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Jiang M, Zhang H, Yao F, Lu Q, Sun Q, Liu Z, Li Q, Wu G. Influence of non-pharmaceutical interventions on epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children during and after the COVID-19 epidemic in Ningbo, China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1405710. [PMID: 39086655 PMCID: PMC11288959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1405710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Since the outbreak of COVID-19, China has implemented a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), effectively containing the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as various respiratory pathogens. With the continuous relaxation of restrictions, China has entered a new phase of the post-pandemic era. However, the epidemiological differences of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) between the two phases in Ningbo and even in China remain unclear. Methods Data of children aged 0-14 years who visited the Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital due to acute respiratory tract infections from January 2020 to December 2023 were collected. PCR was used to detect 13 respiratory pathogens and the macrolide-resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Results Among 10,206 children, 2,360 were infected with MP (23.12%). Among the total, the MP positive rate during the NPI phase (6.35%) was significantly lower than that during the non-NPI phase (34.28%), while the macrolide resistance rate increased from 62.5% (NPI phase) to 81.1% (non-NPI phase). The rate of MP co-infection increased from 11.2% (NPI phase) to 30.3% (non-NPI phase). MP infection exhibited obvious seasonality, with the highest prevalence in autumn (30.0%) followed by summer (23.6%). There were differences in MP positivity rates among different age groups, with the highest among school-age children at 39.5%. During the NPI phase, all age groups were less susceptible to MP, while during the non-NPI phase, the susceptible age for MP was 4-12 years, with 8 years being the most susceptible. The susceptible age for MP co-infection was 0-6 years. MP exhibited antagonistic effects against numerous pathogens. Compared to MP single infection, the proportion of pneumonia was higher in MP co-infection cases. Conclusion The removal of NPIs significantly impacted the spread of MP, altering population characteristics including age, seasonality, macrolide resistance, and MP co-infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ninghai County Chengguan Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Fangfang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qinhong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingcao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guangliang Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated LiHuiLi Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Nasution YN, Sitorus MY, Sukandar K, Nuraini N, Apri M, Salama N. The epidemic forest reveals the spatial pattern of the spread of acute respiratory infections in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7619. [PMID: 38556584 PMCID: PMC10982301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a communicable disease of the respiratory tract that implies impaired breathing. The infection can expand from one to the neighboring areas at a region-scale level through a human mobility network. Specific to this study, we leverage a record of ARI incidences in four periods of outbreaks for 42 regions in Jakarta to study its spatio-temporal spread using the concept of the epidemic forest. This framework generates a forest-like graph representing an explicit spread of disease that takes the onset time, spatio-temporal distance, and case prevalence into account. To support this framework, we use logistic curves to infer the onset time of the outbreak for each region. The result shows that regions with earlier onset dates tend to have a higher burden of cases, leading to the idea that the culprits of the disease spread are those with a high load of cases. To justify this, we generate the epidemic forest for the four periods of ARI outbreaks and identify the implied dominant trees (that with the most children cases). We find that the primary infected city of the dominant tree has a relatively higher burden of cases than other trees. In addition, we can investigate the timely ( R t ) and spatial reproduction number ( R c ) by directly evaluating them from the inferred graphs. We find that R t for dominant trees are significantly higher than non-dominant trees across all periods, with regions in western Jakarta tend to have higher values of R c . Lastly, we provide simulated-implied graphs by suppressing 50% load of cases of the primary infected city in the dominant tree that results in a reduced R c , suggesting a potential target of intervention to depress the overall ARI spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Novia Nasution
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Marli Yehezkiel Sitorus
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Kamal Sukandar
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nuning Nuraini
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Mochamad Apri
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ngabila Salama
- DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Pan L, Yuan Y, Cui Q, Zhang X, Huo Y, Liu Q, Zou W, Zhao B, Hao L. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of respiratory viral pathogens in patients with acute respiratory infection in Shanghai, China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1230139. [PMID: 38384888 PMCID: PMC10880446 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1230139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) taken to combat COVID-19 on the prevalence of respiratory viruses (RVs) of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Shanghai. Methods Samples from ARI patients were collected and screened for 17 respiratory viral pathogens using TagMan low density microfluidic chip technology in Shanghai from January 2019 to December 2020. Pathogen data were analyzed to assess changes in acute respiratory infections between 2019 and 2020. Results A total of 2,744 patients were enrolled, including 1,710 and 1,034 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The total detection rate of RVs decreased by 149.74% in 2020. However, detection rates for human respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV229E), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoVNL63), and human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) increased by 91.89, 58.33, 44.68 and 24.29%, in 2020. The increased positive rates of RSVB, HPIV3, resulted in more outpatients in 2020 than in 2019. IFV detection rates declined dramatically across gender, age groups, and seasons in 2020. Conclusion NPIs taken to eliminate COVID-19 had an impact on the prevalence of respiratory viral pathogens, especially the IFVs in the early phases of the pandemic. Partial respiratory viruses resurged with the lifting of NPIs, leading to an increase in ARIs infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Pan
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Research Base of Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease in China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Cui
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Research Base of Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease in China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Huo
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Zou
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Research Base of Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease in China CDC, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipeng Hao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Research Base of Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease in China CDC, Shanghai, China
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Metz C, Schmid A, Veldhoen S. Increase in complicated upper respiratory tract infection in children during the 2022/2023 winter season-a post coronavirus disease 2019 effect? Pediatr Radiol 2024; 54:49-57. [PMID: 37999795 PMCID: PMC10776702 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper respiratory tract infections usually peak during winter months. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether imaging of complicated upper airway infection in children increased during the winter season of 2022/2023. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a retrospective study setting, pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans for evaluation of upper respiratory tract infection performed between October 2022 and April 2023 were analyzed regarding presence of the following complications: mastoiditis, abscess, phlegmon, meningitis, reactive vasculitis, and sinus vein thrombosis. Pathogen detection, surgery, and infection parameters were obtained. Data were compared with MRI and CT scans performed in the same months of the preceding five years, distinguishing between pandemic and pre-pandemic years. RESULTS During the 2022/2023 winter season, the number of MRI and CT scans in children with upper airway infections, the complication rate, the rate of detected streptococcal infections, and the rate of surgery increased significantly compared to expectations based on the five prior winter seasons (all P<0.05). During the first complete pandemic winter season in Europe (2020/2021), the number of MRI and CT scans in children with upper airway infection, the complication rate, and the rates of streptococcal detection and surgery decreased significantly compared to expectations based on the pre-pandemic, the second pandemic, and the post-pandemic winter seasons (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION After a decline during the first pandemic winter season, there was a marked rebound in complicated upper airway infection in children, with a significant increase in cases during the 2022/2023 winter season compared to the pre-pandemic and pandemic years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corona Metz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Pediatric Radiology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrea Schmid
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Pediatric Radiology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Veldhoen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Pediatric Radiology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Varela-Lasheras I, Perfeito L, Mesquita S, Gonçalves-Sá J. The effects of weather and mobility on respiratory viruses dynamics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA and Canada. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2023; 2:e0000405. [PMID: 38127792 PMCID: PMC10734953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The flu season is caused by a combination of different pathogens, including influenza viruses (IVS), that cause the flu, and non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRVs), that cause common colds or influenza-like illness. These viruses exhibit similar dynamics and meteorological conditions have historically been regarded as a principal modulator of their epidemiology, with outbreaks in the winter and almost no circulation during the summer, in temperate regions. However, after the emergence of SARS-CoV2, in late 2019, the dynamics of these respiratory viruses were strongly perturbed worldwide: some infections displayed near-eradication, while others experienced temporal shifts or occurred "off-season". This disruption raised questions regarding the dominant role of weather while also providing an unique opportunity to investigate the roles of different determinants on the epidemiological dynamics of IVs and NIRVs. Here, we employ statistical analysis and modelling to test the effects of weather and mobility in viral dynamics, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveraging epidemiological surveillance data on several respiratory viruses, from Canada and the USA, from 2016 to 2023, we found that whereas in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, weather had a strong effect, in the pandemic period the effect of weather was strongly reduced and mobility played a more relevant role. These results, together with previous studies, indicate that behavioral changes resulting from the non-pharmacological interventions implemented to control SARS-CoV2, interfered with the dynamics of other respiratory viruses, and that the past dynamical equilibrium was disturbed, and perhaps permanently altered, by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Varela-Lasheras
