1
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Colasanti O, Burm R, Huang HE, Riedl T, Traut J, Gillich N, Li TF, Corneillie L, Faure-Dupuy S, Grünvogel O, Heide D, Lee JY, Tran CS, Merle U, Chironna M, Vondran FFW, Esser-Nobis K, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Heikenwälder M, Meuleman P, Lohmann V. Comparison of HAV and HCV infections in vivo and in vitro reveals distinct patterns of innate immune evasion and activation. J Hepatol 2023; 79:645-656. [PMID: 37121436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections are considered not to trigger innate immunity in vivo, in contrast to hepatitis C virus (HCV). This lack of induction has been imputed to strong interference by HAV proteases 3CD and 3ABC. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of immune activation and counteraction by HAV and HCV in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Albumin-urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency (Alb/uPA-SCID) mice with humanised livers were infected with HAV and HCV. Hepatic cell culture models were used to assess HAV and HCV sensing by Toll-like receptor 3 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I/melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (RIG-I/MDA5), respectively. Cleavage of the adaptor proteins TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein (MAVS) was analysed by transient and stable expression of HAV and HCV proteases and virus infection. RESULTS We detected similar levels of interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatocytes of HAV- and HCV-infected mice with humanised liver. In cell culture, HAV induced interferon-stimulated genes exclusively upon MDA5 sensing and depended on LGP2 (laboratory of genetics and physiology 2). TRIF and MAVS were only partially cleaved by HAV 3ABC and 3CD, not sufficiently to abrogate signalling. In contrast, HCV NS3-4A efficiently degraded MAVS, as previously reported, whereas TRIF cleavage was not detected. CONCLUSIONS HAV induces an innate immune response in hepatocytes via MDA5/LGP2, with limited control of both pathways by proteolytic cleavage. HCV activates Toll-like receptor 3 and lacks TRIF cleavage, suggesting that this pathway mainly contributes to HCV-induced antiviral responses in hepatocytes. Our results shed new light on the induction of innate immunity and counteraction by HAV and HCV. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Understanding the mechanisms that determine the differential outcomes of HAV and HCV infections is crucial for the development of effective therapies. Our study provides insights into the interplay between these viruses and the host innate immune response in vitro and in vivo, shedding light on previously controversial or only partially investigated aspects. This knowledge could tailor the development of new strategies to combat HCV persistence, as well as improve our understanding of the factors underlying successful HAV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Colasanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rani Burm
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hao-En Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Riedl
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannik Traut
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Gillich
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teng-Feng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Corneillie
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Grünvogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cong Si Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Gastroenterology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Chironna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Florian F W Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division "Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis", German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; The M3 Research Institute, Medical Faculty Tuebingen (MTF), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease are fatal neurological diseases that can be of idiopathic, genetic, or even infectious origin, as in the case of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The etiological factors that lead to neurodegeneration remain unknown but likely involve a combination of aging, genetic risk factors, and environmental stressors. Accumulating evidence hints at an association of viruses with neurodegenerative disorders and suggests that virus-induced neuroinflammation and perturbation of neuronal protein quality control can be involved in the early steps of disease development. In this review, we focus on emerging evidence for a correlation between NDs and viral infection and discuss how viral manipulations of cellular processes can affect the formation and dissemination of disease-associated protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Leblanc
- Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PGNM, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, Inserm U1315, Université Claude Bernard UCBL-Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (PL); (IMV)
| | - Ina Maja Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (PL); (IMV)
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3
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates. Viruses 2020; 12:E1179. [PMID: 33081049 PMCID: PMC7589941 DOI: 10.3390/v12101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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4
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Lathe R, Darlix JL. Prion protein PrP nucleic acid binding and mobilization implicates retroelements as the replicative component of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Arch Virol 2020; 165:535-556. [PMID: 32025859 PMCID: PMC7024060 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of more than 30 strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) and the paucity of infectivity of purified PrPSc, as well as considerations of PrP structure, are inconsistent with the protein-only (prion) theory of TSE. Nucleic acid is a strong contender as a second component. We juxtapose two key findings: (i) PrP is a nucleic-acid-binding antimicrobial protein that is similar to retroviral Gag proteins in its ability to trigger reverse transcription. (ii) Retroelement mobilization is widely seen in TSE disease. Given further evidence that PrP also mediates nucleic acid transport into and out of the cell, a strong case is to be made that a second element – retroelement nucleic acid – bound to PrP constitutes the second component necessary to explain the multiple strains of TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh School of Medicine, Edinburgh, UK. .,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7021), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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5
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Joyce MA, Berry-Wynne KM, dos Santos T, Addison WR, McFarlane N, Hobman T, Tyrrell DL. HCV and flaviviruses hijack cellular mechanisms for nuclear STAT2 degradation: Up-regulation of PDLIM2 suppresses the innate immune response. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007949. [PMID: 31374104 PMCID: PMC6677295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host encounters with viruses lead to an innate immune response that must be rapid and broadly targeted but also tightly regulated to avoid the detrimental effects of unregulated interferon expression. Viral stimulation of host negative regulatory mechanisms is an alternate method of suppressing the host innate immune response. We examined three key mediators of the innate immune response: NF-KB, STAT1 and STAT2 during HCV infection in order to investigate the paradoxical induction of an innate immune response by HCV despite a multitude of mechanisms combating the host response. During infection, we find that all three are repressed only in HCV infected cells but not in uninfected bystander cells, both in vivo in chimeric mouse livers and in cultured Huh7.5 cells after IFNα treatment. We show here that HCV and Flaviviruses suppress the innate immune response by upregulation of PDLIM2, independent of the host interferon response. We show PDLIM2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that also acts to stimulate nuclear degradation of STAT2. Interferon dependent relocalization of STAT1/2 to the nucleus leads to PDLIM2 ubiquitination of STAT2 but not STAT1 and the proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT2, predominantly within the nucleus. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of PDLIM2 results in increased levels of STAT2 following IFNα treatment, retention of STAT2 within the nucleus of HCV infected cells after IFNα stimulation, increased interferon response, and increased resistance to infection by several flaviviruses, indicating that PDLIM2 is a global regulator of the interferon response. The response of cells to an invading pathogen must be swift and well controlled because of the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation. However, viruses often hijack host control mechanisms. HCV and flaviviruses are known to suppress the innate immune response in cells by a variety of mechanisms. This study clarifies and expands a specific cellular mechanism for global control of the antiviral response after the induction of interferon expression. It shows how several viruses hijack this control mechanism to suppress the innate interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (MAJ); (DLT)
| | - Karyn M. Berry-Wynne
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Theodore dos Santos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William R. Addison
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicola McFarlane
