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Gu C, Chen Y, Li H, Wang J, Liu S. Considerations when treating influenza infections with oseltamivir. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38995220 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2376660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the coronavirus disease 2019-mandated social distancing policy has been lifted worldwide, the circulation of influenza is expected to resume. Currently, oseltamivir is approved as the first-line agent for influenza prevention and treatment. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the updated evidence in the pharmacology, resistance mechanisms, clinical pharmacy management, and real-world data on oseltamivir for influenza. EXPERT OPINION Oseltamivir is an oral prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate, an influenza A and B neuraminidase inhibitor. Recently, the therapeutic efficacy of oseltamivir has been demonstrated in several trials. Oseltamivir is generally well-tolerated but may lead to neuropsychiatric events and bleeding. Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus has been associated with the H275Y mutation in the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, while most strains are still sensitive to oseltamivir. Dose adjustment for oseltamivir should be based on creatinine clearance and body weight in pediatric patients with renal failure. According to real-world data from Nanfang Hospital, the annual number of patients prescribed oseltamivir declined from 35,711 in 2019 to 8,971 in 2020, with marked increases in 2022 (20,213) and 2023 (18,071). Among the 206 inpatients, children aged < 6 years who were treated with oseltamivir had the shortest duration to defervescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Haobin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism Research and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism Research and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism Research and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- MOE Innovation Center for Medical Basic Research on Inflammation and Immune Related Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kutkat O, Gomaa M, Aboulhoda BE, Moatasim Y, El Taweel A, Kamel MN, El Sayes M, Elkhrsawy A, AbdAllah H, Kandeil A, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G, El-Shesheny R. Genetic and virological characteristics of a reassortant avian influenza A H6N1 virus isolated from wild birds at a live-bird market in Egypt. Arch Virol 2024; 169:95. [PMID: 38594485 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The first detection of a human infection with avian influenza A/H6N1 virus in Taiwan in 2013 has raised concerns about this virus. During our routine surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live-bird markets in Egypt, an H6N1 virus was isolated from a garganey duck and was characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Egyptian H6N1 strain A/Garganey/Egypt/20869C/2022(H6N1) has a unique genomic constellation, with gene segments inherited from different subtypes (H5N1, H3N8, H7N3, H6N1, and H10N1) that have been detected previously in AIVs from Egypt and some Eurasian countries. We examined the replication of kinetics of this virus in different mammalian cell lines (A549, MDCK, and Vero cells) and compared its pathogenicity to that of the ancestral H6N1 virus A/Quail/HK/421/2002(H6N1). The Egyptian H6N1 virus replicated efficiently in C57BL/6 mice without prior adaptation and grew faster and reached higher titers than in A549 cells than the ancestral strain. These results show that reassortant H6 AIVs might pose a potential threat to human health and highlight the need to continue surveillance of H6 AIVs circulating in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Amany Elkhrsawy
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hend AbdAllah
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Pamela P McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Chen W, Ma T, Liu S, Zhong Y, Yu H, Shu J, Wang X, Li Z. N-Glycan Profiles of Neuraminidase from Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:190. [PMID: 38399967 PMCID: PMC10893399 DOI: 10.3390/v16020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cleavage of sialic acids by neuraminidase (NA) facilitates the spread of influenza A virus (IV) descendants. Understanding the enzymatic activity of NA aids research into the transmission of IVs. An effective method for purifying NA was developed using p-aminophenyloxamic acid-modified functionalized hydroxylated magnetic particles (AAMPs), and from 0.299 to 0.401 mg of NA from eight IV strains was isolated by 1 mg AAMP. A combination of lectin microarrays and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS was employed to investigate the N-glycans of isolated NAs. We found that more than 20 N-glycans were identified, and 16 glycan peaks were identical in the strains derived from chicken embryo cultivation. Multi-antennae, bisected, or core-fucosylated N-glycans are common in all the NAs. The terminal residues of N-glycans are predominantly composed of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Meanwhile, sialic acid residue was uncommon in these N-glycans. Further computational docking analysis predicted the interaction mechanism between NA and p-aminophenyloxamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Chen
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Tianran Ma
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Sinuo Liu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Yaogang Zhong
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiurong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150001, China;
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (W.C.); (J.S.)
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Murray J, Martin DE, Hosking S, Orr-Burks N, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA. Probenecid Inhibits Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Viruses In Vitro and in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38275962 PMCID: PMC10821351 DOI: 10.3390/v16010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses cause infection in birds and humans. Several H5N1 and H7N9 variants are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H5N1 is a highly infectious bird virus infecting primarily poultry, but unlike other AIs, H5N1 also infects mammals and transmits to humans with a case fatality rate above 40%. Similarly, H7N9 can infect humans, with a case fatality rate of over 40%. Since 1996, there have been several HPAI outbreaks affecting humans, emphasizing the need for safe and effective antivirals. We show that probenecid potently inhibits H5N1 and H7N9 replication in prophylactically or therapeutically treated A549 cells and normal human broncho-epithelial (NHBE) cells, and H5N1 replication in VeroE6 cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackelyn Murray
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | | | - Sarah Hosking
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Nichole Orr-Burks
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
- TrippBio, Inc., Jacksonville, FL 32256, USA;
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Rafique S, Rashid F, Mushtaq S, Ali A, Li M, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z. Global review of the H5N8 avian influenza virus subtype. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200681. [PMID: 37333639 PMCID: PMC10272346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthomyxoviruses are negative-sense, RNA viruses with segmented genomes that are highly unstable due to reassortment. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 emerged in wild birds in China. Since its emergence, it has posed a significant threat to poultry and human health. Poultry meat is considered an inexpensive source of protein, but due to outbreaks of HPAI H5N8 from migratory birds in commercial flocks, the poultry meat industry has been facing severe financial crises. This review focuses on occasional epidemics that have damaged food security and poultry production across Europe, Eurasia, the Middle East, Africa, and America. HPAI H5N8 viral sequences have been retrieved from GISAID and analyzed. Virulent HPAI H5N8 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4b, Gs/GD lineage, and has been a threat to the poultry industry and the public in several countries since its first introduction. Continent-wide outbreaks have revealed that this virus is spreading globally. Thus, continuous sero- and viro-surveillance both in commercial and wild birds, and strict biosecurity reduces the risk of the HPAI virus appearing. Furthermore, homologous vaccination practices in commercial poultry need to be introduced to overcome the introduction of emergent strains. This review clearly indicates that HPAI H5N8 is a continuous threat to poultry and people and that further regional epidemiological studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Sajda Mushtaq
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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El-Shesheny R, Moatasim Y, Mahmoud SH, Song Y, El Taweel A, Gomaa M, Kamel MN, Sayes ME, Kandeil A, Lam TTY, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Ali MA. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Live Bird Markets, Egypt. Pathogens 2022; 12:36. [PMID: 36678384 PMCID: PMC9866256 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx influenza viruses have further diversified into several subclades. Sub-clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses have been widely circulating in wild birds and detected in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. In this study, we report the first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in wild birds and domestic ducks from live bird markets in Egypt. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Egyptian H5N1 virus retained the genomic composition of Eurasian strains. Mutations in the viral proteins associated with zoonotic potential and pathogenicity were detected in Egyptian isolates. Egypt is considered a hot spot for the evolution of the influenza virus, so active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Egypt is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Yi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tommy T. Y. Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pamela P. McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Dubai 3O-01-BA380, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Yuan S, Jiang SC, Zhang ZW, Fu YF, Zhu F, Li ZL, Hu J. Abuse of Amantadine in Poultry May Be Associated with Higher Fatality Rate of H5N1 Infections in Humans. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2588-2597. [PMID: 35170774 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Amantadine, an anti-viral drug, has been widely used in human anti-influenza treatments. However, several highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses show amantadine-resistance mutations in the viral matrix 2 (M2) protein. Here we analyzed global H5N1 sequencing data and calculate possible correlations between frequencies of key mutations in M2 and the mortality rates. We found that frequency of L26I/V27A mutation in M2 (isolated from both human and avian hosts) is linearly correlated with the mortality rates of human H5N1 infections. The significant correlation between M2 mutations in avians and the mortality rates in humans suggest that the pre-existence of L26I/V27A in birds may determine patient fatalities after trans-infections from avian to human hosts. 100% prevalence of L26I/V27A mutation increased the mortality rates from 51% (95% CI 37%-65%) to 89% (95% CI 88%-90%). Mutations involving Leu26 or Val27 were identified to be the major mutations emerging from drug selection pressure. Thus the emergence of the super H5N1 virus with a fatality over 90% may be attributed to the abuse of amantadine in poultry, especially in some southeast Asian countries. A more stringent control to anti-viral veterinary drugs is imperative. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Si-Cong Jiang
- Chengdu KangHong Pharmaceutical Group Comp. Ltd., Chengdu, 610036, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu-Fan Fu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Bifunctional Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Neuraminidase: Molecular Design of a Sulfonamide Linker. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313112. [PMID: 34884917 PMCID: PMC8657994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing resistance of the influenza virus to widely used competitive neuraminidase inhibitors occupying the active site of the enzyme requires the development of bifunctional compounds that can simultaneously interact with other regulatory sites on the protein surface. When developing such an inhibitor and combining structural fragments that could be located in the sialic acid cavity of the active site and the adjacent 430-cavity, it is necessary to select a suitable linker not only for connecting the fragments, but also to ensure effective interactions with the unique arginine triad Arg118-Arg292-Arg371 of neuraminidase. Using molecular modeling, we have demonstrated the usefulness of the sulfonamide group in the linker design and the potential advantage of this functional group over other isosteric analogues.
