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Delcher HA, DeMeis JD, Ghobar N, Godang NL, Knight SL, Alqudah SY, Nguyen KN, Watters BC, Borchert GM. SARS-Cov-2 small viral RNA suppresses gene expression via complementary binding to mRNA 3' UTR. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.000790. [PMID: 38312351 PMCID: PMC10835431 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) has been intensely studied since its emergence. However, the mechanisms of host immune dysregulation triggered by SC2 remain poorly understood. That said, it is well established that many prominent viral families encode microRNAs (miRNAs) or related small viral RNAs (svRNAs) capable of regulating human genes involved in immune function. Importantly, recent reports have shown that SC2 encodes its own svRNAs. In this study, we have identified 12 svRNAs expressed during SC2 infection and show that one of these svRNAs can regulate target gene expression via complementary binding to mRNA 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) much like human microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A Delcher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Jeffrey D DeMeis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Nicole Ghobar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Noel L Godang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Sierra L Knight
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Shahem Y Alqudah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Kevin N Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Brianna C Watters
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Glen M Borchert
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
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2
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Ajila V, Colley L, Ste-Croix DT, Nissan N, Cober ER, Mimee B, Samanfar B, Green JR. Species-specific microRNA discovery and target prediction in the soybean cyst nematode. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17657. [PMID: 37848601 PMCID: PMC10582106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a devastating pathogen for economic and food security considerations. Although the SCN genome has recently been sequenced, the presence of any miRNA has not been systematically explored and reported. This paper describes the development of a species-specific SCN miRNA discovery pipeline and its application to the SCN genome. Experiments on well-documented model nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus) are used to tune the pipeline's hyperparameters and confirm its recall and precision. Application to the SCN genome identifies 3342 high-confidence putative SCN miRNA. Prediction specificity within SCN is confirmed by applying the pipeline to RNA hairpins from known exonic regions of the SCN genome (i.e., sequences known to not be miRNA). Prediction recall is confirmed by building a positive control set of SCN miRNA, based on a limited deep sequencing experiment. Interestingly, a number of novel miRNA are predicted to be encoded within the intronic regions of effector genes, known to be involved in SCN parasitism, suggesting that these miRNA may also be involved in the infection process or virulence. Beyond miRNA discovery, gene targets within SCN are predicted for all high-confidence novel miRNA using a miRNA:mRNA target prediction system. Lastly, cross-kingdom miRNA targeting is investigated, where putative soybean mRNA targets are identified for novel SCN miRNA. All predicted miRNA and gene targets are made available in appendix and through a Borealis DataVerse open repository ( https://borealisdata.ca/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.5683/SP3/30DEXA ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ajila
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Laura Colley
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Dave T Ste-Croix
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, J3B 7B5, Canada
| | - Nour Nissan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Elroy R Cober
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, J3B 7B5, Canada
| | - Bahram Samanfar
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - James R Green
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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3
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Diggins NL, Hancock MH. Viral miRNA regulation of host gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:2-19. [PMID: 36463091 PMCID: PMC10101914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to combat barriers to productive infection in the host cell. Virally-encoded miRNAs are one such means to regulate host gene expression in ways that benefit the virus lifecycle. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression but do not trigger the adaptive immune response, making them powerful tools encoded by viruses to regulate cellular processes. Diverse viruses encode for miRNAs but little sequence homology exists between miRNAs of different viral species. Despite this, common cellular pathways are targeted for regulation, including apoptosis, immune evasion, cell growth and differentiation. Herein we will highlight the viruses that encode miRNAs and provide mechanistic insight into how viral miRNAs aid in lytic and latent infection by targeting common cellular processes. We also highlight how viral miRNAs can mimic host cell miRNAs as well as how viral miRNAs have evolved to regulate host miRNA expression. These studies dispel the myth that viral miRNAs are subtle regulators of gene expression, and highlight the critical importance of viral miRNAs to the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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4
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MacLennan SA, Marra MA. Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119543. [PMID: 37298494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral infections substantially contribute to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses are taxonomically heterogeneous and drive cancers using diverse strategies, including epigenomic dysregulation. Here, we discuss how oncogenic viruses disrupt epigenetic homeostasis to drive cancer and focus on how virally mediated dysregulation of host and viral epigenomes impacts the hallmarks of cancer. To illustrate the relationship between epigenetics and viral life cycles, we describe how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle and how changes to this process can spur malignancy. We also highlight the clinical impact of virally mediated epigenetic changes on cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe A MacLennan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
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5
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Teng M, Zhu ZJ, Yao Y, Nair V, Zhang GP, Luo J. Critical roles of non-coding RNAs in lifecycle and biology of Marek's disease herpesvirus. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:251-268. [PMID: 36617590 PMCID: PMC9838510 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, numerous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified in different biological systems including virology, especially in large DNA viruses such as herpesviruses. As a representative oncogenic alphaherpesvirus, Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes an important immunosuppressive and rapid-onset neoplastic disease of poultry, namely Marek's disease (MD). Vaccinations can efficiently prevent the onset of MD lymphomas and other clinical disease, often heralded as the first successful example of vaccination-based control of cancer. MDV infection is also an excellent model for research into virally-induced tumorigenesis. Recently, great progress has been made in understanding the functions of ncRNAs in MD biology. Herein, we give a review of the discovery and identification of MDV-encoded viral miRNAs, focusing on the genomics, expression profiles, and emerging critical roles of MDV-1 miRNAs as oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressor genes involved in the induction of MD lymphomas. We also described the involvements of host cellular miRNAs, lincRNAs, and circRNAs participating in MDV life cycle, pathogenesis, and/or tumorigenesis. The prospects, strategies, and new techniques such as the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing applicable for further investigation into the ncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in MDV pathogenesis/oncogenesis were also discussed, together with the possibilities of future studies on antiviral therapy and the development of new efficient MD vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhu
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Gai-Ping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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6
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Ajila V, Colley L, Ste-Croix DT, Nissan N, Golshani A, Cober ER, Mimee B, Samanfar B, Green JR. P-TarPmiR accurately predicts plant-specific miRNA targets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:332. [PMID: 36609461 PMCID: PMC9822942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through the targeting of messenger RNA (mRNAs). Most miRNA target predictors have focused on animal species and prediction performance drops substantially when applied to plant species. Several rule-based miRNA target predictors have been developed in plant species, but they often fail to discover new miRNA targets with non-canonical miRNA-mRNA binding. Here, the recently published TarDB database of plant miRNA-mRNA data is leveraged to retrain the TarPmiR miRNA target predictor for application on plant species. Rigorous experiment design across four plant test species demonstrates that animal-trained predictors fail to sustain performance on plant species, and that the use of plant-specific training data improves accuracy depending on the quantity of plant training data used. Surprisingly, our results indicate that the complete exclusion of animal training data leads to the most accurate plant-specific miRNA target predictor indicating that animal-based data may detract from miRNA target prediction in plants. Our final plant-specific miRNA prediction method, dubbed P-TarPmiR, is freely available for use at http://ptarpmir.cu-bic.ca . The final P-TarPmiR method is used to predict targets for all miRNA within the soybean genome. Those ranked predictions, together with GO term enrichment, are shared with the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ajila
- grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Laura Colley
- grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Dave T. Ste-Croix
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, J3B 7B5 Canada
| | - Nour Nissan
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6 Canada ,grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Elroy R. Cober
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, J3B 7B5 Canada
| | - Bahram Samanfar
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6 Canada ,grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - James R. Green
- grid.34428.390000 0004 1936 893XDepartment of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6 Canada
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7
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Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Roozbeh J. Host and viral
RNA
dysregulation during
BK
polyomavirus
infection in kidney transplant recipients. WIRES RNA 2022:e1769. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro‐Urology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro‐Urology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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8
