang ✉
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The Characterization and Differentiation of Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Isolates Using a Region within ORF134. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent description and characterization of several novel and unique lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains have revealed the inadequacy of current techniques for differentiating between vaccine- and wild-type viruses. The lack of reliable sequencing targets for promptly distinguishing circulating recombinant vaccine-like strains (RVLSs) highlights the need to develop a single and simple differentiation tool. In this study, we analyzed the available LSDV whole-genome sequences and identified a 705-bp region in open reading frame (ORF) LW134. Based on a single run of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the region with 13 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was capable of accurately segregating the novel RVLSs into the same five clusters previously confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. In addition, archived RVLSs from Russia were analyzed for further characterization using the newly described single PCR and sequencing assay. The ORF LW134 assay identified one archived RVLS as a novel cluster distinct from the previously described five clusters, while clustering the remaining samples into previously designated lineages, demonstrating the reliability of the assay. The novel PCR and sequencing assays described in this study have great potential for accurately delineating the molecular and evolutionary affiliation of circulating RVLSs.
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31
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Evidence of Lumpy Skin Virus DNA in Blood-Feeding Flies During Outbreaks in Russia in 2018-2019. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we report the testing of blood-feeding and synanthropic flies captured near animals affected by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in Russia during the outbreaks in the Kurgan region in 2018 and Saratov region in 2019. The insects of interest were the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanidae horse flies, Culicoides midges and the house fly Musca domestica examined as individuals or pools. The obtained findings demonstrate that viral DNA was found in pools of S.calcitrans and M. domestica and in the head and abdomen of stable flies. This is the first report of LSDV DNA detection in Tabanidae flies from the field. The presented data are envisaged to help further guide the search for putative vectors of LSDV in different climatic regions and interpret laboratory-controlled experiments on vector-borne transmission of LSDV.
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Kumar N, Tripathi BN. A serious skin virus epidemic sweeping through the Indian subcontinent is a threat to the livelihood of farmers. Virulence 2022; 13:1943-1944. [PMID: 36320159 PMCID: PMC9635543 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2141971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India,
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India,
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Liang Z, Yao K, Wang S, Yin J, Ma X, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Understanding the research advances on lumpy skin disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065894. [PMID: 36519172 PMCID: PMC9742232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which can induce cattle with high fever and extensive nodules on the mucosa or the scarfskin, seriously influencing the cattle industry development and international import and export trade. Since 2013, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Russia and Asia. In the past few decades, progress has been made in the study of LSDV. It is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking insects, and various modes of transmission with distinct seasonality. Figuring out how the virus spreads will help eradicate LSDV at its source. In the event of an outbreak, selecting the most effective vaccine to block and eliminate the threat posed by LSDV in a timely manner is the main choice for farmers and authorities. At present, a variety of vaccines for LSDV have been developed. The available vaccine products vary in quality, protection rate, safety and side effects. Early detection of LSDV can help reduce the cost of disease. In addition, because LSDV has a huge genome, it is currently also used as a vaccine carrier, forming a new complex with other viral genes through homologous recombination. The vaccine prepared based on this can have a certain preventive effect on many kinds of diseases. Clinical detection of disease including nucleic acid and antigen level. Each method varies in convenience, accuracy, cost, time and complexity of equipment. This article reviews our current understanding of the mode of transmission of LSDV and advances in vaccine types and detection methods, providing a background for further research into various aspects of LSDV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengji Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaishen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MT, Begum JA, Nooruzzaman M, Globig A, Dietze K, Hoffmann B, Tuppurainen E. Clinical Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2020-2021 Indicate the Re-Emergence of an Old African Strain. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112529. [PMID: 36423138 PMCID: PMC9698944 DOI: 10.3390/v14112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) emerged in Bangladesh in mid-2019, leading to great economic losses for cattle farmers. This study describes the recent occurrence of the LSDV in Bangladesh and examines the clinical manifestation of the disease in local cattle breeds, characteristic epidemiological features, and pathological findings in affected animals. In addition, a full-genome sequencing of two local LSDV isolates was carried out. A total of 565 animals from 88 households were investigated, and 165 samples (skin lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, feces, and milk) were collected for virus detection. Pathology and immunohistochemistry were performed on nodule biopsies. Fever, nodular skin lesions, and swelling of the joints were the most common clinical manifestations. Skin lesions had a higher concentration of viral DNA compared to other sample types and were therefore selected for virus isolation and characterization. Pathology of the LSD skin nodules comprised a granulomatous reaction in the dermis and hypodermis that extended to the surrounding tissues. Development of the skin lesions started with swelling of keratinocytes with cytoplasmic vacuolation, vasculitis, panniculitis, thrombosis, and infarction. Altogether, the LSDV produced transmural, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, proliferative and ulcerative dermatitis. The LSD viral antigen was detected occasionally in the macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The complete genome sequence analysis revealed that the two Bangladeshi field strains (BD-V392.1 and BD-V395.1) were distinct from the contemporary field strains and were closely related to the ancestral African Neethling strain. The findings of this study will improve the diagnosis, monitoring, and control of LSD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
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35
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Uddin MA, Islam MA, Rahman AKMA, Rahman MM, Khasruzzaman AKM, Ward MP, Hossain MT. Epidemiological investigation of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Bangladeshi cattle during 2019-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3397-3404. [PMID: 36053488 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious viral disease of cattle with a wide distribution that emerged in Bangladesh in 2019, causing huge economic losses. This study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological features of LSD emergence in nine districts of Bangladesh between December 2019 and December 2020. A total of 8215 cattle from 603 herds were investigated and LSD was diagnosed based on the characteristic clinical findings. A standard questionnaire was administered to collect herd-level data including location, herd size, number of LSD-infected cattle, number died due to LSD, farm type, season, house type, vector presence, sanitation and fly repellent use. Similarly, data on clinical signs, sex, age, animal class and breed of the LSD-infected cattle were also recorded. The herd-level attack risk (%) and mortality risk (%) were calculated based on the number of infected and dead cattle, respectively, as a proportion of total cattle. The herd-level risk factors for LSD were identified using a multivariable Poisson regression model. The most common clinical signs were skin nodules (100%), fever (97.9%) and depression with anorexia and weight loss (97.9%). Crossbred (84.9%) and female (72.2%) cattle were mostly affected by LSD. The overall LSD attack risk, mortality risk and case fatality were 26.5%, 0.26% and 0.97%, respectively. The LSD attack risk was significantly higher in small herds (risk ratio: [RR] 1.39; 95% CI: 1.27; 1.53) than large herds. In addition, significantly higher LSD attack risk was observed in semi-intensive management systems (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.64) than intensive management systems. Moreover, it was also significantly higher in hut (RR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.12; 2.92), temporary (RR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.21; 2.17) and tin-shed houses (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11; 1.51) than in semi-building houses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed epidemiological study of LSD emergence in South Asia. Female crossbred cattle in small herds under semi-intensive management should be prioritized for LSD surveillance and vaccination to prevent further outbreaks and control the impact of the disease in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohummad Muklesur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Khasruzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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36
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Ul-Rahman A, Niaz N, Raza MA, Mehmood A, Rajpoot SU, Abubakar M, Shabbir MZ. First emergence of lumpy skin disease in cattle in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3150-3152. [PMID: 36256877 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Niaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mehmood
- Veterinary Research Institute, Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saad Ullah Rajpoot