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
| | - Lilia Perfeito
- LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Mesquita
- LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Sá
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
- LIP, Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ho T, Shahzad A, Jones A, Raghavan N, Loeb M, Johnston N. Examining the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community virus prevalence and healthcare utilisation reveals that peaks in asthma, COPD and respiratory tract infection occur with the re-emergence of rhino/enterovirus. Thorax 2023; 78:1248-1253. [PMID: 37423763 PMCID: PMC10715522 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-219957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway disease exacerbations are cyclical related to respiratory virus prevalence. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with reduced exacerbations possibly related to public health measures and their impact on non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses during the pandemic compared with prior in Ontario, Canada and healthcare utilisation related to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory tract infection. METHODS This is a population-based retrospective analysis of respiratory virus tests, emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalisations between 2015 and 2021 in Ontario. Weekly virus testing data were used to estimate viral prevalence for all non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses. We plotted the %positivity and observed and expected counts of each virus to visualise the impact of the pandemic. We used Poisson and binomial logistic regression models to estimate the change in %positivity, count of positive viral cases and count of healthcare utilisation during the pandemic. RESULTS The prevalence of all non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses decreased dramatically during the pandemic compared with prior. Comparing periods, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for positive cases corresponded to a >90% reduction for non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses except adenovirus and rhino/enterovirus. Asthma-related ED visits and hospital admissions fell by 57% (IRR 0.43 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.48)) and 61% (IRR 0.39 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.46)). COPD-related ED visits and admissions fell by 63% (IRR 0.37 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.45)) and 45% (IRR 0.55 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.62)). Respiratory tract infection ED visits and admissions fell by 85% (IRR 0.15 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.22)), and 85% (IRR 0.15 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.24)). Rather than the usual peaks in disease condition, during the pandemic, healthcare utilisation peaked in October when rhino/enterovirus peaked. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of nearly all non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses decreased during the pandemic and was associated with marked reductions in ED visits and hospitalisations. The re-emergence of rhino/enterovirus was associated with increased healthcare utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Ho
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdullah Shahzad
- The University of Melbourne Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron Jones
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natya Raghavan
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Johnston
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Fry S, Chokephaibulkit K, Pallem S, Henry O, Pu Y, Akawung A, Kim JH, Yanni E, Tullio AN, Aurpibul L, Lee CMF, Ceballos A, Zaman K, Abadía de Regalado I, Ahmed K, Arias Fernandez DA, Taher SW, Caccavo J, Coutinho CM, D’Andrea Nores U, De León T, D’Silva EC, De Bernardi M, Dieser P, Falaschi A, Flores Acosta CDC, Gentile A, Teo IH, Kotze S, López-Medina E, Luca R, Lucion MF, Mantaring JBIIIV, Marín B, Moelo M, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Pinto J, Puthanakit T, Reyes O, Roa MF, Rodriguez Brieschke MT, Rodriguez CE, Rodriguez Niño JN, Schwarzbold AV, Sierra Garcia A, Sivapatham L, Soon R, Tinoco JC, Velásquez Penagos JA, Dos Santos G. Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Regions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad553. [PMID: 38088983 PMCID: PMC10715683 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Incidence data of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) are sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We estimated RSV-LRTI incidence rates (IRs) in infants in LMICs using World Health Organization case definitions. Methods This prospective cohort study, conducted in 10 LMICs from May 2019 to October 2021 (largely overlapping with the coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic), followed infants born to women with low-risk pregnancies for 1 year from birth using active and passive surveillance to detect potential LRTIs, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasal swabs to detect RSV. Results Among 2094 infants, 32 (1.5%) experienced an RSV-LRTI (8 during their first 6 months of life, 24 thereafter). Seventeen (0.8%) infants had severe RSV-LRTI and 168 (8.0%) had all-cause LRTI. IRs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of first RSV-LRTI episode were 1.0 (.3-2.3), 0.8 (.3-1.5), and 1.6 (1.1-2.2) per 100 person-years for infants aged 0-2, 0-5, and 0-11 months, respectively. IRs (95% CIs) of the first all-cause LRTI episode were 10.7 (8.1-14.0), 11.7 (9.6-14.0), and 8.7 (7.5-10.2) per 100 person-years, respectively. IRs varied by country (RSV-LRTI: 0.0-8.3, all-cause LRTI: 0.0-49.6 per 100 person-years for 0- to 11-month-olds). Conclusions RSV-LRTI IRs in infants in this study were relatively low, likely due to reduced viral circulation caused by COVID-19-related nonpharmaceutical interventions. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03614676.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Fry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Aurpibul
- Research Institute for Health Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto Médico Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Khalequ Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Khatija Ahmed
- Setshaba Research Centre, Soshanguve, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Juliana Caccavo
- Donación Francisco Santojanni Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Conrado Milani Coutinho
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Tirza De León
- Maternity Hospital José Domingo De Obaldia, San Pablo Viejo, Panama
| | | | | | - Pablo Dieser
- Instituto Médico Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Falaschi
- Dr Ramon Carrillo Hospital, Mendoza, Argentina
- Dr Diego Paroissien Hospital, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Angela Gentile
- Epidemiology Department, Hospital de Niños Dr Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Sheena Kotze
- Synexus Stanza Clinical Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eduardo López-Medina
- Centro de Estudios en Infectología Pediátrica, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad del Valle, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Clinica Imbanaco, Grupo Quironsalud, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ruben Luca
- Hospital F. F. Santojanni C1407, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Lucion
- Epidemiology Department, Hospital de Niños Dr Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jacinto Blas III V Mantaring
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Pinto
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- Department of Pediatrics and Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Osvaldo Reyes
- Santo Tomás Hospital, Panama City, Panama
- Centro de Vacunación Internacional S.A., La Chorrera, Panama
- Member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI), Panama City, Panama
| | - Maria Fernanda Roa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Camilo Enrique Rodriguez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Medicine, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Alexandre Vargas Schwarzbold
- Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Sierra Garcia
- Centro de Estudios en Infectología Pediátrica, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad del Valle, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Clinica Imbanaco, Grupo Quironsalud, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lavitha Sivapatham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ampang Hospital, Ampang, Malaysia
| | - Ruey Soon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sabah Women's and Children's Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Veltkamp F, Thenot V, Mussies C, van Lieshout B, Peters-Sengers H, Kers J, Khan DH, Hogan J, Florquin S, Bouts AHM, Dossier C. Incidence of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Paris area (France) and in the Netherlands. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:3681-3692. [PMID: 37191940 PMCID: PMC10186275 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) remains partially unknown. Viral infections have been associated with INS onset. Since we observed fewer first onset INS cases during the Covid-19 pandemic, we hypothesised that lower INS incidence was the result of lockdown measures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of childhood INS before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two independent European INS cohorts. METHODS Children with new INS in the Netherlands (2018-2021) and Paris area (2018-2021) were included. We estimated incidences using census data for each region. Incidences were compared using two proportion Z-tests. RESULTS A total of 128 and 324 cases of first onset INS were reported in the Netherlands and Paris area, respectively, corresponding to an annual incidence of 1.21 and 2.58 per 100,000 children/year. Boys and young children (< 7 years) were more frequently affected. Incidence before and during the pandemic did not differ. When schools were closed, incidence was lower in both regions: 0.53 vs. 1.31 (p = 0.017) in the Netherlands and 0.94 vs. 2.63 (p = 0.049) in the Paris area. During peaks of hospital admissions for Covid-19, no cases were reported in the Netherlands or Paris area. CONCLUSIONS Incidence of INS before and during the Covid-19 pandemic was not different, but when schools were closed during lockdown, incidence was significantly lower. Interestingly, incidences of other respiratory viral infections were also reduced as was air pollution. Together, these results argue for a link between INS onset and viral infections and/or environmental factors. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Veltkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1109 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Victoire Thenot