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tom Hobman
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (MAJ); (DLT)
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6
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Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Joyce M, Tyrrell DL, Lemon SM. Murine Models of Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031674. [PMID: 29661811 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic analyses of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-induced pathogenesis have long been thwarted by the lack of tractable small animal models that recapitulate disease observed in humans. Several approaches have shown success, including infection of chimeric mice with human liver cells. Other recent studies show that HAV can replicate to high titer in mice lacking expression of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFN-α/β receptor) or mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. Mice deficient in the IFN receptor show critical features of type A hepatitis in humans when challenged with human HAV, including histological evidence of liver damage, leukocyte infiltration, and the release of liver enzymes into blood. Acute pathogenesis is caused by MAVS-dependent signaling that leads to intrinsic apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517
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7
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Abstract
The complete life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be recapitulated in vivo using immunodeficient mice that have had their livers extensively repopulated with human hepatocytes. These human liver chimeric mouse models have enabled the study of many aspects of the HCV life cycle, including antiviral interventions that have helped to shape the curative landscape that is available today. The first human liver chimeric mouse model capable of supporting the HCV life cycle was generated in SCID-uPA mice. Although other human liver chimeric mouse models have since been developed, the SCID-uPA mouse model remains one of the most robust in vivo systems available for HCV studies. This chapter reviews development, validation and application of the SCID-uPA mouse model, and discusses their potential application for studying other liver-centric diseases and pathogens and for the design and testing of vaccine candidates for the eradication of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna N Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Norman M Kneteman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Carvalho JR, Velosa J, Serejo F. Lipids, glucose and iron metabolic alterations in chronic hepatitis C after viral eradication - comparison of the new direct-acting antiviral agents with the old regimens. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:857-863. [PMID: 29779403 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1473486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a unique virus which interacts with cholesterol, iron and insulin metabolism. There is limited data on the effects of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) on metabolic profiles. We aimed at evaluating the behavior of metabolic risk factors of chronically HCV-infected patients after sustained virologic response (SVR), comparing the outcomes with the new DAAs versus the old treatment regimen Peg-interferon ± ribavirin. METHODS A total of 178 patients who achieved SVR and completed one year of follow-up were prospectively included in this study: group 1 with 105 patients treated with DAAs and group 2 with 73 patients treated with old regimens. Outcomes included lipid, glucose and iron metabolism variation after SVR. RESULTS There was a significant increase in total cholesterol in both groups (group 1: p < .001, 95% CI: 0.41-0.78; group 2: p < .001, 95% CI: 0.24-0.69). Triglyceride levels significantly decreased (p = .015, 95% CI: -0.33-0.04) in group 1 and increased (p = .014, 95% CI: 0.07-0.59) in group 2. LDL levels increased in group 1 (p = .029, 95% CI: 0.05-0.88), but no significant variation was found in group 2. No significant variation in HDL, fast glucose and iron was seen in both groups. There was a significant increase of HOMA (p = .002, 95% CI: 0.17592-0.72317) only in group 2. Ferritin serum levels significantly decreased (p < .001, 95% CI:-138.3-74.4) in group 1 but no significant variation was found in group 2. CONCLUSION Patients who have achieved SVR may have increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes due to development of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rita Carvalho
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , North Lisbon Hospital Center, University of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - José Velosa
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , North Lisbon Hospital Center, University of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Fátima Serejo
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , North Lisbon Hospital Center, University of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
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9
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Mansouri A, Gattolliat CH, Asselah T. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Signaling in Chronic Liver Diseases. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:629-647. [PMID: 30012333 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Ultrastructural mitochondrial lesions, altered mitochondrial dynamics, decreased activity of respiratory chain complexes, and impaired ability to synthesize adenosine triphosphate are observed in liver tissues from patients with alcohol-associated and non-associated liver diseases. Increased lipogenesis with decreased fatty acid β-oxidation leads to the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, which, combined with increased levels of reactive oxygen species, contributes to insulin resistance in patients with steatohepatitis. Moreover, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mediate metabolic pathway signaling; alterations in these pathways affect development and progression of chronic liver diseases. Mitochondrial stress and lesions promote cell death, liver fibrogenesis, inflammation, and the innate immune responses to viral infections. We review the involvement of mitochondrial processes in development of chronic liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty, alcohol-associated, and drug-associated liver diseases, as well as hepatitis B and C, and discuss how they might be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Mansouri
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Henry Gattolliat
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France; Department of Hepatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.
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10
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Lathe R, Darlix JL. Prion Protein PRNP: A New Player in Innate Immunity? The Aβ Connection. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:263-275. [PMID: 30480243 PMCID: PMC6159716 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein PRNP has been centrally implicated in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), but its normal physiological role remains obscure. We highlight emerging evidence that PRNP displays antimicrobial activity, inhibiting the replication of multiple viruses, and also interacts directly with Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide whose own antimicrobial role is now increasingly secure. PRNP and Aβ share share membrane-penetrating, nucleic acid binding, and antiviral properties with classical antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37. We discuss findings that binding of abnormal nucleic acids to PRNP leads to oligomerization of the protein, and suggest that this may be an entrapment and sequestration process that contributes to its antimicrobial activity. Some antimicrobial peptides are known to be exploited by infectious agents, and we cover evidence that PRNP is usurped by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) that has evolved a virus-encoded 'anti-PRNP'.unction. These findings suggest that PRNP, like LL-37 and Aβ, is likely to be a component of the innate immune system, with implications for the pathoetiology of both AD and TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité 7213, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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11
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Kremsdorf D, Strick-Marchand H. Modeling hepatitis virus infections and treatment strategies in humanized mice. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:119-125. [PMID: 28858692 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses cause chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas that are difficult to treat and constitute a global health problem. Species-specific viral tropism has limited the usefulness of small animal models to study the impact of viral hepatitis. Immunodeficient mice grafted with human hepatocytes are susceptible to hepatitis viruses B, C, D and E (HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV), developing full viral life cycles, and delivering a means to investigate virus-host interactions and antiviral treatments. These chimeric humanized mouse models have been further grafted with humanized immune systems to decipher immune responses following hepatotropic viral infections, the ensuing pathophysiology, and to test novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Kremsdorf
- INSERM U1135, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Helene Strick-Marchand
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France.
