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Fontana MF, Ollmann Saphire E, Pepper M. Plasmodium infection disrupts the T follicular helper cell response to heterologous immunization. eLife 2023; 12:83330. [PMID: 36715223 PMCID: PMC9886276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to malaria develops only after many years and repeated exposures, raising the question of whether Plasmodium parasites, the etiological agents of malaria, suppress the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to activate optimal T cell responses. We demonstrated recently that B cells, rather than DCs, are the principal activators of CD4+ T cells in murine malaria. In the present study, we further investigated factors that might prevent DCs from priming Plasmodium-specific T helper cell responses. We found that DCs were significantly less efficient at taking up infected red blood cells (iRBCs) compared to soluble antigen, whereas B cells more readily bound iRBCs. To assess whether DCs retained the capacity to present soluble antigen during malaria, we measured responses to a heterologous protein immunization administered to naïve mice or mice infected with P. chabaudi. Antigen uptake, DC activation, and expansion of immunogen-specific T cells were intact in infected mice, indicating DCs remained functional. However, polarization of the immunogen-specific response was dramatically altered, with a near-complete loss of germinal center T follicular helper cells specific for the immunogen, accompanied by significant reductions in antigen-specific B cells and antibody. Our results indicate that DCs remain competent to activate T cells during Plasmodium infection, but that T cell polarization and humoral responses are severely disrupted. This study provides mechanistic insight into the development of both Plasmodium-specific and heterologous adaptive responses in hosts with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Fontana
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for ImmunologyLa JollaUnited States
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
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2
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Pack AD, Schwartzhoff PV, Zacharias ZR, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Heath WR, Gurung P, Legge KL, Janse CJ, Butler NS. Hemozoin-mediated inflammasome activation limits long-lived anti-malarial immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109586. [PMID: 34433049 PMCID: PMC8432597 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute malaria, most individuals mount robust inflammatory responses that limit parasite burden. However, long-lived sterilizing anti-malarial memory responses are not efficiently induced, even following repeated Plasmodium exposures. Using multiple Plasmodium species, genetically modified parasites, and combinations of host genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we find that the deposition of the malarial pigment hemozoin directly limits the abundance and capacity of conventional type 1 dendritic cells to prime helper T cell responses. Hemozoin-induced dendritic cell dysfunction results in aberrant Plasmodium-specific CD4 T follicular helper cell differentiation, which constrains memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell formation. Mechanistically, we identify that dendritic cell-intrinsic NLRP3 inflammasome activation reduces conventional type 1 dendritic cell abundance, phagocytosis, and T cell priming functions in vivo. These data identify biological consequences of hemozoin deposition during malaria and highlight the capacity of the malarial pigment to program immune evasion during the earliest events following an initial Plasmodium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Pack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden 233 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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3
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Chulanetra M, Chaicumpa W. Revisiting the Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Employed by Human Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702125. [PMID: 34395313 PMCID: PMC8358743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the establishment of a successful infection, i.e., long-term parasitism and a complete life cycle, parasites use various diverse mechanisms and factors, which they may be inherently bestowed with, or may acquire from the natural vector biting the host at the infection prelude, or may take over from the infecting host, to outmaneuver, evade, overcome, and/or suppress the host immunity, both innately and adaptively. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date strategies exploited by a number of representative human parasites (protozoa and helminths) to counteract the target host immune defense. The revisited information should be useful for designing diagnostics and therapeutics as well as vaccines against the respective parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Zhang C, Oguz C, Huse S, Xia L, Wu J, Peng YC, Smith M, Chen J, Long CA, Lack J, Su XZ. Genome sequence, transcriptome, and annotation of rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:303. [PMID: 33902452 PMCID: PMC8072299 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rodent malaria parasites are important models for studying host-malaria parasite interactions such as host immune response, mechanisms of parasite evasion of host killing, and vaccine development. One of the rodent malaria parasites is Plasmodium yoelii, and multiple P. yoelii strains or subspecies that cause different disease phenotypes have been widely employed in various studies. The genomes and transcriptomes of several P. yoelii strains have been analyzed and annotated, including the lethal strains of P. y. yoelii YM (or 17XL) and non-lethal strains of P. y. yoelii 17XNL/17X. Genomic DNA sequences and cDNA reads from another subspecies P. y. nigeriensis N67 have been reported for studies of genetic polymorphisms and parasite response to drugs, but its genome has not been assembled and annotated. Results We performed genome sequencing of the N67 parasite using the PacBio long-read sequencing technology, de novo assembled its genome and transcriptome, and predicted 5383 genes with high overall annotation quality. Comparison of the annotated genome of the N67 parasite with those of YM and 17X parasites revealed a set of genes with N67-specific orthology, expansion of gene families, particularly the homologs of the Plasmodium chabaudi erythrocyte membrane antigen, large numbers of SNPs and indels, and proteins predicted to interact with host immune responses based on their functional domains. Conclusions The genomes of N67 and 17X parasites are highly diverse, having approximately one polymorphic site per 50 base pairs of DNA. The annotated N67 genome and transcriptome provide searchable databases for fast retrieval of genes and proteins, which will greatly facilitate our efforts in studying the parasite biology and gene function and in developing effective control measures against malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07555-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Cihan Oguz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Sue Huse
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Lu Xia
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Peng
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Margaret Smith
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Jack Chen
- The NCI sequencing facility, 8560 Progress Drive, Room 3007, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.