- Disease Surveillance Laboratory, Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security & Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Suwankitwat N, Songkasupa T, Boonpornprasert P, Sripipattanakul P, Theerawatanasirikul S, Deemagarn T, Suwannaboon M, Arjkumpa O, Buamithup N, Hongsawat A, Jindajang S, Nipaeng N, Aunpomma D, Molee L, Puangjinda K, Lohlamoh W, Nuansrichay B, Narawongsanont R, Arunvipas P, Lekcharoensuk P. Rapid Spread and Genetic Characterisation of a Recently Emerged Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Thailand. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100542. [PMID: 36288155 PMCID: PMC9609959 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), a member of poxviruses. It had never been found in Thailand before March 2021, but has since spread broadly to various provinces. Regional veterinarians have collected samples from the LSD cattle and submitted them for diagnosis as a part of disease surveillance during the outbreaks. Our study aimed to monitor the distribution of the outbreaks by recording the LSD cases based on clinical signs and laboratory tests up to June 2022, and characterise the causative agent virologically and genetically. Outbreak maps were created to illustrate the rapid temporal distribution of the LSD index cases in each province of Thailand. We detected two distant origins of the outbreaks. LSDV DNA was confirmed in blood, milk, and skin samples collected from sick animals by real-time PCR. LSDV was proven to be the causative virus based on serological, virological, and pathological diagnoses. By genetic analysis, the Thai LSDV is a recombinant virus derived from a vaccine strain previously appearing in China and Vietnam. Its genetic material is a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone interspersed with DNA fragments of a field strain. Abstract The emergence of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was first detected in north-eastern Thailand in March 2021. Since then, the abrupt increase of LSD cases was observed throughout the country as outbreaks have spread rapidly to 64 out of a total of 77 provinces within four months. Blood, milk, and nodular skin samples collected from affected animals have been diagnosed by real-time PCR targeting the p32 gene. LSDV was isolated by primary lamb testis (PLT) cells, followed by Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and confirmed by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of a skin lesion showed inclusion bodies in keratinocytes and skin epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analyses of RPO30 and GPCR genes, and the whole genome revealed that Thai viruses were closely related to the vaccine-derived recombinant LSDV strains found previously in China and Vietnam. Recombination analysis confirmed that the Thai LSDV possesses a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone and a field strain DNA as the minor donor. This is an inclusive report on the disease distributions, complete diagnoses, and genetic characterisation of LSDV during the first wave of LSD outbreaks in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Minta Suwannaboon
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sirima Jindajang
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nawakarn Nipaeng
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Lower Northeastern Region), Department of Livestock Development, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Dilok Aunpomma
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Lamul Molee
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Rawint Narawongsanont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipat Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.L.); Tel.: +66-2-942-8436 (P.L.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.L.); Tel.: +66-2-942-8436 (P.L.)
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Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Shalina K, Babiuk S, Perevozchikova N, Korennoy F, Chvala I, Kononov A, Sprygin A. The changing epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Russia since the first introduction from 2015 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2551-e2562. [PMID: 35583857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important transboundary disease affecting cattle, causing large economic losses such as decreased production and trade restrictions. LSD has been a historically neglected disease since it previously caused disease limited to the African continent. Currently, the epidemiology of LSD virus is based on how the disease is transmitted in tropical and sub-tropical climates. The understanding of its epidemiology in hemiboreal climates is not well understood and needs urgent attention to expand the current knowledge. In this study, the epidemiological findings on LSD in Russia over a 6-year period are summarized and discussed. A total of 471 outbreaks were identified spanning over a 9000 km range. The outbreaks of LSD occur primarily in small holder farms (backyard) compared to commercial farms between mid-May through mid-November including weather conditions with snow and freezing temperatures that preclude vector activity. Mortality and morbidity varied across the 6 years ranging from 1.19% to 61.8% and 0% to 50%, respectively, with a tendency to decline from 2015 to 2020. The geographic pattern of spread was assessed by means of directionality, indicating a northward movement from 2015 to 2016, with a consequent East turn in 2017 through Siberia to the Far East by 2020. All cases occurred along the border with Kazakhstan. Mathematical modelling showed that the disease tended to form statistically verified annual spatiotemporal clusters in 2016-2018, whereas in 2019 and 2020 such segregation was not evident. The trend of spread was mainly either from south to north or from south to a north-east direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Sariya L, Paungpin W, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thongdee M, Nakthong C, Jitwongwai A, Taksinoros S, Sutummaporn K, Boonmasawai S, Kornmatitsuk B. Molecular detection and characterization of lumpy skin disease viruses from outbreaks in Thailand in 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2145-e2152. [PMID: 35396931 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most important transboundary and emerging diseases in cattle. The disease causes significant economic losses in animal