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12
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Eyre NS, Aloia AL, Joyce MA, Chulanetra M, Tyrrell DL, Beard MR. Sensitive luminescent reporter viruses reveal appreciable release of hepatitis C virus NS5A protein into the extracellular environment. Virology 2017; 507:20-31. [PMID: 28395182 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The HCV NS5A protein is essential for viral RNA replication and virus particle assembly. To study the viral replication cycle and NS5A biology we generated an infectious HCV construct with a NanoLuciferase (NLuc) insertion within NS5A. Surprisingly, beyond its utility as a sensitive reporter of cytoplasmic viral RNA replication, we also observed strong luminescence in cell culture fluids. Further analysis using assembly-defective viruses and subgenomic replicons revealed that infectious virus production was not required for extracellular NS5A-NLuc activity but was associated with enrichment of extracellular NS5A-NLuc in intermediate-density fractions similar to those of exosomes and virus particles. Additionally, BRET analysis indicated that intracellular and extracellular forms of NS5A may adopt differing conformations. Importantly, infection studies using a human liver chimeric mouse model confirmed robust infection in vivo and ready detection of NLuc activity in serum. We hypothesise that the presence of NS5A in extracellular fluids contributes to HCV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Eyre
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Aloia
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael A Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and the La Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and the La Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
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Tsutsumi T, Okushin K, Enooku K, Fujinaga H, Moriya K, Yotsuyanagi H, Aizaki H, Suzuki T, Matsuura Y, Koike K. Nonstructural 5A Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Interferes with Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Suppresses the Interferon Response in Mouse Liver. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170461. [PMID: 28107512 PMCID: PMC5249188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS5A is involved in resistance to the host immune response, as well as the viral lifecycle such as replication and maturation. Here, we established transgenic mice expressing NS5A protein in the liver and examined innate immune responses against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. Intrahepatic gene expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ were significantly suppressed after LPS injection in the transgenic mouse liver. Induction of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, 4, and 5 was also suppressed. Phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which is activated by cytokines, was also reduced, and expression levels of interferon-stimulated genes, 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthase, interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, and myxovirus resistance 1 were similarly suppressed. Since LPS binds to toll-like receptor 4 and stimulates the downstream pathway leading to induction of these genes, we examined the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and IκB-α. The phosphorylation levels of these molecules were reduced in transgenic mouse liver, indicating that the pathway upstream of the molecules was disrupted by NS5A. Further analyses revealed that the interaction between interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor-6 was dispersed in transgenic mice, suggesting that NS5A may interfere with this interaction via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, which was shown to interact with NS5A. Since the gut microbiota, a source of LPS, is known to be associated with pathological conditions in liver diseases, our results suggest the involvement of NS5A in the pathogenesis of HCV infected-liver via the suppression of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeya Tsutsumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazuya Okushin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Enooku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Fujinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ashraf NM, Bilal M, Mahmood MS, Hussain A, Mehboob MZ. In-silico analysis of putative HCV epitopes against Pakistani human leukocyte antigen background: An approach towards development of future vaccines for Pakistani population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen R, Kobewka M, Addison W, Lachance G, Tyrrell DL. Intrinsic Viral Factors Are the Dominant Determinants of the Hepatitis C Virus Response to Interferon Alpha Treatment in Chimeric Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147007. [PMID: 26765841 PMCID: PMC4713165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus infection is a global health problem. New direct-acting antiviral agents have been recently approved. However, due to their high cost and some genotypes remaining difficult to treat, interferon-based therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin likely may remain a component of hepatitis C virus treatment for some patients. Unfortunately, pegylated interferon / ribavirin treatment achieved favorable outcomes in less than 50% of patients. Factors determining the outcome to pegylated interferon/ribavirin include both host and viral factors. It has been a major challenge to separate the host and viral factors in most in vivo systems. AIMS & METHODS We used two hepatitis C virus strains from patients with different interferon-sensitivities and three hepatocyte donors, each with distinct interleukin 28B and interferon lambda 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms to investigate the contributions of viral and host factors to the response of hepatitis C virus to interferon treatment in chimeric mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that viral factors were the dominant factors in determining the interferon treatment outcomes in chimeric mice. Host factors, such as pre-treatment liver interferon-stimulated gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms near interleukin 28B and interferon lambda 4 coding regions, were less important determinants of the response to interferon in the chimeric mice than they were in patients. Our results also suggest that a complete immune system as seen in patients may be required for host factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms near interleukin 28B/interferon lambda 4 and pre-treatment liver interferon-stimulated gene upregulation to have an effect on the interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle Kobewka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Addison
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Lachance
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Katz Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Douglas DN, Pu CH, Lewis JT, Bhat R, Anwar-Mohamed A, Logan M, Lund G, Addison WR, Lehner R, Kneteman NM. Oxidative Stress Attenuates Lipid Synthesis and Increases Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Hepatoma Cells Infected with Hepatitis C Virus. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1974-1990. [PMID: 26627833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytopathic effects are currently believed to contribute to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver injury and are readily observed in Huh7.5 cells infected with the JFH-1 HCV strain, manifesting as apoptosis highly correlated with growth arrest. Reactive oxygen species, which are induced by HCV infection, have recently emerged as activators of AMP-activated protein kinase. The net effect is ATP conservation via on/off switching of metabolic pathways that produce/consume ATP. Depending on the scenario, this can have either pro-survival or pro-apoptotic effects. We demonstrate reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of AMP-activated kinase in Huh7.5 cells during HCV (JFH-1)-induced growth arrest. Metabolic labeling experiments provided direct evidence that lipid synthesis is attenuated, and β-oxidation is enhanced in these cells. A striking increase in nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, which plays a dominant role in the expression of β-oxidation genes after ligand-induced activation, was also observed, and we provide evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is constitutively activated in these cells. The combination of attenuated lipid synthesis and enhanced β-oxidation is not conducive to lipid accumulation, yet cellular lipids still accumulated during this stage of infection. Notably, the serum in the culture media was the only available source for polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were elevated (2-fold) in the infected cells, implicating altered lipid import/export pathways in these cells. This study also provided the first in vivo evidence for enhanced β-oxidation during HCV infection because HCV-infected SCID/Alb-uPA mice accumulated higher plasma ketones while fasting than did control mice. Overall, this study highlights the reprogramming of hepatocellular lipid metabolism and bioenergetics during HCV infection, which are predicted to impact both the HCV life cycle and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna N Douglas
- From the Departments of Surgery,; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Christopher Hao Pu
- From the Departments of Surgery,; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jamie T Lewis
- From the Departments of Surgery,; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael Logan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - William R Addison
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Norman M Kneteman
- From the Departments of Surgery,; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Vercauteren K, Mesalam AA, Leroux-Roels G, Meuleman P. Impact of lipids and lipoproteins on hepatitis C virus infection and virus neutralization. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15975-91. [PMID: 25473151 PMCID: PMC4239485 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent a major global health problem. End-stage liver disease caused by chronic HCV infection is a major indication for liver transplantation. However, after transplantation the engrafted liver inevitably becomes infected by the circulating virus. Direct acting antivirals are not yet approved for use in liver transplant patients, and limited efficacy and severe side effects hamper the use of pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin in a post-transplant setting. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options need to be explored. Viral entry represents an attractive target for such therapeutic intervention. Understanding the mechanisms of viral entry is essential to define the viral and cellular factors involved. The HCV life cycle is dependent of and associated with lipoprotein physiology and the presence of lipoproteins has been correlated with altered antiviral efficacy of entry inhibitors. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on how lipoprotein physiology influences the HCV life cycle. We focus especially on the influence of lipoproteins on antibodies that target HCV envelope proteins or antibodies that target the cellular receptors of the virus. This information can be particularly relevant for the prevention of HCV re-infection after liver transplantation.