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5
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Cai C, Hu Z, Yu X. Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:610121. [PMID: 33363057 PMCID: PMC7758250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Arroyo EN, Pepper M. B cells are sufficient to prime the dominant CD4+ Tfh response to Plasmodium infection. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190849. [PMID: 31748243 PMCID: PMC7041722 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arroyo and Pepper demonstrate that interactions with B cells, not dendritic cells, are required for the priming of the CD4+ T cell response during Plasmodium infection. This results in a Tfh-biased response as reported by others in both mice and humans. CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells dominate the acute response to a blood-stage Plasmodium infection and provide signals to direct B cell differentiation and protective antibody expression. We studied antigen-specific CD4+ Tfh cells responding to Plasmodium infection in order to understand the generation and maintenance of the Tfh response. We discovered that a dominant, phenotypically stable, CXCR5+ Tfh population emerges within the first 4 d of infection and results in a CXCR5+ CCR7+ Tfh/central memory T cell response that persists well after parasite clearance. We also found that CD4+ T cell priming by B cells was both necessary and sufficient to generate this Tfh-dominant response, whereas priming by conventional dendritic cells was dispensable. This study provides important insights into the development of CD4+ Tfh cells during Plasmodium infection and highlights the heterogeneity of antigen-presenting cells involved in CD4+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicole Arroyo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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7
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Osii RS, Otto TD, Garside P, Ndungu FM, Brewer JM. The Impact of Malaria Parasites on Dendritic Cell-T Cell Interaction. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1597. [PMID: 32793231 PMCID: PMC7393936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. While infection continues to pose a risk for the majority of the global population, the burden of disease mainly resides in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although immunity develops against disease, this requires years of persistent exposure and is not associated with protection against infection. Repeat infections occur due to the parasite's ability to disrupt or evade the host immune responses. However, despite many years of study, the mechanisms of this disruption remain unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated a parasite-induced failure in dendritic cell (DCs) function affecting the generation of helper T cell responses. These T cells fail to help B cell responses, reducing the production of antibodies that are necessary to control malaria infection. This review focuses on our current understanding of the effect of Plasmodium parasite on DC function, DC-T cell interaction, and T cell activation. A better understanding of how parasites disrupt DC-T cell interactions will lead to new targets and approaches to reinstate adaptive immune responses and enhance parasite immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowland S Osii
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,KEMRI-CGMRC/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,KEMRI-CGMRC/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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8
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Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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9
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Hirako IC, Assis PA, Galvão-Filho B, Luster AD, Antonelli LR, Gazzinelli RT. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells in malaria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:139-150. [PMID: 31542508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of malaria is a multifactorial syndrome associated with a deleterious inflammatory response that is responsible for many of the clinical manifestations. While dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating acquired immunity and host resistance to infection, they also play a pathogenic role in inflammatory diseases. In our recent studies, we found in different rodent malaria models that the monocyte-derived DCs (MO-DCs) become, transiently, a main DC population in spleens and inflamed non-lymphoid organs. These studies suggest that acute infection with Plasmodium berghei promotes the differentiation of splenic monocytes into inflammatory monocytes (iMOs) and thereafter into MO-DCs that play a pathogenic role by promoting inflammation and tissue damage. The recruitment of MO-DCs to the lungs and brain are dependent on expression of CCR4 and CCR5, respectively, and expression of respective chemokine ligands in each organ. Once they reach the target organ the MO-DCs produce the CXCR3 ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10), recruit CD8+ T cells, and produce toxic metabolites that play an important role in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hirako
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605 Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Patrícia A Assis
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605 Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Andrew D Luster
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lis Rv Antonelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605 Worcester, MA, United States; Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Sengupta A, Keswani T, Sarkar S, Ghosh S, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharyya A. Autophagic induction modulates splenic plasmacytoid dendritic cell mediated immune response in cerebral malarial infection model. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:475-484. [PMID: 31185303 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Splenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) possess the capability to harbor live replicative Plasmodium parasite. Isolated splenic pDC from infected mice causes malaria when transferred to naïve mice. Incomplete autophagic degradation might cause poor antigen processing and poor immune response. Induction of autophagic flux by rapamycin treatment led to better prognosis by boosting pDC centered immune response against the pathogen. Splenic pDC from rapamycin-treated infected mice, caused less parasitemia in naïve mice. The downregulation of adhesion with unaltered phagocytic potential of the cells post autophagic induction restricted excessive parasite burden within them. Rapamycin-treated pDC played a better role in antigen presentation. They showed higher expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, DEC205, MHCI. Rapamycin-treated pDC induced CD28 expression on CD8+ T cells and suppressed FasL level. This cells also influenced differentiation of effector, memory T cell population. The increase in IL10: TNFα ratio, Treg: Th17 ratio and lowering of myeloid DC: plasmacytoid DC ratio was observed. It shifted the overaggressive inflammation mediated Th1 pathway that is reported to incur host damage, to a better well-balanced cytokine profile exhibiting Th2 pathway. Autophagic flux induction within pDC proved to be beneficial in combating malarial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sengupta
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre of Infection and Immunity Lille, F-59000 Lille, France, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019, Lille, France.
| | - Samrat Sarkar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Soubhik Ghosh
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Saikat Mukherjee
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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11
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Liu T, Cheng X, Ding Y, Zhu F, Fu Y, Peng X, Xu W. PD-1 deficiency promotes TFH cells expansion in ITV-immunized mice by upregulating cytokines secretion. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:397. [PMID: 29980219 PMCID: PMC6035468 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental for the development of humoral immunity. In our previous study, we found that PD-1 deficiency substantially promoted the expansion of Plasmodium-specific TFH cells and enhanced the humoral immunity of ITV (infection treatment vaccine)-immunized mice. However, the underlying mechanism by which PD-1 signaling modulates TFH cells activation remains unclear. Methods Mice were immunized with the ITV following the standard procedures. The activation phenotype of CD11c+CXCR5+ dendritic cells (DCs), the frequency and number of splenic follicular regulatory T cells (TFR cells), Plasmodium-specific TFH cells and germinal center (GC) B cells were analyzed by FACS. The levels of serum cytokines were quantified using the cytometric bead array (CBA) and in vivo cytokine neutralization was carried out according to a previously described protocol and verified by serum cytokine detection. Results We found that PD-1-/- naïve and immunized mice had more TFR cells in the spleen than WT and WT immunized mice. Additionally, CXCR5+ DC, which prime TFH cells, were activated at similar levels in ITV-immunized WT and PD-1-/- mice. However, the serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and MCP-1 were significantly increased in ITV-immunized PD-1-/- mice, and treatment with an anti-IL-10, anti-IFN-γ or anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody in vivo markedly impaired the development of TFH cells and GC B cells. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the modulation of TFH cells by PD-1 signaling is dependent on the cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ and MCP-1 in ITV-immunized mice. These results could facilitate the design of an effective malaria vaccine with the aim of inducing humoral immune responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2984-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Peron G, de Lima Thomaz L, Camargo da Rosa L, Thomé R, Cardoso Verinaud LM. Modulation of dendritic cell by pathogen antigens: Where do we stand? Immunol Lett 2018; 196:91-102. [PMID: 29427742 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential players in the activation of T cells and in the development of adaptive immune response towards invading pathogens. Upon antigen (Ag) recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by their receptors (PRRs), DCs are activated and acquire an inflammatory profile. DCs have the ability to direct the profile of helper T (Th) cells towards Th1, Th2, Th17, Th9 and regulatory (Treg) cells. Each subset of Th cells presents a unique gene expression signature and is endowed with the ability to conduct or suppress effector cells in inflammation. Pathogens target DCs during infection. Many studies demonstrated that antigens and molecules derived from pathogens have the ability to dampen DC maturation and activation, leading these cells to a permissive state or tolerogenic profile (tolDCs). Although tolDCs may represent a hindrance in infection control, they could be positively used to modulate inflammatory disorders, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on discussing findings that use pathogen-antigen modulated DCs and tolDCs in prophylactics and therapeutics approaches for vaccination against infectious diseases or inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Peron