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El-Shesheny R, Turner JCM, Walker D, Franks J, Seiler P, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Mukherjee N, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Detection of a Novel Reassortant H9N9 Avian Influenza Virus in Free-Range Ducks in Bangladesh. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122357. [PMID: 34960626 PMCID: PMC8704232 DOI: 10.3390/v13122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir for influenza A viruses (IAVs). In this study, an A(H9N9) influenza A virus (A/duck/Bangladesh/44493/2020) was identified via routine surveillance in free-range domestic ducks in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin showed that the H9N9 virus belonged to the Y439-like lineage. The HA gene had the highest nucleotide identity to A/Bean Goose (Anser fabalis)/South Korea/KNU 2019-16/2019 (H9N2). The other seven gene segments clustered within the Eurasian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Jasmine C. M. Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Mohammed M. Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.M.F.); (M.K.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.M.F.); (M.K.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.M.F.); (M.K.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Yadav M, Igarashi M, Yamamoto N. Theoretical insights into the molecular mechanism of I117V mutation in neuraminidase mediated reduction of oseltamivir drug susceptibility in A/H5N1 influenza virus. PEERJ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-pchem.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of Ile to Val at residue 117 (I117V) of neuraminidase (NA) reduces the susceptibility of the A/H5N1 influenza virus to oseltamivir (OTV). However, the molecular mechanism by which the I117V mutation affects the intermolecular interactions between NA and OTV has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze the characteristic conformational changes that contribute to the reduced binding affinity of NA to OTV after the I117V mutation. The results of MD simulations revealed that after the I117V mutation in NA, the changes in the secondary structure around the mutation site had a noticeable effect on the residue interactions in the OTV-binding site. In the case of the WT NA-OTV complex, the positively charged side chain of R118, located in the β-sheet region, frequently interacted with the negatively charged side chain of E119, which is an amino acid residue in the OTV-binding site. This can reduce the electrostatic repulsion of E119 toward D151, which is also a negatively charged residue in the OTV-binding site, so that both E119 and D151 simultaneously form hydrogen bonds with OTV more frequently, which greatly contributes to the binding affinity of NA to OTV. After the I117V mutation in NA, the side chain of R118 interacted with the side chain of E119 less frequently, likely because of the decreased tendency of R118 to form a β-sheet structure. As a result, the electrostatic repulsion of E119 toward D151 is greater than that of the WT case, making it difficult for both E119 and D151 to simultaneously form hydrogen bonds with OTV, which in turn reduces the binding affinity of NA to OTV. Hence, after the I117V mutation in NA, influenza viruses are less susceptible to OTV because of conformational changes in residues of R118, E119, and D151 around the mutation site and in the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Yadav
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan
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Bui CHT, Kuok DIT, Yeung HW, Ng KC, Chu DKW, Webby RJ, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Hui KPY, Chan MCW. Risk Assessment for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6/H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2619-2627. [PMID: 34545790 PMCID: PMC8462306 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous global outbreaks and continuous reassortments of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N6/H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses in birds pose a major risk to the public health. We investigated the tropism and innate host responses of 5 recent HPAI A(H5N6/H5N8) avian isolates of clades 2.3.4.4b, e, and h in human airway organoids and primary human alveolar epithelial cells. The HPAI A(H5N6/H5N8) avian isolates replicated productively but with lower competence than the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, HPAI A(H5N1), and HPAI A(H5N6) isolates from humans in both or either models. They showed differential cellular tropism in human airway organoids; some infected all 4 major epithelial cell types: ciliated cells, club cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. Our results suggest zoonotic potential but low transmissibility of the HPAI A(H5N6/H5N8) avian isolates among humans. These viruses induced low levels of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, which are unlikely to contribute to the pathogenesis of severe disease.
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Yeo SJ, Hoang VT, Duong TB, Nguyen NM, Tuong HT, Azam M, Sung HW, Park H. Emergence of a Novel Reassortant H5N3 Avian Influenza Virus in Korean Mallard Ducks in 2018. Intervirology 2021; 65:1-16. [PMID: 34438407 DOI: 10.1159/000517057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The avian influenza (AI) virus causes a highly contagious disease which is common in wild and domestic birds and sporadic in humans. Mutations and genetic reassortments among the 8 negative-sense RNA segments of the viral genome alter its pathogenic potential, demanding well-targeted, active surveillance for infection control. METHODS Wild duck fecal samples were collected during the 2018 bird health annual surveillance in South Korea for tracking variations of the AI virus. One low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 reassortment virus (A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 [H5N3]) was isolated and genomically characterized by phylogenetic and molecular analyses in this study. RESULTS It was devoid of polybasic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site and exhibited a stalk region without deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) gene and NA inhibitor resistance-linked E/D627K/N and D701N marker mutations in the PB2 gene, suggesting its low-pathogenic AI. It showed a potential of a reassortment where only HA originated from the H5N3 poultry virus of China and other genes were derived from Mongolia. In phylogenetic analysis, HA was different from that of the isolate of H5N3 in Korea, 2015. In addition, this novel virus showed adaptation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, with 8.05 ± 0.14 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) /mL at 36 h postinfection. However, it could not replicate in mice well, showing positive growth at 3 days postinfection (dpi) (2.1 ± 0.13 log10 TCID50/mL) but not at 6 dpi. CONCLUSIONS The HA antigenic relationship of A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 (H5N3) showed differences toward one of the old low-pathogenic H5N3 viruses in Korea. These results indicated that a novel reassortment low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 subtype virus emerged in South Korea in 2018 via novel multiple reassortments with Eurasian viruses, rather than one of old Korean H5N3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Bao Duong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Tuong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mudsser Azam