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Dussurget O, Bierne H, Cossart P. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and the interferon family: type I, type II and type III interferons. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:50. [PMID: 24809023 PMCID: PMC4009421 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are secreted proteins of the cytokine family that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Although the importance of IFNs in the antiviral response has long been appreciated, their role in bacterial infections is more complex and is currently a major focus of investigation. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of these cytokines in host defense against the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and highlights recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms evolved by this intracellular bacterium to subvert IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dussurget
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France
- Inserm, U604Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France
- Inserm, U604Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France
- Inserm, U604Paris, France
- INRA, USC2020Paris, France
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19
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Real CI, Megger DA, Sitek B, Jahn-Hofmann K, Ickenstein LM, John MJ, Walker A, Timm J, Kuhlmann K, Eisenacher M, Meyer HE, Gerken G, Broering R, Schlaak JF. Identification of proteins that mediate the pro-viral functions of the interferon stimulated gene 15 in hepatitis C virus replication. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:654-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Metz P, Reuter A, Bender S, Bartenschlager R. Interferon-stimulated genes and their role in controlling hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1331-41. [PMID: 23933585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of chronic liver disease. While the acute phase of infection is mostly asymptomatic, this virus has the high propensity to establish persistence and in the course of one to several decades liver disease can develop. HCV is a paradigm for the complex interplay between the interferon (IFN) system and viral countermeasures. The virus induces an IFN response within the infected cell and is rather sensitive against the antiviral state triggered by IFNs, yet in most cases HCV persists. Numerous IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have been reported to suppress HCV replication, but in only a few cases we begin to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying antiviral activity. It is becoming increasingly clear that blockage of viral replication is mediated by the concerted action of multiple ISGs that target different steps of the HCV replication cycle. This review briefly summarizes the activation of the IFN system by HCV and then focuses on ISGs targeting the HCV replication cycle and their possible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Metz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Nasheri N, Joyce M, Rouleau Y, Yang P, Yao S, Tyrrell DL, Pezacki JP. Modulation of fatty acid synthase enzyme activity and expression during hepatitis C virus replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:570-82. [PMID: 23601646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces alterations of host cells to facilitate its life cycle. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a multidomain enzyme that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and is upregulated during HCV infection. Herein, we applied activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) that allows for the identification of differentially active enzymes in complex proteomic samples, to study the changes in activity of FASN during HCV replication. For this purpose, we used an activity-based probe based on the FASN inhibitor Orlistat, and observed an increase in the activity of FASN in the presence of a subgenomic and a genomic HCV replicon as well as in chimeric SCID/Alb-uPA mice infected with HCV genotype 1a. To study the molecular basis for this increase in FASN activity, we overexpressed individual HCV proteins in Huh7 cells and observed increased expression and activity of FASN in the presence of core and NS4B, as measured by western blots and ABPP, respectively. Triglyceride levels were also elevated in accordance with FASN expression and activity. Lastly, immunofluorescence and ABPP imaging analyses demonstrated that while the abundance and activity of FASN increases significantly in the presence of HCV, its localization does not change. Together these data suggest that the HCV-induced production of fatty acids and neutral lipids is provided by an increase in FASN abundance and activity that is sufficient to allow HCV propagation without transporting FASN to the replication complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nasheri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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22
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Neufeldt CJ, Joyce MA, Levin A, Steenbergen RH, Pang D, Shields J, Tyrrell DLJ, Wozniak RW. Hepatitis C virus-induced cytoplasmic organelles use the nuclear transport machinery to establish an environment conducive to virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003744. [PMID: 24204278 PMCID: PMC3814334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces formation of a membranous web structure in the host cell cytoplasm where the viral genome replicates and virions assemble. The membranous web is thought to concentrate viral components and hide viral RNA from pattern recognition receptors. We have uncovered a role for nuclear pore complex proteins (Nups) and nuclear transport factors (NTFs) in the membranous web. We show that HCV infection leads to increased levels of cytoplasmic Nups that accumulate at sites enriched for HCV proteins. Moreover, we detected interactions between specific HCV proteins and both Nups and NTFs. We hypothesize that cytoplasmically positioned Nups facilitate formation of the membranous web and contribute to the compartmentalization of viral replication. Accordingly, we show that transport cargo proteins normally targeted to the nucleus are capable of entering regions of the membranous web, and that depletion of specific Nups or Kaps inhibits HCV replication and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rineke H. Steenbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Pang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin Shields
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Lorne J. Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard W. Wozniak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Moreno D, Balasiddaiah A, Lamas O, Duret C, Neri L, Guembe L, Galarraga M, Larrea E, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Muntane J, Maurel P, Riezu JI, Prieto J, Aldabe R. Usage of adenovirus expressing thymidine kinase mediated hepatocellular damage for enabling mouse liver repopulation with allogenic or xenogenic hepatocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74948. [PMID: 24086405 PMCID: PMC3782477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the liver of immunodeficient mice can be efficiently repopulated with human hepatocytes when subjected to chronic hepatocellular damage. Mice with such chimeric livers represent useful reagents for medical and clinical studies. However all previously reported models of humanized livers are difficult to implement as they involve cross-breeding of immunodeficient mice with mice exhibiting genetic alterations causing sustained hepatic injury. In this paper we attempted to create chimeric livers by inducing persistent hepatocellular damage in immunodeficient Rag2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice using an adenovirus encoding herpes virus thymidine kinase (AdTk) and two consecutive doses of ganciclovir (GCV). We found that this treatment resulted in hepatocellular damage persisting for at least 10 weeks and enabled efficient engraftment and proliferation within the liver of either human or allogenic hepatocytes. Interestingly, while the nodules generated from the transplanted mouse hepatocytes were well vascularized, the human hepatocytes experienced progressive depolarization and exhibited reduced numbers of murine endothelial cells inside the nodules. In conclusion, AdTk/GCV-induced liver damage licenses the liver of immunodeficient mice for allogenic and xenogenic hepatocyte repopulation. This approach represents a simple alternative strategy for chimeric liver generation using immunodeficient mice without additional genetic manipulation of the germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anangi Balasiddaiah
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oscar Lamas
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cedric Duret
- Institut National de la Sante et de la recherche Medicale, U1040, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR-S1040, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Leire Neri
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Guembe
- Department of Morphology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Galarraga
- Department of Imaging, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institut National de la Sante et de la recherche Medicale, U1040, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR-S1040, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Muntane
- Liver Research Unit, Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER-EHD, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patrick Maurel
- Institut National de la Sante et de la recherche Medicale, U1040, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR-S1040, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Jose Ignacio Riezu
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus Prieto
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER-EHD, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Liver Unit, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Amir D, Fessler DMT. Boots for Achilles: progesterone's reduction of cholesterol is a second-order adaptation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2013; 88:97-116. [PMID: 23909226 DOI: 10.1086/670528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone and cholesterol are both vital to pregnancy. Among other functions, progesterone downregulates inflammatory responses, allowing for maternal immune tolerance of the fetal allograft. Cholesterol a key component of cell membranes, is important in intracellular transport, cell signaling, nerve conduction, and metabolism Despite the importance of each substance in pregnancy, one exercises an antagonistic effect on the other, as periods of peak progesterone correspond with reductions in cholesterol availability, a consequence of progesterone's negative effects on cholesterol biosynthesis. This arrangement is understandable in light of the threat posed by pathogens early in pregnancy. Progesterone-induced immunomodulation entails increased vulnerability to infection, an acute problem in the first trimester, when fetal development is highly susceptible to insult. Many pathogens rely on cholesterol for cell entry, egress, and replication. Progesterone's antagonistic effects on cholesterol thus partially compensate for the costs entailed by progesterone-induced immunomodulation. Among pathogens to which the host's vulnerability is increased by progesterone's effects, approximately 90% utilize cholesterol, and this is notably true of pathogens that pose a risk during pregnancy. In addition to having a number of possible clinical applications, our approach highlights the potential importance of second-order adaptations, themselves a consequence of the lack of teleology in evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Amir
- Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90095-1553, USA.