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Livia de Lima Thomaz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Camargo da Rosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Liana Maria Cardoso Verinaud
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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13
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James KR, Soon MSF, Sebina I, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Davey G, Liligeto UN, Nair AS, Fogg LG, Edwards CL, Best SE, Lansink LIM, Schroder K, Wilson JAC, Austin R, Suhrbier A, Lane SW, Hill GR, Engwerda CR, Heath WR, Haque A. IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Balances Th1 and T Follicular Helper Immunity during Nonlethal Blood-Stage Plasmodium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1443-1456. [PMID: 29321276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD4+ Th cells is critical for immunity to malaria. Several innate immune signaling pathways have been implicated in the detection of blood-stage Plasmodium parasites, yet their influence over Th cell immunity remains unclear. In this study, we used Plasmodium-reactive TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells, termed PbTII cells, during nonlethal P. chabaudi chabaudi AS and P. yoelii 17XNL infection in mice, to examine Th cell development in vivo. We found no role for caspase1/11, stimulator of IFN genes, or mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, and only modest roles for MyD88 and TRIF-dependent signaling in controlling PbTII cell expansion. In contrast, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) was important for supporting PbTII expansion, promoting Th1 over T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and controlling parasites during the first week of infection. IRF3 was not required for early priming by conventional dendritic cells, but was essential for promoting CXCL9 and MHC class II expression by inflammatory monocytes that supported PbTII responses in the spleen. Thereafter, IRF3-deficiency boosted Tfh responses, germinal center B cell and memory B cell development, parasite-specific Ab production, and resolution of infection. We also noted a B cell-intrinsic role for IRF3 in regulating humoral immune responses. Thus, we revealed roles for IRF3 in balancing Th1- and Tfh-dependent immunity during nonlethal infection with blood-stage Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R James
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Gayle Davey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Urijah N Liligeto
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Arya Sheela Nair
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lily G Fogg
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Shannon E Best
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lianne I M Lansink
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jane A C Wilson
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Austin
- Gordon and Jesse Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Steven W Lane
- Gordon and Jesse Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; and
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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14
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Hirako IC, Ataide MA, Faustino L, Assis PA, Sorensen EW, Ueta H, Araújo NM, Menezes GB, Luster AD, Gazzinelli RT. Splenic differentiation and emergence of CCR5 +CXCL9 +CXCL10 + monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the brain during cerebral malaria. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13277. [PMID: 27808089 PMCID: PMC5097164 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells have an important role in immune surveillance. After being exposed to microbial components, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and activate T lymphocytes. Here we show that during mouse malaria, splenic inflammatory monocytes differentiate into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MO-DCs), which are CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+MHCIIhighDC-SIGNhighLy6c+ and express high levels of CCR5, CXCL9 and CXCL10 (CCR5+CXCL9/10+ MO-DCs). We propose that malaria-induced splenic MO-DCs take a reverse migratory route. After differentiation in the spleen, CCR5+CXCL9/10+ MO-DCs traffic to the brain in a CCR2-independent, CCR5-dependent manner, where they amplify the influx of CD8+ T lymphocytes, leading to a lethal neuropathological syndrome. Cerebral malaria is an often fatal complication of Plasmodium infection involving accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the central nervous system. Here the authors map the development and trafficking of CCR5+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells from the spleen to the brains of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hirako
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Marco A Ataide
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Faustino
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Patricia A Assis
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth W Sorensen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Natalia M Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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15
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Spaulding E, Fooksman D, Moore JM, Saidi A, Feintuch CM, Reizis B, Chorro L, Daily J, Lauvau G. STING-Licensed Macrophages Prime Type I IFN Production by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in the Bone Marrow during Severe Plasmodium yoelii Malaria. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005975. [PMID: 27792766 PMCID: PMC5085251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health burden causing significant morbidity, yet the mechanisms underlying disease outcomes and protection are poorly understood. Herein, we analyzed the peripheral blood of a unique cohort of Malawian children with severe malaria, and performed a comprehensive overview of blood leukocytes and inflammatory mediators present in these patients. We reveal robust immune cell activation, notably of CD14+ inflammatory monocytes, NK cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) that is associated with very high inflammation. Using the Plasmodium yoelii 17X YM surrogate mouse model of lethal malaria, we report a comparable pattern of immune cell activation and inflammation and found that type I IFN represents a key checkpoint for disease outcomes. Compared to wild type mice, mice lacking the type I interferon (IFN) receptor exhibited a significant decrease in immune cell activation and inflammatory response, ultimately surviving the infection. We demonstrate that pDCs were the major producers of systemic type I IFN in the bone marrow and the blood of infected mice, via TLR7/MyD88-mediated recognition of Plasmodium parasites. This robust type I IFN production required priming of pDCs by CD169+ macrophages undergoing activation upon STING-mediated sensing of parasites in the bone marrow. pDCs and macrophages displayed prolonged interactions in this compartment in infected mice as visualized by intravital microscopy. Altogether our findings describe a novel mechanism of pDC activation in vivo and precise stepwise cell/cell interactions taking place during severe malaria that contribute to immune cell activation and inflammation, and subsequent disease outcomes. The Plasmodium parasite is the number one killer among human parasitic diseases worldwide. Protection is associated with length of exposure for people living in endemic areas, with severe disease primarily affecting young children. Inflammation is a key component in the pathophysiology in malaria, and disease severity has been linked to the degree of activation of the immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms of protection and disease outcomes remain poorly understood. We provide a comprehensive analysis of peripheral blood immune cells obtained from a cohort of children with severe malaria. Our results show heightened inflammation and immune cell activation, in particular for monocytes, natural killer cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We have also utilized a mouse model of lethal malaria that recapitulates many features identified in this cohort of severe malaria patients to examine drivers of immune cell activation and inflammation. Our studies provide evidence that type I interferon (IFN) acts as an early switch in inducing a potent inflammatory response in the infected host. Type I IFN production is massively produced in the bone marrow and the blood of infected mice by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a subset of DCs. We also demonstrate that resident macrophages in the bone marrow, control type I IFN production by the pDCs. We define how both myeloid cells “sense” the parasite to initiate the host immune response and report a previously uncharacterized physical interaction between pDCs and macrophages in the bone marrow as visualized by intravital microscopy in vivo. Our results define cellular processes underlying the marked inflammation of severe malaria and could open novel therapeutic opportunities to improve outcomes in this important human infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Spaulding
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
| | - David Fooksman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
| | - Jamie M. Moore
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
| | - Alex Saidi
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Catherine M. Feintuch
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
| | - Boris Reizis
- New York University Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York, NY, United States Of America
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
| | - Johanna Daily
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, United States Of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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TLR4 and TLR9 signals stimulate protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:73-81. [PMID: 27646627 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the induction of protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remain unclear. Resistant DBA/2 mouse develops a higher Th1 response compared with a susceptible BALB/c strain during Plasmodium yoelii (Py) infection. It is known that the T helper cell response is initiated and polarized by dendritic cells (DCs) of the innate immune system, during which TLR4 and TLR9 are important receptors for the innate recognition of the malaria parasite and its products. We hypothesized that TLR4/9 may play critical roles in the induction of protective immunity against Py infection. We used TLR4/9 antagonists and agonists to study their effects on mouse resistance to Py infection. We found that the administration of an antagonist prior to infection aggravated disease outcomes, impaired DC functions and suppressed the pro-inflammatory response to Py infection in resistant DBA/2 mice. Treatment with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not TLR9 agonist significantly improved the survival rate of susceptible Py-infected BALB/c mice. LPS administration promoted the activation and expansion of DCs and drove a Th1-biased response. Our data demonstrate the important roles of TLR4/9 signals in inducing resistance to malaria parasites and provide evidence for the rational use of TLR agonists to potentiate protective immunity against Plasmodium infection.
