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Kanda T, Sasaki-Tanaka R, Ishii K, Suzuki R, Inoue J, Tsuchiya A, Nakamoto S, Abe R, Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O, Li TC, Kunita S, Yotsuyanagi H, Okamoto H. Recent advances in hepatitis A virus research and clinical practice guidelines for hepatitis A virus infection in Japan. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:4-23. [PMID: 37906585 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, there was a hepatitis A outbreak in Japan, and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is considered a sexually transmitted disease. In general, patients with hepatitis A should be given attention, and this disease should be prevented more than ever. The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) Hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) Study Group has worked on the project to create "Recent Advances in Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Research and Clinical Practice Guidelines for HAV Infection in Japan". The group consists of expert hepatologists and virologists who gathered at virtual meeting on August 5, 2023. Data about the pathogenesis, infection routes, diagnosis, complications, several factors for the severities, vaccination, and current and future treatments for hepatitis A were discussed and debated for a draft version. The participants assessed the quality of cited studies. The finalized recommendations are presented in this review. The recent advances in HAV research and clinical practice for HAV infection in Japan, have been reviewed by the AMED HAV and HEV Study Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki-Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Abe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Hospital of the Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Li H, Zheng X, Li Y, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Yu Z, Feng WH. African swine fever virus S273R protein antagonizes type I interferon production by interfering with TBK1 and IRF3 interaction. Virol Sin 2023; 38:911-921. [PMID: 37659477 PMCID: PMC10786655 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is originally reported in East Africa as an acute hemorrhagic fever. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a giant and complex DNA virus with icosahedral structure and encodes a variety of virulence factors to resist host innate immune response. S273R protein (pS273R), as a SUMO-1 specific cysteine protease, can affect viral packaging by cutting polymeric proteins. In this study, we found that pS273R was an important antagonistic viral factor that suppressed cGAS-STING-mediated type I interferon (IFN-I) production. A detailed analysis showed that pS273R inhibited IFN-I production by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Subsequently, we showed that pS273R disrupted the association between TBK1 and IRF3, leading to the repressed IRF3 phosphorylation and dimerization. Deletion and point mutation analysis verified that pS273R impaired IFN-I production independent of its cysteine protease activity. These findings will help us further understand ASFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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3
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Andino R, Kirkegaard K, Macadam A, Racaniello VR, Rosenfeld AB. The Picornaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S427-S445. [PMID: 37849401 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. This virus family includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, rhinoviruses, and Coxsackieviruses. Picornaviruses are common human pathogens, and infection can result in a spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis, severe respiratory complications, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite research on poliovirus establishing many fundamental principles of RNA virus biology and the first transgenic animal model of disease for infection by a human virus, picornaviruses are understudied. Existing knowledge gaps include, identification of molecules required for virus entry, understanding cellular and humoral immune responses elicited during virus infection, and establishment of immune-competent animal models of virus pathogenesis. Such knowledge is necessary for development of pan-picornavirus countermeasures. Defining enterovirus A71 and D68, human rhinovirus C, and echoviruses 29 as prototype pathogens of this virus family may provide insight into picornavirus biology needed to establish public health strategies necessary for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent R Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy B Rosenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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4
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Van Damme P, Pintó RM, Feng Z, Cui F, Gentile A, Shouval D. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37770459 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Over 150 million new infections of hepatitis A occur annually. HAV causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the liver that usually resolves spontaneously without chronic sequelae. However, up to 20% of patients experience a prolonged or relapsed course and <1% experience acute liver failure. Host factors, such as immunological status, age, pregnancy and underlying hepatic diseases, can affect the severity of disease. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies produced in response to HAV infection persist for life and protect against re-infection; vaccine-induced antibodies against hepatitis A confer long-term protection. The WHO recommends vaccination for individuals at higher risk of infection and/or severe disease in countries with very low and low hepatitis A virus endemicity, and universal childhood vaccination in intermediate endemicity countries. To date, >25 countries worldwide have implemented such programmes, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation, rapid identification of outbreaks and fast and accurate intervention in outbreak control are essential to reducing HAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Institute of Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Colasanti O, Burm R, Huang HE, Riedl T, Traut J, Gillich N, Li TF, Corneillie L, Faure-Dupuy S, Grünvogel O, Heide D, Lee JY, Tran CS, Merle U, Chironna M, Vondran FFW, Esser-Nobis K, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Heikenwälder M, Meuleman P, Lohmann V. Comparison of HAV and HCV infections in vivo and in vitro reveals distinct patterns of innate immune evasion and activation. J Hepatol 2023; 79:645-656. [PMID: 37121436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections are considered not to trigger innate immunity in vivo, in contrast to hepatitis C virus (HCV). This lack of induction has been imputed to strong interference by HAV proteases 3CD and 3ABC. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of immune activation and counteraction by HAV and HCV in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Albumin-urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency (Alb/uPA-SCID) mice with humanised livers were infected with HAV and HCV. Hepatic cell culture models were used to assess HAV and HCV sensing by Toll-like receptor 3 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I/melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (RIG-I/MDA5), respectively. Cleavage of the adaptor proteins TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein (MAVS) was analysed by transient and stable expression of HAV and HCV proteases and virus infection. RESULTS We detected similar levels of interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatocytes of HAV- and HCV-infected mice with humanised liver. In cell culture, HAV induced interferon-stimulated genes exclusively upon MDA5 sensing and depended on LGP2 (laboratory of genetics and physiology 2). TRIF and MAVS were only partially cleaved by HAV 3ABC and 3CD, not sufficiently to abrogate signalling. In contrast, HCV NS3-4A efficiently degraded MAVS, as previously reported, whereas TRIF cleavage was not detected. CONCLUSIONS HAV induces an innate immune response in hepatocytes via MDA5/LGP2, with limited control of both pathways by proteolytic cleavage. HCV activates Toll-like receptor 3 and lacks TRIF cleavage, suggesting that this pathway mainly contributes to HCV-induced antiviral responses in hepatocytes. Our results shed new light on the induction of innate immunity and counteraction by HAV and HCV. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Understanding the mechanisms that determine the differential outcomes of HAV and HCV infections is crucial for the development of effective therapies. Our study provides insights into the interplay between these viruses and the host innate immune response in vitro and in vivo, shedding light on previously controversial or only partially investigated aspects. This knowledge could tailor the development of new strategies to combat HCV persistence, as well as improve our understanding of the factors underlying successful HAV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Colasanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rani Burm
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hao-En Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Riedl
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannik Traut
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Gillich
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teng-Feng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Corneillie
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Grünvogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cong Si Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Gastroenterology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Chironna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Florian F W Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division "Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis", German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; The M3 Research Institute, Medical Faculty Tuebingen (MTF), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section Virus-Host-Interactions, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gabrielli F, Alberti F, Russo C, Cursaro C, Seferi H, Margotti M, Andreone P. Treatment Options for Hepatitis A and E: A Non-Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051080. [PMID: 37243166 DOI: 10.3390/v15051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are relatively common causes of liver disease. Both viruses are mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route and, consequently, most outbreaks occur in countries with poor sanitation. An important role of the immune response as the driver of liver injury is also shared by the two pathogens. For both the hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E (HEV) viruses, the clinical manifestations of infection mainly consist of an acute disease with mild liver injury, which results in clinical and laboratory alterations that are self-limiting in most cases. However, severe acute disease or chronic, long-lasting manifestations may occur in vulnerable patients, such as pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals or those with pre-existing liver disease. Specifically, HAV infection rarely results in fulminant hepatitis, prolonged cholestasis, relapsing hepatitis and possibly autoimmune hepatitis triggered by the viral infection. Less common manifestations of HEV include extrahepatic disease, acute liver failure and chronic HEV infection with persistent viraemia. In this paper, we conduct a non-systematic review of the available literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the state of the art. Treatment mainly consists of supportive measures, while the available evidence for aetiological treatment and additional agents in severe disease is limited in quantity and quality. However, several therapeutic approaches have been attempted: for HAV infection, corticosteroid therapy has shown outcome improvement, and molecules, such as AZD 1480, zinc chloride and heme oxygenase-1, have demonstrated a reduction in viral replication in vitro. As for HEV infection, therapeutic options mainly rely on the use of ribavirin, and some studies utilising pegylated interferon-alpha have shown conflicting results. While a vaccine for HAV is already available and has led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of the disease, several vaccines for HEV are currently being developed, with some already available in China, showing promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Gabrielli