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Mailly L, Robinet E, Meuleman P, Baumert TF, Zeisel MB. Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease: the quest for the best animal model. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:213. [PMID: 23898329 PMCID: PMC3724122 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) making the virus the most common cause of liver failure and transplantation. HCV is estimated to chronically affect 130 million individuals and to lead to more than 350,000 deaths per year worldwide. A vaccine is currently not available. The recently developed direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have markedly increased the efficacy of the standard of care but are not efficient enough to completely cure all chronically infected patients and their toxicity limits their use in patients with advanced liver disease, co-morbidity or transplant recipients. Because of the host restriction, which is limited to humans and non-human primates, in vivo study of HCV infection has been hampered since its discovery more than 20 years ago. The chimpanzee remains the most physiological model to study the innate and adaptive immune responses, but its use is ethically difficult and is now very restricted and regulated. The development of a small animal model that allows robust HCV infection has been achieved using chimeric liver immunodeficient mice, which are therefore not suitable for studying the adaptive immune responses. Nevertheless, these models allowed to go deeply in the comprehension of virus-host interactions and to assess different therapeutic approaches. The immunocompetent mouse models that were recently established by genetic humanization have shown an interesting improvement concerning the study of the immune responses but are still limited by the absence of the complete robust life cycle of the virus. In this review, we will focus on the relevant available animal models of HCV infection and their usefulness for deciphering the HCV life cycle and virus-induced liver disease, as well as for the development and evaluation of new therapeutics. We will also discuss the perspectives on future immunocompetent mouse models and the hurdles to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mailly
- Inserm U1110, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
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A proautophagic antiviral role for the cellular prion protein identified by infection with a herpes simplex virus 1 ICP34.5 mutant. J Virol 2013; 87:5882-94. [PMID: 23487467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02559-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP) often plays a cytoprotective role by regulating autophagy in response to cell stress. The stress of infection with intracellular pathogens can stimulate autophagy, and autophagic degradation of pathogens can reduce their replication and thus help protect the infected cells. PrP also restricts replication of several viruses, but whether this activity is related to an effect on autophagy is not known. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) effectively counteracts autophagy through binding of its ICP34.5 protein to the cellular proautophagy protein beclin-1. Autophagy can reduce replication of an HSV-1 mutant, Δ68H, which is incapable of binding beclin-1. We found that deletion of PrP in mice complements the attenuation of Δ68H, restoring its capacity to replicate in the central nervous system (CNS) to wild-type virus levels after intracranial or corneal infection. Cultured primary astrocytes but not neurons derived from PrP(-/-) mice also complemented the attenuation of Δ68H, enabling Δ68H to replicate at levels equivalent to wild-type virus. Ultrastructural analysis showed that normal astrocytes exhibited an increase in the number of autophagosomes after infection with Δ68H compared with wild-type virus, but PrP(-/-) astrocytes failed to induce autophagy in response to Δ68H infection. Redistribution of EGFP-LC3 into punctae occurred more frequently in normal astrocytes infected with Δ68H than with wild-type virus, but not in PrP(-/-) astrocytes, corroborating the ultrastructural analysis results. Our results demonstrate that PrP is critical for inducing autophagy in astrocytes in response to HSV-1 infection and suggest that PrP positively regulates autophagy in the mouse CNS.
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Wilkins C, Woodward J, Lau DT, Barnes A, Joyce M, McFarlane N, McKeating JA, Tyrrell DL, Gale M. IFITM1 is a tight junction protein that inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. Hepatology 2013; 57:461-9. [PMID: 22996292 PMCID: PMC3566288 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Type 1 interferon (IFN) continues to be the foundation for the current standard of care combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, yet the component interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that mediate the antiviral actions of IFN are not fully defined. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is an ISG product that suppresses early stage infection by a number of viruses through an unknown mechanism of action. Moreover, the actions of IFITM1 on HCV infection are not fully elucidated. Here we identify IFITM1 as a hepatocyte tight junction protein and a potent anti-HCV effector molecule. IFITM1 expression is induced early during IFN treatment of hepatocytes and accumulates at hepatic tight junctions in HCV-infected human patient liver during IFN therapy. Additionally, we found that IFITM1 interacts with HCV coreceptors, including CD81 and occludin, to disrupt the process of viral entry. Thus, IFITM1 is an anti-HCV ISG whose actions impart control of HCV infection through interruption of viral coreceptor function. CONCLUSION This study defines IFITM1 as an ISG effector with action against HCV entry. Design of therapy regimens to enhance IFITM1 expression should improve the virologic response among HCV patients undergoing treatment with type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daryl T.‐Y. Lau
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Barnes
- Institute of Biomedical Research and NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicola McFarlane
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Institute of Biomedical Research and NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Shlomai A, Rechtman MM, Burdelova EO, Zilberberg A, Hoffman S, Solar I, Fishman S, Halpern Z, Sklan EH. The metabolic regulator PGC-1α links hepatitis C virus infection to hepatic insulin resistance. J Hepatol 2012; 57:867-73. [PMID: 22732512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is strongly associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional co-activator involved in the initiation of gluconeogenesis in the liver. Increased hepatic expression of PGC-1α has been implicated in insulin resistance. We investigated whether modulation of PGC-1α levels following HCV infection underlies HCV-associated hepatic insulin resistance. METHODS HCV genomes were expressed in hepatoma cells followed by analysis of PGC-1α and gluconeogenesis levels. RESULTS PGC-1α was robustly induced in HCV infected cells. PGC-1α induction was accompanied by an elevated expression of the gluconeogenic gene glucose-6 phosphatase (G6Pase) and increased glucose production. The induction of gluconeogenesis is HCV dependent, since interferon treatment abolishes PGC-1α and G6Pase elevation and decreases glucose output. Moreover, PGC-1α knockdown resulted in a significant reduction of G6Pase levels in HCV full length replicon cells, emphasizing the central role of PGC-1α in the exaggerated gluconeogenic response observed in HCV patients. Treatment of HCV replicon cells with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine resulted in reduction of PGC-1α levels, suggesting that HCV-induced oxidative stress promoted PGC-1α upregulation. Finally, both PGC-1α and G6Pase RNA levels were significantly elevated in liver samples of HCV infected patients, highlighting the clinical relevance of these results. CONCLUSIONS PGC-1α is robustly induced following HCV infection, resulting in an upregulated gluconeogenic response, thereby linking HCV infection to hepatic insulin resistance. Our results suggest that PGC-1α is a potential molecular target for the treatment of HCV-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shlomai
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Bukh J. Animal models for the study of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1279-1287.e3. [PMID: 22537434 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes liver-related death in more than 300,000 people annually. Treatments for patients with chronic HCV are suboptimal, despite the introduction of directly acting antiviral agents. There is no vaccine that prevents HCV infection. Relevant animal models are important for HCV research and development of drugs and vaccines. Chimpanzees are the best model for studies of HCV infection and related innate and adaptive host immune responses. They can be used in immunogenicity and efficacy studies of HCV vaccines. The only small animal models of robust HCV infection are T- and B- cell deficient mice with human chimeric livers. Although these mice cannot be used in studies of adaptive immunity, they have provided new insights into HCV neutralization, interactions between virus and receptors, innate host responses, and therapeutic approaches. Recent progress in developing genetically humanized mice is exciting, but these models only permit studies of specific steps in the HCV life cycle and have limited or no viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Novel small-molecule inhibitors of hepatitis C virus entry block viral spread and promote viral clearance in cell culture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35351. [PMID: 22545104 PMCID: PMC3335862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinations of direct-acting anti-virals offer the potential to improve the efficacy, tolerability and duration of the current treatment regimen for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Viral entry represents a distinct therapeutic target that has been validated clinically for a number of pathogenic viruses. To discover novel inhibitors of HCV entry, we conducted a high throughput screen of a proprietary small-molecule compound library using HCV pseudoviral particle (HCVpp) technology. We independently discovered and optimized a series of 1,3,5-triazine compounds that are potent, selective and non-cytotoxic inhibitors of HCV entry. Representative compounds fully suppress both cell-free virus and cell-to-cell spread of HCV in vitro. We demonstrate, for the first time, that long term treatment of an HCV cell culture with a potent entry inhibitor promotes sustained viral clearance in vitro. We have confirmed that a single amino acid variant, V719G, in the transmembrane domain of E2 is sufficient to confer resistance to multiple compounds from the triazine series. Resistance studies were extended by evaluating both the fusogenic properties and growth kinetics of drug-induced and natural amino acid variants in the HCVpp and HCV cell culture assays. Our results indicate that amino acid variations at position 719 incur a significant fitness penalty. Introduction of I719 into a genotype 1b envelope sequence did not affect HCV entry; however, the overall level of HCV replication was reduced compared to the parental genotype 1b/2a HCV strain. Consistent with these findings, I719 represents a significant fraction of the naturally occurring genotype 1b sequences. Importantly, I719, the most relevant natural polymorphism, did not significantly alter the susceptibility of HCV to the triazine compounds. The preclinical properties of these triazine compounds support further investigation of entry inhibitors as a potential novel therapy for HCV infection.