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Pawestri HA, Eggink D, Isfandari S, Thanh TT, Rogier van Doorn H, Setiawaty V, de Jong MD. Viral Factors Associated With the High Mortality Related to Human Infections With Clade 2.1 Influenza A/H5N1 Virus in Indonesia. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1139-1146. [PMID: 31321436 PMCID: PMC7052542 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since their emergence in Indonesia in 2005, 200 human infections with clade 2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus have been reported, associated with exceptionally high mortality (84%) compared to regions affected by other genetic clades of this virus. To provide potential clues towards understanding this high mortality, detailed clinical virological analyses were performed in specimens from 180 H5N1 patients, representing 90% of all Indonesian patients and 20% of reported H5N1-infected patients globally. Methods H5N1 RNA was quantified in available upper- and lower-respiratory tract specimens as well as fecal and blood samples from 180 patients with confirmed infection between 2005 and 2017. Mutations in the neuraminidase and M2 genes that confer resistance to oseltamivir and adamantanes were assessed. Fatal and nonfatal cases were compared. Results High viral RNA loads in nasal and pharyngeal specimens were associated with fatal outcome. Mortality increased over time during the study period, which correlated with increasing viral RNA loads on admission. Furthermore, the prevalence of amantadine resistance–conferring M2 mutations increased over time, and viral loads were higher in patients infected with viruses that harbored these mutations. Compared to observations from other regions, viral RNA was detected more frequently in feces (80%) and particularly in blood (85%), and antiviral responses to oseltamivir appeared less pronounced. Conclusions These observations confirm the association of viral load with outcome of human H5N1 infections and suggest potential differences in virulence and antiviral responses to oseltamivir that may explain the exceptionally high mortality related to clade 2.1 H5N1 infections in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana A Pawestri
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Siti Isfandari
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivi Setiawaty
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Host Innate Immune Response of Geese Infected with Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020224. [PMID: 32046051 PMCID: PMC7074872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses have circulated in waterfowls and caused human infections in China, posing significant threats to the poultry industry and the public health. However, the genetics, pathogenicity and innate immune response of H5N6 HPAIVs in geese remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristic of the two H5N6 viruses (GS38 and DK09) isolated from apparently healthy domestic goose and duck in live poultry markets (LPMs) of Southern China in 2016. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HA genes of the two H5N6 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 and were clustered into the MIX-like group. The MIX-like group viruses have circulated in regions such as China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The NA genes of the two H5N6 viruses were classified into the Eurasian sublineage. The internal genes including PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS of the two H5N6 viruses derived from the MIX-like. Therefore, our results suggested that the two H5N6 viruses were reassortants of the H5N1 and H6N6 viruses and likely derived from the same ancestor. Additionally, we evaluated the pathogenicity and transmission of the two H5N6 viruses in domestic geese. Results showed that both the two viruses caused serious clinical symptoms in all inoculated geese and led to high mortality in these birds. Both the two viruses were transmitted efficiently to contact geese and caused lethal infection in these birds. Furthermore, we found that mRNA of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), interferons (IFNs), and stimulated genes (ISGs) exhibited different levels of activation in the lungs and spleens of the two H5N6 viruses-inoculated geese though did not protect these birds from H5N6 HPAIVs infection. Our results suggested that the clade 2.3.4.4 waterfowl-origin H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from LPMs of Southern China could cause high mortality in geese and innate immune-related genes were involved in the geese innate immune response to H5N6 HPAIVs infection. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the evolution, pathogenic variations of these viruses and enhance virological surveillance of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs in waterfowls in China.
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15
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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16
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Adams SE, Lee N, Lugovtsev VY, Kan A, Donnelly RP, Ilyushina NA. Effect of influenza H1N1 neuraminidase V116A and I117V mutations on NA activity and sensitivity to NA inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104539. [PMID: 31228489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) play a key role in the management of influenza. Given the limited number of FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs, evaluation of potential drug-resistant variants is of high priority. Two NA mutations, V116A and I117V, are found in ∼0.6% of human, avian, and swine N1 isolates. Using the A/California/04/09-like (CA/04, H1N1) background, we examined the impact of V116A and I117V NA mutations on NAI susceptibility, substrate specificity, and replicative capacity in normal human bronchial (NHBE) cells and a human respiratory epithelial cell line (Calu-3). We compared the impact of V116A and I117V on the functional properties of NA and compared these mutations with that of previously reported NAI-resistant mutations, E119A, H275Y, and N295S. All NA mutations were genetically stable. None of the viruses carrying NA mutations grew to significantly lower titers than CA/04 in Calu-3 cells. In contrast, V116A, I117V, E119A, and N295S substitutions resulted in significantly lower viral titers (1.2 logs) than the parental CA/04 virus in NHBE cells. V116A conferred reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir and zanamivir (13.7-fold). When MUNANA, 3'SL, and 6'SL substrates were applied, we observed that V116A reduced binding ability for all substrates (13.9-fold) and I117V led to the significantly decreased affinity for MUNANA and 6'SL (4.2-fold). Neither mutation altered the catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) in catalyzing 3'SL, but the efficiency in catalyzing MUNANA and 6'SL was significantly decreased: only ∼34.7% compared to the wild-type NA. The efficiencies of NAs with E119A, H275Y, and N295S mutations to catalyze all substrates were ∼19.4% of the CA/04 NA. Our study demonstrates the direct effect of drug-resistant mutations located inside or adjacent to the NA active site on NA substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E Adams
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Lee
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Y Lugovtsev
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia Kan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - Natalia A Ilyushina
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA.
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Kode SS, Pawar SD, Tare DS, Keng SS, Hurt AC, Mullick J. A novel I117T substitution in neuraminidase of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus conferring reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:21-24. [PMID: 31282375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of avian influenza (AI) with Neuraminidase (NA) mutations which confer reduced neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptibility has remained a cause of concern. The susceptibility to NAIs of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated during 2006-2012 in India was tested in phenotypic fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay, sequence analysis and in ovo. One isolate showed a novel NA I117T amino acid substitution (N2 numbering) and eight isolates showed previously known NAI-resistance marker mutations (I117V, E119D, N294S, total 9/67). The overall incidence of resistant variants was 13.4%. The novel I117T substitution reduced oseltamivir susceptibility by 18.6-fold and zanamivir susceptibility by 11.8-fold, compared to the wild type AI H5N1virus, thus showed cross-resistance to both oseltamivir and zanamivir in NA inhibition assays. However, the other two isolates with I117V substitution were sensitive to both the NAIs. In addition, the comparison of growth of the I117T and I117V variants in presence of NAI's in the in ovo assays exhibited difference in growth levels. The present study reports the natural occurrence of a novel I117T mutation in AI H5N1 virus conferring cross-resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir highlighting the urgent need of antiviral surveillance of AI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana S Kode
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India.