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Thakur A, Kumar M. AntiVIRmiR: A repository of host antiviral miRNAs and their expression along with experimentally validated viral miRNAs and their targets. Front Genet 2022; 13:971852. [PMID: 36159991 PMCID: PMC9493126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.971852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs play an essential role in promoting viral infections as well as modulating the antiviral defense. Several miRNA repositories have been developed for different species, e.g., human, mouse, and plant. However, 'VIRmiRNA' is the only existing resource for experimentally validated viral miRNAs and their targets. We have developed a 'AntiVIRmiR' resource encompassing data on host/virus miRNA expression during viral infection. This resource with 22,741 entries is divided into four sub-databases viz., 'DEmiRVIR', 'AntiVmiR', 'VIRmiRNA2' and 'VIRmiRTar2'. 'DEmiRVIR' has 10,033 differentially expressed host-viral miRNAs for 21 viruses. 'AntiVmiR' incorporates 1,642 entries for host miRNAs showing antiviral activity for 34 viruses. Additionally, 'VIRmiRNA2' includes 3,340 entries for experimentally validated viral miRNAs from 50 viruses along with 650 viral isomeric sequences for 14 viruses. Further, 'VIRmiRTar2' has 7,726 experimentally validated targets for viral miRNAs against 21 viruses. Furthermore, we have also performed network analysis for three sub-databases. Interactions between up/down-regulated human miRNAs and viruses are displayed for 'AntiVmiR' as well as 'DEmiRVIR'. Moreover, 'VIRmiRTar2' interactions are shown among different viruses, miRNAs, and their targets. We have provided browse, search, external hyperlinks, data statistics, and useful analysis tools. The database available at https://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/manojk/antivirmir would be beneficial for understanding the host-virus interactions as well as viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Thakur
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Unit and Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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9
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Rusu-Zota G, Manole OM, Galeș C, Porumb-Andrese E, Obadă O, Mocanu CV. Kaposi Sarcoma, a Trifecta of Pathogenic Mechanisms. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1242. [PMID: 35626397 PMCID: PMC9140574 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma is a rare disease with four known variants: classic, epidemic, endemic and iatrogenic (transplant-related), all caused by an oncogenic virus named Human Herpes Virus 8. The viral infection in itself, along with the oncogenic properties of HHV8 and with immune system dysfunction, forms the grounds on which Kaposi's Sarcoma may develop. Infection with HHV8 occurs through saliva via close contacts, blood, blood products, solid organ donation and, rarely, vertical transmission. Chronic inflammation and oncogenesis are promoted by a mix of viral genes that directly promote cell survival and transformation or interfere with the regular cell cycle and cell signaling (of particular note: LANA-1, v-IL6, vBCL-2, vIAP, vIRF3, vGPCR, gB, K1, K8.1, K15). The most common development sites for Kaposi's sarcoma are the skin, mucocutaneous zones, lymph nodes and visceral organs, but it can also rarely appear in the musculoskeletal system, urinary system, endocrine organs, heart or eye. Histopathologically, spindle cell proliferation with slit-like vascular spaces, plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltrate are characteristic. The clinical presentation is heterogenic depending on the variant; some patients have indolent disease and others have aggressive disease. The treatment options include highly active antiretroviral therapy, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases with a combination of keywords with the aim to provide critical, concise, and comprehensive insights into advances in the pathogenic mechanism of Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rusu-Zota
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Oana Mădălina Manole
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Galeș
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Porumb-Andrese
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Otilia Obadă
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cezar Valentin Mocanu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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10
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Tuncer SB, Celik B, Akdeniz Odemis D, Kılıc Erciyas S, Sukruoglu Erdogan O, Avsar M, Kuru Turkcan G, Yazici H. miRNA Sequence Analysis in Patients With Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610055. [PMID: 35140551 PMCID: PMC8820206 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the non-coding RNAs that can both attach to the untranslated and coding sections of target mRNAs, triggering destruction or post-transcriptional alteration. miRNAs regulate various cellular processes such as immune function, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. About 35,000 miRNAs have been discovered in the human genome. The increasing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of human miRNAs may have a role in the etiology of some disorders including cancer. Only a small sub-set of human miRNAs has functionally been validated in the pathogenesis of oncogenic viruses such as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV is the cause of various human malignancies including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), which are mainly seen in AIDS patients or other immunocompromised people. We aimed to identify the miRNAs in Kaposi’s sarcoma cases, with the comparison of KSHV seropositive and seronegative tumors with the controls and in each other in Turkish Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. We performed the miRNA-sequencing at genome level in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 16 Kaposi’s sarcoma patients, and in 8 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. A total of 642 miRNA molecules with different expression profiles were identified between the patients and the healthy controls. Currently, out of 642 miRNAs, 7 miRNAs (miR-92b-3p, miR-490-3p, miR-615-3p, miR-629-5p, miR-1908, miR-3180, miR-4433b-3p) which have not been described in the literature in the context of Kaposi’s sarcoma were addressed in the study for the first time and 9 novel miRNAs, not found previously in the database, have been detected in Kaposi’s sarcoma using the miRNA-sequencing technique. This study demonstrates the identification of differently expressed miRNAs which might be the new therapeutic targets for Kaposi’s sarcoma, that has limited treatment options and can be used in the etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Bugra Tuncer
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Celik
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Demet Akdeniz Odemis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Kılıc Erciyas
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Sukruoglu Erdogan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Avsar
- Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Kuru Turkcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hulya Yazici
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Arel Medical Faculty, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Jary A, Veyri M, Gothland A, Leducq V, Calvez V, Marcelin AG. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, the Etiological Agent of All Epidemiological Forms of Kaposi's Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246208. [PMID: 34944828 PMCID: PMC8699694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is one of the seven oncogenic viruses currently recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Its presence for Kaposi’s sarcoma development is essential and knowledge on the oncogenic process has increased since its discovery in 1994. However, some uncertainties remain to be clarified, in particular on the exact routes of transmission and disparities in KSHV seroprevalence and the prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma worldwide. Here, we summarized the current data on the KSHV viral particle’s structure, its genome, the replication, its seroprevalence, the viral diversity and the lytic and latent oncogenesis proteins involved in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lastly, we reported the environmental, immunological and viral factors possibly associated with KSHV transmission that could also play a role in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. The viral particle is composed of a double-stranded DNA harboring 90 open reading frames, incorporated in an icosahedral capsid and enveloped. The viral cycle is divided in the following two states: a short lytic phase, and a latency phase that leads to a persistent infection in target cells and the expression of a small number of genes, including LANA-1, v-FLIP and v-cyclin. The seroprevalence and risk factors of infection differ around the world, and saliva seems to play a major role in viral transmission. KSHV is found in all epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma including classic, endemic, iatrogenic, epidemic and non-epidemic forms. In a Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion, KSHV is mainly in a latent state; however, a small proportion of viral particles (<5%) are in a replicative state and are reported to be potentially involved in the proliferation of neighboring cells, suggesting they have crucial roles in the process of tumorigenesis. KSHV encodes oncogenic proteins (LANA-1, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, v-GPCR, v-IL6, v-CCL, v-MIP, v-IRF, etc.) that can modulate cellular pathways in order to induce the characteristics found in all cancer, including the inhibition of apoptosis, cells’ proliferation stimulation, angiogenesis, inflammation and immune escape, and, therefore, are involved in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Jary
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-4217-7401
| | - Marianne Veyri
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Adélie Gothland
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
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12
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Valverde A, Seal A, Nares S, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. Human herpesvirus-encoded MicroRNA in host-pathogen interaction. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100829. [PMID: 34560402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHV) are ubiquitous, linear dsDNA viruses that establish lifelong latency, disrupted by sporadic reactivation. HHV have evolved diverse ingenious mechanisms to evade robust host defenses. Incorporation of unique stem loop sequences that generate viral microRNAs (v-miRs) exemplifies one such evolutionary adaptation in HHV. These noncoding RNAs can control cellular and viral transcriptomes highlighting their ability in shaping host-HHV interactions. We summarize recent developments in functional characterization of HHV-encoded miRNAs in shaping the outcome of host-pathogen interaction. Non-immunogenic dissemination of v-miRs through exosomes confer added advantage to HHV in incessant modulation of host microenvironment. This review delineates the mechanistic role of v-miRs in facilitating viral persistence and tropism by targeting genes associated with cellular (apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, etc.) and viral life cycle (latency, lytic and reactivation). Burgeoning evidences indicate plausible association of v-miRs in various immune-mediated diseases (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neurological disorders, periodontal diseases, etc.) and herpesvirus-related malignancies indicating their broad-spectrum impact on host cellular pathways. We propose to exploit tisssue and systemic levels of v-miRs as diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancers and immune-mediated diseases. Therapeutic targeting of v-miRs will advance the promising outcomes of preclinical discoveries to bedside application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Valverde
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Alexandra Seal
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
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13