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17
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Motran CC, Ambrosio LF, Volpini X, Celias DP, Cervi L. Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:199-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Karunarathne DS, Horne-Debets JM, Huang JX, Faleiro R, Leow CY, Amante F, Watkins TS, Miles JJ, Dwyer PJ, Stacey KJ, Yarski M, Poh CM, Lee JS, Cooper MA, Rénia L, Richard D, McCarthy JS, Sharpe AH, Wykes MN. Programmed Death-1 Ligand 2-Mediated Regulation of the PD-L1 to PD-1 Axis Is Essential for Establishing CD4 + T Cell Immunity. Immunity 2016; 45:333-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Cockburn IA, Zavala F. Dendritic cell function and antigen presentation in malaria. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Cao DH, Wang JC, Liu J, Du YT, Cui LW, Cao YM. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-inoculation at different time points influences the outcome of C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27188912 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. We performed a series of co-infection experiments with BCG-Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi Landau, 1965 AS using C57BL/6 mice to analyse whether BCG can affect the development of protective immunity to infection with Plasmodium spp. and the mechanism of this protection. We divided mice into four groups: BCG-inoculation 4 weeks prior to P. c. chabaudi AS infection (B-4w-Pc); simultaneous BCG-inoculation and P. c. chabaudi AS infection (Pc+B); BCG-inoculation 3 days post P. c. chabaudi AS (Pc-3-B) infection; and mono-P. c. chabaudi AS infection as control (Pc). The parasitemia level in the B-4w-Pc group was noticeably higher than control group at 6-19 days post infection (dpi). Compared with the control group, the proportion of CD4(+)CD69(+) T cells was significantly reduced 5, 8 and 12 dpi, but the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs was significantly increased in the B-4w-Pc group on 5 and 8 dpi. The B-4w-Pc group also demonstrated reduced levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α on 5 and 8 dpi and significantly elevated level of IL-10 on 12 dpi. There were significantly fewer mDCs (CD11c(+)CD11b(+)) and pDCs (CD11c(+)B220(+)) in the B-4w-Pc group than the control group at all the time points post infection and the expression of MHC II was noticeably reduced on day 8 pi. Our findings confirmed that BCG inoculation prior to Plasmodium infection resulted in excessive activation and proliferation of Tregs and upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators, which inhibited establishment of a Th1-dominant immune response during the early stages of Plasmodium infection by inhibiting dendritive cells response. BCG inoculation prior to P. c. chabaudi AS infection may contribute to overgrowth of parasites as well as mortality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hua Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Aristogenesis Center, Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, China
| | - Ji-Chun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Ting Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Wang Cui
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Blank J, Eggers L, Behrends J, Jacobs T, Schneider BE. One Episode of Self-Resolving Plasmodium yoelii Infection Transiently Exacerbates Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 26913029 PMCID: PMC4753732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and tuberculosis (Tb) are two of the main causes of death from infectious diseases globally. The pathogenic agents, Plasmodium parasites and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are co-endemic in many regions in the world, however, compared to other co-infections like HIV/Tb or helminth/Tb, malaria/Tb has been given less attention both in clinical and immunological studies. Due to the lack of sufficient human data, the impact of malaria on Tb and vice versa is difficult to estimate but co-infections are likely to occur very frequently. Due to its immunomodulatory properties malaria might be an underestimated risk factor for latent or active Tb patients particularly in high-endemic malaria settings were people experience reinfections very frequently. In the present study, we used the non-lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii to investigate, how one episode of self-resolving malaria impact on a chronic M. tuberculosis infection. P. yoelii co-infection resulted in exacerbation of Tb disease as demonstrated by increased pathology and cellular infiltration of the lungs which coincided with elevated levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. T cell responses were not impaired in co-infected mice but enhanced and likely contributed to increased cytokine production. We found a slight but statistically significant increase in M. tuberculosis burden in co-infected animals and increased lung CFU was positively correlated with elevated levels of TNFα but not IL-10. Infection with P. yoelii induced the recruitment of a CD11c+ population into lungs and spleens of M. tuberculosis infected mice. CD11c+ cells isolated from P. yoelii infected spleens promoted survival and growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro. 170 days after P. yoelii infection changes in immunopathology and cellular immune responses were no longer apparent while M. tuberculosis numbers were still slightly higher in lungs, but not in spleens of co-infected mice. In conclusion, one episode of P. yoelii co-infection transiently exacerbated disease severity but had no long-term consequences on disease progression and survival of M. tuberculosis infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Blank
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Eggers
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Facility, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca E Schneider
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel Borstel, Germany
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22
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Khanam S, Sharma S, Pathak S. Lethal and nonlethal murine malarial infections differentially affect apoptosis, proliferation, and CD8 expression on thymic T cells. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:349-61. [PMID: 25886201 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although thymic atrophy and apoptosis of the double-positive (DP) T cells have been reported in murine malaria, comparative studies investigating the effect of lethal and nonlethal Plasmodium infections on the thymus are lacking. We assessed the effects of P. yoelii lethal (17XL) and nonlethal (17XNL) infections on thymic T cells. Both strains affected the thymus. 17XL infection induced DP T-cell apoptosis and a selective decrease in surface CD8 expression on developing thymocytes. By contrast, more severe but reversible effects were observed during 17XNL infection. DP T cells underwent apoptosis, and proliferation of both DN and DP cells was affected around peak parasitemia. A transient increase in surface CD8 expression on thymic T cells was also observed. Adult thymic organ culture revealed that soluble serum factors, but not IFN-γ or TNF-α, contributed to the observed effects. Thus, lethal and nonlethal malarial infections led to multiple disparate effects on thymus. These parasite-induced thymic changes are expected to impact the naïve T-cell repertoire and the subsequent control of the immune response against the parasite. Further investigations are required to elucidate the mechanism responsible for these disparate effects, especially the reversible involution of the thymus in case of nonlethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khanam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to the blood-stage of the malaria parasite develops slowly in areas of high endemicity, but is not sterilizing. It manifests as a reduction in parasite density and clinical symptoms. Immunity as a result of blood-stage vaccination has not yet been achieved in humans, although there are many animal models where vaccination has been successful. The development of a blood-stage vaccine has been complicated by a number of factors including limited knowledge of human-parasite interactions and which antigens and immune responses are critical for protection. Opinion is divided as to whether this vaccine should aim to accelerate the acquisition of responses acquired following natural exposure, or whether it should induce a different response. Animal and experimental human models suggest that cell-mediated immune responses can control parasite growth, but these responses can also contribute to significant immunopathology if unregulated. They are largely ignored in most blood-stage malaria vaccine development strategies. Here, we discuss key observations relating to cell-mediated immune responses in the context of experimental human systems and field studies involving naturally exposed individuals and how this may inform the development of a blood-stage malaria vaccine.
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24
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van den Bogaart E, de Bes HM, Balraadjsing PPS, Mens PF, Adams ER, Grobusch MP, van Die I, Schallig HDFH. Leishmania donovani infection drives the priming of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells during Plasmodium falciparum co-infections. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:453-69. [PMID: 26173941 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) is part of a survival strategy evolved by Leishmania and Plasmodium parasites to evade host immune responses. Here, the effects of co-exposing human monocyte-derived DCs to Leishmania donovani promastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes were investigated. Co-stimulation resulted in a dual, dose-dependent effect on DC differentiation which ranged from semi-mature cells, secreting low interleukin(-12p70 levels to a complete lack of phenotypic maturation in the presence of high parasite amounts. The effect was mainly triggered by the Leishmania parasites, as illustrated by their ability to induce semi-mature, interleukin-10-producing DCs, that poorly responded to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Conversely, P. falciparum blood-stage forms failed to activate DCs and only slightly interfered with lipopolysaccharide effects. Stimulation with high L. donovani concentrations triggered phosphatidylserine translocation, whose onset presented after initiating the maturation impairment process. When added in combination, the two parasites could co-localize in the same DCs, confirming that the leading effects of Leishmania over Plasmodium may not be due to mutual exclusion. Altogether, these results suggest that in the presence of visceral leishmaniasis-malaria co-infections, Leishmania-driven effects may overrule the more silent response elicited by P. falciparum, shaping host immunity towards a regulatory pattern and possibly delaying disease resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van den Bogaart
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H M de Bes
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P P S Balraadjsing
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E R Adams
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M P Grobusch
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Medical Centre (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mendonça VRD, Barral-Netto M. Immunoregulation in human malaria: the challenge of understanding asymptomatic infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:945-55. [PMID: 26676319 PMCID: PMC4708013 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection carriers represent a major threat
to malaria control worldwide as they are silent natural reservoirs and do not seek
medical care. There are no standard criteria for
asymptomaticPlasmodium infection; therefore, its diagnosis relies
on the presence of the parasite during a specific period of symptomless infection.
The antiparasitic immune response can result in reducedPlasmodium
sp. load with control of disease manifestations, which leads to asymptomatic
infection. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses seem to play major roles in
asymptomatic Plasmodiuminfection; T regulatory cell activity
(through the production of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β) and
B-cells (with a broad antibody response) both play prominent roles. Furthermore,
molecules involved in the haem detoxification pathway (such as haptoglobin and haeme
oxygenase-1) and iron metabolism (ferritin and activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase)
have emerged in recent years as potential biomarkers and thus are helping to unravel
the immune response underlying asymptomatic Plasmodium infection.