| | - Deeksha S Tare
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Sachin S Keng
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
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Moasser E, Moasser A, Zaraket H. Incidence of antiviral drug resistance markers among human influenza A viruses in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005-2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 67:60-66. [PMID: 30389548 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two classes of antiviral drugs are available for influenza antiviral therapy: the adamantanes and the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). Due to the emergence of adamantane-resistant variants, the use of these drugs has been largely limited in the world. The NAIs became the drugs of choice for treatment of influenza A infections. However, amino acid substitutions in the NA protein might lead to reduced sensitivity to NAIs. METHODS The frequency and distribution of matrix protein 2 (M2) and neuraminidase (NA) variants which confer resistance to antiviral drugs was investigated in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2016. A total of 314 M2 and 1209 NA protein sequences from influenza A/H1N1, A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, and A/H5N1 available in the public database were analyzed. RESULTS Eighty-six percent of the influenza A viruses detected in the EMR were resistant to adamantanes, among which, H3 strains exhibited the highest (95.32%) level of adamantane resistance. Approximately 98.51% (265/269) of influenza A/H1N1 and H3N2 resistant viruses had the S31N substitution in their M2 sequences. The V27A mutation was the only resistance marker found in A/H5N1 viruses and was detected at a frequency of 7.40% among the investigated viruses. Other resistant mutations L26F, A30T, G34E, and L38F were not detected in any of the variants. We found that 2.81% (n = 34) of the detected NA sequences from influenza A viruses possessed at least one NAI-resistant mutation and the vast majority of resistant viruses 79.41% (27/34) bear the H274Y mutation. The frequency of NAI-resistant viruses was 3.29% (24/729) for the H1N1pdm09, 10.64% (5/47) for the seasonal H1N1, and 4.06% (5/123) for H5N1 viruses. None of the H3N2 viruses analyzed during the study period were resistant to NAIs. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the emergence and spread of antiviral drug resistant influenza A viruses in the EMR and emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to maintain the effective use of the current antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Moasser
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Moasser
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Sood R, Kumar N, Bhatia S, Chanu KV, Gupta CL, Pateriya AK, Mishra A, Khandia R, Mawale N, Singh VP. Neuraminidase inhibitors susceptibility profiles of highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from avian species in India (2006-2015). Antiviral Res 2018; 158:143-146. [PMID: 30125616 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We tested 65 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses, isolated from avian species in India between 2006 and 2015, for susceptibility to the FDA approved neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs), oseltamivir and zanamivir using a phenotypic fluorescence-based assay. The overall incidence of resistant variants among HPAI A(H5N1) viruses was 7.69% (5/65). The NA inhibition assay identified 3 viruses resistant to oseltamivir (N294S substitution, N2 numbering) and 2 cross-resistant to oseltamivir and zanamivir (E119A or I117V+E119A substitutions), all of which belonged to hemagglutinin (HA) clade 2.2 (5/17) and predominantly circulated in Indian poultry during 2006-2010. In comparison to E119A substitution alone, viruses with I117V+E119A double substitutions showed greater reduction in susceptibility to both oseltamivir and zanamivir. The NAI resistance-associated NA markers, identified in this study, were as a result of naturally occurring mutations. Of note, 48 viruses of HA clade 2.3.2.1 that circulated in Indian poultry during 2011-2015 were susceptible to both oseltamivir and zanamivir. It is essential to monitor NAI susceptibility among human and avian HPAI A(H5N1) viruses that would provide baseline data to develop strategies for pandemic preparedness and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Khangembam Victoria Chanu
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Atul Kumar Pateriya
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Mawale
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Young SG, Kitchen A, Kayali G, Carrel M. Unlocking pandemic potential: prevalence and spatial patterns of key substitutions in avian influenza H5N1 in Egyptian isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:314. [PMID: 29980172 PMCID: PMC6035396 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza H5N1 has a high human case fatality rate, but is not yet well-adapted to human hosts. Amino acid substitutions currently circulating in avian populations may enhance viral fitness in, and thus viral adaptation to, human hosts. Substitutions which could increase the risk of a human pandemic (through changes to host specificity, virulence, replication ability, transmissibility, or drug susceptibility) are termed key substitutions (KS). Egypt represents the epicenter of human H5N1 infections, with more confirmed cases than any other country. To date, however, there have not been any spatial analyses of KS in Egypt. Methods Using 925 viral samples of H5N1 from Egypt, we aligned protein sequences and scanned for KS. We geocoded isolates using dasymetric mapping, then carried out geospatial hot spot analyses to identify spatial clusters of high KS detection rates. KS prevalence and spatial clusters were evaluated for all detected KS, as well as when stratified by phenotypic consequence. Results A total of 39 distinct KS were detected in the wild, including 17 not previously reported in Egypt. KS were detected in 874 samples (94.5%). Detection rates varied by viral protein with most KS observed in the surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, as well as the interior non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. The most frequently detected KS were associated with increased viral binding to mammalian cells and virulence. Samples with high overall detection rates of KS exhibited statistically significant spatial clustering in two governorates in the northwestern Nile delta, Alexandria and Beheira. Conclusions KS provide a possible mechanism by which avian influenza H5N1 could evolve into a pandemic candidate. With numerous KS circulating in Egypt, and non-random spatial clustering of KS detection rates, these findings suggest the need for increased surveillance in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Scientific Research, Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
| | - Margaret Carrel
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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21
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Preventive Effects of Oxidized Dextran on Functional Activity of Pulmonary Macrophages in Mice Infected with Influenza A Virus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:57-60. [PMID: 29796811 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed cytokine profile of pulmonary macrophages in mice infected with highly pathogenic influenza A/H5N1 virus after preventive injections of oxidized dextran. Light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and morphometric examinations showed that preventive injections of oxidized dextran led to more effective virus elimination, modulation of the proinflammatory cytokine response, and host antiviral response and reduce animal mortality. Our findings allow recommending oxidized dextran for further studies in order to create a vaccine with antiviral and adjuvant potencies.
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22
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McKimm-Breschkin JL, Barrett S, Wong FYK, Pudjiatmoko, Azhar M, Selleck P, Davies KR, Hartaningsih N, McGrane J. Identification of Indonesian clade 2.1 highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) viruses with N294S and S246N neuraminidase substitutions which further reduce oseltamivir susceptibility. Antiviral Res 2018; 153:95-100. [PMID: 29574145 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have tested the in vitro susceptibility to the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors of 96 highly pathogenic clade 2.1 A(H5N1) viruses from Indonesia, isolated between 2008 and 2011. HPAI virus samples obtained through the Influenza Virus Monitoring (IVM) surveillance program in Indonesia were tested for susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. The NAs of four viruses were identified as extreme outliers to oseltamivir, based on statistical analysis by box plots, with IC50 values ranging from 46 to 62 nM. The NAs of two of these viruses from Sumatra and Aceh, had an N294S substitution, while one virus from Sulawesi had an S246N NA substitution. The NAs of all four viruses showed a specific loss of slow binding to oseltamivir in an IC50 kinetics assay. As observed in our previous surveillance, there was only a minimal effect on the sensitivity to zanamivir or peramivir for these mutants or any of the other isolates tested. The continued circulation of subtype H5N1 viruses in avian species poses an on-going zoonotic threat. The fact that we continue to identify avian isolates with naturally occurring mutations conferring reduced oseltamivir susceptibility remains a concern, given oseltamivir will be a key antiviral in the event of a new pandemic emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Barrett
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Australia.
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Pudjiatmoko
- Directorate of Animal Health, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Muhammad Azhar
- Directorate of Animal Health, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Paul Selleck
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kelly R Davies
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Nining Hartaningsih
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - James McGrane
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Jakarta, Indonesia.
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23
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Laleye A, Joannis T, Shittu I, Meseko C, Zamperin G, Milani A, Zecchin B, Fusaro A, Monne I, Abolnik C. A two-year monitoring period of the genetic properties of clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 viruses in Nigeria reveals the emergence and co-circulation of distinct genotypes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 57:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Nykvist M, Gillman A, Söderström Lindström H, Tang C, Fedorova G, Lundkvist Å, Latorre-Margalef N, Wille M, Järhult JD. In vivo mallard experiments indicate that zanamivir has less potential for environmental influenza A virus resistance development than oseltamivir. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2937-2949. [PMID: 29139346 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors are a cornerstone of influenza pandemic preparedness before vaccines can be mass-produced and thus a neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant pandemic is a serious threat to public health. Earlier work has demonstrated the potential for development and persistence of oseltamivir resistance in influenza A viruses exposed to environmentally relevant water concentrations of the drug when infecting mallards, the natural influenza reservoir that serves as the genetic base for human pandemics. As zanamivir is the major second-line neuraminidase inhibitor treatment, this study aimed to assess the potential for development and persistence of zanamivir resistance in an in vivo mallard model; especially important as zanamivir will probably be increasingly used. Our results indicate less potential for development and persistence of resistance due to zanamivir than oseltamivir in an environmental setting. This conclusion is based on: (1) the lower increase in zanamivir IC50 conferred by the mutations caused by zanamivir exposure (2-17-fold); (2) the higher zanamivir water concentration needed to induce resistance (at least 10 µg l-1); (3) the lack of zanamivir resistance persistence without drug pressure; and (4) the multiple resistance-related substitutions seen during zanamivir exposure (V116A, A138V, R152K, T157I and D199G) suggesting lack of one straight-forward evolutionary path to resistance. Our study also adds further evidence regarding the stability of the oseltamivir-induced substitution H275Y without drug pressure, and demonstrates the ability of a H275Y-carrying virus to acquire secondary mutations, further boosting oseltamivir resistance when exposed to zanamivir. Similar studies using influenza A viruses of the N2-phylogenetic group of neuraminidases are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Nykvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Gillman
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Söderström Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Ito H, Soda K, Usui T, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Yamaguchi T, Mine J, Ito T, Saito T. Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016-2017. Virology 2017; 512:8-20. [PMID: 28892736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the evolutionary pathway, we sequenced the entire genomes of 89 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Japan during winter 2016-2017 and 117 AIV/HPAIVs isolated in Japan and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 5 distinct genotypes of H5N6 HPAIVs affected poultry and wild birds during that period. Japanese H5N6 isolates shared a common genetic ancestor in 6 of 8 genomic segments, and the PA and NS genes demonstrated 4 and 2 genetic origins, respectively. Six gene segments originated from a putative ancestral clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus that was a possible genetic reassortant among Chinese clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs. In addition, 2 NS clusters and a PA cluster in Japanese H5N6 HPAIVs originated from Chinese HPAIVs, whereas 3 distinct AIV-derived PA clusters were evident. These results suggest that migratory birds were important in the spread and genetic diversification of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu 501-1112, Japan.
