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Ali A, Zeb I, Alouffi A, Zahid H, Almutairi MM, Ayed Alshammari F, Alrouji M, Termignoni C, Vaz IDS, Tanaka T. Host Immune Responses to Salivary Components - A Critical Facet of Tick-Host Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:809052. [PMID: 35372098 PMCID: PMC8966233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.809052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick sialome is comprised of a rich cocktail of bioactive molecules that function as a tool to disarm host immunity, assist blood-feeding, and play a vibrant role in pathogen transmission. The adaptation of the tick's blood-feeding behavior has lead to the evolution of bioactive molecules in its saliva to assist them to overwhelm hosts' defense mechanisms. During a blood meal, a tick secretes different salivary molecules including vasodilators, platelet aggregation inhibitors, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory proteins, and inhibitors of complement activation; the salivary repertoire changes to meet various needs such as tick attachment, feeding, and modulation or impairment of the local dynamic and vigorous host responses. For instance, the tick's salivary immunomodulatory and cement proteins facilitate the tick's attachment to the host to enhance prolonged blood-feeding and to modulate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent advances implemented in the field of "omics" have substantially assisted our understanding of host immune modulation and immune inhibition against the molecular dynamics of tick salivary molecules in a crosstalk between the tick-host interface. A deep understanding of the tick salivary molecules, their substantial roles in multifactorial immunological cascades, variations in secretion, and host immune responses against these molecules is necessary to control these parasites. In this article, we reviewed updated knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying host responses to diverse elements in tick saliva throughout tick invasion, as well as host defense strategies. In conclusion, understanding the mechanisms involved in the complex interactions between the tick salivary components and host responses is essential to decipher the host defense mechanisms against the tick evasion strategies at tick-host interface which is promising in the development of effective anti-tick vaccines and drug therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ismail Zeb
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alrouji
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Structural Analysis of the Black-Legged Tick Saliva Protein Salp15. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063134. [PMID: 35328554 PMCID: PMC8954417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salp15 is one of the proteins in the saliva of the tick Ixodes scapularis. Together with other biomolecules injected into the mammalian host at the biting site, it helps the tick to sustain its blood meal for days. Salp15 interferes with the cellular immune response of the mammalian host by inhibiting the activation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes. This function is co-opted by pathogens that use the tick as a vector and invade the host when the tick bites, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Because of the immunity-suppressing role of Salp15, it has been proposed as a candidate for therapeutic applications in disorders of the immune system. The protein is produced as a 135-residue long polypeptide and secreted without its N-terminal signal 1–21 sequence. Detailed structural studies on Salp15 are lacking because of the difficulty in producing large amounts of the folded protein. We report the production of Salp15 and its structural analysis by NMR. The protein is monomeric and contains a flexible N-terminal region followed by a folded domain with mixed α + β secondary structures. Our results are consistent with a three-dimensional structural model derived from AlphaFold, which predicts the formation of three disulfide bridges and a free C-terminal cysteine.
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Hromníková D, Furka D, Furka S, Santana JAD, Ravingerová T, Klöcklerová V, Žitňan D. Prevention of tick-borne diseases: challenge to recent medicine. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022; 77:1533-1554. [PMID: 35283489 PMCID: PMC8905283 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Ticks represent important vectors and reservoirs of pathogens, causing a number of diseases in humans and animals, and significant damage to livestock every year. Modern research into protection against ticks and tick-borne diseases focuses mainly on the feeding stage, i.e. the period when ticks take their blood meal from their hosts during which pathogens are transmitted. Physiological functions in ticks, such as food intake, saliva production, reproduction, development, and others are under control of neuropeptides and peptide hormones which may be involved in pathogen transmission that cause Lyme borreliosis or tick-borne encephalitis. According to current knowledge, ticks are not reservoirs or vectors for the spread of COVID-19 disease. The search for new vaccination methods to protect against ticks and their transmissible pathogens is a challenge for current science in view of global changes, including the increasing migration of the human population. Highlights • Tick-borne diseases have an increasing incidence due to climate change and increased human migration • To date, there is no evidence of transmission of coronavirus COVID-19 by tick as a vector • To date, there are only a few modern, effective, and actively- used vaccines against ticks or tick-borne diseases • Neuropeptides and their receptors expressed in ticks may be potentially used for vaccine design
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Hromníková
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Furka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84104 Bratislava, SK Slovakia
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Heart Research, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Samuel Furka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84104 Bratislava, SK Slovakia
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Heart Research, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Julio Ariel Dueñas Santana
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Matanzas, Km 3 Carretera a Varadero, 44740 Matanzas, CU Cuba
| | - Táňa Ravingerová
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Heart Research, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vanda Klöcklerová
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Žitňan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Tick Saliva and Salivary Glands: What Do We Know So Far on Their Role in Arthropod Blood Feeding and Pathogen Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:816547. [PMID: 35127563 PMCID: PMC8809362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.816547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods that have developed myriad of strategies to get a blood meal from the vertebrate host. They first attach to the host skin, select a bite site for a blood meal, create a feeding niche at the bite site, secrete plethora of molecules in its saliva and then starts feeding. On the other side, host defenses will try to counter-attack and stop tick feeding at the bite site. In this constant battle between ticks and the host, arthropods successfully pacify the host and completes a blood meal and then replete after full engorgement. In this review, we discuss some of the known and emerging roles for arthropod components such as cement, salivary proteins, lipocalins, HSP70s, OATPs, and extracellular vesicles/exosomes in facilitating successful blood feeding from ticks. In addition, we discuss how tick-borne pathogens modulate(s) these components to infect the vertebrate host. Understanding the biology of arthropod blood feeding and molecular interactions at the tick-host interface during pathogen transmission is very important. This information would eventually lead us in the identification of candidates for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines to prevent diseases caused by medically important vector-borne pathogens.