production and trade worldwide. The first LSD outbreak was recorded in March 2021, at Roi-Et province in the northeastern region of Thailand. Thereafter, the disease had rapidly spread into neighbouring provinces and throughout the country. The aim of the present study was to provide information regarding to the molecular detection and characterization of LSD viruses from outbreaks in Thailand in 2021. There were 1,748,112 susceptible and 604,404 affected animals (n = 588,512 [36.30%], beef cattle; n = 12,367 [15.74%], dairy cattle and n = 3524 [7.35%], buffaloes). The morbidity and mortality rates were 34.57% and 3.47%, respectively, and the case fatality rate was 10.05% (60,713 deaths). Based on real-time polymerase chain reaction results, the p32 gene of LSD virus (LSDV) was detected more frequently in skin nodule samples (54/77, 70.13%) than in nasal swabs (26/55, 42.57%) and EDTA blood (16/77, 20.78%) samples. Moreover, the copy number of the p32 gene was higher in skin nodule samples than in nasal swab and EDTA blood samples (cycle threshold value = 21.94 ± 0.62 vs. 31.52 ± 0.66 and 34.27 ± 0.32, respectively). Furthermore, 29 (53.70%) of 54 capripoxvirus-positive skin nodule samples were successfully isolated from Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, and the cytopathic effect was observed 72 h after inoculation. Based on the phylogenetic trees of the GPCR, ANK and RPO30 gene sequences, the LSDV isolates from Thailand were distinct from both the LSDV-field and LSDV-vaccine groups and were closely correlated with the LSDV strains isolated from mainland China, Hong Kong territory and Vietnam in 2020. Additionally, they could be a potential virulent vaccine-recombinant LSDV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladawan Sariya
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Weena Paungpin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chowalit Nakthong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Akarapong Jitwongwai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Taksinoros
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kripitch Sutummaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Bunlue Kornmatitsuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Mahidol University, Phuthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Coding-Complete Genome Sequence of a Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolated during the 2021 Thailand Outbreak. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0037522. [PMID: 35862909 PMCID: PMC9387221 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00375-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating and transboundary disease in cattle. Here, we report the coding-complete genome sequence of the LSDV72/PrachuapKhiriKhan/Thailand/2021 strain, which was isolated from an affected cow during the first LSD outbreak in Thailand in 2021. The sequence will be beneficial for future genomic studies of the virus.
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Shumilova I, Nesterov A, Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Wallace DB, Mokeeva M, Pronin V, Kononov A, Chvala I, Sprygin A. A Recombinant Vaccine-like Strain of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Causes Low-Level Infection of Cattle through Virus-Inoculated Feed. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080920. [PMID: 36015041 PMCID: PMC9414542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1989, lumpy skin disease of cattle (LSD) has spread out of Africa via the Middle East northwards and eastwards into Russia, the Far East and South-East Asia. It is now threatening to become a worldwide pandemic, with Australia possibly next in its path. One of the research gaps on the disease concerns its main mode of transmission, most likely via flying insect vectors such as biting flies or mosquitoes. Direct or indirect contact transmission is possible, but appears to be an inefficient route, although there is evidence to support the direct contact route for the newly detected recombinant strains first isolated in Russia. In this study, we used experimental bulls and fed them via virus-inoculated feed to evaluate the indirect contact route. To provide deeper insights, we ran two parallel experiments using the same design to discover differences that involved classical field strain Dagestan/2015 LSDV and recombinant vaccine-like Saratov/2017. Following the attempted indirect contact transmission of the virus from the inoculated feed via the alimentary canal, all bulls in the Dagestan/2015 group remained healthy and did not seroconvert by the end of the experiment, whereas for those in the Saratov/2017 recombinant virus group, of the five bulls fed on virus-inoculated feed, three remained clinically healthy, while two displayed evidence of a mild infection. These results provide support for recombinant virus transmission via the alimentary canal. In addition, of particular note, the negative control in-contact bull in this group exhibited a biphasic fever at days 10 and 20, developed lesions from day 13 onwards, and seroconverted by day 31. Two explanations are feasible here: one is the in-contact animal was somehow able to feed on some of the virus-inoculated bread left over from adjacent animals, but in the case here of the individual troughs being used, that was not likely; the other is the virus was transmitted from the virus-fed animals via an airborne route. Across the infected animals, the virus was detectable in blood from days 18 to 29 and in nasal discharge from days 20 to 42. Post-mortem and histological examinations were also indicative of LSDV infection, supporting further evidence for rapid, in F transmission of this virus. This is the first report of recombinant LSDV strain transmitting via the alimentary mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shumilova