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26
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Hussain M, Galvin HD, Haw TY, Nutsford AN, Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:121-134. [PMID: 28458567 PMCID: PMC5404498 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the sole cause of the unpredictable influenza pandemics and deadly zoonotic outbreaks and constitutes at least half of the cause of regular annual influenza epidemics in humans. Two classes of anti-IAV drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) targeting the viral components M2 ion channel and NA, respectively, have been approved to treat IAV infections. However, IAV rapidly acquired resistance against both classes of drugs by mutating these viral components. The adamantane-resistant IAV has established itself in nature, and a majority of the IAV subtypes, especially the most common H1N1 and H3N2, circulating globally are resistant to adamantanes. Consequently, adamantanes have become practically obsolete as anti-IAV drugs. Similarly, up to 100% of the globally circulating IAV H1N1 subtypes were resistant to oseltamivir, the most commonly used NAI, until 2009. However, the 2009 pandemic IAV H1N1 subtype, which was sensitive to NAIs and has now become one of the dominant seasonal influenza virus strains, has replaced the pre-2009 oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 variants. This review traces the epidemiology of both adamantane- and NAI-resistant IAV subtypes since the approval of these drugs and highlights the susceptibility status of currently circulating IAV subtypes to NAIs. Further, it provides an overview of currently and soon to be available control measures to manage current and emerging drug-resistant IAV. Finally, this review outlines the research directions that should be undertaken to manage the circulation of IAV in intermediate hosts and develop effective and alternative anti-IAV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Henry D Galvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tatt Y Haw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ashley N Nutsford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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27
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Antiviral Resistance in Influenza Viruses: Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7122614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47266-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
There are three classes of antiviral drugs approved for the treatment of influenza: the M2 ion channel inhibitors (amantadine, rimantadine), neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (laninamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir), and the protease inhibitor (favipiravir); some of the agents are only available in selected countries [1, 2]. These agents are effective at treating the signs and symptoms of influenza in patients infected with susceptible viruses. Clinical failure has been demonstrated in patients infected with viruses with primary resistance, i.e., antivirals can be present in the virus initially infecting the patient, or resistance may emerge during the course of therapy [3–5]. NA inhibitors are active against all nine NA subtypes recognized in nature [6], including highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 and recent low-pathogenic avian influenza A/H7N9 viruses [7]. Since seasonal influenza is usually an acute, self-limited illness in which viral clearance usually occurs rapidly due to innate and adaptive host immune responses, the emergence of drug-resistant variants would be anticipated to have limited effect on clinical recovery in otherwise healthy patients, as has been demonstrated clinically [3, 8, 9]. Unfortunately, immunocompromised or immunologically naïve hosts, such as young children and infants or those exposed to novel strains, are more likely to have mutations that confer resistance emergence during therapy; such resistant variants may also result in clinically significant adverse outcomes [10–13].
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28
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Identification of Residues That Affect Oligomerization and/or Enzymatic Activity of Influenza Virus H5N1 Neuraminidase Proteins. J Virol 2016; 90:9457-70. [PMID: 27512075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01346-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A virus (IAV) attachment to and release from sialoside receptors is determined by the balance between hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The molecular determinants that mediate the specificity and activity of NA are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to design the optimal recombinant soluble NA protein to identify residues that affect NA enzymatic activity. To this end, recombinant soluble versions of four different NA proteins from H5N1 viruses were compared with their full-length counterparts. The soluble NA ectodomains were fused to three commonly used tetramerization domains. Our results indicate that the particular oligomerization domain used does not affect the Km value but may affect the specific enzymatic activity. This particularly holds true when the stalk domain is included and for NA ectodomains that display a low intrinsic ability to oligomerize. NA ectodomains extended with a Tetrabrachion domain, which forms a nearly parallel four-helix bundle, better mimicked the enzymatic properties of full-length proteins than when other coiled-coil tetramerization domains were used, which probably distort the stalk domain. Comparison of different NA proteins and mutagenic analysis of recombinant soluble versions thereof resulted in the identification of several residues that affected oligomerization of the NA head domain (position 95) and therefore the specific activity or sialic acid binding affinity (Km value; positions 252 and 347). This study demonstrates the potential of using recombinant soluble NA proteins to reveal determinants of NA assembly and enzymatic activity. IMPORTANCE The IAV HA and NA glycoproteins are important determinants of host tropism and pathogenicity. However, NA is relatively understudied compared to HA. Analysis of soluble versions of these glycoproteins is an attractive way to study their activities, as they are easily purified from cell culture media and applied in downstream assays. In the present study, we analyzed the enzymatic activity of different NA ectodomains with three commonly used tetramerization domains and compared them with full-length NA proteins. By performing a mutagenic analysis, we identified several residues that affected NA assembly, activity, and/or substrate binding. In addition, our results indicate that the design of the recombinant soluble NA protein, including the particular tetramerization domain, is an important determinant for maintaining the enzymatic properties within the head domain. NA ectodomains extended with a Tetrabrachion domain better mimicked the full-length proteins than when the other tetramerization domains were used.
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29
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Schaduangrat N, Phanich J, Rungrotmongkol T, Lerdsamran H, Puthavathana P, Ubol S. The significance of naturally occurring neuraminidase quasispecies of H5N1 avian influenza virus on resistance to oseltamivir: a point of concern. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1311-1323. [PMID: 26935590 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral adaptability and survival arise due to the presence of quasispecies populations that are able to escape the immune response or produce drug-resistant variants. However, the presence of H5N1 virus with natural mutations acquired without any drug selection pressure poses a great threat. Cloacal samples collected from the 2004-2005 epidemics in Thailand from Asian open-billed storks revealed one major and several minor quasispecies populations with mutations on the oseltamivir (OTV)-binding site of the neuraminidase gene (NA) without prior exposure to a drug. Therefore, this study investigated the binding between the NA-containing novel mutations and OTV drug using molecular dynamic simulations and plaque inhibition assay. The results revealed that the mutant populations, S236F mutant, S236F/C278Y mutant, A250V/V266A/P271H/G285S mutant and C278Y mutant, had a lower binding affinity with OTV as compared with the WT virus due to rearrangement of amino acid residues and increased flexibility in the 150-loop. This result was further emphasized through the IC50 values obtained for the major population and WT virus, 104.74 nM and 18.30 nM, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that H5N1 viruses isolated from wild birds have already acquired OTV-resistant point mutations without any exposure to a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Ratchatewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraphorn Phanich
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hatairat Lerdsamran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Ratchatewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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30
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Ju X, Yan Y, Liu Q, Li N, Sheng M, Zhang L, Li X, Liang Z, Huang F, Liu K, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zou Z, Du J, Zhong Y, Zhou H, Yang P, Lu H, Tian M, Li D, Zhang J, Jin N, Jiang C. Neuraminidase of Influenza A Virus Binds Lysosome-Associated Membrane Proteins Directly and Induces Lysosome Rupture. J Virol 2015; 89:10347-58. [PMID: 26246576 PMCID: PMC4580162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01411-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a recycling center, lysosomes are filled with numerous acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and invading pathogens. Recently, lysosomal cell death has been defined as "lysosomal membrane permeabilization and the consequent leakage of lysosome contents into cytosol." Here, we show that the neuraminidase (NA) of H5N1 influenza A virus markedly deglycosylates and degrades lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs; the most abundant membrane proteins of lysosome), which induces lysosomal rupture, and finally leads to cell death of alveolar epithelial carcinoma A549 cells and human tracheal epithelial cells. The NA inhibitors peramivir and zanamivir could effectively block the deglycosylation of LAMPs, inhibit the virus cell entry, and prevent cell death induced by the H5N1 influenza virus. The NA of seasonal H1N1 virus, however, does not share these characteristics. Our findings not only reveal a novel role of NA in the early stage of the H5N1 influenza virus life cycle but also elucidate the molecular mechanism of lysosomal rupture crucial for influenza virus induced cell death. IMPORTANCE The integrity of lysosomes is vital for maintaining cell homeostasis, cellular defense and clearance of invading pathogens. This study shows that the H5N1 influenza virus could induce lysosomal rupture through deglycosylating lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) mediated by the neuraminidase activity of NA protein. NA inhibitors such as peramivir and zanamivir could inhibit the deglycosylation of LAMPs and protect lysosomes, which also further interferes with the H5N1 influenza virus infection at early stage of life cycle. This work is significant because it presents new concepts for NA's function, as well as for influenza inhibitors' mechanism of action, and could partially explain the high mortality and high viral load after H5N1 virus infection in human beings and why NA inhibitors have more potent therapeutic effects for lethal avian influenza virus infections at early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangtai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huandi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dangsheng Li