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Afshari A, Yaghobi R, Rezaei G. Inter-regulatory role of microRNAs in interaction between viruses and stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:985-1004. [PMID: 34567421 PMCID: PMC8422934 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well known for post-transcriptional regulatory ability over specific mRNA targets. miRNAs exhibit temporal or tissue-specific expression patterns and regulate the cell and tissue developmental pathways. They also have determinative roles in production and differentiation of multiple lineages of stem cells and might have therapeutic advantages. miRNAs are a part of some viruses’ regulatory machinery, not a byproduct. The trace of miRNAs was detected in the genomes of viruses and regulation of cell reprograming and viral pathogenesis. Combination of inter-regulatory systems has been detected for miRNAs during viral infections in stem cells. Contraction between viruses and stem cells may be helpful in therapeutic tactics, pathogenesis, controlling viral infections and defining stem cell developmental strategies that is programmed by miRNAs as a tool. Therefore, in this review we intended to study the inter-regulatory role of miRNAs in the interaction between viruses and stem cells and tried to explain the advantages of miRNA regulatory potentials, which make a new landscape for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Ghazal Rezaei
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
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14
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Pham AH, Mitchell J, Botto S, Pryke KM, DeFilippis VR, Hancock MH. Human cytomegalovirus blocks canonical TGFβ signaling during lytic infection to limit induction of type I interferons. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009380. [PMID: 34411201 PMCID: PMC8407580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs (miRNAs) significantly rewire host signaling pathways to support the viral lifecycle and regulate host cell responses. Here we show that SMAD3 expression is regulated by HCMV miR-UL22A and contributes to the IRF7-mediated induction of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in human fibroblasts. Addition of exogenous TGFβ interferes with the replication of a miR-UL22A mutant virus in a SMAD3-dependent manner in wild type fibroblasts, but not in cells lacking IRF7, indicating that downregulation of SMAD3 expression to limit IFN induction is important for efficient lytic replication. These findings uncover a novel interplay between SMAD3 and innate immunity during HCMV infection and highlight the role of viral miRNAs in modulating these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Pham
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sara Botto
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kara M. Pryke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor R. DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
Among all of the known biological carcinogens, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are two of the classical oncogenic herpesviruses known to induce the oncogenic phenotype. Many studies have revealed important functions related to epigenetic alterations of the EBV and KSHV genomes that mediate oncogenesis, but the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. It is also challenging to fully describe the critical cellular events that drive oncogenesis as well as a comprehensive map of the molecular contributors. This review introduces the roles of epigenetic modifications of these viral genomes, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNA expression, and elucidates potential strategies utilized for inducing oncogenesis by these human gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pei
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Josiah Hiu-Yuen Wong
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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16
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Roy S, Sharma B, Mazid MI, Akhand RN, Das M, Marufatuzzahan M, Chowdhury TA, Azim KF, Hasan M. Identification and host response interaction study of SARS-CoV-2 encoded miRNA-like sequences: an in silico approach. Comput Biol Med 2021; 134:104451. [PMID: 34020131 PMCID: PMC8078050 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a global pandemic caused by an RNA virus named SARS-CoV-2 has brought the world to a standstill in terms of infectivity, casualty, and commercial plummet. RNA viruses can encode microRNAs (miRNAs) capable of modulating host gene expression, and with that notion, we aimed to predict viral miRNA like sequences of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, analyze sequence reciprocity and investigate SARS-CoV-2 encoded potential miRNA-human genes interaction using bioinformatics tools. In this study, we retrieved 206 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, executed phylogenetic analysis, and the selected reference genome (MT434792.1) exhibited about 99% similarities among the retrieved genomes. We predicted 402, 137, and 85 putative miRNAs of MERS-CoV (NC_019843.3), SARS-CoV (NC_004718.3), and SARS-CoV-2 (MT434792.1) genome, respectively. Sequence similarity was analyzed among 624 miRNAs which revealed that the predicted miRNAs of SARS-CoV-2 share a cluster with the clad of miRNAs from MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Only SARS-CoV-2 derived 85 miRNAs were encountered for target prediction and 29 viral miRNAs seemed to target 119 human genes. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis suggested the involvement of respective genes in various pathways and biological processes. Finally, we focused on eight putative miRNAs influencing 14 genes that are involved in the adaptive hypoxic response, neuroinvasion and hormonal regulation, and tumorigenic progression in patients with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 encoded miRNAs may cause misexpression of some critical regulators and facilitate viral neuroinvasion, altered hormonal axis, and tumorigenic events in the human host. However, these propositions need validation from future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawrab Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Binayok Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Moumita Das
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tanjia Afrin Chowdhury
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Faizul Azim
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
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17
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Exogenous miRNA: A Perspective Role as Therapeutic in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:43. [PMID: 33939021 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease that causes joint deformation. Till now several studies has been carried out promising its cure, but curing has not yet achieved to the satisfactory levels. Herbal approach to treat disease by a cross-kingdom mechanism via exogenous miRNA is an emerging trend to target associated genes with RA pathogenesis as a therapeutic potential. The concept of acquired/exogenous miRNA into pathophysiological prospect provides an opportunity to explore inter-species kingdom like regulation of plant miRNAs on human health. The change in gene expression was attributed by a short 22-24 nucleotide long sequence that binds to its complementary region to suppress/silence the gene expression. This makes exogenous miRNA a novel approach for targeted therapy to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, aim of the review was to address significance of plant derived miRNA based targeted therapy to regulate inflammation in RA.
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18
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Budakoti M, Panwar AS, Molpa D, Singh RK, Büsselberg D, Mishra AP, Coutinho HDM, Nigam M. Micro-RNA: The darkhorse of cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109995. [PMID: 33785398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of micro RNAs (miRNA) in cancer has opened up new vistas for researchers in recent years. Micro RNAs area set of small, endogenous, highly conserved, non-coding RNAs that control the expression of about 30% genes at post-transcriptional levels. Typically, microRNAs impede the translation and stability of messenger RNAs (mRNA), control genes associated with cellular processes namely inflammation, cell cycle regulation, stress response, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Compelling findings revealed that miRNA mutations or disruption correspond to diverse human cancers and suggest that miRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Here we summarize the literature on these master regulators in clinical settings from last three decades as both abrupt cancer therapeutics and as an approach to sensitize tumors to chemotherapy. This review highlights (I) the prevailing perception of miRNA genomics, biogenesis, as well as function; (II) the significant advancements in regulatory mechanisms in the expression of carcinogenic genes; and (III) explains, how miRNA is utilized as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for the disease stage indicating survival as well as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Budakoti
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhay Shikhar Panwar
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Diksha Molpa
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | | | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus microRNA mutants modulate cancer hallmark phenotypic differences in human endothelial cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02022-20. [PMID: 33568509 PMCID: PMC8092706 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02022-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) results from the transformation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected endothelial cells. The contribution of the KSHV microRNAs (miRNAs) to the process of oncogenesis in endothelial cells has not been fully elucidated. To better understand the contributions of individual miRNAs to oncogenesis-related cellular phenotypes, we used KSHV miRNA knockout mutants, each one lacking one of the twelve miRNA genes. An additional mutant lacked all miRNAs. Since KSHV infection causes a variety of phenotypic changes in endothelial cells, we tested the mutants for their ability to effect such changes in Telomerase-Immortalized Vein Endothelial (TIVE) cells infected with each of the mutant viruses. Wild type- and mutant-infected as well as uninfected cells were evaluated for perturbations to proliferation, migration, tubule formation, and glycolysis. We found broad variation between the different viruses in these aspects. With respect to proliferation rate, ΔmiR-K12-3, ΔmiR-K12-8, and ΔmiR-K12-11 showed significant impairment. Cells infected with ΔmiR-K12-11 had reduced migration. In tubule formation, the ΔmiR-K12-5, -6, and -7 viruses were deficient. At the same time, cells infected with the ΔmiR-K12-10 virus showed dysregulated glycolysis. By combining these observations with previously published KSHV miRNA targetome lists from ribonomics data, we were able to functionally validate a number of new miRNA targets in specific pathways. As proof of concept, miR-K12-3 was shown to target Cathepsin D, a strong promoter of apoptosis. Taken together, the results demonstrate that KSHV miRNAs play different roles in inducing the phenotypic changes which are characteristic of transformed cells.Importance: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The contribution of KSHV microRNAs (miRNAs) to oncogenesis is not fully understood. This is particularly true for human endothelial cells, the cell type from which KS tumors are derived. Here we used a panel of KSHV miRNA knockout viruses in order to shed light on the roles of individual miRNAs in the process of transformation. Latently infected endothelial cells were studied for phenotypic changes related to cancer, including proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, glycolysis, and apoptosis. The mutant-infected cell lines displayed a wide range of phenotypes in these selected measures of oncogenesis which differed from wild type-infected cells and from each other. These results indicate that KSHV miRNAs contribute to different aspects of oncogenesis, and that each one has a unique role to play.