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Tiburcio R, Melo LD, Nunes S, Barbosa ALA, de Oliveira EC, Suarez M, Borges VM, Tavares N, Brodskyn CI. DC-SIGN Mediates the Interaction Between Neutrophils and Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Dendritic Cells to Promote DC Maturation and Parasite Elimination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750648. [PMID: 34790196 PMCID: PMC8591281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected arthropod-borne disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Successful Leishmania infections require the mitigation of immune cell functions leading to parasite survival and proliferation. A large body of evidence highlights the involvement of neutrophils (PMNs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the establishment of immunological responses against these parasites. However, few studies, contemplate to what extent these cells interact synergistically to constrain Leishmania infection. Objective We sought to investigate how PMNs and infected DCs interact in an in vitro model of Leishmania amazonensis infection. Material and Methods Briefly, human PMNs and DCs were purified from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Next, PMNs were activated with fibronectin and subsequently co-cultured with L. amazonensis-infected DCs. Results We observed that L. amazonensis-infected DC exhibited lower rates of infection when co-cultivated with either resting or activated PMNs. Surprisingly, we found that the release of neutrophil enzymes was not involved in Leishmania killing. Next, we showed that the interaction between PMNs and infected-DCs was intermediated by DC-SIGN, further suggesting that parasite elimination occurs in a contact-dependent manner. Furthermore, we also observed that TNFα and ROS production was dependent on DC-SIGN-mediated contact, as well as parasite elimination is dependent on TNFα production in the co-culture. Finally, we observed that direct contact between PMNs and DCs are required to restore the expression of DC maturation molecules during L. amazonensis infection. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the engagement of direct contact between PMNs and L. amazonensis-infected DC via DC-SIGN is required for the production of inflammatory mediators with subsequent parasite elimination and DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tiburcio
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Léon Dimitri Melo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto de nacional de ciência e tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Carvalho de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tavares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto de nacional de ciência e tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Peters K, Peters M. The Role of Lectin Receptors and Their Ligands in Controlling Allergic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635411. [PMID: 33995354 PMCID: PMC8119883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
More than fifty c-type lectin receptors (CLR) are known and have been identified so far. Moreover, we know the group of galectins and sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins that also belong to the carbohydrate-binding receptors of the immune system. Thus, the lectin receptors form the largest receptor family among the pathogen recognition receptors. Similar to the toll-like receptors (TLRs), the CLR do not only recognize foreign but also endogenous molecules. In contrast to TLRs, which have a predominantly activating effect on the immune system, lectin receptors also mediate inhibitory signals. They play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity for the induction, regulation and shaping of the immune response. The hygiene hypothesis links enhanced infection to protection from allergic disease. Yet, the microbial substances that are responsible for mediating this allergy-protective activity still have to be identified. Microbes contain both ligands binding to TLRs and carbohydrates that are recognized by CLR and other lectin receptors. In the current literature, the CLR are often recognized as the ‘bad guys’ in allergic inflammation, because some glycoepitopes of allergens have been shown to bind to CLR, facilitating their uptake and presentation. On the other hand, there are many reports revealing that sugar moieties are involved in immune regulation. In this review, we will summarize what is known about the role of carbohydrate interaction with c-type lectins and other sugar-recognizing receptors in anti-inflammation, with a special focus on the regulation of the allergic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Peters
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Peters
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Klouwens MJ, Trentelman JJA, Wagemakers A, Ersoz JI, Bins AD, Hovius JW. Tick-Tattoo: DNA Vaccination Against B. burgdorferi or Ixodes scapularis Tick Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615011. [PMID: 33717102 PMCID: PMC7946838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Currently there is no human vaccine against Lyme borreliosis, and most research focuses on recombinant protein vaccines. DNA tattoo vaccination with B. afzelii strain PKo OspC in mice has proven to be fully protective against B. afzelii syringe challenge and induces a favorable humoral immunity compared to recombinant protein vaccination. Alternatively, several recombinant protein vaccines based on tick proteins have shown promising effect in tick-bite infection models. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of DNA vaccines against Borrelia OspC or tick antigens in a tick-bite infection model. Method We vaccinated C3H/HeN mice with OspC using a codon-optimized DNA vaccine or with recombinant protein. We challenged these mice with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss)-infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs. Subsequently, we vaccinated C3H/HeN mice with DNA vaccines coding for tick proteins for which recombinant protein vaccines have previously resulted in interference with tick feeding and/or Borrelia transmission: Salp15, tHRF, TSLPI, and Tix-5. These mice were also challenged with B. burgdorferi ss infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs. Results DNA tattoo and recombinant OspC vaccination both induced total IgG responses. Borrelia cultures and DNA loads of skin and bladder remained negative in the mice vaccinated with OspC DNA vaccination, except for one culture. DNA vaccines against tick antigens Salp15 and Tix-5 induced IgG responses, while those against tHRF and TSLPI barely induced any IgG response. In addition, Borrelia cultures, and DNA loads from mice tattooed with DNA vaccines against tick proteins TSLPI, Salp15, tHRF, and Tix-5 were all positive. Conclusion A DNA tattoo vaccine against OspC induced high specific IgG titers and provided near total protection against B. burgdorferi ss infection by tick challenge. In contrast, DNA tattoo vaccines against tick proteins TSLPI, Salp15, tHRF, and Tix-5 induced low to moderate IgG titers and did not provide protection. Therefore, DNA tattoo vaccination does not seem a suitable vaccine strategy to identify, or screen for, tick antigens for anti-tick vaccines. However, DNA tattoo vaccination is a straightforward and effective vaccination platform to assess novel B. burgdorferi sl antigen candidates in a relevant tick challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Klouwens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos J A Trentelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasmin I Ersoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Boulanger N, Wikel S. Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases? Front Immunol 2021; 12:625993. [PMID: 33643313 PMCID: PMC7907174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick transmitted infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to increasing abundance, expanding geographic ranges of vectors and pathogens, and emerging tick-borne infectious agents. Greater understanding of tick, host, and pathogen interactions will contribute to development of novel tick control and disease prevention strategies. Tick-borne pathogens adapt in multiple ways to very different tick and vertebrate host environments and defenses. Ticks effectively pharmacomodulate by its saliva host innate and adaptive immune defenses. In this review, we examine the idea that successful synergy between tick and tick-borne pathogen results in host immune tolerance that facilitates successful tick infection and feeding, creates a favorable site for pathogen introduction, modulates cutaneous and systemic immune defenses to establish infection, and contributes to successful long-term infection. Tick, host, and pathogen elements examined here include interaction of tick innate immunity and microbiome with tick-borne pathogens; tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses prior to pathogen transmission; how tick and pathogen target vertebrate host defenses that lead to different modes of interaction and host infection status (reservoir, incompetent, resistant, clinically ill); tick saliva bioactive molecules as important factors in determining those pathogens for which the tick is a competent vector; and, the need for translational studies to advance this field of study. Gaps in our understanding of these relationships are identified, that if successfully addressed, can advance the development of strategies to successfully disrupt both tick feeding and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Early Bacterial Virulence, Group Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephen Wikel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter, M.D., School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States
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9
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Changing the Recipe: Pathogen Directed Changes in Tick Saliva Components. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041806. [PMID: 33673273 PMCID: PMC7918122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous parasites and are important vectors of a wide variety of pathogens. These pathogens include spirochetes in the genus Borrelia that cause Lyme disease, rickettsial pathogens, and tick-borne encephalitis virus, among others. Due to their prolonged feeding period of up to two weeks, hard ticks must counteract vertebrate host defense reactions in order to survive and reproduce. To overcome host defense mechanisms, ticks have evolved a large number of pharmacologically active molecules that are secreted in their saliva, which inhibits or modulates host immune defenses and wound healing responses upon injection into the bite site. These bioactive molecules in tick saliva can create a privileged environment in the host’s skin that tick-borne pathogens take advantage of. In fact, evidence is accumulating that tick-transmitted pathogens manipulate tick saliva composition to enhance their own survival, transmission, and evasion of host defenses. We review what is known about specific and functionally characterized tick saliva molecules in the context of tick infection with the genus Borrelia, the intracellular pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Additionally, we review studies analyzing sialome-level responses to pathogen challenge.