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, and Department of Immunology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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31
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Sakai-Tagawa Y, Ozawa M, Yamada S, Uchida Y, Saito T, Takahashi K, Sugaya N, Tashiro M, Kawaoka Y. Detection sensitivity of influenza rapid diagnostic tests. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:600-6. [PMID: 25079880 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of influenza rapid diagnostic tests (IRDTs) currently available in Japan for various influenza virus strains, including human H7N9 and H5N1 isolates, were compared and it was found that all of the IRDTs examined detected these viruses; however, their detection sensitivities differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639
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Oh DY, Barr IG, Hurt AC. A novel video tracking method to evaluate the effect of influenza infection and antiviral treatment on ferret activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118780. [PMID: 25738900 PMCID: PMC4349809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are the preferred animal model to assess influenza virus infection, virulence and transmission as they display similar clinical symptoms and pathogenesis to those of humans. Measures of disease severity in the ferret include weight loss, temperature rise, sneezing, viral shedding and reduced activity. To date, the only available method for activity measurement has been the assignment of an arbitrary score by a ‘blind’ observer based on pre-defined responsiveness scale. This manual scoring method is subjective and can be prone to bias. In this study, we described a novel video-tracking methodology for determining activity changes in a ferret model of influenza infection. This method eliminates the various limitations of manual scoring, which include the need for a sole ‘blind’ observer and the requirement to recognise the ‘normal’ activity of ferrets in order to assign relative activity scores. In ferrets infected with an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, video-tracking was more sensitive than manual scoring in detecting ferret activity changes. Using this video-tracking method, oseltamivir treatment was found to ameliorate the effect of influenza infection on activity in ferret. Oseltamivir treatment of animals was associated with an improvement in clinical symptoms, including reduced inflammatory responses in the upper respiratory tract, lower body weight loss and a smaller rise in body temperature, despite there being no significant reduction in viral shedding. In summary, this novel video-tracking is an easy-to-use, objective and sensitive methodology for measuring ferret activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, 3842, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian G. Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, 3842, Australia
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Fobian K, Fabrizio TP, Yoon SW, Hansen MS, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. New reassortant and enzootic European swine influenza viruses transmit efficiently through direct contact in the ferret model. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1603-12. [PMID: 25701826 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse zoonotic events that introduced the 2009 pandemic influenza virus into pigs have drastically increased the diversity of swine influenza viruses in Europe. The pandemic potential of these novel reassortments is still unclear, necessitating enhanced surveillance of European pigs with additional focus on risk assessment of these new viruses. In this study, four European swine influenza viruses were assessed for their zoonotic potential. Two of the four viruses were enzootic viruses of subtype H1N2 (with avian-like H1) and H3N2, and two were new reassortants, one with avian-like H1 and human-like N2 and one with 2009 pandemic H1 and swine-like N2. All viruses replicated to high titres in nasal wash and nasal turbinate samples from inoculated ferrets and transmitted efficiently by direct contact. Only the H3N2 virus transmitted to naïve ferrets via the airborne route. Growth kinetics using a differentiated human bronchial epithelial cell line showed that all four viruses were able to replicate to high titres. Further, the viruses revealed preferential binding to the 2,6-α-silalylated glycans and investigation of the antiviral susceptibility of the viruses revealed that all were sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors. These findings suggested that these viruses have the potential to infect humans and further underline the need for continued surveillance as well as biological characterization of new influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fobian
- 1Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Fabrizio
- 2Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- 2Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Mette Sif Hansen
- 3Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Richard J Webby
- 2Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Lars E Larsen
- 1Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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34
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Baranovich T, Bahl J, Marathe BM, Culhane M, Stigger-Rosser E, Darnell D, Kaplan BS, Lowe JF, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA. Influenza A viruses of swine circulating in the United States during 2009-2014 are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors but show lineage-dependent resistance to adamantanes. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:10-9. [PMID: 25701593 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drug susceptibility is one of the evaluation criteria of pandemic potential posed by an influenza virus. Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) can play an important role in generating novel variants, yet limited information is available on the drug resistance profiles of IAV-S circulating in the U.S. Phenotypic analysis of the IAV-S isolated in the U.S. (2009-2011) (n=105) revealed normal inhibition by the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir. Screening NA sequences from IAV-S collected in the U.S. (1930-2014) showed 0.03% (1/3396) sequences with clinically relevant H274Y-NA substitution. Phenotypic analysis of IAV-S isolated in the U.S. (2009-2011) confirmed amantadine resistance caused by the S31N-M2 and revealed an intermediate level of resistance caused by the I27T-M2. The majority (96.7%, 589/609) of IAV-S with the I27T-M2 in the influenza database were isolated from pigs in the U.S. The frequency of amantadine-resistant markers among IAV-S in the U.S. was high (71%), and their distribution was M-lineage dependent. All IAV-S of the Eurasian avian M lineage were amantadine-resistant and possessed either a single S31N-M2 substitution (78%, 585/747) or its combination with the V27A-M2 (22%, 162/747). The I27T-M2 substitution accounted for 43% (429/993) of amantadine resistance in classic swine M lineage. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both S31N-M2 and I27T-M2 emerged stochastically but appeared to be fixed in the U.S. IAV-S population. This study defines a drug-susceptibility profile, identifies the frequency of drug-resistant markers, and establishes a phylogenetic approach for continued antiviral-susceptibility monitoring of IAV-S in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marie Culhane
- Veterinary Diagnostic Labs, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Evelyn Stigger-Rosser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bryan S Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James F Lowe
- Integrated Food Animal Systems, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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35
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Competitive fitness of influenza B viruses with neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant substitutions in a coinfection model of the human airway epithelium. J Virol 2015; 89:4575-87. [PMID: 25673705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02473-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A and B viruses are human pathogens that are regarded to cause almost equally significant disease burdens. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only class of drugs available to treat influenza A and B virus infections, so the development of NAI-resistant viruses with superior fitness is a public health concern. The fitness of NAI-resistant influenza B viruses has not been widely studied. Here we examined the replicative capacity and relative fitness in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells of recombinant influenza B/Yamanashi/166/1998 viruses containing a single amino acid substitution in NA generated by reverse genetics (rg) that is associated with NAI resistance. The replication in NHBE cells of viruses with reduced inhibition by oseltamivir (recombinant virus with the E119A mutation generated by reverse genetics [rg-E119A], rg-D198E, rg-I222T, rg-H274Y, rg-N294S, and rg-R371K, N2 numbering) or zanamivir (rg-E119A and rg-R371K) failed to be inhibited by the presence of the respective NAI. In a fluorescence-based assay, detection of rg-E119A was easily masked by the presence of NAI-susceptible virus. We coinfected NHBE cells with NAI-susceptible and -resistant viruses and used next-generation deep sequencing to reveal the order of relative fitness compared to that of recombinant wild-type (WT) virus generated by reverse genetics (rg-WT): rg-H274Y > rg-WT > rg-I222T > rg-N294S > rg-D198E > rg-E119A ≫ rg-R371K. Based on the lack of attenuated replication of rg-E119A in NHBE cells in the presence of oseltamivir or zanamivir and the fitness advantage of rg-H274Y over rg-WT, we emphasize the importance of these substitutions in the NA glycoprotein. Human infections with influenza B viruses carrying the E119A or H274Y substitution could limit the therapeutic options for those infected; the emergence of such viruses should be closely monitored. IMPORTANCE Influenza B viruses are important human respiratory pathogens contributing to a significant portion of seasonal influenza virus infections worldwide. The development of resistance to a single class of available antivirals, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs), is a public health concern. Amino acid substitutions in the NA glycoprotein of influenza B virus not only can confer antiviral resistance but also can alter viral fitness. Here we used normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, a model of the human upper respiratory tract, to examine the replicative capacities and fitness of NAI-resistant influenza B viruses. We show that virus with an E119A NA substitution can replicate efficiently in NHBE cells in the presence of oseltamivir or zanamivir and that virus with the H274Y NA substitution has a relative fitness greater than that of the wild-type NAI-susceptible virus. This study is the first to use NHBE cells to determine the fitness of NAI-resistant influenza B viruses.