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert-Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Carlijn Mussies
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1109 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Lieshout
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1109 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Hessel Peters-Sengers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Djera H Khan
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julien Hogan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert-Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonia H M Bouts
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1109 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Dossier
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Robert-Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
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Presti S, Manti S, Gambilonghi F, Parisi GF, Papale M, Leonardi S. Comparative Analysis of Pediatric Hospitalizations during Two Consecutive Influenza and Respiratory Virus Seasons Post-Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:1825. [PMID: 37766232 PMCID: PMC10535437 DOI: 10.3390/v15091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) led to a dramatic reduction in respiratory infections. However, the long-term effects on respiratory virus epidemiology remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comparative study on hospitalized pediatric patients with respiratory illness during two seasons: 1 October 2021 to 15 March 2022 and 1 October 2022 to 15 March 2023. We compared the type of virus, mean duration of hospitalization, and disease severity. RESULTS In the first season, 47.1% of patients (65/138) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most frequent (23.2%). In the second season, 82.9% of patients (102/123) tested positive, with RSV and Rhinovirus being the most prevalent (28.38% and 27.03%, respectively). Other viruses, such as Influenza A/B, Metapneumovirus, and Adenovirus, also showed increased prevalence. Disease severity and mean duration of hospitalization were similar between the two seasons. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights increased prevalence in respiratory viruses, including RSV and Rhinovirus, following the easing of NPIs. The prevalence in respiratory viruses, including RSV and Rhinovirus, increased in the second season compared to the first one. Interestingly, RSV's peak incidence shifted from February to November. The emergence of rhinovirus as the most prevalent respiratory virus during certain months suggests viral competition and dynamic changes in viral circulation. The overall severity of respiratory infections remained relatively stable between the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Presti
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, AOUP “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (F.G.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, AOUP “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (F.G.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Gambilonghi
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, AOUP “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (F.G.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Fabio Parisi
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, AOUP “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (F.G.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Papale
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, AOUP “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (F.G.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Pediatric Respiratory Unit, AOUP “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (F.G.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
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10
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Kandeel A, Fahim M, Deghedy O, Roshdy WH, Khalifa MK, Shesheny RE, Kandeil A, Naguib A, Afifi S, Mohsen A, Abdelghaffar K. Resurgence of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in Egypt following two years of decline during the COVID-19 pandemic: outpatient clinic survey of infants and children, October 2022. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1067. [PMID: 37277781 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two years after unprecedented low rates of circulation of most common respiratory viruses (SARS-CoV-2), the Egyptian ARI surveillance system detected an increase in acute respiratory infections (ARIs) with a reduced circulation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially among school children. A national survey was conducted to estimate the burden and identify the viral causes of ARIs among children < 16 years of age. METHODS A one-day survey was carried out in 98 governmental outpatient clinics distributed all over Egypt 26 governorates. The four largest referral hospitals in each governorate where most influenza-like illness (ILI) patients seek care were selected. Using the WHO case definition, the first five patients < 16 years of age with ILI symptoms visiting the selected outpatient clinics on the survey day were enrolled. Basic demographic and clinical data of patients were collected using a linelist. Patients were swabbed and tested for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) by RT-PCR at the Central Laboratory in Cairo. RESULTS Overall, 530 patients enrolled, their mean age was 5.8 ± 4.2, 57.1% were males, and 70.2% reside in rural or semi-rural areas. Of all patients, 134 (25.3%) had influenza, 111 (20.9%) RSV, and 14 (2.8%) coinfections. Influenza-positive children were older compared to RSV, (7.2 ± 4.1, 4.3 ± 4.1, p < 0.001), with more than half of them (53.0%) being school students. Dyspnea was reported in RSV more than in influenza (62.2% vs. 49.3%, p < 0.05). Among RSV patients, children < 2 years had a higher rate of dyspnea than others (86.7% vs. 53.1%, < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A resurgence of influenza and RSV was detected in Egypt in the 2022-2023 winter season. Influenza caused a higher rate of infection than RSV, while RSV caused more severe symptoms than influenza. Monitoring a broader range of respiratory pathogens is recommended to estimate the ARI burden and risky groups for severe disease in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Kandeel
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Fahim
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola Deghedy
- Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael H Roshdy
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K Khalifa
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El Shesheny
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amel Naguib
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma Afifi
- Consultant Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Ricketson LJ, Kellner JD. Changes in the Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Calgary, Canada, during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic 2020-2022. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1333. [PMID: 37317307 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Calgary. IPD declined significantly worldwide during 2020 and 2021. This may be due to the reduced transmission of and decrease in circulating viruses that often co-infect with the opportunistic pneumococcus. Pneumococcus has not been shown to frequently co-infect or cause secondary infection with SARS-CoV-2. We examined and compared incidence rates in Calgary per quarter in the pre-vaccine, post-vaccine, 2020 and 2021 (pandemic) and 2022 (late pandemic) eras. We also conducted a time series analysis from 2000-2022 allowing for change in trend at introduction of vaccines and for initiation of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Incidence declined in 2020/2021 but by the end of 2022 had begun to rapidly recover to near pre-vaccine rates. This recovery may be related to the high rates of viral activity in the winter of 2022 along with childhood vaccines being delayed during the pandemic. However, a large proportion of the IPD caused in the last quarter of 2022 was serotype 4, which has caused outbreaks in the homeless population of Calgary in the past. Further surveillance will be important to understand IPD incidence trends in the post-pandemic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Ricketson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
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12
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Zeng H, Cai M, Li S, Chen X, Xu X, Xie W, Xiong Y, Long X. Epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza under implementation of zero-COVID-19 strategy in China. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1158-1166. [PMID: 37269694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory viral diseases have posed a persistent threat to public health due to their high transmissibility. Influenza virus and SARS-Cov-2 are both respiratory viruses that have caused global pandemics. A zero-COVID-19 strategy is a public health policy imposed to stop community transmission of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected. In this study, we aim to examine the epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza in the past five years before and after the emergence of COVID-19 in China and observe the possible impact of the strategy on influenza. METHODS Data from two data sources were retrospectively analyzed. A comparison on influenza incidence rate between Hubei and Zhejiang provinces was conducted based on data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Then a descriptive and comparative analysis on seasonal influenza based on data from Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University and Hangzhou Ninth People`s Hospital before and after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted. RESULTS From 2010-2017, both provinces experienced relatively low influenza activity until the 1st week of 2018, when they reached peak incidence rates of 78.16/100000PY, 34.05/100000PY respectively. Since then, influenza showed an obvious seasonality in Hubei and Zhejiang until the onset of COVID-19. During 2020 and 2021, there was a dramatic decline in influenza activity compared to 2018 and 2019. However, influenza activity seemed to rebound at the beginning of 2022 and surged in summer, with positive rates of 20.52% and 31.53% in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University and Hangzhou Ninth People`s Hospital respectively as of the time writing this article. CONCLUSIONS Our results reinforce the hypothesis that zero-COVID-19 strategy may impact the epidemiological pattern of influenza. Under the complex pandemic situation, implementation of NPIs could be a beneficial strategy containing not only COVID-19 but also influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Center of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Cai