The acquisition of large data sets and the use of robust statistical tools, including
network analysis, associated with well-designed malaria studies will likely help
elucidate the immune mechanisms responsible for asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R de Mendonça
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Dendritic cells subsets mediated immune response during Plasmodium berghei ANKA and Plasmodium yoelii infection. Cytokine 2015; 73:198-206. [PMID: 25792277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The roles of dendritic cells (DCs) in mediating immunity against Plasmodium infection have been extensively investigated, but immune response during pathogenesis of malaria is still poorly understood. In the present study, we compared the splenic DCs phenotype and function during P. berghei ANKA (PbA) or P. yoelii (P. yoelii) infection in Swiss mice. We observed that PbA-infected mice developed more myeloid and mature DCs capable of secreting IL-12, while P. yoelii-infected mice had more plasmacytoid and immature DCs secreting higher levels of IL-10. Expression of FoxP3, IL-17, TGF-β and IL-6 were also different between these two infections. Thus, these results suggest that the phenotypic and functional subsets of splenic DCs are key factors for regulating immune responses to PbA and P. yoelii infections.
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White CE, Villarino NF, Sloan SS, Ganusov VV, Schmidt NW. Plasmodium suppresses expansion of T cell responses to heterologous infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:697-708. [PMID: 25505280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium remains a major pathogen causing malaria and impairing defense against other infections. Defining how Plasmodium increases susceptibility to heterologous pathogens may lead to interventions that mitigate the severity of coinfections. Previous studies proposed that reduced T cell responses during coinfections are due to diminished recruitment of naive T cells through infection-induced decreases in chemokine CCL21. We found that, although Listeria infections reduced expression of CCL21 in murine spleens, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific T cell responses were not impaired during Listeria + LCMV coinfection, arguing against a major role for this chemokine in coinfection-induced T cell suppression. In our experiments, Plasmodium yoelii infection led to a reduced CD8(+) T cell response to a subsequent Listeria infection. We propose an alternative mechanism whereby P. yoelii suppresses Listeria-specific T cell responses. We found that Listeria-specific T cells expanded more slowly and resulted in lower numbers in response to coinfection with P. yoelii. Mathematical modeling and experimentation revealed greater apoptosis of Listeria-specific effector T cells as the main mechanism, because P. yoelii infections did not suppress the recruitment or proliferation rates of Listeria-specific T cells. Our results suggest that P. yoelii infections suppress immunity to Listeria by causing increased apoptosis in Listeria-specific T cells, resulting in a slower expansion rate of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsi E White
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | | | - Sarah S Sloan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Gazzinelli RT, Kalantari P, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT. Innate sensing of malaria parasites. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:744-57. [PMID: 25324127 DOI: 10.1038/nri3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune system is a classic 'double-edged sword' that can overreact to pathogens, which can have deleterious effects and lead to clinical manifestations. Recent studies have unveiled the complexity of innate immune receptors that function as sensors of Plasmodium spp. in the vertebrate host. This Review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Plasmodium infection is sensed by different families of innate immune receptors. We also discuss how these events mediate both host resistance to infection and the pathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. [3] Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Parisa Kalantari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Wijayalath W, Majji S, Villasante EF, Brumeanu TD, Richie TL, Casares S. Humanized HLA-DR4.RagKO.IL2RγcKO.NOD (DRAG) mice sustain the complex vertebrate life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2014; 13:386. [PMID: 25266106 PMCID: PMC4197321 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a deadly infectious disease affecting millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Among the five species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum accounts for the highest morbidity and mortality associated with malaria. Since humans are the only natural hosts for P. falciparum, the lack of convenient animal models has hindered the understanding of disease pathogenesis and prompted the need of testing anti-malarial drugs and vaccines directly in human trials. Humanized mice hosting human cells represent new pre-clinical models for infectious diseases that affect only humans. In this study, the ability of human-immune-system humanized HLA-DR4.RagKO.IL2RγcKO.NOD (DRAG) mice to sustain infection with P. falciparum was explored. Methods Four week-old DRAG mice were infused with HLA-matched human haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and examined for reconstitution of human liver cells and erythrocytes. Upon challenge with infectious P. falciparum sporozoites (NF54 strain) humanized DRAG mice were examined for liver stage infection, blood stage infection, and transmission to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Results Humanized DRAG mice reconstituted human hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, liver endothelial cells, and erythrocytes. Upon intravenous challenge with P. falciparum sporozoites, DRAG mice sustained liver to blood stage infection (average 3–5 parasites/microlitre blood) and allowed transmission to An. stephensi mosquitoes. Infected DRAG mice elicited antibody and cellular responses to the blood stage parasites and self-cured the infection by day 45 post-challenge. Conclusions DRAG mice represent the first human-immune-system humanized mouse model that sustains the complex vertebrate life cycle of P. falciparum without the need of exogenous injection of human hepatocytes/erythrocytes or P. falciparum parasite adaptation. The ability of DRAG mice to elicit specific human immune responses to P. falciparum parasites may help deciphering immune correlates of protection and to identify protective malaria antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sofia Casares
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Helminth parasites alter protection against Plasmodium infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:913696. [PMID: 25276830 PMCID: PMC4170705 DOI: 10.1155/2014/913696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of the world's population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host's immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths and Plasmodium affects the host's immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host's susceptibility to subsequent infections by Plasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths and Plasmodium; in some, the burden of Plasmodium parasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodium coinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.
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31
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Haque A, Best SE, Montes de Oca M, James KR, Ammerdorffer A, Edwards CL, de Labastida Rivera F, Amante FH, Bunn PT, Sheel M, Sebina I, Koyama M, Varelias A, Hertzog PJ, Kalinke U, Gun SY, Rénia L, Ruedl C, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR, Engwerda CR. Type I IFN signaling in CD8- DCs impairs Th1-dependent malaria immunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2483-96. [PMID: 24789914 DOI: 10.1172/jci70698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites, suppress cellular immune responses through activation of type I IFN signaling. Recent evidence suggests that immune suppression and susceptibility to the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is mediated by type I IFN; however, it is unclear how type I IFN suppresses immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium parasites. During experimental severe malaria, CD4+ Th cell responses are suppressed, and conventional DC (cDC) function is curtailed through unknown mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that type I IFN signaling directly impairs cDC function during Plasmodium infection in mice. Using cDC-specific IFNAR1-deficient mice, and mixed BM chimeras, we found that type I IFN signaling directly affects cDC function, limiting the ability of cDCs to prime IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. Although type I IFN signaling modulated all subsets of splenic cDCs, CD8- cDCs were especially susceptible, exhibiting reduced phagocytic and Th1-promoting properties in response to type I IFNs. Additionally, rapid and systemic IFN-α production in response to Plasmodium infection required type I IFN signaling in cDCs themselves, revealing their contribution to a feed-forward cytokine-signaling loop. Together, these data suggest abrogation of type I IFN signaling in CD8- splenic cDCs as an approach for enhancing Th1 responses against Plasmodium and other type I IFN-inducing pathogens.