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10
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Helble JD, McCarthy JE, Hu LT. Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and its hosts across the enzootic cycle. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12816. [PMID: 33368329 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to humans through an Ixodes tick vector. B. burgdorferi is able to survive in both mammalian and tick hosts through careful modulation of its gene expression. This allows B. burgdorferi to adapt to the environmental and nutritional changes that occur when it is transmitted between the two hosts. Distinct interactions between the spirochete and its host occur at every step of the enzootic cycle and dictate the ability of the spirochete to survive until the next stage of the cycle. Studying the interface between B. burgdorferi, the Ixodes tick vector and the natural mammalian reservoirs has been made significantly more feasible through the complete genome sequences of the organisms and the advent of high throughput screening technologies. Ultimately, a thorough investigation of the interplay between the two domains (and two phyla within one domain) is necessary in order to completely understand how the pathogen is transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Helble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie E McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Narasimhan S, Kurokawa C, DeBlasio M, Matias J, Sajid A, Pal U, Lynn G, Fikrig E. Acquired tick resistance: The trail is hot. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12808. [PMID: 33187012 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acquired tick resistance is a phenomenon wherein the host elicits an immune response against tick salivary components upon repeated tick infestations. The immune responses, potentially directed against critical salivary components, thwart tick feeding, and the animal becomes resistant to subsequent tick infestations. The development of tick resistance is frequently observed when ticks feed on non-natural hosts, but not on natural hosts. The molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tick resistance are not fully understood, and both host and tick factors are invoked in this phenomenon. Advances in molecular tools to address the host and the tick are beginning to reveal new insights into this phenomenon and to uncover a deeper understanding of the fundamental biology of tick-host interactions. This review will focus on the expanding understanding of acquired tick resistance and highlight the impact of this understanding on anti-tick vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Narasimhan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheyne Kurokawa
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melody DeBlasio
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaqueline Matias
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Geoffrey Lynn
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Abstract
Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) is a tick-borne, zoonosis of adults and children caused by genospecies of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The ailment, widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere, continues to increase globally due to multiple environmental factors, coupled with increased incursion of humans into habitats that harbor the spirochete. B. burgdorferi sensu lato is transmitted by ticks from the Ixodes ricinus complex. In North America, B. burgdorferi causes nearly all infections; in Europe, B. afzelii and B. garinii are most associated with human disease. The spirochete's unusual fragmented genome encodes a plethora of differentially expressed outer surface lipoproteins that play a seminal role in the bacterium's ability to sustain itself within its enzootic cycle and cause disease when transmitted to its incidental human host. Tissue damage and symptomatology (i.e., clinical manifestations) result from the inflammatory response elicited by the bacterium and its constituents. The deposition of spirochetes into human dermal tissue generates a local inflammatory response that manifests as erythema migrans (EM), the hallmark skin lesion. If treated appropriately and early, the prognosis is excellent. However, in untreated patients, the disease may present with a wide range of clinical manifestations, most commonly involving the central nervous system, joints, or heart. A small percentage (~10%) of patients may go on to develop a poorly defined fibromyalgia-like illness, post-treatment Lyme disease (PTLD) unresponsive to prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Below we integrate current knowledge regarding the ecologic, epidemiologic, microbiologic, and immunologic facets of Lyme disease into a conceptual framework that sheds light on the disorder that healthcare providers encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NY Department of Health, Albany NY, 12208, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Bockenstedt LK, Wooten RM, Baumgarth N. Immune Response to Borrelia: Lessons from Lyme Disease Spirochetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:145-190. [PMID: 33289684 PMCID: PMC10842262 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward limiting pathogen burdens, minimizing tissue injury, and preventing subsequent reinfection. The evolutionary adaptation of Borrelia spirochetes to their reservoir mammalian hosts may allow for its persistence despite this immune defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the most widely studied Borrelia spp. and etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Pertinent literature will be reviewed with emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies that influenced our understanding of both the earliest responses to B. burgdorferi as it enters the mammalian host and those that evolve as spirochetes disseminate and establish infection in multiple tissues. Our focus is on the immune response of inbred mice, the most commonly studied animal model of B. burgdorferi infection and surrogate for one of this pathogen's principle natural reservoir hosts, the white-footed deer mouse. Comparison will be made to the immune responses of humans with Lyme borreliosis. Our goal is to provide an understanding of the dynamics of the mammalian immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi and its relation to the outcomes in reservoir (mouse) and non-reservoir (human) hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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14
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Dendritic Cells as a Disputed Fortress on the Tick-Host Battlefield. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:340-354. [PMID: 33303363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From seminal publications in the early 1970s, the world learned that dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful and versatile antigen-presenting cells. It took a few years until the first studies expanded our understanding of the pivotal role of these immune 'soldiers' against ticks. Advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics have shed light on the identification of key salivary molecules that modulate the biology of DCs in favor of tick parasitism. Here, we present a critical overview of the discoveries accumulated on the tick-host battlefield from a DC perspective. Moreover, the clinical significance of DC-targeted tick salivary components is discussed, not only as facilitators of the transmission of tick-borne pathogens or vaccine candidates, but also as potential immunobiologics to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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15
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Ojeda N, Salazar C, Cárdenas C, Marshall SH. Expression of DC-SIGN-like C-Type Lectin Receptors in Salmo salar. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103806. [PMID: 32739503 PMCID: PMC7392198 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
C-Type Lectin Receptors (CTLR) are involved in the activation of innate and adaptative immune responses. Among these receptors, the Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) has become a hot topic due to its ability to bind and facilitate the infections processes of several pathogens. Although well characterized in mammals, little documentation exists about the receptor in salmonid fishes. Here, we report the sequence and expression analysis of eight DC-SIGN-like genes in Salmo salar. Each receptor displays structural similarities to DC-SIGN molecules described in mammals, including internalization motifs, a neck region with heptad repeats, and a Ca+2-dependent carbohydrate recognition domain. The receptors are expressed in multiple tissues of fish, and fish cell lines, with differential expression upon infection with viral and bacterial pathogens. The identification of DC-SIGN-like receptors in Salmo salar provides new information regarding the structure of the immune system of salmon, potential markers for cell subsets, as well as insights into DC-SIGN conservation across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Ojeda
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Carolina Salazar
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Constanza Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Sergio H Marshall
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile.
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16
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Kurokawa C, Narasimhan S, Vidyarthi A, Booth CJ, Mehta S, Meister L, Diktas H, Strank N, Lynn GE, DePonte K, Craft J, Fikrig E. Repeat tick exposure elicits distinct immune responses in guinea pigs and mice. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101529. [PMID: 32993942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks deposit salivary proteins into the skin during a bite to mediate acquisition of a blood meal. Acquired resistance to tick bites has been demonstrated to prevent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) transmission. However, the mechanism of resistance, as well as the protective antigens, have remained elusive. To address these unknowns, we utilized a guinea pig model of tick resistance and a mouse model of permissiveness. Guinea pigs developed immunity after multiple Ixodes scapularis tick infestations, characterized by rapid tick detachment and impaired feeding. In comparison, mice tolerated at least 6 infestations with no significant impact on feeding. We analyzed the bite sites by RNA-sequencing and histology, identifying several inflammatory pathways in tick immune animals, such as FcεRI signaling and complement activation, and activation of coagulation pathways that could impair local blood flow. Together, these results identify important pathways altered during tick rejection and potential tick proteins that could serve as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyne Kurokawa
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sukanya Narasimhan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aurobind Vidyarthi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lea Meister
- Clermont Auvergne University School of Engineering Polytech, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Husrev Diktas
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Norma Strank
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Lynn
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kathy DePonte
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by Ixodes spp. ticks. The spirochaete relies heavily on its arthropod host for basic metabolic functions and has developed complex interactions with ticks to successfully colonize, persist and, at the optimal time, exit the tick. For example, proteins shield spirochaetes from immune factors in the bloodmeal and facilitate the transition between vertebrate and arthropod environments. On infection, B. burgdorferi induces selected tick proteins that modulate the vector gut microbiota towards an environment that favours colonization by the spirochaete. Additionally, the recent sequencing of the Ixodes scapularis genome and characterization of tick immune defence pathways, such as the JAK–STAT, immune deficiency and cross-species interferon-γ pathways, have advanced our understanding of factors that are important for B. burgdorferi persistence in the tick. In this Review, we summarize interactions between B. burgdorferi and I. scapularis during infection, as well as interactions with tick gut and salivary gland proteins important for establishing infection and transmission to the vertebrate host. Borrelia burgdorferi has a complex life cycle with several different hosts, causing Lyme disease when it infects humans. In this Review, Fikrig and colleagues discuss how B. burgdorferi infects and interacts with its tick vector to ensure onward transmission.
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18
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Kara S, Amon L, Lühr JJ, Nimmerjahn F, Dudziak D, Lux A. Impact of Plasma Membrane Domains on IgG Fc Receptor Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1320. [PMID: 32714325 PMCID: PMC7344230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid cell membranes not only represent the physical boundaries of cells. They also actively participate in many cellular processes. This contribution is facilitated by highly complex mixtures of different lipids and incorporation of various membrane proteins. One group of membrane-associated receptors are Fc receptors (FcRs). These cell-surface receptors are crucial for the activity of most immune cells as they bind immunoglobulins such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). Based on distinct mechanisms of IgG binding, two classes of Fc receptors are now recognized: the canonical type I FcγRs and select C-type lectin receptors newly referred to as type II FcRs. Upon IgG immune complex induced cross-linking, these receptors are known to induce a multitude of cellular effector responses in a cell-type dependent manner, including internalization, antigen processing, and presentation as well as production of cytokines. The response is also determined by specific intracellular signaling domains, allowing FcRs to either positively or negatively modulate immune cell activity. Expression of cell-type specific combinations and numbers of receptors therefore ultimately sets a threshold for induction of effector responses. Mechanistically, receptor cross-linking and localization to lipid rafts, i.e., organized membrane microdomains enriched in intracellular signaling proteins, were proposed as major determinants of initial FcR activation. Given that immune cell membranes might also vary in their lipid compositions, it is reasonable to speculate, that the cell membrane and especially lipid rafts serve as an additional regulator of FcR activity. In this article, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the interplay of lipid rafts and IgG binding FcRs with a focus on the plasma membrane composition and receptor localization in immune cells, the proposed mechanisms underlying this localization and consequences for FcR function with respect to their immunoregulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kara
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer J Lühr
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Nano-Optics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Novel targets and strategies to combat borreliosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1915-1925. [PMID: 31953560 PMCID: PMC7222997 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a bacterial infection that can be spread to humans by infected ticks and may severely affect many organs and tissues. Nearly four decades have elapsed since the discovery of the disease agent called Borrelia burgdorferi. Although there is a plethora of knowledge on the infectious agent and thousands of scientific publications, an effective way on how to combat and prevent Lyme borreliosis has not been found yet. There is no vaccine for humans available, and only one active vaccine program in clinical development is currently running. A spirited search for possible disease interventions is of high public interest as surveillance data indicates that the number of cases of Lyme borreliosis is steadily increasing in Europe and North America. This review provides a condensed digest of the history of vaccine development up to new promising vaccine candidates and strategies that are targeted against Lyme borreliosis, including elements of the tick vector, the reservoir hosts, and the Borrelia pathogen itself.