- Department of Dermatology,Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of infectious diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianqun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of infectious diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghua Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Rand KH, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Gurka MJ, Chi X, Harris A. Is Kawasaki Disease Caused by a Respiratory Virus? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:468-472. [PMID: 37171979 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease is characterized by high fever, rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctival injection, oral mucous membrane changes and swelling of the extremities followed by skin sloughing. Despite >50 years of study, no bacterial, viral or other infectious agent has been consistently associated with the illness. The lockdown and social distancing for COVID-19 in March 2020 led to a marked decrease in respiratory virus circulation. This provided an "experiment of nature" to determine whether Kawasaki disease would decline in parallel. METHODS Discharge ICD-10 diagnosis codes were obtained from the Vizient Clinical Data Base for Kawasaki disease and respiratory viruses, and analyzed for the age group < 5 years. Weekly respiratory virus positivity data were also obtained from BioFire Diagnostics. RESULTS Common enveloped respiratory viruses declined precipitously from April 2020 through March 2021 to levels at or below historical seasonal minimum levels. Kawasaki Disease declined about 40% compared with 2018-2019, which is distinctly different from the pattern seen for the enveloped respiratory viruses. Strong seasonality was seen for Kawasaki disease as far back as 2010, and correlated most closely with respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and less so with influenza virus suggesting there is a baseline level of Kawasaki disease activity that is heightened during yearly respiratory virus activity but that remains at a certain level even in the near total absence of respiratory viruses. CONCLUSIONS The striking decrease in enveloped respiratory viruses after lockdown and social distancing was not paralleled by a comparable decrease in Kawasaki disease incidence, suggesting a different epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Rand
- From the Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Matthew J Gurka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaofei Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alyssa Harris
- Center for Advanced Analytics & Informatics, Vizient Inc., Irving, Texas
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14
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Taktak A, Smaoui F, Chtourou A, Maâloul M, Karray-Hakim H, Hammami A, Fki-Berrajah L, Gargouri S. Significant impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of respiratory viruses in Tunisia, 2020-2021. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2023; 21:101306. [PMID: 37131909 PMCID: PMC10132842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic changed the typical patterns of respiratory infections globally. While SARS-CoV-2 illness exhibited explosive growth since 2020, the activity of other respiratory viruses fell below historical seasonal norms. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of seasonal respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 284 nasopharyngeal samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 during the period October 2020-May 2021. All samples were screened for fifteen common respiratory viruses. Either a fast syndromic approach using Biofire FILM ARRAY respiratory 2.1 (RP2.1) Panel, or end-point multiplex RT-PCRs detecting RNA viruses and Real-Time PCR detecting Adenoviruses were used. Results Overall, 30.6% (87/284) of samples were positive for at least one virus. Mixed infections were detected in 3.4% of positive cases. Enterovirus/Rhinovirus (HEV/HRV) was the most detected virus throughout the study period, especially during December 2020 (33.3% of all HEV/HRV being detected). During the 2020-2021 winter season, neither Respiratory Syncytial Virus nor Influenza Viruses circulation was observed. Metapneumovirus and Parainfluenza Viruses infections were detected during the spring season. The highest rate of respiratory viruses detection was observed in children and adults aged [0-10] years (50%) and [31-40] years (40%). HEV/HRV was the most detected virus regardless of age group. Conclusions Public health measures used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spread in Tunisia were also effective to reduce transmission of the other respiratory viruses, especially Influenza. The higher resistance of HEV/HRV in the environment could explain their predominance and continuous circulation during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatef Taktak
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Street Km 6, BP 1177, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fahmi Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amel Chtourou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Maâloul
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Héla Karray-Hakim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adnene Hammami
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Fki-Berrajah
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Saba Gargouri
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University-Hospital, Rue El Ferdaous, 3003, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
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15
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Toriyabe K, Kitamura A, Hagimoto-Akasaka M, Ikejiri M, Suga S, Kondo E, Kihira M, Morikawa F, Ikeda T. Transient Decrease in Incidence Rate of Maternal Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051096. [PMID: 37243182 DOI: 10.3390/v15051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the occurrence of maternal primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in Japan. We performed a nested case-control study using data from maternal CMV antibody screening under the Cytomegalovirus in Mother and infant-engaged Virus serology (CMieV) program in Mie, Japan. Pregnant women with negative IgG antibodies at ≤20 weeks of gestation who were retested at ≥28 weeks were enrolled. The study period was divided into 2015-2019 as the pre-pandemic and 2020-2022 as the pandemic period, and the study site included 26 institutions conducting the CMieV program. The incidence rate of maternal IgG seroconversion was compared between the pre-pandemic (7008 women enrolled) and pandemic (2020, 1283 women enrolled; 2021, 1100 women; and 2022, 398 women) periods. Sixty-one women in the pre-pandemic period and five, four, and five women during 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively, showed IgG seroconversion. The incidence rates in 2020 and 2021 were lower (p < 0.05) than that in the pre-pandemic period. Our data suggest a transient decrease in the incidence of maternal primary CMV infection in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic, which could be due to prevention and hygiene measures taken at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Toriyabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Asa Kitamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Mie Chuo Medical Center, Tsu 514-1101, Japan
| | - Miki Hagimoto-Akasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikejiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mie University Hospital, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu 514-0125, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kihira
- Mie Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Tsu 514-0003, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Morikawa
- Mie Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Tsu 514-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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16
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Sabeena S, Ravishankar N, Robin S, Pillai SS. The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on bronchiolitis (lower respiratory tract infection) due to respiratory syncytial virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2023; 67:284-291. [PMID: 37459026 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1334_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection which accounts for most bronchiolitis and viral pneumonias in infants. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on RSV-associated bronchiolitis among hospitalized infants. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022314000) and was designed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines updated in May 2020. The meta-analysis component was modified appropriately to synthesize the pooled proportion of infants having RSV-associated bronchiolitis before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic with 95% confidence interval (CI). We identified and screened 189 articles and systematically reviewed 50 full texts. Eight qualified studies from Europe and China, including 109,186 symptomatic cases of bronchiolitis before the pandemic in 2019 and 61,982 cases in 2020-2021 were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. The quantitative analysis included laboratory-confirmed RSV infection in 7691 infants with bronchiolitis reported before the pandemic in 2019. Meanwhile, during the pandemic, 4964 bronchiolitis cases were associated with RSV infection. The pooled proportion of RSV-associated bronchiolitis cases before the pandemic in 2019 was 16.74% (95% CI 11.73, 22.43%, 95% prediction interval 0.032, 34.16). The pooled proportion of confirmed RSV cases during the pandemic in 2020/2021 was 19.20% (95% CI 12.01, 27.59%, 95% prediction interval 0.046, 42.35). There was an increase in RSV activity after the relaxation of stringent public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraja Ravishankar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Research Officer, Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sabitha Sasidharan Pillai
- Paediatric Endocrinology Fellow, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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17
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Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:195-210. [PMID: 36253478 PMCID: PMC9574826 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused substantial global morbidity and deaths, leading governments to turn to non-pharmaceutical interventions to slow down the spread of infection and lessen the burden on health care systems. These policies have evolved over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, including after the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, with regional and country-level differences in their ongoing use. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with changes in respiratory virus infections worldwide, which have differed between virus types. Reductions in respiratory virus infections, including by influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus, were most notable at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and continued in varying degrees through subsequent waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The decreases in community infection burden have resulted in reduced hospitalizations and deaths associated with non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections. Respiratory virus evolution relies on the maintaining of a diverse genetic pool, but evidence of genetic bottlenecking brought on by case reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced genetic diversity of some respiratory viruses, including influenza virus. By describing the differences in these changes between viral species across different geographies over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may better understand the complex factors involved in community co-circulation of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Chow
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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18