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Alais S, Soto-Rifo R, Balter V, Gruffat H, Manet E, Schaeffer L, Darlix JL, Cimarelli A, Raposo G, Ohlmann T, Leblanc P. Functional mechanisms of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) associated anti-HIV-1 properties. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1331-52. [PMID: 22076653 PMCID: PMC11114771 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein PrP(C)/CD230 is a GPI-anchor protein highly expressed in cells from the nervous and immune systems and well conserved among vertebrates. In the last decade, several studies suggested that PrP(C) displays antiviral properties by restricting the replication of different viruses, and in particular retroviruses such as murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this context, we previously showed that PrP(C) displays important similarities with the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein and found that PrP(C) expression in a human cell line strongly reduced HIV-1 expression and virus production. Using different PrP(C) mutants, we report here that the anti-HIV-1 properties are mostly associated with the amino-terminal 24-KRPKP-28 basic domain. In agreement with its reported RNA chaperone activity, we found that PrP(C) binds to the viral genomic RNA of HIV-1 and negatively affects its translation. Using a combination of biochemical and cell imaging strategies, we found that PrP(C) colocalizes with the virus assembly machinery at the plasma membrane and at the virological synapse in infected T cells. Depletion of PrP(C) in infected T cells and microglial cells favors HIV-1 replication, confirming its negative impact on the HIV-1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Alais
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Balter
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR 5276 “Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon”, Lyon, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Evelyne Manet
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC) UMR5239 CNRS/ENS/Université de Lyon/HCL, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jean Luc Darlix
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Structure and Membrane Compartments and PICT-IBiSA, Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144, 12 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Human virology department, INSERM U758, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC) UMR5239 CNRS/ENS/Université de Lyon/HCL, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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Jouan L, Chatel-Chaix L, Melançon P, Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Raymond VA, Selliah S, Bilodeau M, Grandvaux N, Lamarre D. Targeted impairment of innate antiviral responses in the liver of chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2012; 56:70-7. [PMID: 21835140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Innate sensing of viral infection activates a global defense response including type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression. We previously reported that HCV NS3/4A protease, an essential protein in viral polyprotein processing, can abrogate antiviral signaling pathways and effectors' response when ectopically expressed in human hepatocytes by cleaving antiviral adaptor CARDIF. However, whether HCV mediates evasion of innate immunity in patients with chronic infection remains unclear. METHODS In this study, paired liver biopsies and corresponding purified hepatocytes of chronic hepatitis C patients and controls were subjected to transcriptional analysis of selected innate immune genes and to CARDIF protein detection. RESULTS We report that an antiviral response is largely supported by infected hepatocytes as demonstrated by upregulation of the representative antiviral genes ISG15, ISG56, and OASL as well as chemokines genes CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 measured in both HCV-derived liver biopsies and hepatocytes; that the mRNA levels of these indicator ISGs correlate inversely with HCV RNA level; and more importantly that expression of the early responsive IRF3-dependent genes type I IFNβ, type III IL28A/IL29, and chemokine CCL5 are severely compromised and associated to a global decrease of CARDIF adaptor in infected hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Altogether the data argue for a strong viral strategy that counteracts the host's early antiviral response of hepatocytes from chronic patients without impairing ISGs induced via classical IFN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Jouan
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1J4
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Establishment of a novel permissive cell line for the propagation of hepatitis C virus by expression of microRNA miR122. J Virol 2011; 86:1382-93. [PMID: 22114337 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06242-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The robust cell culture systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) are limited to those using cell culture-adapted clones (HCV in cell culture [HCVcc]) and cells derived from the human hepatoma cell line Huh7. However, accumulating data suggest that host factors, including innate immunity and gene polymorphisms, contribute to the variation in host response to HCV infection. Therefore, the existing in vitro systems for HCV propagation are not sufficient to elucidate the life cycle of HCV. A liver-specific microRNA, miR122, has been shown to participate in the efficient replication of HCV. In this study, we examined the possibility of establishing a new permissive cell line for HCV propagation by the expression of miR122. A high level of miR122 was expressed by a lentiviral vector placed into human liver cell lines at a level comparable to the endogenous level in Huh7 cells. Among the cell lines that we examined, Hep3B cells stably expressing miR122 (Hep3B/miR122) exhibited a significant enhancement of HCVcc propagation. Surprisingly, the levels of production of infectious particles in Hep3B/miR122 cells upon infection with HCVcc were comparable to those in Huh7 cells. Furthermore, a line of "cured" cells, established by elimination of HCV RNA from the Hep3B/miR122 replicon cells, exhibited an enhanced expression of miR122 and a continuous increase of infectious titers of HCVcc in every passage. The establishment of the new permissive cell line for HCVcc will have significant implications not only for basic HCV research but also for the development of new therapeutics.
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Bruni R, Marcantonio C, Tritarelli E, Tataseo P, Stellacci E, Costantino A, Villano U, Battistini A, Ciccaglione AR. An integrated approach identifies IFN-regulated microRNAs and targeted mRNAs modulated by different HCV replicon clones. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:485. [PMID: 21970718 PMCID: PMC3224138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) progress to chronic phase in 80% of patients. To date, the effect produced by HCV on the expression of microRNAs (miRs) involved in the interferon-β (IFN-β) antiviral pathway has not been explored in details. Thus, we compared the expression profile of 24 selected miRs in IFN-β-treated Huh-7 cells and in three different clones of Huh-7 cells carrying a self-replicating HCV RNA which express all viral proteins (HCV replicon system). Methods The expression profile of 24 selected miRs in IFN-β-treated Huh-7 cells and in HCV replicon 21-5 clone with respect to Huh-7 parental cells was analysed by real-time PCR. To exclude clone specific variations, the level of 16 out of 24 miRs, found to be modulated in 21-5 clone, was evaluated in two other HCV replicon clones, 22-6 and 21-7. Prediction of target genes of 3 miRs, confirmed in all HCV clones, was performed by means of miRGator program. The gene dataset obtained from microarray analysis of HCV clones was farther used to validate target prediction. Results The expression profile revealed that 16 out of 24 miRs were modulated in HCV replicon clone 21-5. Analysis in HCV replicon clones 22-6 and 21-7 indicated that 3 out of 16 miRs, (miR-128a, miR-196a and miR-142-3p) were modulated in a concerted fashion in all three HCV clones. Microarray analysis revealed that 37 out of 1981 genes, predicted targets of the 3 miRs, showed an inverse expression relationship with the corresponding miR in HCV clones, as expected for true targets. Classification of the 37 genes by Panther System indicated that the dataset contains genes involved in biological processes that sustain HCV replication and/or in pathways potentially implicated in the control of antiviral response by HCV infection. Conclusions The present findings reveal that 3 IFN-β-regulated miRs and 37 genes, which are likely their functional targets, were commonly modulated by HCV in three replicon clones. The future use of miR inhibitors or mimics and/or siRNAs might be useful for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at the recovering of protective innate responses in HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Tsuge M, Fujimoto Y, Hiraga N, Zhang Y, Ohnishi M, Kohno T, Abe H, Miki D, Imamura M, Takahashi S, Ochi H, Hayes CN, Miya F, Tsunoda T, Chayama K. Hepatitis C virus infection suppresses the interferon response in the liver of the human hepatocyte chimeric mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23856. [PMID: 21886832 PMCID: PMC3160317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies indicate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) can modulate the expression of various genes including those involved in interferon signaling, and up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes by HCV was reported to be strongly associated with treatment outcome. To expand our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying treatment resistance, we analyzed the direct effects of interferon and/or HCV infection under immunodeficient conditions using cDNA microarray analysis of human hepatocyte chimeric mice. METHODS Human serum containing HCV genotype 1b was injected into human hepatocyte chimeric mice. IFN-α was administered 8 weeks after inoculation, and 6 hours later human hepatocytes in the mouse livers were collected for microarray analysis. RESULTS HCV infection induced a more than 3-fold change in the expression of 181 genes, especially genes related to Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, such as fibrosis or injury of the liver (P = 5.90E-16∼3.66E-03). IFN administration induced more than 3-fold up-regulation in the expression of 152 genes. Marked induction was observed in the anti-fibrotic chemokines such as CXCL9, suggesting that IFN treatment might lead not only to HCV eradication but also prevention and repair of liver fibrosis. HCV infection appeared to suppress interferon signaling via significant reduction in interferon-induced gene expression in several genes of the IFN signaling pathway, including Mx1, STAT1, and several members of the CXCL and IFI families (P = 6.0E-12). Genes associated with Antimicrobial Response and Inflammatory Response were also significantly repressed (P = 5.22×10(-10)∼1.95×10(-2)). CONCLUSIONS These results provide molecular insights into possible mechanisms used by HCV to evade innate immune responses, as well as novel therapeutic targets and a potential new indication for interferon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Tsuge