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20
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Wen S, Wang F, Ji Z, Pan Y, Jian M, Bi Y, Zhou G, Luo L, Chen T, Li L, Ding Z, Abi ME, Liu A, Bao F. Salp15, a Multifunctional Protein From Tick Saliva With Potential Pharmaceutical Effects. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3067. [PMID: 31998324 PMCID: PMC6968165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ticks are the main vectors for a number of zoonotic diseases, including Lyme disease. Ticks secrete saliva directly into a mammalian host while feeding on the host's blood. This action serves to modulate host immunity and coagulation, thus allowing ticks to attach and feed upon their host. One of the most extensively studied components of tick saliva is Salp15. Research has shown that this protein binds specifically to CD4 molecules on the surface of T lymphocytes, interferes with TCR-mediated signaling transduction, inhibits CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation, and impedes the secretion of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Salp15 also binds specifically to dendritic cell dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) to up-regulate the expression of CD73 in regulatory T cells. Collectively, these findings render this salivary protein a potential candidate for a range of therapeutic applications. Here, we discuss our current understanding of Salp15 and the mechanisms that might be used to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China.,The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenhua Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - YingYi Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Miaomiao Jian
- The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - YunFeng Bi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Guozhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lisha Luo
- The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Taigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lianbao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Manzama-Esso Abi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fukai Bao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Center of Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Demonstration Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Tropical Diseases, Kunming, China
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21
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Chmelař J, Kotál J, Kovaříková A, Kotsyfakis M. The Use of Tick Salivary Proteins as Novel Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:812. [PMID: 31297067 PMCID: PMC6607933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last three decades of research into tick salivary components have revealed several proteins with important pharmacological and immunological activities. Two primary interests have driven research into tick salivary secretions: the search for suitable pathogen transmission blocking or “anti-tick” vaccine candidates and the search for novel therapeutics derived from tick salivary components. Intensive basic research in the field of tick salivary gland transcriptomics and proteomics has identified several major protein families that play important roles in tick feeding and overcoming vertebrate anti-tick responses. Moreover, these families contain members with unrealized therapeutic potential. Here we review the major tick salivary protein families exploitable in medical applications such as immunomodulation, inhibition of hemostasis and inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the potential, opportunities, and challenges in searching for novel tick-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Kotál
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Anna Kovaříková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czechia
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22
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Rego ROM, Trentelman JJA, Anguita J, Nijhof AM, Sprong H, Klempa B, Hajdusek O, Tomás-Cortázar J, Azagi T, Strnad M, Knorr S, Sima R, Jalovecka M, Fumačová Havlíková S, Ličková M, Sláviková M, Kopacek P, Grubhoffer L, Hovius JW. Counterattacking the tick bite: towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:229. [PMID: 31088506 PMCID: PMC6518728 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematophagous arthropods are responsible for the transmission of a variety of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex are vectors for some of the most frequently occurring human tick-borne diseases, particularly Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The search for vaccines against these diseases is ongoing. Efforts during the last few decades have primarily focused on understanding the biology of the transmitted viruses, bacteria and protozoans, with the goal of identifying targets for intervention. Successful vaccines have been developed against TBEV and Lyme borreliosis, although the latter is no longer available for humans. More recently, the focus of intervention has shifted back to where it was initially being studied which is the vector. State of the art technologies are being used for the identification of potential vaccine candidates for anti-tick vaccines that could be used either in humans or animals. The study of the interrelationship between ticks and the pathogens they transmit, including mechanisms of acquisition, persistence and transmission have come to the fore, as this knowledge may lead to the identification of critical elements of the pathogens' life-cycle that could be targeted by vaccines. Here, we review the status of our current knowledge on the triangular relationships between ticks, the pathogens they carry and the mammalian hosts, as well as methods that are being used to identify anti-tick vaccine candidates that can prevent the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O. M. Rego
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jos J. A. Trentelman
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Anguita
- CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48012 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ard M. Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Hajdusek
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tal Azagi
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Strnad
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Knorr
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radek Sima
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jalovecka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sabína Fumačová Havlíková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Ličková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sláviková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petr Kopacek
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Joppe W. Hovius
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 135:165-176. [PMID: 31062185 PMCID: PMC10118219 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tick saliva is a complex mixture of peptidic and non-peptidic molecules that aid engorgement. The composition of tick saliva changes as feeding progresses and the tick counters the dynamic host response. Ixodid ticks such as Ixodes ricinus, the most important tick species in Europe, transmit numerous pathogens that cause debilitating diseases, e.g. Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. Tick-borne pathogens are transmitted in tick saliva during blood feeding; however, saliva is not simply a medium enabling pathogen transfer. Instead, tick-borne pathogens exploit saliva-induced modulation of host responses to promote their transmission and infection, so-called saliva-assisted transmission (SAT). Characterization of the saliva factors that facilitate SAT is an active area of current research. Besides providing new insights into how tick-borne pathogens survive in nature, the research is opening new avenues for vaccine development.
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24
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Mans BJ. Chemical Equilibrium at the Tick-Host Feeding Interface:A Critical Examination of Biological Relevance in Hematophagous Behavior. Front Physiol 2019; 10:530. [PMID: 31118903 PMCID: PMC6504839 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks secrete hundreds to thousands of proteins into the feeding site, that presumably all play important functions in the modulation of host defense mechanisms. The current review considers the assumption that tick proteins have functional relevance during feeding. The feeding site may be described as a closed system and could be treated as an ideal equilibrium system, thereby allowing modeling of tick-host interactions in an equilibrium state. In this equilibrium state, the concentration of host and tick proteins and their affinities will determine functional relevance at the tick-host interface. Using this approach, many characterized tick proteins may have functional relevant concentrations and affinities at the feeding site. Conversely, the feeding site is not an ideal closed system, but is dynamic and changing, leading to possible overestimation of tick protein concentration at the feeding site and consequently an overestimation of functional relevance. Ticks have evolved different possible strategies to deal with this dynamic environment and overcome the barrier that equilibrium kinetics poses to tick feeding. Even so, cognisance of the limitations that equilibrium binding place on deductions of functional relevance should serve as an important incentive to determine both the concentration and affinity of tick proteins proposed to be functional at the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Wei N, Lin Z, Xu Z, Gong H, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Cao J, Li G, Zhou J. Immunosuppressive effects of tick protein RHcyst-1 on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:169. [PMID: 30987665 PMCID: PMC6466765 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks, as blood-feeding arthropod vectors, have evolved their own unique mechanism to suppress host immune responses and evade immune defenses in order to complete blood-feeding. The immunoregulatory effect of tick bioactive molecules on hosts has been widely reported, and the cystatin family has been identified as one of the major immunomodulators. In previous studies, we obtained a novel tick salivary bioactive protein named RHcyst-1, which belongs to the type 1 cystatin family. Here, we demonstrated the effects of RHcyst-1 on the host immune response mainly on dendritic cell (DC) function. Understanding the function of tick-derived bioactive molecule may help to clarify the mechanisms of how ticks escape the host immune response and help to control ticks and tick-borne disease transmission. METHODS Bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were generated and induced by GM-CSF and IL-4 with or without RHcyst-1 addition. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the differentiation and maturation of BMDCs and T cell cytokine production. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to measure changes in expression within STAT and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis revealed that RHcyst-1 inhibited the differentiation of BMDCs, but had no effect on the maturation of BMDCs. T cells co-cultured with DCs treated with RHcyst-1 produced significantly less TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 than the control group. Further analysis showed that the mRNA level and phosphorylation of p38, ERK and STAT were significantly changed after RHcyst-1 added to bone marrow monocytes during the differentiation stage. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that RHcyst-1 is one of the major immunosuppressive proteins of BMDC function from blood-feeding ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengmao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Esteves E, Bizzarro B, Costa FB, Ramírez-Hernández A, Peti APF, Cataneo AHD, Wowk PF, Timóteo RP, Labruna MB, Silva Junior PI, Silva CL, Faccioli LH, Fogaça AC, Sorgi CA, Sá-Nunes A. Amblyomma sculptum Salivary PGE 2 Modulates the Dendritic Cell- Rickettsia rickettsii Interactions in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30778355 PMCID: PMC6369204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is an important vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and the most lethal tick-borne pathogen affecting humans. To feed on the vertebrate host's blood, A. sculptum secretes a salivary mixture, which may interact with skin resident dendritic cells (DCs) and modulate their function. The present work was aimed at depicting the A. sculptum saliva-host DC network and the biochemical nature of the immunomodulatory component(s) involved in this interface. A. sculptum saliva inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by murine DCs stimulated with LPS. The fractionation of the low molecular weight salivary content by reversed-phase chromatography revealed active fractions eluting from 49 to 55% of the acetonitrile gradient. Previous studies suggested that this pattern of elution matches with that observed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the molecular identity of this lipid mediator was unambiguously confirmed by a new high-resolution mass spectrometry methodology. A productive infection of murine DCs by R. rickettsii was demonstrated for the first time leading to proinflammatory cytokine production that was inhibited by both A. sculptum saliva and PGE2, a result also achieved with human DCs. The adoptive transfer of murine DCs incubated with R. rickettsii followed by treatment with A. sculptum saliva or PGE2 did not change the cytokine profile associated to cellular recall responses while IgG2a-specific antibodies were decreased in the serum of these mice. Together, these findings emphasize the role of PGE2 as a universal immunomodulator of tick saliva. In addition, it contributes to new approaches to explore R. rickettsii-DC interactions both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Esteves
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bizzarro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Borges Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferranti Peti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Pessato Timóteo
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Célio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cristina Fogaça
- Department de Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Arterio Sorgi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Vechtova P, Sterbova J, Sterba J, Vancova M, Rego ROM, Selinger M, Strnad M, Golovchenko M, Rudenko N, Grubhoffer L. A bite so sweet: the glycobiology interface of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:594. [PMID: 30428923 PMCID: PMC6236881 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases constitute 17% of all infectious diseases in the world; among the blood-feeding arthropods, ticks transmit the highest number of pathogens. Understanding the interactions between the tick vector, the mammalian host and the pathogens circulating between them is the basis for the successful development of vaccines against ticks or the tick-transmitted pathogens as well as for the development of specific treatments against tick-borne infections. A lot of effort has been put into transcriptomic and proteomic analyses; however, the protein-carbohydrate interactions and the overall glycobiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens has not been given the importance or priority deserved. Novel (bio)analytical techniques and their availability have immensely increased the possibilities in glycobiology research and thus novel information in the glycobiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is being generated at a faster pace each year. This review brings a comprehensive summary of the knowledge on both the glycosylated proteins and the glycan-binding proteins of the ticks as well as the tick-transmitted pathogens, with emphasis on the interactions allowing the infection of both the ticks and the hosts by various bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Vechtova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jarmila Sterbova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sterba
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O M Rego
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Selinger
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Strnad
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maryna Golovchenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliia Rudenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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28
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Nuttall PA. Wonders of tick saliva. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:470-481. [PMID: 30459085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saliva of ticks is arguably the most complex saliva of any animal. This is particularly the case for ixodid species that feed for many days firmly attached to the same skin site of their obliging host. Sequencing and spectrometry technologies combined with bioinformatics are enumerating ingredients in the saliva cocktail. The dynamic and expanding saliva recipe is helping decipher the wonderous activities of tick saliva, revealing how ticks stealthily hide from their hosts while satisfying their gluttony and sharing their individual resources. This review takes a tick perspective on the composition and functions of tick saliva, covering water balance, gasket and holdfast, control of host responses, dynamics, individuality, mate guarding, saliva-assisted transmission, and redundancy. It highlights areas sometimes overlooked - feeding aggregation and sharing of sialomes, and the contribution of salivary gland storage granules - and questions whether the huge diversity of tick saliva molecules is 'redundant' or more a reflection on the enormous adaptability wonderous saliva confers on ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Nuttall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK and Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
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29
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Del Fresno C, Iborra S, Saz-Leal P, Martínez-López M, Sancho D. Flexible Signaling of Myeloid C-Type Lectin Receptors in Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:804. [PMID: 29755458 PMCID: PMC5932189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are important sensors of self and non-self that work in concert with other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). CLRs have been previously classified based on their signaling motifs as activating or inhibitory receptors. However, specific features of the ligand binding process may result in distinct signaling through a single motif, resulting in the triggering of non-canonical pathways. In addition, CLR ligands are frequently exposed in complex structures that simultaneously bind different CLRs and other PRRs, which lead to integration of heterologous signaling among diverse receptors. Herein, we will review how sensing by myeloid CLRs and crosstalk with heterologous receptors is modulated by many factors affecting their signaling and resulting in differential outcomes for immunity and inflammation. Finding common features among those flexible responses initiated by diverse CLR-ligand partners will help to harness CLR function in immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Del Fresno
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Saz-Leal
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Mason LMK, Hovius JWR. Investigating Human Dendritic Cell Immune Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1690:291-299. [PMID: 29032552 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7383-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that recognize and phagocytose pathogens, and help to orchestrate adaptive immune responses to combat them. DCs are abundant in the skin where Borrelia burgdorferi first enters the body during a tick bite, and are thus critical in determining the initial stages of the innate and adaptive immune responses against Borrelia. Here, we describe two methods to study the response of DCs to Borrelia; an in vitro approach using monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and an ex vivo approach using a human skin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M K Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Roversi P, Johnson S, Preston SG, Nunn MA, Paesen GC, Austyn JM, Nuttall PA, Lea SM. Structural basis of cholesterol binding by a novel clade of dendritic cell modulators from ticks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16057. [PMID: 29167574 PMCID: PMC5700055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two crystal structures of Japanin, an 18 kDa immune-modulatory lipocalin from the Brown Ear Tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), have been determined at 2.2 and 2.4 Å resolution. In both crystal forms the protein is in complex with cholesterol, which sits in a closed pocket at the centre of the lipocalin barrel. Both crystal forms are dimers, which are also observed in solution. Molecular modelling suggests that previously-described members of a tick protein family bearing high sequence homology to Japanin are also likely to bind cholesterol or cholesterol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Roversi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, England, United Kingdom. .,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G Preston
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, England, United Kingdom
| | - Miles A Nunn
- Akari Therapeutics, Plc, 75/76 Wimpole Street, London, W1G 9RT, England, United Kingdom
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Austyn
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, England, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Nuttall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, England, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, United Kingdom.