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Lalitha P, Prajna NV, Gunasekaran R, Teja GV, Sharma SS, Hinterwirth A, Ruder K, Zhong L, Chen C, Deiner M, Huang C, Pinsky BA, Lietman TM, Doan T, Seitzman GD. Deep sequencing analysis of clinical samples from patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis during the COVID-19 delta surge in Madurai, India. J Clin Virol 2022; 157:105318. [PMID: 36242841 PMCID: PMC9534536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal outbreaks of infectious conjunctivitis remain a public health issue. Determination of outbreak etiologies in the context of a worldwide pandemic may provide useful information to guide public health strategies. The aim of this study was to identify pathogens associated with outpatient infectious conjunctivitis during the COVID-19 Delta surge. METHODS This prospective study was conducted from April 2021 to September 2021. All outpatients presenting to the Aravind Eye Center (Madurai, India) with signs and symptoms consistent with acute infectious conjunctivitis were eligible. Three swabs were obtained from each participant: one from each conjunctiva and one from the anterior nares. Samples were processed for metagenomic RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS Samples from 106 study participants were sequenced. The most common presenting symptoms were tearing (86%) and itching (71%). Preauricular lymphadenopathy was present in 38% of participants. 20% of participants had close contacts with similar symptoms. Systemic symptoms such as coughing, runny nose, vomiting or diarrhea were uncommonly reported. 60% of all participants used some medicated eye drops upon enrollment. 75% of study participants demonstrated infection with human adenovirus D (HAdV-D). 11% of conjunctivitis was associated with SARS-CoV-2. 15% had no definitive pathogen detected. 8% of all participants had codetection of more than one pathogen on RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 Delta surge in India, HAdV-D was the most common pathogen associated with infectious conjunctivitis. SARS-CoV-2 was the second most common associated pathogen. Seasonal surveillance may be necessary for the determination of emerging and reemerging pathogens responsible for infectious conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Armin Hinterwirth
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Ruder
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lina Zhong
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cindi Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Deiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States,Corresponding author
| | - Gerami D. Seitzman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Alamri KA, Farrag MA, Aziz IM, Dudin GA, Mohammed AA, Almajhdi FN. Prevalence of Human Coronaviruses in Children and Phylogenetic Analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2016-2022 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122592. [PMID: 36560596 PMCID: PMC9784458 DOI: 10.3390/v14122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, routine surveillance combined with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of coronaviruses is urgently required. In the current study, the four common human coronaviruses (HCoVs), OC43, NL63, HKU1, and 229E, were screened in 361 clinical samples collected from hospitalized children with respiratory symptoms during four winter seasons. RT-PCR-based detection and typing revealed different prevalence rates of HCoVs across the four seasons. Interestingly, none of the four HCoVs were detected in the samples (n = 100) collected during the winter season of the COVID-19 pandemic. HCoV-OC43 (4.15%) was the most frequently detected, followed by 229E (1.1%). Partial sequences of S and N genes of OC43 from the winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2021/2022 were used for sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Multiple sequence alignment of the two Saudi OC43s strains with international strains revealed the presence of sequence deletions and several mutations, of which some changed their corresponding amino acids. Glycosylation profiles revealed a number of O-and N-glycosylation sites in both genes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, four genotypes were observed with Riyadh strains grouped into the genotype C. Further long-term surveillance with a large number of clinical samples and sequences is necessary to resolve the circulation patterns and evolutionary kinetics of OC43 in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gani Asa Dudin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Ahmed Mohammed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Bhardwaj S, Choudhary ML, Jadhav S, Vipat V, Ghuge R, Salvi S, Kulkarni R, Kinikar A, Padbidri V, Bafna S, Bavdekare A, D'costa P, Gujar N, Potdar V. A retrospective analysis of respiratory virus transmission before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pune the western region of India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:936634. [PMID: 36159243 PMCID: PMC9494283 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.936634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in China in December 2019 and quickly spread across the world. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are the key to control the transmission of respiratory viruses. To stop the spread, NPI is widely recommended and is still followed by most countries. Methods At the National Influenza Center of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), the surveillance of severe acute respiratory illness and acute respiratory illness cases for influenza and other respiratory viruses is in place. In this study, we analyzed surveillance data on respiratory viruses and/or SARS-CoV-2 testing from January 2017 to December 2021. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect the respiratory viruses. Results Our findings indicate that during the pandemic, the positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human coronavirus declined significantly. Conclusion The annual distinct seasonal outbreaks of influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses as observed during the pre-COVID-19 period were not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic in years 2020 and 21. Social distancing, lock-downs, and non-pharmaceutical interventions may play an important role in the reduction of respiratory viruses. Understanding the seasonal respiratory virus decline could help public health experts prepare for future respiratory virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhardwaj
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | | | - Sheetal Jadhav
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | - Veena Vipat
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | - Rohan Ghuge
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | - Sonali Salvi
- B. J. Medical College and Sassoon Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | - Aarti Kinikar
- B. J. Medical College and Sassoon Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Varsha Potdar
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India,*Correspondence: Varsha Potdar
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21
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Villaverde S, Esquivel E, Baquero-Artigao F, Noguera-Julian A, Frick MA, Rojo P, Blázquez-Gamero D. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Diagnosis of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:590-592. [PMID: 35363648 PMCID: PMC9177127 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an observational study performed within the Spanish Registry of Children with congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of new cases of cCMV. Our study suggest a significant decrease in the monthly rate of new cCMV diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Villaverde
- From the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella Esquivel
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero-Artigao
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, Madrid, Spain
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d’Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie Antoinette Frick
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Rojo
- From the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Blázquez-Gamero
- From the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Burney JA, Roberts SC, DeHaan LL, Shimizu C, Bainto EV, Newburger JW, Dominguez S, Jone PN, Jaggi P, Szmuszkovicz JR, Rowley AH, Samuy N, Scalici P, Tremoulet AH, Cayan DR, Burns JC. Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Kawasaki Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2217436. [PMID: 35713905 PMCID: PMC9206189 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Public health measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic had widespread effects on population behaviors, transmission of infectious diseases, and exposures to environmental pollutants. This provided an opportunity to study how these factors potentially influenced the incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD), a self-limited pediatric vasculitis of unknown etiology. OBJECTIVES To examine the change in KD incidence across the United States and evaluate whether public health measures affected the prevalence of KD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter cohort study included consecutive, unselected patients with KD who were diagnosed between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020 (multicenter cohort with 28 pediatric centers), and a detailed analysis of patients with KD who were diagnosed between January 1, 2002, and November 15, 2021 (Rady Children's Hospital San Diego [RCHSD]). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES For the multicenter cohort, the date of fever onset for each patient with KD was collected. For RCHSD, detailed demographic and clinical data as well as publicly available, anonymized mobile phone data and median household income by census block group were collected. The study hypothesis was that public health measures undertaken during the pandemic would reduce exposure to the airborne trigger(s) of KD and that communities with high shelter-in-place compliance would experience the greatest decrease in KD incidence. RESULTS A total of 2461 KD cases were included in the multicenter study (2018: 894; 2019: 905; 2020: 646), and 1461 cases (median [IQR] age, 2.8 years [1.4-4.9 years]; 900 [61.6%] males; 220 [15.1%] Asian, 512 [35.0%] Hispanic, and 338 [23.1%] White children) from RCHSD between 2002 and 2021 were also included. The 28.2% decline in KD cases nationally during 2020 (646 cases) compared with 2018 (894 cases) and 2019 (905 cases) was uneven across the United States. For RCHSD, there was a disproportionate decline in KD cases in 2020 to 2021 compared with the mean (SD) number of cases in earlier years for children aged 1 to 5 years (22 vs 44.9 [9.9]; P = .02), male children (21 vs 47.6 [10.0]; P = .01), and Asian children (4 vs 11.8 [4.4]; P = .046). Mobility data did not suggest that shelter-in-place measures were associated with the number of KD cases. Clinical features including strawberry tongue, enlarged cervical lymph node, and subacute periungual desquamation were decreased during 2020 compared with the baseline period (strawberry tongue: 39% vs 63%; P = .04; enlarged lymph node: 21% vs 32%; P = .09; periungual desquamation: 47% vs 58%; P = .16). School closures, masking mandates, decreased ambient pollution, and decreased circulation of respiratory viruses all overlapped to different extents with the period of decreased KD cases. KD in San Diego rebounded in the spring of 2021, coincident with lifting of mask mandates. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study of epidemiological and clinical features of KD during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, KD cases fell and remained low during the period of masking and school closure. Mobility data indicated that differential intensity of sheltering in place was not associated with KD incidence. These findings suggest that social behavior is associated with exposure to the agent(s) that trigger KD and are consistent with a respiratory portal of entry for the agent(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Burney