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Fujimoto
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima General Hospital, Hatsukaichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mayu Ohnishi
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kohno
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Liver Diseases, SNP Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shoichi Takahashi
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Liver Diseases, SNP Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C. Nelson Hayes
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Laboratory for Medical Informatics, SNP Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Informatics, SNP Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Liver Diseases, SNP Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Mercer DF. Animal models for studying hepatitis C and alcohol effects on liver. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2515-9. [PMID: 21633656 PMCID: PMC3103809 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i20.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic consumption of ethanol has a dramatic effect on the clinical outcome of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the mechanism linking these two pathologies is unknown. Presently, in vitro systems are limited in their ability to study the interaction between a productive wild-type HCV infection and chronic ethanol exposure. Mouse models are potentially very useful in dissecting elements of the HCV-ethanol relationship. Experiments in mice that transgenically express HCV proteins are outlined, as are experiments for the generation of mice with chimeric human livers. The latter models appear to have the most promise for accurately modeling the effects of chronic ethanol intake in HCV-infected human livers.
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Xue HL, Feng GH, Dou XG. New advances in the development of experimental models of hepatitis C virus infection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1269-1274. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i12.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is another common cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis B virus. It is very difficult to study the variety and replication of HCV and interplay between HCV and the host and to develop new antiviral drugs and vaccines against HCV infection because of lack of susceptible hosts and stable and convenient experimental models of HCV infection. In this paper, we review recent advances in the development of experimental models of HCV infection.
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Dolganiuc A, Szabo G. Dendritic cells in hepatitis C infection: can they (help) win the battle? J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:432-47. [PMID: 21327958 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public health problem; it establishes a chronic course in ~85% of infected patients and increases their risk for developing liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and significant extrahepatic manifestations. The mechanisms of HCV persistence remain elusive and are largely related to inefficient clearance of the virus by the host immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient inducers of immune responses; they are capable of triggering productive immunity and maintaining the state of tolerance to self- and non-self antigens. During the past decade, multiple research groups have focused on DCs, in hopes of unraveling an HCV-specific DC signature or DC-dependent mechanisms of antiviral immunity which would lead to a successful HCV elimination strategy. This review incorporates the latest update in the current status of knowledge on the role of DCs in anti-HCV immunity as it relates to several challenging questions: (a) the phenotype and function of diverse DC subsets in HCV-infected patients; (b) the characteristics of non-human HCV infection models from the DCs' point of view; (c) how can in vitro systems, ranging from HCV protein- or peptide-exposed DC to HCV protein-expressing DCs, and in vivo systems, ranging from HCV protein-expressing transgenic mice to HCV-infected non-human primates, be employed to dissect the role of DCs in triggering/maintaining a robust antiviral response; and (d) the prospect of DC-based strategy for managing and finding a cure for HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dolganiuc
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, LRB-270-H, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Brown JR, Magid-Slav M, Sanseau P, Rajpal DK. Computational biology approaches for selecting host-pathogen drug targets. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:229-36. [PMID: 21277381 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of genomic platform data, ranging from silencing RNAs through mRNA and microRNA expression to proteomics, is providing new insights into the interplay between human and pathogen genes during infection: the so-called 'host-pathogen interactome'. Exploiting the interactome for novel human drug targets could provide new therapeutic avenues towards the treatment of infectious disease, which could ameliorate the growing clinical challenge of drug-resistant infections. Using the hepatitis C virus interactome as an example, here we suggest a computational biology framework for identifying and prioritizing potential human host targets against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Brown
- Computational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, UP1345, PO Box 5089, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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Chayama K, Hayes CN, Hiraga N, Abe H, Tsuge M, Imamura M. Animal model for study of human hepatitis viruses. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:13-8. [PMID: 21175788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infect only chimpanzees and humans. Analysis of both viruses has long been hampered by the absence of a small animal model. The recent development of human hepatocyte chimeric mice has enabled us to carry out studies on viral replication and cellular changes induced by replication of human hepatitis viruses. Various therapeutic agents have also been tested using this model. In the present review, we summarize published studies using chimeric mice and discuss the merits and shortcomings of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Jo J, Lohmann V, Bartenschlager R, Thimme R. Experimental models to study the immunobiology of hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:477-93. [PMID: 21148278 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective host immune responses are essential for the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and persistence of HCV has indeed been attributed to their failure. In recent years, several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have allowed studies of host immune responses against HCV. Numerous observations derived from these models have improved our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the host's ability to clear the virus as well as of the mechanisms responsible for the host's failure to control HCV replication. Importantly, several findings obtained with these model systems have been confirmed in studies of acutely or chronically HCV-infected individuals. Collectively, several mechanisms are used by HCV to escape host immune responses, such as poor induction of the innate immune response and escaping/impairing adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize current findings from experimental models available for studies of the immune response targeting HCV and discuss the relevance of these findings for the in vivo situation in HCV-infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juandy Jo
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades NKG2D-dependent NK cell responses through NS5A-mediated imbalance of inflammatory cytokines. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001184. [PMID: 21085608 PMCID: PMC2978723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces and circumvents the host's natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity is of critical importance in efforts to design effective therapeutics. We report here the decreased expression of the NKG2D activating receptor as a novel strategy adopted by HCV to evade NK-cell mediated responses. We show that chronic HCV infection is associated with expression of ligands for NKG2D, the MHC class I-related Chain (MIC) molecules, on hepatocytes. However, NKG2D expression is downmodulated on circulating NK cells, and consequently NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capacity and interferon-γ production are impaired. Using an endotoxin-free recombinant NS5A protein, we show that NS5A stimulation of monocytes through Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) promotes p38- and PI3 kinase-dependent IL-10 production, while inhibiting IL-12 production. In turn, IL-10 triggers secretion of TGFβ which downmodulates NKG2D expression on NK cells, leading to their impaired effector functions. Moreover, culture supernatants of HCV JFH1 replicating Huh-7.5.1 cells reproduce the effect of recombinant NS5A on NKG2D downmodulation. Exogenous IL-15 can antagonize the TGFβ effect and restore normal NKG2D expression on NK cells. We conclude that NKG2D-dependent NK cell functions are modulated during chronic HCV infection, and demonstrate that this alteration can be prevented by exogenous IL-15, which could represent a meaningful adjuvant for therapeutic intervention.