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36
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Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7152365 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Experimental Study of the Efficiency of Oxidized Dextran for Prevention of Influenza A/H5N1. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 158:112-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Park S, Kim JI, Lee I, Lee S, Hwang MW, Bae JY, Heo J, Kim D, Jang SI, Kim H, Cheong HJ, Song JW, Song KJ, Baek LJ, Park MS. Combination effects of peramivir and favipiravir against oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101325. [PMID: 24992479 PMCID: PMC4081560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are being used for therapeutic purposes against influenza illness in humans. However, antiviral-resistant variants often nullify the effectiveness of antivirals. Combined medications, as seen in the treatment of cancers and other infectious diseases, have been suggested as an option for the control of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic value of combination therapy against oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection in DBA/2 mice. Mice were treated for five days with favipiravir and peramivir starting 4 hours after lethal challenge. Compared with either monotherapy, combination therapy saved more mice from viral lethality and resulted in increased antiviral efficacy in the lungs of infected mice. Furthermore, the synergism between the two antivirals, which was consistent with the survival outcomes of combination therapy, indicated that favipiravir could serve as a critical agent of combination therapy for the control of oseltamivir-resistant strains. Our results provide new insight into the feasibility of favipiravir in combination therapy against oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoo Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woong Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Il Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Korea University Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luck Ju Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Amino Acid Derivatives of Adamantane Carbocycle are Capable of Inhibiting Replication of Highly Virulent Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Virus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:62-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Bagato O, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Rubrum A, Song MS, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Molecular characterization of avian influenza H5N1 virus in Egypt and the emergence of a novel endemic subclade. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1444-1463. [PMID: 24722680 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.2 highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses have been in continuous circulation in Egyptian poultry since 2006. Their persistence caused significant genetic drift that led to the reclassification of these viruses into subclades 2.2.1 and 2.2.1.1. Here, we conducted full-genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 45 H5N1 isolated during 2006-2013 through systematic surveillance in Egypt, and 53 viruses that were sequenced previously and available in the public domain. Results indicated that H5N1 viruses in Egypt continue to evolve and a new distinct cluster has emerged. Mutations affecting viral virulence, pathogenicity, transmission, receptor-binding preference and drug resistance were studied. In light of our findings that H5N1 in Egypt continues to evolve, surveillance and molecular studies need to be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Min-Suk Song
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Fitness costs for Influenza B viruses carrying neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant substitutions: underscoring the importance of E119A and H274Y. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2718-30. [PMID: 24566185 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02628-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses cause annual outbreaks of respiratory illness in humans and are increasingly recognized as a major cause of influenza-associated pediatric mortality. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only available therapy for patients infected with influenza B viruses, and the potential emergence of NAI-resistant viruses is a public health concern. The NA substitutions located within the enzyme active site could not only reduce NAI susceptibility of influenza B virus but also affect virus fitness. In this study, we investigated the effect of single NA substitutions on the fitness of influenza B/Yamanashi/166/1998 viruses (Yamagata lineage). We generated recombinant viruses containing either wild-type (WT) NA or NA with a substitution in the catalytic (R371K) or framework (E119A, D198E, D198Y, I222T, H274Y, and N294S) residues. We assessed NAI susceptibility, NA biochemical properties, NA protein expression, and virus replication in vitro and in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Our results showed that four NA substitutions (D198E, I222T, H274Y, and N294S) conferred reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and three (E119A, D198Y, and R371K) conferred highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir. All NA substitutions, except for D198Y and R371K, were genetically stable after seven passages in MDCK cells. Cell surface NA protein expression was significantly increased by H274Y and N294S substitutions. Viruses with the E119A, I222T, H274Y, or N294S substitution were not attenuated in replication efficiency in vitro or in NHBE cells. Overall, viruses with the E119A or H274Y NA substitution possess fitness comparable to NAI-susceptible virus, and the acquisition of these substitutions by influenza B viruses should be closely monitored.
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42
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Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Järhult JD, Olsen B. Study of oseltamivir and zanamivir resistance-related mutations in influenza viruses isolated from wild mallards in Sweden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89306. [PMID: 24558492 PMCID: PMC3928424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) is a growing problem in battle against influenza A virus. However, little is known about the resistance of viruses isolated from dabbling ducks, the natural reservoir of the influenza virus. To our knowledge, no low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus resistant to NAIs has been detected. The aim of this study was to investigate mallard isolates of influenza A virus previously identified to carry oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) or zanamivir (ZA) resistance-related mutations. In this work, 21 viruses belonging to the N1, N3, N6 and N9 subtypes were analyzed using a colorimetric NA inhibition assay. The results of assay showed no NAIs-resistant phenotype for any of the viruses. The R118K mutation was the most recurrent, as it was observed in all subtypes except for N6. IC50 values confirmed the differences in sensitivity to OC or ZA observed in the N1 and N2 groups of NAs. Furthermore, both wild types (WTs) in the N6 and one WT in the N9 subtype were less sensitive to ZA than were genotypically related mutants with R152K and R118K change in the respective subtypes. This may indicate that these and probably even other NAIs resistance-related mutations found in our virus collection were not induced by NAIs residuals in the environment and that the impact of such mutations in an avian influenza could be dependent on subtype, strain and host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Orozovic
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kanita Orozovic
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Multiple introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses into Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e11. [PMID: 26038508 PMCID: PMC3944120 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 influenza viruses are endemic to poultry markets in Bangladesh and have cocirculated since 2008. H9N2 influenza viruses circulated constantly in the poultry markets, whereas highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses occurred sporadically, with peaks of activity in cooler months. Thirty highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from poultry were characterized by antigenic, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.2.1 were isolated from live bird markets only. Phylogenetic analysis of the 30 H5N1 isolates revealed multiple introductions of H5N1 influenza viruses in Bangladesh. There was no reassortment between the local H9N2 influenza viruses and H5N1 genotype, despite their prolonged cocirculation. However, we detected two reassortant H5N1 viruses, carrying the M gene from the Chinese H9N2 lineage, which briefly circulated in the Bangladesh poultry markets and then disappeared. On the other hand, interclade reassortment occurred within H5N1 lineages and played a role in the genesis of the currently dominant H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Few ‘human-like' mutations in H5N1 may account for the limited number of human cases. Antigenically, clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh have evolved since their introduction and are currently mainly homogenous, and show evidence of recent antigenic drift. Although reassortants containing H9N2 genes were detected in live poultry markets in Bangladesh, these reassortants failed to supplant the dominant H5N1 lineage.
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Abstract
Modeling of side-chain conformations on a fixed protein backbone, also called side-chain packing, plays an important role in protein structure prediction, protein design, molecular docking, and functional analysis. RASP, or RApid Side-chain Predictor, is a recently developed program that can model protein side-chain conformations with both high accuracy and high speed. Moreover, it can generate structures with few atomic clashes. This chapter first provides a brief introduction to the principle and performances of the RASP package. Then details on how to use RASP programs to predict protein side-chain conformations are elaborated. Finally, it describes case studies for structure refinement in homology modeling and residue substitution.