- Postgraduate School of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Alberti
- Postgraduate School of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Postgraduate School of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Carmela Cursaro
- Internal and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, AOU di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Hajrie Seferi
- Internal and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, AOU di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Marzia Margotti
- Internal and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, AOU di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Internal and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, AOU di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Postgraduate School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
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Miyamoto M, Himeda T, Ishihara K, Okuwa T, Kobayashi D, Nameta M, Karasawa Y, Chunhaphinyokul B, Yoshida Y, Tanaka N, Higuchi M, Komuro A. Theilovirus 3C Protease Cleaves the C-Terminal Domain of the Innate Immune RNA Sensor, Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5, and Impairs Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated IFN Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:335-347. [PMID: 36525065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), has pivotal roles in innate immune responses against many positive-stranded RNA viruses, including picornavirus and coronavirus. Upon engagement with dsRNA derived from viral infection, MDA5 initiates coordinated signal transduction leading to type I IFN induction to restrict viral replication. In this study, we describe a targeted cleavage events of MDA5 by the 3C protease from Theilovirus. Upon ectopic expression of theilovirus 3C protease from Saffold virus or Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus but not encephalomyocarditis virus, fragments of cleaved MDA5 were observed in a dose-dependent manner. When enzymatically inactive Theilovirus 3C protease was expressed, MDA5 cleavage was completely abrogated. Mass spectrometric analysis identified two cleavage sites at the C terminus of MDA5, cleaving off one of the RNA-binding domains. The same cleavage pattern was observed during Theilovirus infection. The cleavage of MDA5 by Theilovirus protease impaired ATP hydrolysis, RNA binding, and filament assembly on RNA, resulting in dysfunction of MDA5 as an innate immune RNA sensor for IFN induction. Furthermore, the cleavage-resistant MDA5 mutant against the 3C protease showed an enhanced IFN response during Saffold virus infection, indicating that Theilovirus has a strategy to circumvent the antiviral immune response by cleaving MDA5 using 3C protease. In summary, these data suggest MDA5 cleavage by 3C protease as a novel immune evasive strategy of Theilovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ishihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takako Okuwa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Omics Unit, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nameta
- Electron Microscope Core Facility, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yu Karasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Benyapa Chunhaphinyokul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Department of Structural Pathology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Komuro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Sun L, Feng H, Misumi I, Shirasaki T, Hensley L, González-López O, Shiota I, Chou WC, Ting JPY, Cullen JM, Cowley DO, Whitmire JK, Lemon SM. Viral protease cleavage of MAVS in genetically modified mice with hepatitis A virus infection. J Hepatol 2023; 78:271-280. [PMID: 36152761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Consistent with its relatively narrow host species range, hepatitis A virus (HAV) cannot infect C57BL/6 mice. However, in Mavs-/- mice with genetic deficiency of the innate immune signaling adaptor MAVS, HAV replicates robustly in the absence of disease. The HAV 3ABC protease cleaves MAVS in human cells, thereby disrupting virus-induced IFN responses, but it cannot cleave murine MAVS (mMAVS) due to sequence differences at the site of scission. Here, we sought to elucidate the role of 3ABC MAVS cleavage in determining HAV pathogenesis and host species range. METHODS Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we established two independent lineages of C57BL/6 mice with knock-in mutations altering two amino acids in mMAVS ('mMAVS-VS'), rendering it susceptible to 3ABC cleavage without loss of signaling function. We challenged homozygous Mavsvs/vs mice with HAV, and compared infection outcomes with C57BL/6 and genetically deficient Mavs-/- mice. RESULTS The humanized murine mMAVS-VS protein was cleaved as efficiently as human MAVS when co-expressed with 3ABC in Huh-7 cells. In embyronic fibroblasts from Mavsvs/vs mice, mMAVS-VS was cleaved by ectopically expressed 3ABC, significantly disrupting Sendai virus-induced IFN responses. However, in contrast to Mavs-/- mice with genetic MAVS deficiency, HAV failed to establish infection in Mavsvs/vs mice, even with additional genetic knockout of Trif or Irf1. Nonetheless, when crossed with permissive Ifnar1-/- mice lacking type I IFN receptors, Mavsvs/vsIfnar1-/- mice demonstrated enhanced viral replication coupled with significant reductions in serum alanine aminotransferase, hepatocellular apoptosis, and intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltrates compared with Ifnar1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS MAVS cleavage by 3ABC boosts viral replication and disrupts disease pathogenesis, but it is not by itself sufficient to break the host-species barrier to HAV infection in mice. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The limited host range of human hepatitis viruses could be explained by species-specific viral strategies that disrupt innate immune responses. Both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis C virus express viral proteases that cleave the innate immune adaptor protein MAVS, in human but not mouse cells. However, the impact of this immune evasion strategy has never been assessed in vivo. Here we show that HAV 3ABC protease cleavage of MAVS enhances viral replication and lessens liver inflammation in mice lacking interferon receptors, but that it is insufficient by itself to overcome the cross-species barrier to infection in mice. These results enhance our understanding of how hepatitis viruses interact with the host and their impact on innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lucinda Hensley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Itoe Shiota