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Pezacki JP, Singaravelu R, Lyn RK. Host-virus interactions during hepatitis C virus infection: a complex and dynamic molecular biosystem. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1131-42. [PMID: 20549003 DOI: 10.1039/b924668c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health issue with no vaccine available and limited clinical treatment options. Like other obligate parasites, HCV requires host cellular components of an infected individual to propagate. These host-virus interactions during HCV infection are complex and dynamic and involve the hijacking of host cell environments, enzymes and pathways. Understanding this unique molecular biosystem has the potential to yield new and exciting strategies for therapeutic intervention. Advances in genomics and proteomics have opened up new possibilities for the rapid measurement of global changes at the transcriptional and translational levels during infection. However, these techniques only yield snapshots of host-virus interactions during HCV infection. Other new methods that involve the imaging of biomolecular interactions during HCV infection are required to identify key interactions that may be transient and dynamic. Herein we highlight systems biology based strategies that have helped to identify key host-virus interactions during HCV replication and infection. Novel biophysical tools are also highlighted for identification and visualization of activities and interactions between HCV and its host hepatocyte. As some of these methods mature, we expect them to pave the way forward for further exploration of this complex biosystem and elucidation of mechanisms for HCV pathogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Kikuchi R, McCown M, Olson P, Tateno C, Morikawa Y, Katoh Y, Bourdet DL, Monshouwer M, Fretland AJ. Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the mRNA expression of drug transporters and cytochrome p450 enzymes in chimeric mice with humanized liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1954-61. [PMID: 20693416 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes is a primary determinant of drug disposition. Chimeric mice with humanized liver, including PXB mice, are an available model that is permissive to the in vivo infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV), thus being a promising tool for investigational studies in development of new antiviral molecules. To investigate the potential of HCV infection to alter the pharmacokinetics of small molecule antiviral therapeutic agents in PXB mice, we have comprehensively determined the mRNA expression profiles of human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, solute carrier (SLC) transporters, and cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in the livers of these mice under noninfected and HCV-infected conditions. Infection of PXB mice with HCV resulted in an increase in the mRNA expression levels of a series of interferon-stimulated genes in the liver. For the majority of genes involved in drug disposition, minor differences in the mRNA expression of ABC and SLC transporters as well as P450s between the noninfected and HCV-infected groups were observed. The exceptions were statistically significantly higher expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 and lower expression of organic cation transporter 1 and CYP2D6 in HCV-infected mice. Furthermore, the enzymatic activities of the major human P450s were, in general, comparable in the two experimental groups. These data suggest that the pharmacokinetic properties of small molecule antiviral therapies in HCV-infected PXB mice are likely to be similar to those in noninfected PXB mice. However, caution is needed in the translation of this relationship to HCV-infected patients as the PXB mouse model does not accurately reflect the pathology of patients with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Non Clinical Safety, Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Viral Disease Biology, and Molecular Medicine Laboratories (P.O.), Roche Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Davidson CL, Li NL, Burshtyn DN. LILRB1 polymorphism and surface phenotypes of natural killer cells. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:942-9. [PMID: 20600445 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LIR)-1 is an inhibitory receptor that binds a broad range of class I HLA molecules and is encoded by the LILRB1 gene within the leukocyte receptor complex. In contrast to uniform expression on monocytes and B cells, LIR-1 expression on natural killer (NK) cells varies considerably between individuals. To investigate how polymorphism is related to the observed patterns of expression, we analyzed the LILRB1 gene and its transcriptional activity in a group of individuals with various levels of expression on NK cells. We found that LILRB1 transcription is correlated with surface protein expression on NK cells. In a cohort of 24 donors, we found high expression on NK cells to be associated with three linked SNPs (AGG verses GAA) within the putative regulatory region. We also identified several new protein variants and observed variants with P, T, T, and I at positions 68, 95, 142, and 155, respectively, more frequently in donors with low expression on NK cells. These results suggest that there is a significant degree of diversity within the LILRB1 locus and that it influences expression patterns on NK cells. These genetic differences may underpin variation in individual immune responses involving LIR-1 on NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Davidson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Blais DR, Lyn RK, Joyce MA, Rouleau Y, Steenbergen R, Barsby N, Zhu LF, Pegoraro AF, Stolow A, Tyrrell DL, Pezacki JP. Activity-based protein profiling identifies a host enzyme, carboxylesterase 1, which is differentially active during hepatitis C virus replication. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25602-12. [PMID: 20530478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on many interactions with host cell proteins for propagation. Successful HCV infection also requires enzymatic activity of host cell enzymes for key post-translational modifications. To identify such enzymes, we have applied activity-based protein profiling to examine the activity of serine hydrolases during HCV replication. Profiling of hydrolases in Huh7 cells replicating HCV identified CES1 (carboxylesterase 1) as a differentially active enzyme. CES1 is an endogenous liver protein involved in processing of triglycerides and cholesterol. We observe that CES1 expression and activity were altered in the presence of HCV. The knockdown of CES1 with siRNA resulted in lower levels of HCV replication, and up-regulation of CES1 was observed to favor HCV propagation, implying an important role for this host cell protein. Experiments in HCV JFH1-infected cells suggest that CES1 facilitates HCV release because less intracellular HCV core protein was observed, whereas HCV titers remained high. CES1 activity was observed to increase the size and density of lipid droplets, which are necessary for the maturation of very low density lipoproteins, one of the likely vehicles for HCV release. In transgenic mice containing human-mouse chimeric livers, HCV infection also correlates with higher levels of endogenous CES1, providing further evidence that CES1 has an important role in HCV propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Blais
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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Gene expression profiling indicates the roles of host oxidative stress, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and intracellular transport genes in the replication of hepatitis C virus. J Virol 2010; 84:5404-14. [PMID: 20200238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02529-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease. The identification and characterization of key host cellular factors that play a role in the HCV replication cycle are important for the understanding of disease pathogenesis and the identification of novel antiviral therapeutic targets. Gene expression profiling of JFH-1-infected Huh7 cells by microarray analysis was performed to identify host cellular genes that are transcriptionally regulated by infection. The expression of host genes involved in cellular defense mechanisms (apoptosis, proliferation, and antioxidant responses), cellular metabolism (lipid and protein metabolism), and intracellular transport (vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton regulation) was significantly altered by HCV infection. The gene expression patterns identified provide insight into the potential mechanisms that contribute to HCV-associated pathogenesis. These include an increase in proinflammatory and proapoptotic signaling and a decrease in the antioxidant response pathways of the infected cell. To investigate whether any of the host genes regulated by infection were required by HCV during replication, small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of host gene expression in HCV-infected cells was performed. Decreasing the expression of host genes involved in lipid metabolism (TXNIP and CYP1A1 genes) and intracellular transport (RAB33b and ABLIM3 genes) reduced the replication and secretion of HCV, indicating that they may be important factors for the virus replication cycle. These results show that major changes in the expression of many different genes in target cells may be crucial in determining the outcome of HCV infection.
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Joyce MA, Tyrrell DLJ. The cell biology of hepatitis C virus. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:263-71. [PMID: 20080204 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infects 3% of the world's population and has a variable disease course with potentially sever outcomes, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The influence of HCV the biology of infected hepatocytes is now just becoming known. This review will focus on effect of HCV on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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