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexander Nesterov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Olga Byadovskaya
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Pavel Prutnikov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council–Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Maria Mokeeva
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Valeriy Pronin
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Kononov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Punyapornwithaya V, Seesupa S, Phuykhamsingha S, Arjkumpa O, Sansamur C, Jarassaeng C. Spatio-temporal patterns of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in dairy farms in northeastern Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957306. [PMID: 35990277 PMCID: PMC9386524 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021–2022, there were numerous outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) affecting cattle farms across Thailand. This circumstance was the country's first encounter with an LSD outbreak. Thus, a better understanding of LSD epidemiology is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal patterns of the LSD outbreaks in dairy farming areas. Data from LSD outbreak investigations collected from dairy farms in Khon Kean province, northeastern Thailand, were analyzed using spatio-temporal models including space-time permutation, Poisson, and Bernoulli models. LSD outbreaks were found in 133 out of 152 dairy farms from May to July, 2021. The majority of dairy farms (n = 102) were affected by the LSD outbreaks in June. The overall herd attack, morbidity and mortality rates were 87, 31, and 0.9%, respectively. According to the results of all models, the most likely clusters were found in the northern part of the study area. The space-time permutation and Poisson model identified 15 and 6 spatio-temporal outbreak clusters, respectively, while the Bernoulli model detected only one cluster. The most likely clusters from those models cover radii of 1.59, 4.51, and 4.44 km, respectively. All farms included in the cluster identified by the space-time permutation model were also included in the cluster identified by the Poisson model, implying that both models detected the same outbreak area. Furthermore, the study results suggested that farmers who own farms within a one km radius of the LSD outbreak farm should be advised to implement more stringent insect vector control measures to prevent disease spread. This study provides better insights into the spatio-temporal pattern of clusters of LSD in the outbreak area. The findings of this study can support authorities in formulating strategies to prevent and control future outbreaks as well as prioritizing resource allocation to high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suvaluk Seesupa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Department of Livestock Development, Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Jarassaeng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Chaiwat Jarassaeng
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van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Heath L. Phylogenomic characterization of historic lumpy skin disease virus isolates from South Africa. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2063-2070. [PMID: 35792935 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of the vexatious lumpy skin disease, which predominantly affects cattle and water buffalo. It has been endemic to South Africa since the 1950s, and in 1960, a live attenuated vaccine was commercially released for use in the country to mitigate the spread of this transboundary disease. This vaccine (Neethling/vaccine/LW-1959) was generated from serial passages of the prototype lumpy skin disease virus strain Neethling-WC/RSA/1957, which was isolated in 1957 from an outbreak in the Western Cape province of South Africa and was subsequently used to prove the infectious nature of the virus and the resulting disease in cattle. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of the LSDV prototype strain Neethling-WC/RSA/1957, as well as three other LSDV isolates from the 1950s, one wild-type isolate from the 1970s, and a commercial vaccine produced in 1988 (LW-1959). Phylogenomic analysis showed that all six sequences were in cluster 1.1, along with previous sequences of the vaccine strain, the oldest known isolate (LSDV/Haden/RSA/1954), and virulent viruses isolated in the 1990s from South Africa. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified between the Neethling-WC/RSA/1957 strain and the vaccine strain (LW-1959), providing new insights into virus attenuation and possible markers for DIVA assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa. .,Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Flannery J, Shih B, Haga IR, Ashby M, Corla A, King S, Freimanis G, Polo N, Tse ACN, Brackman CJ, Chan J, Pun P, Ferguson AD, Law A, Lycett S, Batten C, Beard PM. A novel strain of lumpy skin disease virus causes clinical disease in cattle in Hong Kong. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e336-e343. [PMID: 34448540 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an emerging poxviral pathogen of cattle that is currently spreading throughout Asia. The disease situation is of high importance for farmers and policy makers in Asia. In October 2020, feral cattle in Hong Kong developed multi-focal cutaneous nodules consistent with lumpy skin disease (LSD). Gross and histological pathology further supported the diagnosis and samples were sent to the OIE Reference Laboratory at The Pirbright Institute for confirmatory testing. LSDV was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and additional molecular analyses. This is the first report of LSD in Hong Kong. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the strain LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 and phylogenetic analysis were carried out in order to identify connections to previous outbreaks of LSD, and better understand the drivers of LSDV emergence. Analysis of the 90 core poxvirus genes revealed LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 was a novel strain most closely related to the live-attenuated Neethling vaccine strains of LSDV and more distantly related to wildtype LSDV isolates from Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Analysis of the more variable regions located towards the termini of the poxvirus genome revealed genes in LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 with different patterns of grouping when compared to previously published wildtype and vaccine strains of LSDV. This work reveals that the LSD outbreak in Hong Kong in 2020 was caused by a different strain of LSDV than the LSD epidemic in the Middle East and Europe in 2015-2018. The use of WGS is highly recommended when investigating LSDV disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Anne Ching-Nga Tse
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher J Brackman
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chan
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Pun
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew D Ferguson
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Tsai KJ, Tu YC, Wu CH, Huang CW, Ting LJ, Huang YL, Pan CH, Chang CY, Deng MC, Lee F. First detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from Kinmen Island, Taiwan in 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1093-1100. [PMID: 35691931 PMCID: PMC9412069 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an arthropod-borne bovine disease caused by lumpy skin disease
virus. A suspect lumpy skin disease case in a breeding cattle farm on Kinmen Island,
Taiwan was reported on July 8, 2020 and later confirmed the first occurrence of lumpy skin
disease in the country by molecular biological detections, electron microscopy, and
sequence comparison. Implementation of control measures including blanket vaccination on
the island effectively ceased the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus
discovered in the outbreaks was most similar to those identified in China in 2019.
Identifying this virus in the coastal areas in East Asia indicated the rapid eastward
spread of lumpy skin disease in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute
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Krotova A, Byadovskaya O, Shumilova I, van Schalkwyk A, Sprygin A. An in-depth bioinformatic analysis of the novel recombinant lumpy skin disease virus strains: from unique patterns to established lineage. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:396. [PMID: 35610557 PMCID: PMC9131581 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the first description of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in Africa in the 1920’s, it has brazenly spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, Europe and most recently Asia. In 2017 the first atypical LSDV recombinant strain was reported in Russia, composed of both a live-attenuated Neethling vaccine strain and Kenyan vaccine strain. An increase in LSDV research enabled a public release of numerous full genome sequences of unique recombinant LSDV strains from Kazakhstan, Russia, China and Vietnam. Prior to the recombinant strain first described in China in 2019, every new recombinant strain was genetically unique and each of these recombinants clustered in a monophyletic lineage. In this work, we provide the complete genome sequences of two novel recombinant strains of LSDV from Russia and attempt to gain more insight into genomic composition of all the recombinant strains currently available. This analysis will provide new insight into the global molecular epidemiology of LSDV. Results By sequencing and analyzing two novel recombinant strains Khabarovsk/2020 and Tomsk/2020, this study investigates the differences and similarities of all five the available recombinant LSDV lineages from different countries based on the SNPs inherited from the aforementioned parental strains. A total of seven recombinant strains: LSDV/Russia/Saratov/2017, LSDV/Russia/Udmurtya/2019, LSDV/KZ-Kostanay/Kazakhstan/2018, LSDV/Russia/Tyumen/2019, LSDV/GD01/China/2020 Khabarovsk/2020 and Tomsk/2020 were examined. It was observed that strains isolated prior to 2020 were composed of unique combinations of open reading frames, whilst from 2020 onwards all circulating strains in Russia and South-Eastern Asia belonged to a single lineage radiating out in the region. The first representative of this lineage is LSDV/GD01/China/2020. Interestingly, the other four unique recombinant strains as well as the newly established lineage, exhibit consistent patterns of targeted selection pointing to regions constantly selected for during the recombination-driven processes. Conclusion This study highlights the inexplicable emergence of novel recombinant strains to be unique introductions of sibling viruses, with the most recent recombinant lineage establishing as the dominant strain across the south eastern Asian countries as evidenced by full genome sequence data. Overall, these findings indicate that LSDVs are subjected to accelerated evolutionary changes due to recombination in the face of homologous live attenuated vaccines as well as the slow genetic drift commonly observed in capripoxviruses curculatign in the field with hardly any genetic changes over decades. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08639-w.