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20
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Luo B. Long Non-coding RNAs in Gammaherpesvirus Infections: Their Roles in Tumorigenic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:604536. [PMID: 33519750 PMCID: PMC7843584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or posttranscriptional level by interacting with protein, DNA, and RNA. Emerging evidence suggests that various lncRNAs are abnormally expressed and play indispensable roles in virus-triggered cancers. Besides, a growing number of studies have shown that virus-encoded lncRNAs participate in tumorigenesis. However, the functions of most lncRNAs in tumors caused by oncogenic viruses and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding lncRNAs involved in cancers caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Additionally, we discuss the contribution of lncRNAs to tumor occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis; the roles of lncRNAs in key signaling pathways and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for tumor diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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21
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Choi YB, Cousins E, Nicholas J. Novel Functions and Virus-Host Interactions Implicated in Pathogenesis and Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8. Recent Results Cancer Res 2021; 217:245-301. [PMID: 33200369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is classified as a γ2-herpesvirus and is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ1-herpesvirus. One important aspect of the γ-herpesviruses is their association with neoplasia, either naturally or in animal model systems. HHV-8 is associated with B-cell-derived primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), endothelial-derived Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). EBV is also associated with a number of B-cell malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, in addition to epithelial nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas. Despite the similarities between these viruses and their associated malignancies, the particular protein functions and activities involved in key aspects of virus biology and neoplastic transformation appear to be quite distinct. Indeed, HHV-8 specifies a number of proteins for which counterparts had not previously been identified in EBV, other herpesviruses, or even viruses in general, and these proteins are believed to play vital functions in virus biology and to be involved centrally in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of microRNAs encoded by HHV-8 appears to modulate the expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conductive to virus persistence within the host and possibly contributing to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Emily Cousins
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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22
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Zhu ZJ, Teng M, Li HZ, Zheng LP, Liu JL, Yao Y, Nair V, Zhang GP, Luo J. Virus-encoded miR-155 ortholog in Marek's disease virus promotes cell proliferation via suppressing apoptosis by targeting tumor suppressor WWOX. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108919. [PMID: 33191002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) is an important oncogenic α-herpesvirus that induces immunosuppressive and rapid-onset T-cell lymphomatous disease in poultry commonly referred to as Marek's disease (MD). As an excellent biomodel for the study of virally-induced cancers in natural hosts, MDV-1 encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been previously demonstrated with the potential roles to act as critical regulators in virus replication, latency, pathogenesis and especially in oncogenesis. Similar to the oncogenic γ-herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), miR-M4-5p, the cellular microRNA-155 (miR-155) ortholog encoded by MDV-1, is also involved in MD oncogenesis. In lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from MDV-induced T-cell lymphomas, miR-M4-5p has been shown to be highly expressed and participate in inducing MD lymphomagenesis by regulating multiple signal pathways. Herein we report the new identification of the host WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) as a biological target for miR-M4-5p. Further experiments revealed that as a critical oncomiRNA, miR-M4-5p promotes the proliferations of both chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and MSB-1 cells via suppressing cell apoptosis by targeting WWOX, a well-known tumor suppressor. Our data presents a novel insight in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms mediated by the viral analog of miR-155 that potentially contribute to MD tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Gai-Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Chen J, Goyal N, Dai L, Lin Z, Del Valle L, Zabaleta J, Liu J, Post SR, Foroozesh M, Qin Z. Developing new ceramide analogs and identifying novel sphingolipid-controlled genes against a virus-associated lymphoma. Blood 2020; 136:2175-2187. [PMID: 32518949 PMCID: PMC7645984 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis even under chemotherapy. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), one of the human oncogenic viruses, is the principal causative agent. Currently, there is no specific treatment for PEL; therefore, developing new therapies is of great importance. Sphingolipid metabolism plays an important role in determining the fate of tumor cells. Our previous studies have demonstrated that there is a correlation between sphingolipid metabolism and KSHV+ tumor cell survival. To further develop sphingolipid metabolism-targeted therapy, after screening a series of newly synthesized ceramide analogs, here, we have identified compounds with effective anti-PEL activity. These compounds induce significant PEL apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and intracellular ceramide production through regulation of ceramide synthesizing or ceramide metabolizing enzymes and dramatically suppress tumor progression without visible toxicity in vivo. These new compounds also increase viral lytic gene expression in PEL cells. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed their mechanisms of action for inducing PEL cell death and identified a subset of novel cellular genes, including AURKA and CDCA3, controlled by sphingolipid metabolism, and required for PEL survival with functional validation. These data provide the framework for the development of promising sphingolipid-based therapies against this virus-associated malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Aurora Kinase A/genetics
- Aurora Kinase A/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Survival
- Ceramides/chemistry
- Ceramides/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/etiology
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/complications
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Sphingolipids/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virus Replication
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Navneet Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Steven R Post
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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24
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Nahand JS, Jamshidi S, Hamblin MR, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Vosough M, Jamali M, Khatami A, Moghoofei M, Baghi HB, Mirzaei H. Circular RNAs: New Epigenetic Signatures in Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1853. [PMID: 32849445 PMCID: PMC7412987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as a bridge between non-coding RNAs and coding messenger RNAs. CircRNAs are generated by a back-splicing mechanism during post-transcriptional processing and are abundantly expressed in eukaryotic cells. CircRNAs can act via the modulation of RNA transcription and protein production, and by the sponging of microRNAs (miRNAs). CircRNAs are now thought to be involved in many different biological and pathological processes. Some studies have suggested that the expression of host circRNAs is dysregulated in several types of virus-infected cells, compared to control cells. It is highly likely that viruses can use these molecules for their own purposes. In addition, some viral genes are able to produce viral circRNAs (VcircRNA) by a back-splicing mechanism. However, the viral genes that encode VcircRNAs, and their functions, are poorly studied. In this review, we highlight some new findings about the interaction of host circRNAs and viral infection. Moreover, the potential of VcircRNAs derived from the virus itself, to act as biomarkers and therapeutic targets is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Jamshidi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamali
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mahdieh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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25
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MicroRNAs and Their Targetomes in Tumor-Immune Communication. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082025. [PMID: 32722019 PMCID: PMC7465095 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is a complex and dynamically regulated multiple-step process that involves many changes in gene expression. Over the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short regulatory non-coding RNAs, have emerged as key molecular effectors and regulators of tumorigenesis. While aberrant expression of miRNAs or dysregulated miRNA-mediated gene regulation in tumor cells have been shown to be capable of directly promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis, considering the well-reported role of the immune system in cancer, tumor-derived miRNAs could also impact tumor growth through regulating anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we discuss howmiRNAs can function as central mediators that influence the crosstalk between cancer and the immune system. Moreover, we also review the current progress in the development of novel experimental approaches for miRNA target identification that will facilitate our understanding of miRNA-mediated gene regulation in not only human malignancies, but also in other genetic disorders.