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32
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Sprokholt JK, Heineke MH, Kaptein TM, van Hamme JL, Geijtenbeek TBH. DCs facilitate B cell responses against microbial DNA via DC-SIGN. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185580. [PMID: 28976999 PMCID: PMC5627929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial DNA is highly immunostimulatory and is sensed by endosomal pattern recognition receptors after release from internalized microbes. It is unclear how extracellular DNA released from dead microbes is delivered to endosomal PRRs to induce immune responses. Here we have investigated the ability of DCs to bind and internalize extracellular E.coli DNA as well as synthetic DNA. DCs internalized E.coli and synthetic DNA, which was dependent on the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN. Notably, endosomal uptake of DNA by DCs enhanced TLR9-dependent responses of B cells against DNA. Hence, we have identified DC-SIGN as a cell surface receptor for DNA that facilitates immune responses directed against DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris K. Sprokholt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke H. Heineke
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja M. Kaptein
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John L. van Hamme
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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33
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Kazimírová M, Thangamani S, Bartíková P, Hermance M, Holíková V, Štibrániová I, Nuttall PA. Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:339. [PMID: 28798904 PMCID: PMC5526847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% of tick species are known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) are RNA viruses some of which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found to emerge or re-emerge recently. In order to survive in nature, TBV must infect and replicate in both vertebrate and tick cells, representing very different physiological environments. Information on molecular mechanisms that allow TBV to switch between infecting and replicating in tick and vertebrate cells is scarce. In general, ticks succeed in completing their blood meal thanks to a plethora of biologically active molecules in their saliva that counteract and modulate different arms of the host defense responses (haemostasis, inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, and wound healing). The transmission of TBV occurs primarily during tick feeding and is a complex process, known to be promoted by tick saliva constituents. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TBV transmission are poorly understood. Immunomodulatory properties of tick saliva helping overcome the first line of defense to injury and early interactions at the tick-host skin interface appear to be essential in successful TBV transmission and infection of susceptible vertebrate hosts. The local host skin site of tick attachment, modulated by tick saliva, is an important focus of virus replication. Immunomodulation of the tick attachment site also promotes co-feeding transmission of viruses from infected to non-infected ticks in the absence of host viraemia (non-viraemic transmission). Future research should be aimed at identification of the key tick salivary molecules promoting virus transmission, and a molecular description of tick-host-virus interactions and of tick-mediated skin immunomodulation. Such insights will enable the rationale design of anti-tick vaccines that protect against disease caused by tick-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kazimírová
- Department of Medical Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
| | - Pavlína Bartíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Meghan Hermance
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, United States
| | - Viera Holíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Štibrániová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia A. Nuttall
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingford, United Kingdom
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34
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Bernard Q, Wang Z, Di Nardo A, Boulanger N. Interaction of primary mast cells with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto): role in transmission and dissemination in C57BL/6 mice. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:313. [PMID: 28655322 PMCID: PMC5488306 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borrelia burgdorferi (sensulato), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis is a bacterium transmitted by hard ticks, Ixodes spp. Bacteria are injected into the host skin during the tick blood meal with tick saliva. There, Borrelia and saliva interact together with skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells and other specific immune cells before disseminating to target organs. Methods To study the role of mast cells in the transmission of Lyme borreliosis, we isolated mouse primary mast cells from bone marrow and incubated them in the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto) and tick salivary gland extract. We further analyzed their potential role in vivo, in a mouse model of deficient in mast cells (Kitwsh−/− mice). Results To our knowledge, we report here for the first time the bacteria ability to induce the inflammatory response of mouse primary mast cells. We show that OspC, a major surface lipoprotein involved in the early transmission of Borrelia, induces the degranulation of primary mast cells but has a limited effect on the overall inflammatory response of these cells. In contrast, whole bacteria have an opposite effect. We also show that mast cell activation is significantly inhibited by tick salivary gland extract. Finally, we demonstrate that mast cells are likely not the only host cells involved in the early transmission and dissemination of Borrelia since the use of mast cell deficient Kitwsh−/− mice shows a limited impact on these two processes in the context of this mouse genetic background. Conclusions The absence of mast cells did not change the replication rate of Borrelia in the skin. However, in the absence of mast cells, Borrelia dissemination to the joints was faster. Mast cells do not control skin bacterial proliferation during primary infection and the establishment of the primary infection, as shown in the C57BL/6 mouse model studied. Nevertheless, the Borrelia induced cytotokine modulation on mast cells might be involved in long term and/or repeated infections and protect from Lyme borreliosis due to the development of a hypersensitivity to tick saliva. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2243-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bernard
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Present address: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France.
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Šimo L, Kazimirova M, Richardson J, Bonnet SI. The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:281. [PMID: 28690983 PMCID: PMC5479950 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As long-term pool feeders, ticks have developed myriad strategies to remain discreetly but solidly attached to their hosts for the duration of their blood meal. The critical biological material that dampens host defenses and facilitates the flow of blood-thus assuring adequate feeding-is tick saliva. Saliva exhibits cytolytic, vasodilator, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive activity. This essential fluid is secreted by the salivary glands, which also mediate several other biological functions, including secretion of cement and hygroscopic components, as well as the watery component of blood as regards hard ticks. When salivary glands are invaded by tick-borne pathogens, pathogens may be transmitted via saliva, which is injected alternately with blood uptake during the tick bite. Both salivary glands and saliva thus play a key role in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to vertebrate hosts. During their long co-evolution with ticks and vertebrate hosts, microorganisms have indeed developed various strategies to exploit tick salivary molecules to ensure both acquisition by ticks and transmission, local infection and systemic dissemination within the vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Šimo
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-EstMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria Kazimirova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-EstMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sarah I. Bonnet
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-EstMaisons-Alfort, France
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Wang F, Lu X, Guo F, Gong H, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhou J. The immunomodulatory protein RH36 is relating to blood-feeding success and oviposition in hard ticks. Vet Parasitol 2017; 240:49-59. [PMID: 28449954 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An immunomodulatory protein designated RH36 was identified in the tick Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. The cDNA sequence of RH36 has 844bp and encodes a deduced protein with a predicted molecular weight of 24kDa. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that RH36 presented a degree of similarity of 34.36% with the immunomodulatory protein p36 from the tick Dermacentor andersoni. The recombinant RH36 (rRH36) expressed in Sf9 insect cells suppressed the T-lymphocyte mitogen-driven in vitro proliferation of splenocytes and the expression of several cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α. Furthermore, the proliferation of splenocytes isolated from rRH36-inoculated mice was significantly lower than that in control mice, suggesting that rRH36 could directly suppress immune responses in vivo. In addition, microarray analysis of splenocytes indicated that the expression of several immunomodulatory genes was downregulated by rRH36. The silencing of the RH36 gene by RNAi led to a 37.5% decrease in the tick attachment rate 24h after placement into the rabbit ears, whereas vaccination with RH36 caused a 53.06% decrease in the tick engorgement rate. Unexpectedly, RNAi induced a significant decrease in the oviposition rate, ovary weight at day 12 after engorgement, and egg-hatching rate. The effects of RH36 on blood feeding and oviposition were further confirmed by vaccination tests using the recombinant protein. These results indicate that RH36 is a novel member of immunosuppressant proteins and affects tick blood feeding and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fengxun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Islam MS, You MJ. Drug Induced Sialorrhea and Microfluidic-Chip-Electrophoretic Analysis of Engorged Adult Female Tick Saliva of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017; 11:10-18. [PMID: 29026848 PMCID: PMC5629291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to induce salivation in Haemaphysalis longicornis to increase saliva production and to characterize the collection of proteins present in the collected saliva using on-chip-electrophoresis. METHODS Saliva of adult female engorged H. longicornis was collected by treatment with 0.2% dopamine hydrochloride. All protein samples were characterized by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis using a microfluidic High Sensitivity Protein Assay 250 kit by 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, USA) under non-reducing conditions. RESULTS The average salivary protein concentration was 0.169 μg/μl/tick and saliva secretion decreased with increased time of tick detachment from the host. Saliva secretion volume increased to 3.56 μl in the group of ticks with a body weight between 301-350 mg as compared to higher and lower body weight groups. On-chip-electrophoresis results show 13 distinct bands ranging from 9.9 to 294 kDa. CONCLUSION Based on molecular weight, the putative salivary proteins are comprised of proline-rich proteins, triabin, apyrase members of the 12-kDa protein family, platelet inhibitors and anti-inflammatory proteins as tick saliva contains anti-inflammatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saiful Islam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea,Department of Medicine Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Myung Jo You
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors: Dr Myung Jo You,