- School of Global Policy & Strategy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Samantha C. Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Laurel L. DeHaan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Emelia V. Bainto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jane W. Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Pei-Ni Jone
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Preeti Jaggi
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline R. Szmuszkovicz
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Anne H. Rowley
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nichole Samuy
- UAB Heersink, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Paul Scalici
- UAB Heersink, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel R. Cayan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Hu W, Fries AC, DeMarcus LS, Thervil JW, Kwaah B, Brown KN, Sjoberg PA, Robbins AS. Circulating Trends of Influenza and Other Seasonal Respiratory Viruses among the US Department of Defense Personnel in the United States: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105942. [PMID: 35627483 PMCID: PMC9141702 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the circulation of influenza and other seasonal respiratory viruses in the United States. All data were obtained from the US Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program over five consecutive respiratory seasons from 2016-2017 through to 2020-2021. A total of 62,476 specimens were tested for seasonal respiratory viruses. The circulating patterns of seasonal respiratory viruses have been greatly altered during the pandemic. The 2019-2020 influenza season terminated earlier compared to the pre-pandemic seasons, and the 2020-2021 influenza season did not occur. Moreover, weekly test positivity rates dramatically decreased for most of the seasonal respiratory viruses from the start of the pandemic through spring 2021. After the easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), circulations of seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus have returned since spring 2021. High rhinovirus/enterovirus activity was evident throughout the 2020-2021 respiratory season. The findings suggest a strong association between the remarkably changed activity of seasonal respiratory viruses and the implementation of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The NPIs may serve as an effective public health tool to reduce transmissions of seasonal respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hu
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony C. Fries
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Laurie S. DeMarcus
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Thervil
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Bismark Kwaah
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Kayla N. Brown
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Paul A. Sjoberg
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
- JYG Innovations LLC, Dayton, OH 45414, USA
| | - Anthony S. Robbins
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (L.S.D.); (J.W.T.); (B.K.); (K.N.B.); (P.A.S.); (A.S.R.)
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24
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Noble M, Khan RA, Walker B, Bennett E, Gent N. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalisation in children aged ≤5 years: a scoping review of literature from 2009 to 2021. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00593-2021. [PMID: 35651366 PMCID: PMC9149382 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00593-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions in many countries, a surge in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalisations was reported, surpassing yearly trends pre-pandemic. The changes to RSV epidemiology may have unforeseen effects on healthcare systems and populations globally, adding to the burden generated during the pandemic and placing increased demand on resources. Here we aim to identify recent global trends of RSV hospitalisation amongst children aged ≤5 years, to help inform policy makers in the planning of preventative interventions. Methods We conducted a scoping review of published literature between January 2009 and May 2021. Using keywords “Hospital admissions, Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV, Bronchiolitis, Children” we located studies using Medline, EMCARE, CINAHL and HMIC. Studies were eligible if they reported on trends/data for RSV hospitalisation amongst children aged ≤5 years. The articles were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Findings We assessed 3310 abstracts, reviewed 70 studies and included 56 studies in the final review. Findings were categorised into themes. The review highlighted that, although RSV incidence has been steadily increasing since 2009, the number of reported RSV hospitalisations decreased during lockdown. The highest numbers of hospitalisations were reported in children <1 year of age, particularly 0–2-month-old infants. Globally, RSV hospitalisations tend to peak in the winter months; however, since COVID-19 restrictions have eased, countries are reporting incidence peaks at different times, in contrast to the trends of previous years. Conclusion With greater physical interactions due to the relaxation of COVID-19 restriction measures, RSV-related hospitalisations can be seen to increase amongst children aged ≤5 years, possibly surpassing the numbers reported in previous RSV seasons. With #COVID19 restriction measures being eased globally, #RSV-related hospitalisation among children will increase, possibly surpassing pre-pandemic levelshttps://bit.ly/35lg4Iv
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25
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Zhang A, Surette MD, Schwartz KL, Brooks JI, Bowdish DM, Mahdavi R, Manuel DG, Talarico R, Daneman N, Shurgold J, MacFadden D. The collapse of infectious disease diagnoses commonly due to communicable respiratory pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic: A time series and hierarchical clustering analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac205. [PMID: 35791356 PMCID: PMC9047204 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonpharmaceutical interventions such as physical distancing and mandatory masking were adopted in many jurisdictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to decrease spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We determined the effects of these interventions on incidence of healthcare utilization for other infectious diseases. Methods Using a healthcare administrative dataset, we employed an interrupted time series analysis to measure changes in healthcare visits for various infectious diseases across the province of Ontario, Canada, from January 2017 to December 2020. We used a hierarchical clustering algorithm to group diagnoses that demonstrated similar patterns of change through the pandemic months. Results We found that visits for infectious diseases commonly caused by communicable respiratory pathogens (eg, acute bronchitis, acute sinusitis) formed distinct clusters from diagnoses that often originate from pathogens derived from the patient’s own flora (eg, urinary tract infection, cellulitis). Moreover, infectious diagnoses commonly arising from communicable respiratory pathogens (hierarchical cluster 1: highly impacted diagnoses) were significantly decreased, with a rate ratio (RR) of 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], .30–.40; P < .001) after the introduction of public health interventions in April–December 2020, whereas infections typically arising from the patient’s own flora (hierarchical cluster 3: minimally impacted diagnoses) did not demonstrate a sustained change in incidence (RR, 0.95 [95% CI, .90–1.01]; P = .085). Conclusions Public health measures to curtail the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 were widely effective against other communicable respiratory infectious diseases with similar modes of transmission but had little effect on infectious diseases not strongly dependent on person-to-person transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Surette
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin L. Schwartz
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James I. Brooks
- The Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn M.E. Bowdish
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas G. Manuel
- IC/ES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- IC/ES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Derek MacFadden
- IC/ES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Nguyen QT, Dao TL, Pham TD, Tran TK, Hoang VT, Gautret P. Effect of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Incidence of Other Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Infections in Children in Thai Binh, Vietnam in 2020. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12:182-187. [PMID: 35397707 PMCID: PMC8994859 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-022-00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the total number of consultations for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections among children under 16 years in Thai Binh Pediatric Hospital, Vietnam during the year 2020. Methods A retrospective study was carried out to review consecutive consultations occurring in children admitted from January 01, 2016 to December 31, 2020. All medical records were collected from the central numeric database of the hospital. Diagnoses were documented according to the International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria. Results 436,276 children consulted at the outpatient department during the period of study. A gradual increase in the total number of outpatients was observed from 2016 to 2019, including those consulting for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. However, the total number of outpatients and the numbers of those consulting for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections dramatically decreased in 2020. A significant decrease of respiratory infections relative proportion was observed in 2020 when compared to 2016–2019 (p < 0.0001). By contrast, the relative proportion of gastrointestinal infections did not significantly vary (p = 0.91). The proportion of outpatients aged under 5 years was significantly lower in 2020 compared to previous years (p < 0.0001). The proportion of male patients was significantly higher in 2020 than from 2016 to 2019 (p = 0.001). Conclusion Public health measures against the COVID-19 pandemic likely decreased the prevalence of other respiratory tract infections. Further studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of each type of measure. Microbiological studies are also recommended, to better understand the effect of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Tien Nguyen
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | - Thi Loi Dao
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | - Thi Dung Pham
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | | | - Van Thuan Hoang
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Thai Binh Pediatric Hospital, Thai Binh, Vietnam.