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26
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Sun C, Guo Y, Zhou W, Xia C, Xing X, Chen J, Li X, Zhu H, Lu J. p300 promotes cell proliferation through suppressing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation in the infected B-lymphoma cells. Virus Res 2020; 286:198066. [PMID: 32553609 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) is a B-cell lymphoma associated with Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. However, the mechanism of oncogenesis of PEL is still unclear. Studies have shown that the cellular transcriptional coactivator p300 regulates the interaction between host and virus, which plays a vital role in viral replication. In this study, we investigated the role of p300 in BCBL1 cells during the KSHV life cycle. We found that p300 knockout resulted in an overall increase for the early lytic genes and changed the expression of genes associated with tumor development, proliferation, and the immune response in the KSHV infected B cells. However, knockout of p300 significantly inhibited the expression of the immediate-early gene RTA and the late lytic gene K8 after KSHV lytic activation. Additionally, the intracellular KSHV genome copy number and the virion production were reduced. These results demonstrated that p300 plays a crucial role in suppressing KSHV viral replication in BCBL1. Furthermore, we observed that the growth of BCBL1 was inhibited by knockout of p300, which confirmed our findings that p300 promotes cell proliferation. This study further provided evidence that p300 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of BCBL1, which might lead to the oncogenesis of PEL caused by KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yizhen Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chuan Xia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiwen Xing
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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27
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Angius F, Ingianni A, Pompei R. Human Herpesvirus 8 and Host-Cell Interaction: Long-Lasting Physiological Modifications, Inflammation and Related Chronic Diseases. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E388. [PMID: 32168836 PMCID: PMC7143610 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic and latent-persistent viruses belonging to both DNA and RNA groups are known to cause serious metabolism alterations. Among these, the Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection induces stable modifications in biochemistry and cellular metabolism, which in turn affect its own pathological properties. HHV8 enhances the expression of insulin receptors, supports the accumulation of neutral lipids in cytoplasmic lipid droplets and induces alterations in both triglycerides and cholesterol metabolism in endothelial cells. In addition, HHV8 is also known to modify immune response and cytokine production with implications for cell oxidative status (i.e., reactive oxygen species activation). This review underlines the recent findings regarding the role of latent and persistent HHV8 viral infection in host physiology and pathogenesis.
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28
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Weidner-Glunde M, Kruminis-Kaszkiel E, Savanagouder M. Herpesviral Latency-Common Themes. Pathogens 2020; 9:E125. [PMID: 32075270 PMCID: PMC7167855 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency establishment is the hallmark feature of herpesviruses, a group of viruses, of which nine are known to infect humans. They have co-evolved alongside their hosts, and mastered manipulation of cellular pathways and tweaking various processes to their advantage. As a result, they are very well adapted to persistence. The members of the three subfamilies belonging to the family Herpesviridae differ with regard to cell tropism, target cells for the latent reservoir, and characteristics of the infection. The mechanisms governing the latent state also seem quite different. Our knowledge about latency is most complete for the gammaherpesviruses due to previously missing adequate latency models for the alpha and beta-herpesviruses. Nevertheless, with advances in cell biology and the availability of appropriate cell-culture and animal models, the common features of the latency in the different subfamilies began to emerge. Three criteria have been set forth to define latency and differentiate it from persistent or abortive infection: 1) persistence of the viral genome, 2) limited viral gene expression with no viral particle production, and 3) the ability to reactivate to a lytic cycle. This review discusses these criteria for each of the subfamilies and highlights the common strategies adopted by herpesviruses to establish latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Weidner-Glunde
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Str. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.K.-K.); (M.S.)
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29
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Gay L, Renne R. Human Cytomegalovirus Latency and Myelosuppression: A microRNA-Dependent Yin and Yang Regulatory Loop. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:8-10. [PMID: 31951824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Hancock et al., 2020 show that latent HCMV infection, and specifically miR-US5-2, induces TGF-β secretion, which inhibits myelopoiesis in uninfected HPCs. They also show that HCMV-infected cells become resistant to TGF-β signaling through targeting of SMAD3 by miR-UL22-A-3p and -5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Gay
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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30
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Mishra R, Kumar A, Ingle H, Kumar H. The Interplay Between Viral-Derived miRNAs and Host Immunity During Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3079. [PMID: 32038626 PMCID: PMC6989438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during cellular processes. The host-encoded miRNAs are known to modulate the antiviral defense during viral infection. In the last decade, multiple DNA and RNA viruses have been shown to produce miRNAs known as viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs) so as to evade the host immune response. In this review, we highlight the origin and biogenesis of viral miRNAs during the viral lifecycle. We also explore the role of viral miRNAs in immune evasion and hence in maintaining chronic infection and disease. Finally, we offer insights into the underexplored role of viral miRNAs as potential targets for developing therapeutics for treating complex viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology, Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Bullard WL, Kara M, Gay LA, Sethuraman S, Wang Y, Nirmalan S, Esemenli A, Feswick A, Hoffman BA, Renne R, Tibbetts SA. Identification of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 miRNA-mRNA hybrids reveals miRNA target conservation among gammaherpesviruses including host translation and protein modification machinery. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007843. [PMID: 31393953 PMCID: PMC6687095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses, including the human pathogens Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), establish lifelong latent infection in B cells and are associated with a variety of tumors. In addition to protein coding genes, these viruses encode numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) within their genomes. While putative host targets of EBV and KSHV miRNAs have been previously identified, the specific functions of these miRNAs during in vivo infection are largely unknown. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is a natural pathogen of rodents that is genetically related to both EBV and KSHV, and thus serves as an excellent model for the study of EBV and KSHV genetic elements such as miRNAs in the context of infection and disease. However, the specific targets of MHV68 miRNAs remain completely unknown. Using a technique known as qCLASH (quick crosslinking, ligation, and sequencing of hybrids), we have now identified thousands of Ago-associated, direct miRNA-mRNA interactions during lytic infection, latent infection and reactivation from latency. Validating this approach, detailed molecular analyses of specific interactions demonstrated repression of numerous host mRNA targets of MHV68 miRNAs, including Arid1a, Ctsl, Ifitm3 and Phc3. Notably, of the 1,505 MHV68 miRNA-host mRNA targets identified in B cells, 86% were shared with either EBV or KSHV, and 64% were shared among all three viruses, demonstrating significant conservation of gammaherpesvirus miRNA targeting. Pathway analysis of MHV68 miRNA targets further revealed enrichment of cellular pathways involved in protein synthesis and protein modification, including eIF2 Signaling, mTOR signaling and protein ubiquitination, pathways also enriched for targets of EBV and KSHV miRNAs. These findings provide substantial new information about specific targets of MHV68 miRNAs and shed important light on likely conserved functions of gammaherpesvirus miRNAs. Gammaherpesviruses, including the human pathogens Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), establish lifelong infections and are associated with a variety of tumors. These viruses encode numerous molecules called microRNAs (miRNAs) within their genomes, which target and suppress the products of specific genes within infected host cells. However, the function of these miRNAs during in vivo infection is largely unknown. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is a natural pathogen of rodents that is genetically related to both EBV and KSHV, and thus serves as an excellent model for the study of EBV and KSHV. Here, we describe the identification and validation of thousands of new MHV68 miRNA targets. Notably, 86% of the MHV68 miRNA targets identified were shared with either EBV or KSHV, and 64% were shared among all three viruses. Further analyses revealed enrichment of cellular pathways involved in protein synthesis and protein modification, including pathways also enriched for targets of EBV and KSHV miRNAs. These findings provide substantial new information about specific targets of MHV68 miRNAs and shed important light on likely conserved functions of gammaherpesvirus miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L. Bullard
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Kara
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Gay
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sunantha Sethuraman