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Franzin AM, Maruyama SR, Garcia GR, Oliveira RP, Ribeiro JMC, Bishop R, Maia AAM, Moré DD, Ferreira BR, Santos IKFDM. Immune and biochemical responses in skin differ between bovine hosts genetically susceptible and resistant to the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:51. [PMID: 28143523 PMCID: PMC5282843 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks attach to and penetrate their hosts’ skin and inactivate multiple components of host responses in order to acquire a blood meal. Infestation loads with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, are heritable: some breeds carry high loads of reproductively successful ticks, whereas in others, few ticks feed and reproduce efficiently. Methods In order to elucidate the mechanisms that result in the different outcomes of infestations with cattle ticks, we examined global gene expression and inflammation induced by tick bites in skins from one resistant and one susceptible breed of cattle that underwent primary infestations with larvae and nymphs of R. microplus. We also examined the expression profiles of genes encoding secreted tick proteins that mediate parasitism in larvae and nymphs feeding on these breeds. Results Functional analyses of differentially expressed genes in the skin suggest that allergic contact-like dermatitis develops with ensuing production of IL-6, CXCL-8 and CCL-2 and is sustained by HMGB1, ISG15 and PKR, leading to expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit granulocytes and T lymphocytes. Importantly, this response is delayed in susceptible hosts. Histopathological analyses of infested skins showed inflammatory reactions surrounding tick cement cones that enable attachment in both breeds, but in genetically tick-resistant bovines they destabilized the cone. The transcription data provided insights into tick-mediated activation of basophils, which have previously been shown to be a key to host resistance in model systems. Skin from tick-susceptible bovines expressed more transcripts encoding enzymes that detoxify tissues. Interestingly, these enzymes also produce volatile odoriferous compounds and, accordingly, skin rubbings from tick-susceptible bovines attracted significantly more tick larvae than rubbings from resistant hosts. Moreover, transcripts encoding secreted modulatory molecules by the tick were significantly more abundant in larval and in nymphal salivary glands from ticks feeding on susceptible bovines. Conclusions Compared with tick-susceptible hosts, genes encoding enzymes producing volatile compounds exhibit significantly lower expression in resistant hosts, which may render them less attractive to larvae; resistant hosts expose ticks to an earlier inflammatory response, which in ticks is associated with significantly lower expression of genes encoding salivary proteins that suppress host immunity, inflammation and coagulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mara Franzin
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Pereira Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Integrative Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Mendes Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dantas Moré
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
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Stone BL, Brissette CA. Host Immune Evasion by Lyme and Relapsing Fever Borreliae: Findings to Lead Future Studies for Borrelia miyamotoi. Front Immunol 2017; 8:12. [PMID: 28154563 PMCID: PMC5243832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging pathogen, Borrelia miyamotoi, is a relapsing fever spirochete vectored by the same species of Ixodes ticks that carry the causative agents of Lyme disease in the US, Europe, and Asia. Symptoms caused by infection with B. miyamotoi are similar to a relapsing fever infection. However, B. miyamotoi has adapted to different vectors and reservoirs, which could result in unique physiology, including immune evasion mechanisms. Lyme Borrelia utilize a combination of Ixodes-produced inhibitors and native proteins [i.e., factor H-binding proteins (FHBPs)/complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins, p43, BBK32, BGA66, BGA71, CD59-like protein] to inhibit complement, while some relapsing fever spirochetes use C4b-binding protein and likely Ornithodoros-produced inhibitors. To evade the humoral response, Borrelia utilize antigenic variation of either outer surface proteins (Osps) and the Vmp-like sequences (Vls) system (Lyme borreliae) or variable membrane proteins (Vmps, relapsing fever borreliae). B. miyamotoi possesses putative FHBPs and antigenic variation of Vmps has been demonstrated. This review summarizes and compares the common mechanisms utilized by Lyme and relapsing fever spirochetes, as well as the current state of understanding immune evasion by B. miyamotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandee L Stone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND , USA
| | - Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND , USA
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PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone regulates dendritic cells immunogenicity mediated by DC-SIGN via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:24-34. [PMID: 27792919 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is a dendritic cell-specific lectin which participates in dendritic cell (DC) trafficking, antigen uptake and DC-T cell interactions at the initiation of immune responses. This study investigated whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) activation in human DCs regulates the immunogenicity of DCs mediated by DC-SIGN and exploited the possible molecular mechanisms, especially focused on the signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Here, we show that the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone decreased DC adhesion and transmigration, and DC stimulation of T cell proliferation mediated by DC-SIGN dependent on activation of PPAR-γ, although it increased DC endocytosis independent of PPAR-γ activation. Furthermore, PPAR-γ activation by pioglitazone in DCs down-regulated the expression of DC-SIGN, which was mediated by modulating the balance of the signaling pathways of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and NF-κB, but not p38 MAPK. Therefore, we conclude that PPAR-γ activation in human DCs regulates the immunogenicity of DCs mediated by DC-SIGN via the pathways of MAPK and NF-κB. These findings may support the important role of these mediators in the regulation of DC-mediated inflammatory and immunologic processes.
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Mason LMK, Wagemakers A, van ‘t Veer C, Oei A, van der Pot WJ, Ahmed K, van der Poll T, Geijtenbeek TBH, Hovius JWR. Borrelia burgdorferi Induces TLR2-Mediated Migration of Activated Dendritic Cells in an Ex Vivo Human Skin Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164040. [PMID: 27695100 PMCID: PMC5047638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted into the skin of the host where it encounters and interacts with two dendritic cell (DC) subsets; Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs (DDCs). These cells recognize pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, mature and migrate out of the skin into draining lymph nodes, where they orchestrate adaptive immune responses. In order to investigate the response of skin DCs during the early immunopathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis, we injected B. burgdorferi intradermally into full-thickness human skin and studied the migration of DCs out of the skin, the activation profile and phenotype of migrated cells. We found a significant increase in the migration of LCs and DDCs in response to B. burgdorferi. Notably, migration was prevented by blocking TLR2. DCs migrated from skin inoculated with higher numbers of spirochetes expressed significantly higher levels of CD83 and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. No difference was observed in the expression of HLA-DR, CD86, CD38, or CCR7. To conclude, we have established an ex vivo human skin model to study DC-B. burgdorferi interactions. Using this model, we have demonstrated that B. burgdorferi-induced DC migration is mediated by TLR2. Our findings underscore the utility of this model as a valuable tool to study immunity to spirochetal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. K. Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van ‘t Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke Oei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kalam Ahmed
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joppe W. R. Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Garib FY, Rizopulu AP. T-Regulatory Cells as Part of Strategy of Immune Evasion by Pathogens. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:957-71. [PMID: 26547064 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, regulatory processes can suppress the immune response after elimination of a pathogen and restore homeostasis through the destruction and suppression of obsolete effector cells of the immune system. The main players in this process are T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and immature dendritic cells, which suppress the immune response by their own products and/or by inducing synthesis of immunosuppressive interleukins IL-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) by other cells. This mechanism is also used by widespread "successful" pathogens that are capable of chronically persisting in the human body - herpes virus, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and others. During coevolution of microbial pathogens and the host immune system, the pathogens developed sophisticated strategies for evading the host defense, so-called immune evasion. In particular, molecular structures of pathogens during the interaction with dendritic cells via activating and inhibitory receptors can change intracellular signal transduction, resulting in block of maturation of dendritic cells. Immature dendritic cells become tolerogenic and cause differentiation of Tregs from the conventional T-cell CD4+. Microbial molecules can also react directly with Tregs through innate immune receptors. Costimulation of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) by flagellin increases the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which increases the suppressive activity of Treg cells. From all evasion mechanisms, the induction of immunosuppression by Treg through IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β appears most effective. This results in the suppression of inflammation and of adaptive immune responses against pathogens, optimizing the conditions for the survival of bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yu Garib
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Scholl DC, Embers ME, Caskey JR, Kaushal D, Mather TN, Buck WR, Morici LA, Philipp MT. Immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva on dermal cells exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:394. [PMID: 27391120 PMCID: PMC4938952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prolonged feeding process of ixodid ticks, in combination with bacterial transmission, should lead to a robust inflammatory response at the blood-feeding site. Yet, factors present in tick saliva may down-regulate such responses, which may be beneficial to spirochete transmission. The primary goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that tick saliva, in the context of Borrelia burgdorferi, can have widespread effects on the production of immune mediators in skin. METHODS A cross-section of tick feeding on skin was examined histologically. Human THP-1 cells stimulated with B. burgdorferi and grown in the presence or absence of tick saliva were examined by human DNA microarray, cytokine bead array, sandwich ELISA, and qRT-PCR. Similar experiments were also conducted using dermal fibroblasts. RESULTS Tick feeding on skin showed dermal infiltration of histiocytes and granulocytes at the bite location. Changes in monocytic transcript levels during co-culture with B. burgdorferi and saliva indicated that tick saliva had a suppressive effect on the expression of certain pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-8 (CXCL8) and TLR2, but had a stimulatory effect on specific molecules such as the Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit (IL-10RA), a known mediator of the immunosuppressive signal of IL-10. Stimulated cell culture supernatants were analyzed via antigen-capture ELISA and cytokine bead array for inflammatory mediator production. Treatment of monocytes with saliva significantly reduced the expression of several key mediators including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Tick saliva had an opposite effect on dermal fibroblasts. Rather than inhibiting, saliva enhanced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-8 and IL-6 from these sentinel skin cells. CONCLUSIONS The effects of ixodid tick saliva on resident skin cells is cell type-dependent. The response to both tick and pathogen at the site of feeding favors pathogen transmission, but may not be wholly suppressed by tick saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy C. Scholl