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Krotova A, Byadovskaya O, Shumilova I, Zinyakov N, van Schalkwyk A, Sprygin A. Molecular characterization of a novel recombinant lumpy skin disease virus isolated during an outbreak in Tyumen, Russia, in 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2312-e2317. [PMID: 35488786 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus causes a debilitating pox disease of domesticated cattle and water buffalos. In the last decade, LSDV has spread from Africa into the Middle East, Europe and most recently Asia. As of 2017 atypical outbreaks caused by novel LSDV strains were reported in Russia, followed by China and Vietnam between 2018 and 2020. In this work we describe another unique recombinant LSDV strain recovered from Tyumen, Russia in 2019. Typing of the virus using currently available qPCR protocols produced inconclusive results and subsequently the complete genome of the isolate was determined. The consensus genome contained statistically significant signals of possible recombination events between parental strains KSGPO-240/Kenya/1958 and the live attenuated vaccine LW/1958. The novel strain carries 25 unique breakpoints different from the known recombinant strains. Additionally, the findings reiterate the importance of complete genome sequencing when analysing outbreak samples caused in particular by mosaic LSDV, in contrast to only performing specified qPCRs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Wang J, Xu Z, Wang Z, Li Q, Liang X, Ye S, Cheng K, Xu L, Mao J, Wang Z, Meng W, Sun Y, Jia K, Li S. Isolation, identification and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus strain of outbreak in Guangdong, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2291-e2301. [PMID: 35478381 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In August 2019, Lumpy skin disease broke out for the first time in Xinjiang, China, and then quickly spread to many provinces in China. Here, the virus was isolated from the skin scabs of affected cattle during June 2020 in Guangdong, China. Virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction identified lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in the skin crusts of sick cattle. For the isolation of LSDV, the most sensitive cell line is primary cattle testicular (PCT) cells, while Vero cells cannot be used for the isolation of LSDV. In addition, we evaluated the growth characteristics of LSDV. Compared with MDBK and Vero cells, LSDV produced the higher virus titers in PCT cells at 72 h. Phylogenetic analysis based on second-generation sequencing of the LSDV whole genome showed that the isolated virus (LSDV/MZGD/2020) is closely related to Asian strains and formed a new branch. LSDV/MZGD/2020 is also a vaccine recombinant strain, which is distinct from the recombinant strain found in Russia. Through RDP (Recombination Detection Program), Simplot and phylogenetic analyses, strong evidence for recombination events were found in Chinese field LSDV strains. The China LSDV/MZGD/2020 strain may be the result of multiple recombination events between the Neethling 2490 and Neethling vaccine LW 1959 strains. This study expanded our knowledge on the genetic diversity and evolution of LSDV. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingling Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Complete Coding Sequence of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolated from Kinmen Island, Taiwan, in 2020. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0120421. [PMID: 35297682 PMCID: PMC9022544 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01204-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the complete coding sequence of a lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) isolated from cattle from Kinmen, Taiwan, in 2020. The nucleotide sequence of LSDV/KM/Taiwan/2020 was most closely related to strains from an outbreak in China and Vietnam in 2020 and clustered within the vaccine or vaccine-derived clade.
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Le T, Sun C, Chang J, Zhang G, Yin X. mRNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Animal and Zoonotic Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:401. [PMID: 35215994 PMCID: PMC8877136 DOI: 10.3390/v14020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development cycles, and potential for low-cost manufacture. In past years, several mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials and have shown promise for offering solutions to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as rabies, Zika, and influenza. Recently, the successful application of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mRNA vaccine's potential in infectious disease prevention, especially in the veterinary field. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mRNA vaccines and the technologies used for mRNA vaccine development. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines developed for animal infectious diseases and discuss directions and challenges for the future applications of this promising vaccine platform in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Le
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Jitao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Guijie Zhang
- Departments of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
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