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yiping Wang
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shreya Nirmalan
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alim Esemenli
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - April Feswick
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Hoffman
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rolf Renne
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Tibbetts
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Weed DJ, Damania B. Pathogenesis of Human Gammaherpesviruses: Recent Advances. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:166-174. [PMID: 33134035 PMCID: PMC7597832 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW Human gammaherpesviruses have complex lifecycles that drive their pathogenesis. KSHV and EBV are the etiological agents of multiple cancers worldwide. There is no FDA-approved vaccine for either KSHV or EBV. This review will describe recent progress in understanding EBV and KSHV lifecycles during infection. RECENT FINDINGS Determining how latency is established, particularly how non-coding RNAs influence latent and lytic infection, is a rapidly growing area of investigation into how gammaherpesviruses successfully persist in the human population. Many factors have been identified as restrictors of reactivation from latency, especially innate immune antagonism. Finally, new host proteins that play a role in lytic replication have been identified. SUMMARY In this review we discuss recent findings over the last 5 years on both host and viral factors that are involved in EBV and KSHV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Weed
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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33
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Rivera-Soto R, Damania B. Modulation of Angiogenic Processes by the Human Gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1544. [PMID: 31354653 PMCID: PMC6640166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the biological process by which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels. It is considered one of the classic hallmarks of cancer, as pathological angiogenesis provides oxygen and essential nutrients to growing tumors. Two of the seven known human oncoviruses, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), belong to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Both viruses are associated with several malignancies including lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The viral genomes code for a plethora of viral factors, including proteins and non-coding RNAs, some of which have been shown to deregulate angiogenic pathways and promote tumor growth. In this review, we discuss the ability of both viruses to modulate the pro-angiogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rivera-Soto
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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34
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He M, Cheng F, da Silva SR, Tan B, Sorel O, Gruffaz M, Li T, Gao SJ. Molecular Biology of KSHV in Relation to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:23-62. [PMID: 30523620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovered in 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been associated with four human malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease, and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. These malignancies mostly occur in immunocompromised patients including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and often cause significant mortality because of the lack of effective therapies. Significant progresses have been made to understand the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis in the last two decades. This chapter provides an update on the recent advancements focusing on the molecular events of KSHV primary infection, the mechanisms regulating KSHV life cycle, innate and adaptive immunity, mechanism of KSHV-induced tumorigenesis and inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming in KSHV infection and KSHV-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Océane Sorel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marion Gruffaz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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35
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Hancock MH, Skalsky RL. Roles of Non-coding RNAs During Herpesvirus Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 419:243-280. [PMID: 28674945 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play essential roles in multiple aspects of the life cycles of herpesviruses and contribute to lifelong persistence of herpesviruses within their respective hosts. In this chapter, we discuss the types of ncRNAs produced by the different herpesvirus families during infection, some of the cellular ncRNAs manipulated by these viruses, and the overall contributions of ncRNAs to the viral life cycle, influence on the host environment, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute at Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute at Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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Hussein HAM, Alfhili MA, Pakala P, Simon S, Hussain J, McCubrey JA, Akula SM. miRNAs and their roles in KSHV pathogenesis. Virus Res 2019; 266:15-24. [PMID: 30951791 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD). Recent mechanistic advances have discerned the importance of microRNAs in the virus-host relationship. KSHV has two modes of replication: lytic and latent phase. KSHV entry into permissive cells, establishment of infection, and maintenance of latency are contingent upon successful modulation of the host miRNA transcriptome. Apart from host cell miRNAs, KSHV also encodes viral miRNAs. Among various cellular and molecular targets, miRNAs are appearing to be key players in regulating viral pathogenesis. Therefore, the use of miRNAs as novel therapeutics has gained considerable attention as of late. This innovative approach relies on either mimicking miRNA species by identical oligonucleotides, or selective silencing of miRNA with specific oligonucleotide inhibitors. Here, we provide an overview of KSHV pathogenesis at the molecular level with special emphasis on the various roles miRNAs play during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranaya Pakala
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Sandra Simon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Jaffer Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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Hui KF, Yiu SPT, Tam KP, Chiang AKS. Viral-Targeted Strategies Against EBV-Associated Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Front Oncol 2019; 9:81. [PMID: 30873380 PMCID: PMC6400835 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly associated with a spectrum of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-LPDs) ranging from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, B cell lymphomas (e.g., endemic Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma) to NK or T cell lymphoma (e.g., nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma). The virus expresses a number of latent viral proteins which are able to manipulate cell cycle and cell death processes to promote survival of the tumor cells. Several FDA-approved drugs or novel compounds have been shown to induce killing of some of the EBV-LPDs by inhibiting the function of latent viral proteins or activating the viral lytic cycle from latency. Here, we aim to provide an overview on the mechanisms by which EBV employs to drive the pathogenesis of various EBV-LPDs and to maintain the survival of the tumor cells followed by a discussion on the development of viral-targeted strategies based on the understanding of the patho-mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Pui Tam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Genome-Wide Identification of Direct RTA Targets Reveals Key Host Factors for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Reactivation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01978-18. [PMID: 30541837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01978-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human oncogenic virus, which maintains the persistent infection of the host by intermittently reactivating from latently infected cells to produce viral progenies. While it is established that the replication and transcription activator (RTA) viral transcription factor is required for the induction of lytic viral genes for KSHV lytic reactivation, it is still unknown to what extent RTA alters the host transcriptome to promote KSHV lytic cycle and viral pathogenesis. To address this question, we performed a comprehensive time course transcriptome analysis during KSHV reactivation in B-cell lymphoma cells and determined RTA-binding sites on both the viral and host genomes, which resulted in the identification of the core RTA-induced host genes (core RIGs). We found that the majority of RTA-binding sites at core RIGs contained the canonical RBP-Jκ-binding DNA motif. Subsequently, we demonstrated the vital role of the Notch signaling transcription factor RBP-Jκ for RTA-driven rapid host gene induction, which is consistent with RBP-Jκ being essential for KSHV lytic reactivation. Importantly, many of the core RIGs encode plasma membrane proteins and key regulators of signaling pathways and cell death; however, their contribution to the lytic cycle is largely unknown. We show that the cell cycle and chromatin regulator geminin and the plasma membrane protein gamma-glutamyltransferase 6, two of the core RIGs, are required for efficient KSHV reactivation and virus production. Our results indicate that host genes that RTA rapidly and directly induces can be pivotal for driving the KSHV lytic cycle.IMPORTANCE The lytic cycle of KSHV is involved not only in the dissemination of the virus but also viral oncogenesis, in which the effect of RTA on the host transcriptome is still unclear. Using genomics approaches, we identified a core set of host genes which are rapidly and directly induced by RTA in the early phase of KSHV lytic reactivation. We found that RTA does not need viral cofactors but requires its host cofactor RBP-Jκ for inducing many of its core RIGs. Importantly, we show a critical role for two of the core RIGs in efficient lytic reactivation and replication, highlighting their significance in the KSHV lytic cycle. We propose that the unbiased identification of RTA-induced host genes can uncover potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting KSHV replication and viral pathogenesis.