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
- />Present Address: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Monica E. Embers
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
| | - John R. Caskey
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
| | - Thomas N. Mather
- />Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI USA
| | - Wayne R. Buck
- />Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana USA
- />Present Address: AbbVie, 1 N Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Mario T. Philipp
- />Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA USA
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Tian Y, Chen W, Mo G, Chen R, Fang M, Yedid G, Yan X. An Immunosuppressant Peptide from the Hard Tick Amblyomma variegatum. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:133. [PMID: 27153086 PMCID: PMC4885048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodid ticks are well known for spreading transmitted tick-borne pathogens while being attached to their hosts for almost 1-2 weeks to obtain blood meals. Thus, they must secrete many immunosuppressant factors to combat the hosts' immune system. In the present work, we investigated an immunosuppressant peptide of the hard tick Amblyomma variegatum. This peptide, named amregulin, is composed of 40 residues with an amino acid sequence of HLHMHGNGATQVFKPRLVLKCPNAAQLIQPGKLQRQLLLQ. A cDNA of the precursor peptide was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, MD, USA). In rat splenocytes, amregulin exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors in vitro, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In rat splenocytes, treated with amregulin, compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone, the inhibition of the above inflammatory factors was significant at all tested concentrations (2, 4 and 8 µg/mL). Amregulin shows strong free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (5, 10 and 20 µg/mL) in vitro. Amregulin also significantly inhibits adjuvant-induced paw inflammation in mouse models in vivo. This peptide may facilitate the ticks' successful blood feeding and may lead to host immunotolerance of the tick. These findings have important implications for the understanding of tick-host interactions and the co-evolution between ticks and the viruses that they bear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tian
- Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Rizhao, 126th Taian Road, Rizhao 276826, Shandong, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang #1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenlin Chen
- Yunnan Clinical Research Center of Breast Cancer, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Guoxiang Mo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang #1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ran Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang #1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mingqian Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang #1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gabriel Yedid
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang #1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang #1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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45
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Chmelař J, Kotál J, Kopecký J, Pedra JHF, Kotsyfakis M. All For One and One For All on the Tick-Host Battlefield. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:368-377. [PMID: 26830726 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The saliva of ixodid ticks contains a mixture of bioactive molecules that target a wide spectrum of host defense mechanisms to allow ticks to feed on the vertebrate host for several days. Tick salivary proteins cluster in multigenic protein families, and individual family members display redundancy and pluripotency in their action to ameliorate or evade host immune responses. It is now clear that members of different protein families can target the same cellular or molecular pathway of the host physiological response to tick feeding. We present and discuss our hypothesis that redundancy and pluripotency evolved in tick salivary immunomodulators to evade immune recognition by the host while retaining the immunomodulatory potential of their saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chmelař
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotál
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budweis, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Budweis, Czech Republic
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budweis, Czech Republic.
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46
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Bernard Q, Gallo RL, Jaulhac B, Nakatsuji T, Luft B, Yang X, Boulanger N. Ixodes tick saliva suppresses the keratinocyte cytokine response to TLR2/TLR3 ligands during early exposure to Lyme borreliosis. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:26-31. [PMID: 26307945 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes hard tick induces skin injury by its sophisticated biting process. Its saliva plays a key role to enable an efficient blood meal that lasts for several days. We hypothesized that this feeding process may also be exploited by pathogens to facilitate their transmission, especially in the context of arthropod-borne diseases. To test this, we used Lyme borreliosis as a model. This bacterial infection is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmitted by Ixodes. We co-incubated Borrelia with human keratinocytes in the presence of poly (I: C), a dsRNA TLR3 agonist generated by skin injury. This induced a strong cytokine response from human primary keratinocytes that was much greater than that induced by Borrelia alone. OspC, a TLR2/1 agonist and a major surface lipoprotein of Borrelia also amplified the process. Interestingly, tick saliva inhibited cytokine responses by keratinocytes to these TLR agonists. We propose that Borrelia uses the immunoprivileged site produced by tick saliva to facilitate its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bernard
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Luft
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xiahoua Yang
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290 Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe borréliose de Lyme, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle et Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Reference Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
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47
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Mason LM, Herkes EA, Krupna-Gaylord MA, Oei A, Poll TVD, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Petzke MM, Hovius JW. Borrelia burgdorferi clinical isolates induce human innate immune responses that are not dependent on genotype. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Vachiery N, Puech C, Cavelier P, Rodrigues V, Aprelon R, Lefrançois T, Martinez D, Epardaud M. An in vitro model to assess the immunosuppressive effect of tick saliva on the mobilization of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells. Vet Res 2015; 46:117. [PMID: 26412247 PMCID: PMC4586012 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause potent infections. These pathogens benefit from molecules contained in tick saliva that have evolved to modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses. This is called “saliva-activated transmission” and enables tick-borne pathogens to evade host immune responses. Ticks feed on their host for relatively long periods; thus, mechanisms counteracting the inflammation-driven recruitment and activation of innate effector cells at the bite site, are an effective strategy to escape the immune response. Here, we developed an original in vitro model to evaluate and to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva that prevent the establishment of a local inflammatory immune response. This model mimics the tick bite and enables the assessment of the effect of saliva on the inflammatory-associated dynamic recruitment of cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system. Using this model, we were able to recapitulate the dual effect of tick saliva on the mobilization of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells, i.e. (i) impaired recruitment of monocytes from the blood to the bite wound; and (ii) poor mobilization of monocyte-derived cells from the skin to the draining lymph node. This simple tool reconstitutes the effect of tick saliva in vivo, which we characterized in the mouse, and should enable the identification of important factors facilitating pathogen infection. Furthermore, this model may be applied to the characterization of any pathogen-derived immunosuppressive molecule affecting the establishment of the inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiery
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Carinne Puech
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- UMR C5535 Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Valérie Rodrigues
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dominique Martinez
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mathieu Epardaud
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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49
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Toyomane K, Konnai S, Niwa A, Githaka N, Isezaki M, Yamada S, Ito T, Takano A, Ando S, Kawabata H, Murata S, Ohashi K. Identification and the preliminary in vitro characterization of IRIS homologue from salivary glands of Ixodes persulcatus Schulze. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 7:119-125. [PMID: 26460162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus immunosuppressor (Iris) is a tick salivary gland protein derived from I. ricinus. In this study, Iris homolog was identified in the salivary glands of Ixodes persulcatus, which is the specific vector of the Lyme disease agent in Japan. The homolog was named Ipis-1. To investigate the function of Ipis-1, we prepared a recombinant Ipis-1 expressed in COS-7 cells as a rabbit IgG Fc-fused protein (Ipis-1-Ig). Cell proliferation assay and IFN-γ ELISA showed that Ipis-1-Ig inhibits the proliferation and IFN-γ production of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Notably, Ipis-1-Ig inhibited the cell proliferation and production of IFN-γ in bovine PBMCs even when CD14(+) cells were depleted, suggesting that Ipis could directly interact with T cells and inhibit their functions. In conclusion, Ipis could contribute to the establishment of environments suitable for tick blood feeding and pathogen transmission by suppressing the function of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kochi Toyomane
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ayano Niwa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Isezaki
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ito
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shuji Ando
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the tick-borne etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The spirochete must negotiate numerous barriers in order to establish a disseminated infection in a mammalian host. These barriers include migration from the feeding tick midgut to the salivary glands, deposition in skin, manipulation or evasion of the localized host immune response, adhesion to and extravasation through an endothelial barrier, hematogenous dissemination, and establishment of infection in distal tissue sites. Borrelia burgdorferi proteins that mediate many of these processes and the nature of the host response to infection are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Petzke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Ira Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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