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Rodrigues V, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Laforge M, Ouaissi A, Akharid K, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Impairment of T cell function in parasitic infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2567. [PMID: 24551250 PMCID: PMC3923671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals subverted as hosts by protozoan parasites, the latter and/or the agonists they release are detected and processed by sensors displayed by many distinct immune cell lineages, in a tissue(s)-dependent context. Focusing on the T lymphocyte lineage, we review our present understanding on its transient or durable functional impairment over the course of the developmental program of the intracellular parasites Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi in their mammalian hosts. Strategies employed by protozoa to down-regulate T lymphocyte function may act at the initial moment of naïve T cell priming, rendering T cells anergic or unresponsive throughout infection, or later, exhausting T cells due to antigen persistence. Furthermore, by exploiting host feedback mechanisms aimed at maintaining immune homeostasis, parasites can enhance T cell apoptosis. We will discuss how infections with prominent intracellular protozoan parasites lead to a general down-regulation of T cell function through T cell anergy and exhaustion, accompanied by apoptosis, and ultimately allowing pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ali Ouaissi
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Khadija Akharid
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Aîn-Chock, Université Hassan II-Casablanca, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (RS); (JE)
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FRE 3235, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (RS); (JE)
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Abstract
Parasite-driven dysfunctional adaptive immunity represents an emerging hypothesis to explain the chronic or persistent nature of parasitic infections, as well as the observation that repeated exposure to most parasitic organisms fails to engender sterilizing immunity. This review discusses recent examples from clinical studies and experimental models of parasitic infection that substantiate the role for immune dysfunction in the inefficient generation and maintenance of potent anti-parasitic immunity. Better understanding of the complex interplay between parasites, host adaptive immunity, and relevant negative regulatory circuits will inform efforts to enhance resistance to chronic parasitic infections through vaccination or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Zander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104 ; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104 ; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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Azcárate IG, Marín-García P, Kamali AN, Pérez-Benavente S, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM. Differential immune response associated to malaria outcome is detectable in peripheral blood following Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85664. [PMID: 24465641 PMCID: PMC3900426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection in humans elicits a wide range of immune responses that can be detected in peripheral blood, but we lack detailed long-term follow-up data on the primary and subsequent infections that lead to naturally acquired immunity. Studies on antimalarial immune responses in mice have been based on models yielding homogenous infection profiles. Here, we present a mouse model in which a heterogeneous course of Plasmodium yoelii lethal malaria infection is produced in a non-congenic ICR strain to allow comparison among different immunological and clinical outcomes. Three different disease courses were observed ranging from a fatal outcome, either early or late, to a self-resolved infection that conferred long-term immunity against re-infection. Qualitative and quantitative changes produced in leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine profiles detected in peripheral blood during the first week of infection revealed that monocytes, dendritic cells and immature B cells were the main cell subsets present in highly-parasitized mice dying in the first week after infection. Besides, CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells expanded at an earlier time point in early deceased mice than in surviving mice and expressed higher levels of intracellular Foxp3 protein. In contrast, survivors showed a limited increase of cytokines release and stable circulating innate cells. From the second week of infection, mice that would die or survive showed similar immune profiles, although CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells number increased earlier in mice with the worst prognosis. In surviving mice the expansion of activated circulating T cell and switched-class B cells with a long-term protective humoral response from the second infection week is remarkable. Our results demonstrate that the follow-up studies of immunological blood parameters during a malaria infection can offer information about the course of the pathological process and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G. Azcárate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Patricia Marín-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alí N. Kamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pérez-Benavente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Puyet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
| | - José M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
- * E-mail:
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Stanisic DI, Barry AE, Good MF. Escaping the immune system: How the malaria parasite makes vaccine development a challenge. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:612-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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HLA class II (DR0401) molecules induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cell suppression of B cells in Plasmodium yoelii strain 17XNL malaria. Infect Immun 2013; 82:286-97. [PMID: 24166949 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00272-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike human malaria parasites that induce persistent infection, some rodent malaria parasites, like Plasmodium yoelii strain 17XNL (Py17XNL), induce a transient (self-curing) malaria infection. Cooperation between CD4 T cells and B cells to produce antibodies is thought to be critical for clearance of Py17XNL parasites from the blood, with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules being required for activation of CD4 T cells. In order to better understand the correspondence between murine malaria models and human malaria, and in particular the role of MHC (HLA) class II molecules, we studied the ability of humanized mice expressing human HLA class II molecules to clear Py17XNL infection. We showed that humanized mice expressing HLA-DR4 (DR0401) molecules and lacking mouse MHC class II molecules (EA(0)) have impaired production of specific antibodies to Py17XNL and cannot cure the infection. In contrast, mice expressing HLA-DR4 (DR0402), HLA-DQ6 (DQ0601), HLA-DQ8 (DQ0302), or HLA-DR3 (DR0301) molecules in an EA(0) background were able to elicit specific antibodies and self-cure the infection. In a series of experiments, we determined that the inability of humanized DR0401.EA(0) mice to elicit specific antibodies was due to expansion and activation of regulatory CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells (Tregs) that suppressed B cells to secrete antibodies through cell-cell interactions. Treg depletion allowed the DR0401.EA(0) mice to elicit specific antibodies and self-cure the infection. Our results demonstrated a differential role of MHC (HLA) class II molecules in supporting antibody responses to Py17XNL malaria and revealed a new mechanism by which malaria parasites stimulate B cell-suppressogenic Tregs that prevent clearance of infection.
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Wang ML, Cao YM, Luo EJ, Zhang Y, Guo YJ. Pre-existing Schistosoma japonicum infection alters the immune response to Plasmodium berghei infection in C57BL/6 mice. Malar J 2013; 12:322. [PMID: 24034228 PMCID: PMC3848616 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since helminths and malaria parasites are often co-endemic, it is important to clarify the immunoregulatory mechanism that occurs during the process of co-infection. A previous study confirmed that dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in the establishment and regulation of the T-cell-mediated immune response to malaria infection. In the current study, distinct response profiles for splenic DCs and regulatory T cell (Treg) responses were assessed to evaluate the effects of a pre-existing Schistosoma japonicum infection on malaria infection. METHODS Malaria parasitaemia, survival rate, brain histopathology and clinical experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) were assessed in both Plasmodium berghei ANKA-mono-infected and S. japonicum-P. berghei ANKA-co-infected mice. Cell surface/intracellular staining and flow cytometry were used to analyse the level of splenic DC subpopulations, toll-like receptors (TLRs), DC surface molecules, Tregs (CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺), IFN-γ/IL-10-secreting Tregs, and IFN-γ⁺/IL-10⁺-Foxp3⁻CD4⁺ T cells. IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 levels were determined in splenocyte supernatants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The co-infected mice had significantly higher malaria parasitaemia, compared with the mono-infected mice, on days 2, 3, 7 and 8 after P. berghei ANKA infection. Mono-infected mice had a slightly lower survival rate, while clinical ECM symptoms, and brain pathology, were significantly more severe during the period of susceptibility to ECM. On days 5 and 8 post P. berghei ANKA infection, co-infected mice had significantly lower levels of CD11c⁺CD11b⁺, CD11c⁺CD45R/B220⁺, CD11c⁺TLR4⁺, CD11c⁺TLR9⁺, CD11c⁺MHCII⁺, CD11c⁺CD86⁺, IFN-γ-secreting Tregs, and IFN-γ⁺Foxp3⁻CD4⁺ T cells in single-cell suspensions of splenocytes when compared with P. berghei ANKA-mono-infected mice. Co-infected mice also had significantly lower levels of IFN-γ and higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in splenocyte supernatants compared to mono-infected mice. There were no differences in the levels of IL-10-secreting Tregs or IL-10⁺Foxp3⁻CD4⁺ T cells between co-infected and mono-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS A Tregs-associated Th2 response plays an important role in protecting against ECM pathology. Pre-existing S. japonicum infection suppressed TLR ligand-induced DC maturation and had an anti-inflammatory effect during malaria infection not only by virtue of its ability to induce Th2 responses, but also by directly suppressing the ability of DC to produce pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-lian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Ya-ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - En-jie Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Sonography, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ya-jun Guo