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Sanchita, Trivedi R, Asif MH, Trivedi PK. Dietary plant miRNAs as an augmented therapy: cross-kingdom gene regulation. RNA Biol 2018; 15:1433-1439. [PMID: 30474479 PMCID: PMC6333437 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1551693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-kingdom gene regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) initiated a hot debate on the effective role of orally acquired plant miRNAs on human gene expression. It resulted in the expansion of gene regulation theories and role of plant miRNAs in cross-kingdom regulation of gene expression. This opened up the discussion that 'Whether we really get what we eat?' and 'Whether the orally acquired miRNAs really have a biologically important consequences after entering our digestive and circulatory system?' The reports of orally acquired plant miRNAs inside human alimentary canal have been a topic of discussion in the scientific community. The cross-kingdom gene regulations have raised our hopes to explore the exciting world of plant miRNAs as therapeutic potential and dietary supplements. However, there are reports which have raised concerns over any such cross-kingdom regulation and argued that technical flaws in the experiments might have led to such hypothesis. This review will give the complete understanding of exogenous application and cross-kingdom regulation of plant miRNAs on human health. Here, we provide update and discuss the consequences of plant miRNA mediated cross-kingdom gene regulation and possibilities for this exciting regulatory mechanism as an augmented therapy against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mehar Hasan Asif
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Ellwanger JH, Zambra FMB, Guimarães RL, Chies JAB. MicroRNA-Related Polymorphisms in Infectious Diseases-Tiny Changes With a Huge Impact on Viral Infections and Potential Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1316. [PMID: 29963045 PMCID: PMC6010531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded sequences of non-coding RNA with approximately 22 nucleotides that act posttranscriptionally on gene expression. miRNAs are important gene regulators in physiological contexts, but they also impact the pathogenesis of various diseases. The role of miRNAs in viral infections has been explored by different authors in both population-based as well as in functional studies. However, the effect of miRNA polymorphisms on the susceptibility to viral infections and on the clinical course of these diseases is still an emerging topic. Thus, this review will compile and organize the findings described in studies that evaluated the effects of genetic variations on miRNA genes and on their binding sites, in the context of human viral diseases. In addition to discussing the basic aspects of miRNAs biology, we will cover the studies that investigated miRNA polymorphisms in infections caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and human papillomavirus. Finally, emerging topics concerning the importance of miRNA genetic variants will be presented, focusing on the context of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francis Maria Báo Zambra
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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The Role of miRNAs in Virus-Mediated Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041217. [PMID: 29673190 PMCID: PMC5979478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral oncoproteins or by the chronic infection or inflammation. The group of human oncoviruses includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or polyomaviruses, and transregulating retroviruses such as HIV or HTLV-1. Most of these viruses express short noncoding RNAs called miRNAs to regulate their own gene expression or to influence host gene expression and thus contribute to the carcinogenic processes. In this review, we will focus on oncogenic viruses and summarize the role of both types of miRNAs, viral as well as host’s, in the oncogenesis.
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Modified Cross-Linking, Ligation, and Sequencing of Hybrids (qCLASH) Identifies Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus MicroRNA Targets in Endothelial Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02138-17. [PMID: 29386283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02138-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tumors are derived from endothelial cells and express Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) microRNAs (miRNAs). Although miRNA targets have been identified in B cell lymphoma-derived cells and epithelial cells, little has been done to characterize the KSHV miRNA targetome in endothelial cells. A recent innovation in the identification of miRNA targetomes, cross-linking, ligation, and sequencing of hybrids (CLASH), unambiguously identifies miRNAs and their targets by ligating the two species while both species are still bound within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). We developed a streamlined quick CLASH (qCLASH) protocol that requires a lower cell input than the original method and therefore has the potential to be used on patient biopsy samples. Additionally, we developed a fast-growing, KSHV-negative endothelial cell line derived from telomerase-immortalized vein endothelial long-term culture (TIVE-LTC) cells. qCLASH was performed on uninfected cells and cells infected with either wild-type KSHV or a mutant virus lacking miR-K12-11/11*. More than 1,400 cellular targets of KSHV miRNAs were identified. Many of the targets identified by qCLASH lacked a canonical seed sequence match. Additionally, most target regions in mRNAs originated from the coding DNA sequence (CDS) rather than the 3' untranslated region (UTR). This set of genes includes some that were previously identified in B cells and some new genes that warrant further study. Pathway analysis of endothelial cell targets showed enrichment in cell cycle control, apoptosis, and glycolysis pathways, among others. Characterization of these new targets and the functional consequences of their repression will be important in furthering our understanding of the role of KSHV miRNAs in oncogenesis.IMPORTANCE KS lesions consist of endothelial cells latently infected with KSHV. Cells that make up these lesions express KSHV miRNAs. Identification of the targets of KSHV miRNAs will help us understand their role in viral oncogenesis. The cross-linking and sequencing of hybrids (CLASH) protocol is a method for unambiguously identifying miRNA targetomes. We developed a streamlined version of CLASH, called quick CLASH (qCLASH). qCLASH requires a lower initial input of cells than for its parent protocol. Additionally, a new fast-growing KSHV-negative endothelial cell line, named TIVE-EX-LTC cells, was established. qCLASH was performed on TIVE-EX-LTC cells latently infected with wild-type (WT) KSHV or a mutant virus lacking miR-K12-11/11*. A number of novel targets of KSHV miRNAs were identified, including targets of miR-K12-11, the ortholog of the cellular oncogenic miRNA (oncomiR) miR-155. Many of the miRNA targets were involved in processes related to oncogenesis, such as glycolysis, apoptosis, and cell cycle control.
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Fu C, Luo J, Ye S, Yuan Z, Li S. Integrated Lung and Tracheal mRNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq Analysis of Dogs with an Avian-Like H5N1 Canine Influenza Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:303. [PMID: 29556219 PMCID: PMC5844969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-like H5N1 canine influenza virus (CIV) causes severe respiratory infections in dogs. However, the mechanism underlying H5N1 CIV infection in dogs is unknown. The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in the lungs and trachea in H5N1 CIV-infected dogs through a next-generation sequencing-based method. Eighteen 40-day-old beagles were inoculated intranasally with CIV, A/canine/01/Guangdong/2013 (H5N1) at a tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) of 106, and lung and tracheal tissues were harvested at 3 and 7 d post-inoculation. The tissues were processed for miRNA and mRNA analysis. By means of miRNA-gene expression integrative negative analysis, we found miRNA–mRNA pairs. Lung and trachea tissues showed 138 and 135 negative miRNA–mRNA pairs, respectively. One hundred and twenty negative miRNA–mRNA pairs were found between the different tissues. In particular, pathways including the influenza A pathway, chemokine signaling pathways, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were significantly enriched in all groups in responses to virus infection. Furthermore, dysregulation of miRNA and mRNA expression was observed in the respiratory tract of H5N1 CIV-infected dogs and notably, TLR4 (miR-146), NF-κB (miR-34c) and CCL5 (miR-335), CCL10 (miR-8908-5p), and GNGT2 (miR-122) were found to play important roles in regulating pathways that resist virus infection. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to analyze miRNA and mRNA expression in H5N1 CIV-infected dogs; furthermore, the present findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Mirzaei H, Faghihloo E. Viruses as key modulators of the TGF-β pathway; a double-edged sword involved in cancer. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1967. [PMID: 29345394 PMCID: PMC7169117 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a key network in cell signaling that controls vital processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and migration, thus acting as a double-edged sword in normal development and diseases, in particular organ fibrosis, vascular disorders, and cancer. Early in tumorigenesis, the pathway exerts anti-tumor effects through suppressing cell cycle and inducing apoptosis, while during late stages, it functions as a tumor promoter by enhancing tumor invasiveness and metastasis. This signaling pathway can be perturbed by environmental and genetic factors such as microbial interference and mutation, respectively. In this way, the present review describes the modulation of the TGF-β pathway by oncogenic human viral pathogens and other viruses. The main mechanisms by which viruses interferes with TGF-β signaling seems to be through (1) the alteration of either TGF-β protein expression or activation, (2) the modulation of the TGF-β receptors or SMADs factors (by interfering with their levels and functions), (3) the alteration of none-SMAD pathways, and (4) indirect interaction with the pathway by the modulation of transcriptional co-activator/repressor and regulators of the pathway. Given the axial role of this pathway in tumorigenesis, it can be regarded as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Hence, further investigations on this subject may represent molecular targets among either TGF-β signaling molecules or viral factors for the treatment and management of viral infection consequences such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Mirzaei
- Department of Virology, School of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
- Hepatitis Research CenterLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIRIran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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45
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DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020082. [PMID: 29438328 PMCID: PMC5850389 DOI: 10.3390/v10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade host immunity and ensure efficient viral replication and persistence. Several DNA tumor viruses modulate host DNA methyltransferases for epigenetic dysregulation of immune-related gene expression in host cells. The host immune responses suppressed by virus-induced aberrant DNA methylation are also frequently involved in antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe viral mechanisms and virus–host interactions by which DNA tumor viruses regulate host DNA methylation to evade antiviral immunity, which may contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment during cancer development. Recent trials of immunotherapies have shown promising results to treat multiple cancers; however, a significant number of non-responders necessitate identifying additional targets for cancer immunotherapies. Thus, understanding immune evasion mechanisms of cancer-causing viruses may provide great insights for reversing immune suppression to prevent and treat associated cancers.