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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27
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Lu Y, Wang Y, Shen C, Luo J, Yu W. Decreased Incidence of Influenza During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2957-2962. [PMID: 35308571 PMCID: PMC8932933 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s343940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyse changes in influenza detection rates of the influenza seasons 2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021 and the changes in personal awareness of protection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This retrospective study included patients tested for influenza virus A and B from November 2017 to March 2021 at the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University (Ningbo, China). Influenza virus A and B tested by direct RT-PCR. A small group of 100 regular participants in influenza virus detection were surveyed on the use of protective measures in four different influenza seasons. Results There were 14,902, 14,762, 25,070, and 1107 tests of influenza virus A and B in the four influenza periods, for total positive rates of 32.45%, 35.77%, 29.40%, and 0.54%, respectively. In the two periods of four influenza seasons, from November to January, the total number of influenza samples was 8530, 4980, 22,925, 868; from February to March, the number of tests was 6372, 9782, 2145, 239. Total number of tests and positive rate decreased significantly from February/March onwards of the 2019/2020 season, coinciding with the beginning of COVID-19. The proportion of people taking protective measures also increased during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 flu seasons. Conclusion The influenza virus has a high incidence in this area. The diagnosis rate of influenza decreased after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic had an important impact on the detection rates for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Shen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Luo
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Yu
- Department of Respiration, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wanjun Yu, Email
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Gomez-Gonzalez E, Barriga-Rivera A, Fernandez-Muñoz B, Navas-Garcia JM, Fernandez-Lizaranzu I, Munoz-Gonzalez FJ, Parrilla-Giraldez R, Requena-Lancharro D, Gil-Gamboa P, Rosell-Valle C, Gomez-Gonzalez C, Mayorga-Buiza MJ, Martin-Lopez M, Muñoz O, Gomez-Martin JC, Relimpio-Lopez MI, Aceituno-Castro J, Perales-Esteve MA, Puppo-Moreno A, Garcia-Cozar FJ, Olvera-Collantes L, Gomez-Diaz R, de Los Santos-Trigo S, Huguet-Carrasco M, Rey M, Gomez E, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Padillo-Ruiz J, Marquez-Rivas J. Optical imaging spectroscopy for rapid, primary screening of SARS-CoV-2: a proof of concept. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2356. [PMID: 35181702 PMCID: PMC8857323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective testing is essential to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. Here we report a-proof-of-concept study on hyperspectral image analysis in the visible and near-infrared range for primary screening at the point-of-care of SARS-CoV-2. We apply spectral feature descriptors, partial least square-discriminant analysis, and artificial intelligence to extract information from optical diffuse reflectance measurements from 5 µL fluid samples at pixel, droplet, and patient levels. We discern preparations of engineered lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 from those with the G protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus in saline solution and artificial saliva. We report a quantitative analysis of 72 samples of nasopharyngeal exudate in a range of SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, and a descriptive study of another 32 fresh human saliva samples. Sensitivity for classification of exudates was 100% with peak specificity of 87.5% for discernment from PCR-negative but symptomatic cases. Proposed technology is reagent-free, fast, and scalable, and could substantially reduce the number of molecular tests currently required for COVID-19 mass screening strategies even in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gomez-Gonzalez
- Department of Applied Physics III, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Barriga-Rivera
- Department of Applied Physics III, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Fernandez-Lizaranzu
- Department of Applied Physics III, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Munoz-Gonzalez
- Department of Applied Physics III, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Desiree Requena-Lancharro
- Department of Applied Physics III, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil-Gamboa
- Department of Applied Physics III, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Gomez-Gonzalez
- Service of Intensive Care, University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocio', 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Mayorga-Buiza
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Service of Anesthesiology, University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocio', 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Martin-Lopez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Olga Muñoz
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Maria Isabel Relimpio-Lopez
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Seville, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital 'Virgen Macarena', 41009, Sevilla, Spain.,OftaRed, Institute of Health 'Carlos III', 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Aceituno-Castro
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain.,Centro Astronomico Hispano Alemán, 04550, Almeria, Spain
| | - Manuel A Perales-Esteve
- Department of Electronic Engineering, ETSI School of Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Puppo-Moreno
- Service of Intensive Care, University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocio', 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Olvera-Collantes
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomedica de Cádiz (INIBICA), 11009, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Emilia Gomez
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosario Sanchez-Pernaute
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación Celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Padillo-Ruiz
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Seville, Spain.,Department of General Surgery, University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocío', 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Marquez-Rivas
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009, Seville, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, University Hospital 'Virgen del Rocío', 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Centre for Advanced Neurology, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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29
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Kim MC, Park JH, Choi SH, Chung JW. Rhinovirus Incidence Rates Indicate We Are Tired of Non-pharmacological Interventions Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e15. [PMID: 35014227 PMCID: PMC8748668 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the incidence of rhinovirus (RV) is inversely related to the intensity of non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), such as universal mask wearing and physical distancing. METHODS Using RV surveillance data, changes in the effect of NPIs were investigated in South Korea during the pandemic. The time to the first visible effect of NPIs after the onset of NPIs (T1), time to the maximum effect (T2), and duration of the maximum effect (T3) were measured for each surge. For each week, the RVdiff [(RV incidence during the pandemic) - (RV incidence within 5 years before the pandemic)] was calculated, and number of weeks for RVdiff to be below zero after NPIs (time to RVdiff ≤ 0) and number of weeks RVdiff remains below zero after NPIs (duration of RVdiff ≤ 0) were measured for each surge. RESULTS During the study period, four surges of COVID-19 were reported. As the pandemic progressed, T1 and T2 increased, but T3 decreased. Additionally, the "time to RVdiff of ≤ 0" increased and "duration of RVdiff of ≤ 0" decreased. These changes became more pronounced during the third surge (mid-November 2020), before the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine, and from the emergence of the delta variant. CONCLUSION The effect of NPIs appears slower, the duration of the effect becomes shorter, and the intensity also decreases less than a year after the onset of the pandemic owing to people's exhaustion in implementing NPIs. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 response strategy must be completely overhauled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Ha Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang Medical Health Care System Hyundae Hospital, Namyangju, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin-Won Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Ye Q, Wang D. Epidemiological changes of common respiratory viruses in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2022; 94:1990-1997. [PMID: 34981839 PMCID: PMC9015628 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been implemented to control the transmission of COVID‐19 in China. The effect of NPIs on other common respiratory viruses in children of different age groups has not been examined thus far. Respiratory specimens of children were collected to detect common childhood respiratory viruses, including influenza A (FluA), influenza B (FluB), adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020. The epidemiological characteristics of the respiratory viruses in 2020 were compared with those in 2019. From January 2019 to December 2020, 165 622 specimens were collected. The proportion of infants aged 0−28 days (683, 2.24% vs. 1295, 0.96%, p = 0.000) and 1−12 months (8560, 28.12% vs. 20 875, 15.43%, p = 0.000) in 2020 increased significantly compared with that in 2019. There were two obvious increases in April and September in the number of specimens in children aged 4−6 years and >7 years. FluA, FluB, and RSV's age distribution patterns were surprisingly consistent with each other in 2020, and the positive rates of children aged 1−12 months were the highest in all age groups (FluA: 4.45%, FluB: 3.30%, RSV: 7.35%). Our study further confirms that the NPIs significantly decreased the transmission of common childhood respiratory viruses. The change in circulation characteristics of common respiratory viruses of children in different age groups varied. Therefore, we recommend that different protection strategies should be introduced for children of different age groups. The epidemiological characteristics of common childhood respiratory viruses varied during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The non‐pharmaceutical interventions significantly decreased the transmission of common childhood respiratory viruses. Different protection strategies should be introduced for children of varying age groups. COVID‐19 article requiring a fast track process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of clinical laboratory, The Children's Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongjie Wang