- Department of Sonography, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, China
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Guermonprez P, Helft J, Claser C, Deroubaix S, Karanje H, Gazumyan A, Darasse-Jèze G, Telerman SB, Breton G, Schreiber HA, Frias-Staheli N, Billerbeck E, Dorner M, Rice CM, Ploss A, Klein F, Swiecki M, Colonna M, Kamphorst AO, Meredith M, Niec R, Takacs C, Mikhail F, Hari A, Bosque D, Eisenreich T, Merad M, Shi Y, Ginhoux F, Rénia L, Urban BC, Nussenzweig MC. Inflammatory Flt3l is essential to mobilize dendritic cells and for T cell responses during Plasmodium infection. Nat Med 2013; 19:730-8. [PMID: 23685841 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate sensing mechanisms trigger a variety of humoral and cellular events that are essential to adaptive immune responses. Here we describe an innate sensing pathway triggered by Plasmodium infection that regulates dendritic cell homeostasis and adaptive immunity through Flt3 ligand (Flt3l) release. Plasmodium-induced Flt3l release in mice requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and type I interferon (IFN) production. We found that type I IFN supports the upregulation of xanthine dehydrogenase, which metabolizes the xanthine accumulating in infected erythrocytes to uric acid. Uric acid crystals trigger mast cells to release soluble Flt3l from a pre-synthesized membrane-associated precursor. During infection, Flt3l preferentially stimulates expansion of the CD8-α(+) dendritic cell subset or its BDCA3(+) human dendritic cell equivalent and has a substantial impact on the magnitude of T cell activation, mostly in the CD8(+) compartment. Our findings highlight a new mechanism that regulates dendritic cell homeostasis and T cell responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Guermonprez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
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Zhu X, Pan Y, Li Y, Cui L, Cao Y. Supplement of L-Arg improves protective immunity during early-stage Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:412-20. [PMID: 22709481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
L-arginine (L-Arg), the precursor of nitric oxide (NO), plays multiple important roles in nutrient metabolism and immune regulation. L-Arg supplement serves as a potential adjunctive therapy for severe malaria, because it improves NO bioavailability and reverses endothelial dysfunction in severe malaria patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary L-Arg supplement on host immune responses during subsequent malaria infection using the Plasmodium yoelii 17XL - BALB/c mouse model. We have shown that pretreatment of mice with L-Arg significantly decreased parasitemia and prolonged the survival time of mice after infection. L-Arg supplement led to significant increases in activated CD4(+)T-bet(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells and F4/80(+)CD36(+) macrophages during early-stage infection, which were accompanied by enhanced synthesis of IFN-γ, TNF-α and NO by spleen cells. Moreover, L-Arg-pretreated mice developed more splenic myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells with up-regulated expression of MHC II, CD86 and TLR9. In comparison, L-Arg treatment did not change the number of regulatory T cells and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Taken together, our results showed that L-Arg pretreatment could improve the protective immune response in experimental malaria infection in mice, which underlines potential importance of L-Arg supplement in malaria-endemic human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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40
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Xue LQ, Stacey KJ, Horne-Debets JM, Cridland JA, Fischer K, Narum D, Mackay F, Pierce SK, Wykes MN. Malaria infection alters the expression of B-cell activating factor resulting in diminished memory antibody responses and survival. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3291-301. [PMID: 22936176 PMCID: PMC4075050 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a major cause of morbidity worldwide with reports of over 200-500 million infected individuals and nearly 1 million deaths each year. Antibodies have been shown to play a critical role in controlling the blood stage of this disease; however, in malaria-endemic areas antibody immunity is slow to develop despite years of exposure to Plasmodium spp. the causative parasite. Using rodent Plasmodium yoelii YM, we provide evidence that malarial infections result in a decrease in the proportion of DCs that express the B-cell survival factor, BAFF, resulting in a decreased ability of these DCs to support memory B-cell differentiation into antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and/or the survival of ASCs. Further, compared with infected WT mice, ASC numbers were significantly increased in malaria-infected transgenic mice that either overexpressed BAFF or mice with BAFF-independent B-cell survival (B-cell-restricted TRAF3 deletion). Remarkably, BAFF-overexpressing mice were protected from lethal malaria infections, indicating the significance of the role BAFF plays in determining the outcome of malaria infections. These findings describe a previously unappreciated mechanism by which Plasmodium spp. can depress the generation of protective antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Q. Xue
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4029
| | - Katryn J. Stacey
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Joshua M. Horne-Debets
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4029
| | - Jasmyn A. Cridland
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Katja Fischer
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4029
| | - David Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook 1, Room 1115, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II,12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Michelle N. Wykes
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4029
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41
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Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Shang H, Cui L, Cao Y. Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection. Malar J 2012; 11:268. [PMID: 22873687 PMCID: PMC3472178 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During malaria infection, multiple pro-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ, TNF and nitric oxide (NO) play a crucial role in the protection against the parasites. Modulation of host immunity is an important strategy to improve the outcome of malaria infection. Allicin is the major biologically active component of garlic and shows anti-microbial activity. Allicin is also active against protozoan parasites including Plasmodium, which is thought to be mediated by inhibiting cysteine proteases. In this study, the immunomodulatory activities of allicin were assessed during acute malaria infection using a rodent malaria model Plasmodium yoelii 17XL. Methods To determine whether allicin modulates host immune responses against malaria infection, mice were treated with allicin after infection with P. yoelii 17XL. Mortality was checked daily and parasitaemia was determined every other day. Pro-inflammatory mediators and IL-4 were quantified by ELISA, while NO level was determined by the Griess method. The populations of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, CD4+ T and regulatory T cells (Treg) were assessed by FACS. Results Allicin reduced parasitaemia and prolonged survival of the host in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is at least partially due to improved host immune responses. Results showed that allicin treatment enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-12p70 and NO. The absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells, DCs and macrophages were significantly higher in allicin-treated mice. In addition, allicin promoted the maturation of CD11c+ DCs, whereas it did not cause major changes in IL-4 and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Conclusions Allicin could partially protect host against P. yoelii 17XL through enhancement of the host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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42
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Enhancement of dendritic cell activation via CD40 ligand-expressing γδ T cells is responsible for protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12129-34. [PMID: 22778420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204480109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that γδ T cells are important for the elimination of malaria parasites in humans and mice. However, how γδ T cells are involved in protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remains unknown. We infected γδ T-cell-deficient (TCRδ-KO) mice and control wild-type mice with Plasmodium berghei XAT, which is a nonlethal strain. Although infected red blood cells were eliminated within 30 d after infection, TCRδ-KO mice could not clear the infected red blood cells, showed high parasitemia, and eventually died. Therefore, γδ T cells are essential for clearance of the parasites. Here, we found that γδ T cells play a key role in dendritic cell activation after Plasmodium infection. On day 5 postinfection, γδ T cells produced IFN-γ and expressed CD40 ligand during dendritic cell activation. These results suggest that γδ T cells enhance dendritic cell activation via IFN-γ and CD40 ligand-CD40 signaling. This hypothesis is supported strongly by the fact that in vivo induction of CD40 signaling prevented the death of TCRδ-KO mice after infection with P. berghei XAT. This study improves our understanding of protective immunity against malaria and provides insights into γδ T-cell-mediated protective immunity against various infectious diseases.