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46
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Khan JA, Maki RG, Ravi V. Pathologic Angiogenesis of Malignant Vascular Sarcomas: Implications for Treatment. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:194-201. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.74.9812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and Kaposi sarcoma are classified according to the line of differentiation that these neoplastic cells most closely resemble: the endothelial cell. Although these malignant vascular sarcomas demonstrate immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features typical of this lineage, they vary dramatically in presentation and behavior, reflecting oncologic mechanisms unique to each. Antineoplastic therapies offer significant benefit, but because of the rarity of these cancers, novel therapies are slow to develop, and treatment options for these cancers remain limited. Antiangiogenic approaches that have shown benefit in other malignancies have not fully realized their promise in vascular tumors, suggesting that these tumors do not depend entirely on either angiogenic growth factors or on neighboring endothelia that are affected by these agents. Nonetheless, translational studies have begun to unravel these distinct pathologies, identifying novel translocation products, targets of oncogenic virulence factors, and genomic mutations that hijack angiogenic signaling and drive malignant growth. Concurrently, an elaborate and highly regulated model of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis involving vascular endothelial growth factor–receptor tyrosine kinase and TGF-β and Notch pathways has emerged that informs treatment of these tumors as well as cancer in general. This review summarizes the literature on malignant vascular sarcomas in the context of current models of angiogenesis and, in light of recent clinical trial data, could help clinician-scientists generate novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal A. Khan
- Jalal A. Khan, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City; Robert G. Maki, Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lake Success, NY; and Vinod Ravi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert G. Maki
- Jalal A. Khan, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City; Robert G. Maki, Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lake Success, NY; and Vinod Ravi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Vinod Ravi
- Jalal A. Khan, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City; Robert G. Maki, Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lake Success, NY; and Vinod Ravi, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Watanabe T, Sugimoto A, Hosokawa K, Fujimuro M. Signal Transduction Pathways Associated with KSHV-Related Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:321-355. [PMID: 29896674 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play a key role in the regulation of cell growth, cell differentiation, cell survival, apoptosis, and immune responses. Bacterial and viral pathogens utilize the cell signal pathways by encoding their own proteins or noncoding RNAs to serve their survival and replication in infected cells. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is classified as a rhadinovirus in the γ-herpesvirus subfamily and was the eighth human herpesvirus to be discovered from Kaposi's sarcoma specimens. KSHV is closely associated with an endothelial cell malignancy, Kaposi's sarcoma, and B-cell malignancies, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Recent studies have revealed that KSHV manipulates the cellular signaling pathways to achieve persistent infection, viral replication, cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and evasion of immune surveillance in infected cells. This chapter summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by KSHV to interact with the cell signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sugimoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Hosokawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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48
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Li W, Jia X, Shen C, Zhang M, Xu J, Shang Y, Zhu K, Hu M, Yan Q, Qin D, Lee MS, Zhu J, Lu H, Krueger BJ, Renne R, Gao SJ, Lu C. A KSHV microRNA enhances viral latency and induces angiogenesis by targeting GRK2 to activate the CXCR2/AKT pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32286-305. [PMID: 27058419 PMCID: PMC5078013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Most tumor cells in these malignancies are latently infected by KSHV. Thus, viral latency is critical for the development of tumor and induction of tumor-associated angiogenesis. KSHV encodes more than two dozens of miRNAs but their roles in KSHV-induced angiogenesis remains unknown. We have recently shown that miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promoted cell migration and invasion by targeting GRK2/CXCR2/AKT signaling (PLoS Pathog, 2015;11(9):e1005171). Here, we further demonstrated a role of miR-K3 and its induced signal pathway in KSHV latency and KSHV-induced angiogenesis. We found that overexpression of miR-K3 not only promoted viral latency by inhibiting viral lytic replication, but also induced angiogenesis. Further, knockdown of GRK2 inhibited KSHV replication and enhanced KSHV-induced angiogenesis by enhancing the CXCR2/AKT signals. As a result, blockage of CXCR2 or AKT increased KSHV replication and decreased angiogenesis induced by PEL cells in vivo. Finally, deletion of miR-K3 from viral genome reduced KSHV-induced angiogenesis and increased KSHV replication. These findings indicate that the miR-K3/GRK2/CXCR2/AKT axis plays an essential role in KSHV-induced angiogenesis and promotes KSHV latency, and thus may be a potential therapeutic target of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuancui Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongmei Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Brian J Krueger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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49
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He Y, Ma T, Zhang X. The Mechanism of Synchronous Precise Regulation of Two Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus Targets by a Viral MicroRNA. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1546. [PMID: 29230209 PMCID: PMC5712064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), important factors in animal innate immunity, suppress the expressions of their target genes by binding to target mRNA’s 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs). However, the mechanism of synchronous regulation of multiple targets by a single miRNA remains unclear. In this study, the interaction between a white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) miRNA (WSSV-miR-N32) and its two viral targets (wsv459 and wsv322) was characterized in WSSV-infected shrimp. The outcomes indicated that WSSV-encoded miRNA (WSSV-miR-N32) significantly inhibited virus infection by simultaneously targeting wsv459 and wsv322. The silencing of wsv459 or wsv322 by siRNA led to significant decrease of WSSV copies in shrimp, showing that the two viral genes were required for WSSV infection. WSSV-miR-N32 could mediate 5′–3′ exonucleolytic digestion of its target mRNAs, which stopped at the sites of target mRNA 3′UTRs close to the sequence complementary to the miRNA seed sequence. The complementary bases (to the target mRNA sequence) of a miRNA 9th–18th non-seed sequence were essential for the miRNA targeting. Therefore, our findings presented novel insights into the mechanism of miRNA-mediated suppression of target gene expressions, which would be helpful for understanding the roles of miRNAs in innate immunity of invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong He
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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50
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Lu J, Xu D, Jiang Y, Kong S, Shen Z, Xia S, Lu L. Integrated analysis of mRNA and viral miRNAs in the kidney of Carassius auratus gibelio response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13787. [PMID: 29062054 PMCID: PMC5653811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding single stranded RNAs that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. Vertebrate herpesviruses encode multiple viral miRNAs that modulate host and viral genes. However, the roles of viral miRNAs in lower vertebrates have not been fully determined. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles of Carassius auratus gibelio in response to infection by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2). RNA sequencing obtained 26,664 assembled transcripts, including 2,912 differentially expressed genes. Based on small RNA sequencing and secondary structure predictions, we identified 17 CyHV-2 encoded miRNAs, among which 14 were validated by stem-loop quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and eight were validated by northern blotting. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of miRNAs-mRNA pairs revealed diverse affected immune signalling pathways, including the RIG-I-like receptor and JAK-STAT pathways. Finally, we presented four genes involved in RIG-I-like pathways, including host gene IRF3, RBMX, PIN1, viral gene ORF4, which are negatively regulated by CyHV-2 encoded miRNA miR-C4. The present study is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of viral miRNA-mRNA co-regulation, which might have a key role in controlling post-transcriptomic regulation during CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shanyun Kong
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Shen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Siyao Xia
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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