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Josset L, Tisoncik-Go J, Katze MG. Moving H5N1 studies into the era of systems biology. Virus Res 2013; 178:151-67. [PMID: 23499671 PMCID: PMC3834220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of H5N1 influenza virus pathogenesis are multifaceted and can be seen as an emergent property that cannot be comprehended without looking at the system as a whole. In past years, most of the high-throughput studies on H5N1-host interactions have focused on the host transcriptomic response, at the cellular or the lung tissue level. These studies pointed out that the dynamics and magnitude of the innate immune response and immune cell infiltration is critical to H5N1 pathogenesis. However, viral-host interactions are multidimensional and advances in technologies are creating new possibilities to systematically measure additional levels of 'omic data (e.g. proteomic, metabolomic, and RNA profiling) at each temporal and spatial scale (from the single cell to the organism) of the host response. Natural host genetic variation represents another dimension of the host response that determines pathogenesis. Systems biology models of H5N1 disease aim at understanding and predicting pathogenesis through integration of these different dimensions by using intensive computational modeling. In this review, we describe the importance of 'omic studies for providing a more comprehensive view of infection and mathematical models that are being developed to integrate these data. This review provides a roadmap for what needs to be done in the future and what computational strategies should be used to build a global model of H5N1 pathogenesis. It is time for systems biology of H5N1 pathogenesis to take center stage as the field moves toward a more comprehensive view of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Josset
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen T, Mishin VP, Sleeman K, Balish A, Jones J, Creanga A, Marjuki H, Uyeki TM, Nguyen DH, Nguyen DT, Do HT, Klimov AI, Davis CT, Gubareva LV. Antiviral susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry, Vietnam, 2009-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:1963-71. [PMID: 24274711 PMCID: PMC3840871 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed drug susceptibilities of 125 avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam during 2009-2011. Of 25 clade 1.1 viruses, all possessed a marker of resistance to M2 blockers amantadine and rimantadine; 24 were inhibited by neuraminidase inhibitors. One clade 1.1 virus contained the R430W neuraminidase gene and reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, zanamivir, and laninamivir 12-, 73-, and 29-fold, respectively. Three of 30 clade 2.3.4 viruses contained a I223T mutation and showed 7-fold reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. One of 70 clade 2.3.2.1 viruses had the H275Y marker of oseltamivir resistance and exhibited highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and peramivir; antiviral agents DAS181 and favipiravir inhibited H275Y mutant virus replication in MDCK-SIAT1 cells. Replicative fitness of the H275Y mutant virus was comparable to that of wildtype virus. These findings highlight the role of drug susceptibility monitoring of H5N1 subtype viruses circulating among birds to inform antiviral stockpiling decisions for pandemic preparedness.
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Marathe BM, Lévêque V, Klumpp K, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Determination of neuraminidase kinetic constants using whole influenza virus preparations and correction for spectroscopic interference by a fluorogenic substrate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71401. [PMID: 23977037 PMCID: PMC3744557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza neuraminidase (NA) enzyme cleaves terminal sialic acid residues from cellular receptors, a process required for the release of newly synthesized virions. A balance of NA activity with sialic acid binding affinity of hemagglutinin (HA) is important for optimal virus replication. NA sequence evolution through genetic shift and drift contributes to the continuous modulation of influenza virus fitness and pathogenicity. A simple and reliable method for the determination of kinetic parameters of NA activity could add significant value to global influenza surveillance and provide parameters for the projection of fitness and pathogenicity of emerging virus variants. The use of fluorogenic substrate 2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) and cell- or egg-grown whole influenza virus preparations have been attractive components of NA enzyme activity investigations. We describe important criteria to be addressed when determining Km and Vmax kinetic parameters using this method: (1) determination of the dynamic range of MUNANA and 4-methylumbelliferone product (4-MU) fluorescence for the instrument used; (2) adjustment of reaction conditions to approximate initial rate conditions, i.e. ≤15% of substrate converted during the reaction, with signal-to-noise ratio ≥10; (3) correction for optical interference and inner filter effect caused by increasing concentrations of MUNANA substrate. The results indicate a significant interference of MUNANA with 4-MU fluorescence determination. The criteria proposed enable an improved rapid estimation of NA kinetic parameters and facilitate comparison of data between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Vincent Lévêque
- Virology Discovery, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Virology Discovery, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7 Suppl 1:25-36. [PMID: 23279894 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two major classes of antivirals available for the treatment and prevention of influenza, the M2 inhibitors and the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). The M2 inhibitors are cheap, but they are only effective against influenza A viruses, and resistance arises rapidly. The current influenza A H3N2 and pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses are already resistant to the M2 inhibitors as are many H5N1 viruses. There are four NAIs licensed in some parts of the world, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and a long-acting NAI, laninamivir. This review focuses on resistance to the NAIs. Because of differences in their chemistry and subtle differences in NA structures, resistance can be both NAI- and subtype specific. This results in different drug resistance profiles, for example, the H274Y mutation confers resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir, but not to zanamivir, and only in N1 NAs. Mutations at E119, D198, I222, R292, and N294 can also reduce NAI sensitivity. In the winter of 2007-2008, an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) strain with an H274Y mutation emerged in the northern hemisphere and spread rapidly around the world. In contrast to earlier evidence of such resistant viruses being unfit, this mutant virus remained fully transmissible and pathogenic and became the major seasonal A(H1N1) virus globally within a year. This resistant A(H1N1) virus was displaced by the sensitive A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Approximately 0.5-1.0% of community A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates are currently resistant to oseltamivir. It is now apparent that variation in non-active site amino acids can affect the fitness of the enzyme and compensate for mutations that confer high-level oseltamivir resistance resulting in minimal impact on enzyme function.
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Govorkova EA. Consequences of resistance: in vitro fitness, in vivo infectivity, and transmissibility of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7 Suppl 1:50-7. [PMID: 23279897 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance is a major drawback to any antiviral therapy, and the specific anti-influenza drugs, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs), are not excluded from this rule. The impact of drug resistance depends on the degree of reduction in fitness of the particular drug-resistant virus. If the resistance mutations lead to only a modest biological fitness cost and the virus remains highly transmissible, the effectiveness of antiviral use is likely to be reduced. This review focuses on the fitness of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 and H3N2, 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09), and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses carrying clinically derived NAI resistance-associated NA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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I222 Neuraminidase mutations further reduce oseltamivir susceptibility of Indonesian Clade 2.1 highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66105. [PMID: 23776615 PMCID: PMC3679007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have tested the susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors of 155 clade 2.1 H5N1 viruses from Indonesia, isolated between 2006-2008 as well as 12 clade 1 isolates from Thailand and Cambodia from 2004-2007 using a fluorometric MUNANA-based enzyme inhibition assay. The Thailand and Cambodian clade 1 isolates tested here were all susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir, and sequence comparison indicated that reduced oseltamivir susceptibility we observed previously with clade 1 Cambodian isolates correlated with an S246G neuraminidase mutation. Eight Indonesian viruses (5%), all bearing I222 neuraminidase mutations, were identified as mild to extreme outliers for oseltamivir based on statistical analysis by box plots. IC50s were from 50 to 500-fold higher than the reference clade 1 virus from Viet Nam, ranging from 43-75 nM for I222T/V mutants and from 268-349 nM for I222M mutants. All eight viruses were from different geographic locales; all I222M variants were from central Sumatra. None of the H5N1 isolates tested demonstrated reduced susceptibility to zanamivir (IC50s all <5 nM). All I222 mutants showed loss of slow binding specifically for oseltamivir in an IC50 kinetics assay. We identified four other Indonesian isolates with higher IC50s which also demonstrated loss of slow binding, including one virus with an I117V mutation. There was a minimal effect on the binding of zanamivir and peramivir for all isolates tested. As H5N1 remains a potential pandemic threat, the incidence of mutations conferring reduced oseltamivir susceptibility is concerning and emphasizes the need for greater surveillance of drug susceptibility.
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