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43
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Dendritic cells: The Trojan horse of malaria? Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:583-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alister GC, Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa K. Cytoadherence and severe malaria. Malays J Med Sci 2012; 19:5-18. [PMID: 22973133 PMCID: PMC3431742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that causes enormous human morbidity and mortality. One feature of mature Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes leading to the development of severe malaria is thought to be cytoadherence and blockage of the microvasculature. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms that mediate parasite adhesion leading to malaria pathology is needed to yield new treatments for malaria. However, to date, cytoadherence-associated pathology is still under debate. Is cytoadherence needed to develop severe malaria? This review will discuss the available information on associations of cytoadherence with the development of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Craig Alister
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical
Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA
Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical
Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA
Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute for Research in Molecular
Medicine, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan,
Malaysia
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45
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Wykes MN. Are plasmacytoid dendritic cells the misguided sentinels of malarial immunity? Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:182-6. [PMID: 22365902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), the sentinels of immunity, reside in almost every organ of the body. These cells are responsible for initiating immune responses against infectious agents. DCs are divided into different subsets based on their biological functions, with plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs) being two major populations. The ability of DCs to protect against malaria infection was recently questioned when pDCs were reported to be a reservoir for rodent Plasmodium spp. in the spleen. This opinion article explores how the occupation of pDCs by the parasite may corrupt immunity against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Wykes
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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46
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Liao S, Liu Y, Zheng B, Cho PY, Song HO, Lee YS, Jung SY, Park H. Expression of exogenous human hepatic nuclear factor-1α by a lentiviral vector and its interactions with Plasmodium falciparum subtilisin-like protease 2. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 49:431-6. [PMID: 22355214 PMCID: PMC3279685 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The onset, severity, and ultimate outcome of malaria infection are influenced by parasite-expressed virulence factors as well as by individual host responses to these determinants. In both humans and mice, liver injury follows parasite entry, persisting to the erythrocytic stage in the case of infection with the fatal strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)-1α is a master regulator of not only the liver damage and adaptive responses but also diverse metabolic functions. In this study, we analyzed the expression of host HNF-1α in relation to malaria infection and evaluated its interaction with the 5'-untranslated region of subtilisin-like protease 2 (subtilase, Sub2). Recombinant human HNF-1α expressed by a lentiviral vector (LV HNF-1α) was introduced into mice. Interestingly, differences in the activity of the 5'-untranslated region of the Pf-Sub2 promoter were detected in 293T cells, and LV HNF-1α was observed to influence promoter activity, suggesting that host HNF-1α interacts with the Sub2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Liao
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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Role of interleukin-10 in malaria: focusing on coinfection with lethal and nonlethal murine malaria parasites. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:383962. [PMID: 22190849 PMCID: PMC3228686 DOI: 10.1155/2011/383962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 10, anti-inflammatory cytokine, is known to inhibit the protective immune responses against malaria parasites and to be involved in exacerbating parasitemia during Plasmodium infection. In contrast, IL-10 is regarded as necessary for suppressing severe pathology during Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize the role of IL-10 during murine malaria infection, focusing especially on coinfection with lethal and nonlethal strains of malaria parasites. Recent studies have demonstrated that the major sources of IL-10 are subpopulations of CD4+ T cells in humans and mice infected with Plasmodium. We also discuss the influence of innate immunity on the induction of CD4+ T cells during murine malaria coinfection.
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48
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Prevention of experimental cerebral malaria by Flt3 ligand during infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3947-56. [PMID: 21807908 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01337-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, but their roles in blood-stage malaria infection are not fully understood. We examined the effects of Flt3 ligand, a cytokine that induces dendritic cell production, in vivo on the course of infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Mice treated with Flt3 ligand showed preferential expansion of CD8(+) dendritic cells and granulocytes, as well as lower levels of parasitemia, and were protected from the development of lethal experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Rag2 knockout mice treated with Flt3 ligand also showed inhibition of parasitemia, suggesting that this protection was due, at least in part, to the stimulation of innate immunity. However, it was unlikely that the inhibition of ECM was due simply to the reduction in the level of parasitemia. In the peripheral T cell compartment, CD8(+) T cell levels were markedly increased in Flt3 ligand-treated mice after infection. These CD8(+) T cells expressed CD11c and upregulated CXCR3, while the expression of CD137, CD25, and granzyme B was reduced. In the brain, the number of sequestered CD8(+) T cells was not significantly different for treated versus untreated mice, while the proportion of CD8(+) T cells that produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and granzyme B was significantly reduced in treated mice. In addition, sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (RBCs) in the brain was reduced, suggesting that altered CD8(+) T cell activation and reduced sequestration of parasitized RBCs culminated in inhibition of ECM development. These results suggest that the quantitative and qualitative changes in the dendritic cell compartment are important for the pathogenesis of ECM.
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Zheng W, Wang QH, Liu YJ, Liu J, Feng H, Wu JJ, Cao YM. Distinct host-related dendritic cell responses during the early stage of Plasmodium yoelii infection in susceptible and resistant mice. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:324-34. [PMID: 20500661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The diverse outcomes of experimental murine infection with Plasmodium parasites, ranging from spontaneous cure to death, depend largely on the establishment of an effective Th1 immune response during the early stages of infection. However, the molecular and cellular factors responsible for the induction and regulation of this response are poorly understood. As immunity is initiated by dendritic cells (DCs), we compared their phenotype and function during the early stages of infection with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (P.y 17XL) strain in susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (DBA/2) mice. Resistant DBA/2 mice developed a greater number of myeloid (CD11c(+)CD11b(+)) and mature DCs, which were fully functional and capable of secreting IL-12p40. In contrast, susceptible BALB/c mice produced more plasmacytoid (CD11c(+)CD45R/B220(+)) and less mature DCs, resulting in high levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta1. In addition, an in vitro experiment confirmed that splenic DCs from the two strains of mice differ in their ability to prime CD4(+)T cells in response to P.y 17XL stimulation. These findings indicate that the subset, the phenotype and the type of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals of splenic DCs are critical factors responsible for the discrepancy in the ability to induce or regulate Th1 immune responses in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zheng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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50
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Genetic association of Toll-like-receptor 4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms with Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:686-96. [PMID: 20307689 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated innate immune responses due to inappropriate signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are implicated in the immunopathology and disease outcome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study investigates the relationship between polymorphic variability of candidate genes including TLR-2, -4, -9, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha and blood infection level in Indian mild malaria patients. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Association of parasite load with genotypes was examined using model based and model free approaches. Allele and haplotype based risk assessment for disease severity was performed by stratifying the patients into high and low parasitemic groups on the basis of a threshold value derived by employing a two-component mixture model and expectation-maximization algorithm. The mean parasitemia was significantly increased for variant homozygous genotype (C/C) at TNF-alpha promoter -1031 and major homozygous genotypes encoding Asp/Asp and Thr/Thr at codons 299 and 399, respectively, on TLR4 polypeptide. Individuals harboring combined genotype C/C-Asp/Asp-Thr/Thr on TNF-alpha and TLR4 presented the highest parasite load. The frequencies of variant allele C in TNF-1031 (OR=1.91 with 95% CI=1.24-2.94) and TNF-alpha promoter haplotypes C-C-G-G (OR=1.99 with 95% CI=1.21-3.27) and C-C-G-A (OR=2.96 with 95% CI=1.19-7.37) pertaining to loci TNF-1031/-857/-308/-238 were significantly elevated in the high parasitemic group. On the contrary, the frequencies of variant allele encoding Ile at 399 (OR=0.55 with 95% CI=0.32-0.94) and haplotype corresponding to Gly-Ile (299-399) (OR=0.51 with 95% CI=0.28-0.9) in TLR4 were higher in low parasitemic group. In silico analysis indicate differential binding of transcription factors to TNF-alpha promoter haplotypes and alteration in the surface charge distribution of the TLR4 variant proteins. Our results support a genetic role of TLR4 and TNF-alpha in controlling the blood infection level in mild malaria.
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