- Department of clinical laboratory, The Children's Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Sabeena S, Ravishankar N, Robin S. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on influenza surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2022; 66:458-465. [PMID: 37039174 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_926_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza activity was reported to be below the seasonal levels during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally. However, during the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 outbreak, the routine real-time surveillance of influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection was adversely affected due to the changes in priorities, economic constraints, repurposing of hospitals for COVID care, and closure of outpatient services. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to assess the pooled proportion of symptomatic cases tested for influenza virus before the current pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020/21. An electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar was carried out for the articles reporting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza surveillance among humans using search terms. The study was designed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and the meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the pooled proportion of patients sampled for influenza with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The nine qualified studies from the WHO European region, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy, Spain, South Africa, and the United States were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. The overall pooled proportion of symptomatic cases sampled for influenza surveillance before and during the pandemic was 2.38% (95% CI 2.08%-2.67%) and 4.18% (95% CI 3.8%-4.52%), respectively. However, the pooled proportion of samples tested for influenza before the pandemic was 0.69% (95% CI 0.45%-0.92%) and during the pandemic was 0.48% (95% CI 0.28%-0.68%) when studies from Canada were excluded. Conclusion The meta-analysis concludes that globally there was a decline in influenza surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic except in Canada.
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32
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Importance of Adequate qPCR Controls in Infection Control. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122373. [PMID: 34943608 PMCID: PMC8700483 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory screening assays lacking Sample Adequacy Controls (SAC) may result in inadequate sample quality and thus false negative results. The non-adequate samples might represent a significant proportion of the total performed tests, thus resulting in sub-optimal infection control measures with implications that may be critical during pandemic times. The quantitative sample adequacy threshold can be established empirically, measuring the change in the frequency of positive results, as a function of the numerical value of “sample adequacy”. Establishing a quantitative threshold for SAC requires a big number/volume of tests to be analyzed in order to have a statistically valid result. Herein, we are offering for the first time clear clinical evidence that a subset of results, which did not pass minimal sample adequacy criteria, have a significantly lower frequency of positivity compared with the “adequate” samples. Flagging these results and/or re-sampling them is a mitigation strategy, which can dramatically improve infection control measures.
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33
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Doroshenko A, Lee N, MacDonald C, Zelyas N, Asadi L, Kanji JN. Decline of Influenza and Respiratory Viruses With COVID-19 Public Health Measures: Alberta, Canada. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:3042-3052. [PMID: 34863395 PMCID: PMC8450272 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of influenza and noninfluenza respiratory viruses (NIRVs) pre-/post-implementation of public health measures aimed to decrease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission using population-based surveillance data. We hypothesized that such measures could reduce the burden of respiratory viruses (RVs) transmitting via the same routes. PATIENTS AND METHODS An interrupted time-series analysis of RV surveillance data in Alberta, Canada, from May 2017 to July 2020 was conducted. The burden of influenza and NIRVs before and after intervention initiation at week 11 was compared. The analysis was adjusted for seasonality, overdispersion, and autocorrelation. RESULTS During the study period, an average of 708 and 4056 weekly respiratory multiplex molecular panels were conducted pre-/post-intervention, respectively. We found significant reductions in test positivity rates in the postintervention period for influenza (-94.3%; 95% CI, -93.8 to 97.4%; P<.001) and all NIRVs (-76.5%; 95% CI, -77.3 to -75.8%; P<.001) in the crude model, and -86.2% (95% CI, -91.5 to -77.4%: P<.001) and -75% (95% CI, -79.7 to -69.3%; P<.001), respectively, in the adjusted models. Subanalyses for individual viruses showed significant decreases in respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, and parainfluenza. For non-severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 human coronaviruses, the decline was not statistically significant after adjustment (-22.3%; 95% CI, -49.3 to +19%, P=.246). CONCLUSION The implementation of COVID-19 public health measures likely resulted in reduced transmission of common RVs. Although drastic lockdowns are unlikely to be required given widespread COVID-19 vaccination, targeted implementation of such measures can lower RV disease burden. Studies to evaluate relative contributions of individual interventions are warranted.
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Key Words
- hcov, human coronavirus
- herv, human entero/rhinovirus
- hmpv, human metapneumovirus
- irr, incident rate ratio
- its, interrupted time series
- nirv, noninfluenza respiratory virus
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- piv, parainfluenza virus
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus
- tpr, test positivity rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Doroshenko
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nelson Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clayton MacDonald
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leyla Asadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamil N Kanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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De Francesco MA, Pollara C, Gargiulo F, Giacomelli M, Caruso A. Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189525. [PMID: 34574450 PMCID: PMC8469422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Different preventive public health measures were adopted globally to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as hand hygiene and the use of masks, travel restrictions, social distance actions such as the closure of schools and workplaces, case and contact tracing, quarantine and lockdown. These measures, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, might have contributed to containing the spread of other respiratory viruses that occurs principally by contact and droplet routes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and human coronaviruses) after one year of the pandemic. Furthermore, another aim was to evaluate the possible impact of these non-pharmaceutical measures on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This single center study was conducted between January 2017-February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and March 2020-May 2021 (pandemic period). All adults >18 years with respiratory symptoms and tested for respiratory pathogens were included in the study. Nucleic acid detection of all respiratory viruses was performed by multiplex real time PCR. Our results show that the test positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human coronaviruses decreased with statistical significance during the pandemic. Contrary to this, for adenovirus the decrease was not statistically significant. Conversely, a statistically significant increase was detected for rhinovirus. Coinfections between different respiratory viruses were observed during the pre-pandemic period, while the only coinfection detected during pandemic was between SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. To understand how the preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 might alter the transmission dynamics and epidemic patterns of respiratory viruses is fundamental to guide future preventive recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3995860
| | - Caterina Pollara
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Franco Gargiulo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Giacomelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.P.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
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