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - John M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Dale O Cowley
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA; Animal Models Core Facility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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9
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Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Mao S, Yang Q, Tian B, Wu Y, Huang J, Gao Q, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Zhu D, Yu Y, Zhang L. DHAV 3CD targets IRF7 and RIG-I proteins to block the type I interferon upstream signaling pathway. Vet Res 2023; 54:5. [PMID: 36703166 PMCID: PMC9878786 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is an acute, highly lethal infectious agent that infects ducklings and causes up to 95% mortality in ducklings up to 1 week of age, posing a significant economic threat to the duck farming industry. Previous studies have found that the proteolytic enzyme 3 C encoded by DHAV-1 can inhibit the IRF7 protein from blocking the upstream signaling pathway of the type I interferon to promote viral replication. However, there are still few studies on the mechanism of DHAV-1 in immune evasion. Here, we demonstrate that the DHAV-1 3CD protein can interact with IRF7 protein and reduce IRF7 protein expression without directly affecting IRF7 protein nuclear translocation. Further studies showed that the 3CD protein could reduce the expression of RIG-I protein without affecting its transcription level. Furthermore, we found that the 3CD protein interacted with the N-terminal structural domain of RIG-I protein, interfered with the interaction between RIG-I and MAVS, and degraded RIG-I protein through the proteasomal degradation pathway, thereby inhibiting its mediated antiviral innate immunity to promote DHAV-1 replication. These data suggest a novel immune evasion mechanism of DHAV-1 mediated by the 3CD protein, and the results of this experiment are expected to improve the understanding of the biological functions of the viral precursor protein and provide scientific data to elucidate the mechanism of DHAV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xumin Ou
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Di Sun
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Sai Mao
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qiao Yang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Bin Tian
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Wu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Juan Huang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qun Gao
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Renyong Jia
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shun Chen
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Yanling Yu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Ling Zhang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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10
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Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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11
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Norovirus 3C-Like protease antagonizes interferon-β production by cleaving NEMO. Virology 2022; 571:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Surgical Strikes on Host Defenses: Role of the Viral Protease Activity in Innate Immune Antagonism. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050522. [PMID: 35631043 PMCID: PMC9145062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a frontline defense mechanism against viral infections, the innate immune system is the primary target of viral antagonism. A number of virulence factors encoded by viruses play roles in circumventing host defenses and augmenting viral replication. Among these factors are viral proteases, which are primarily responsible for maturation of viral proteins, but in addition cause proteolytic cleavage of cellular proteins involved in innate immune signaling. The study of these viral protease-mediated host cleavages has illuminated the intricacies of innate immune networks and yielded valuable insights into viral pathogenesis. In this review, we will provide a brief summary of how proteases of positive-strand RNA viruses, mainly from the Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae and Coronaviridae families, proteolytically process innate immune components and blunt their functions.
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13
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TIR-Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing Interferon-β (TRIF)-Dependent Antiviral Responses Protect Mice against Ross River Virus Disease. mBio 2022; 13:e0336321. [PMID: 35089088 PMCID: PMC8725586 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03363-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is the major mosquito-borne virus in the South Pacific region. RRV infections are characterized by arthritic symptoms, which can last from several weeks to months. Type I interferon (IFN), the primary antiviral innate immune response, is able to modulate adaptive immune responses. The relationship between the protective role of type I IFN and the induction of signaling proteins that drive RRV disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In the present study, the role of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), an essential signaling adaptor protein downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, a key single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)-sensing receptor, was investigated. We found that TRIF-/- mice were highly susceptible to RRV infection, with severe disease, high viremia, and a low type I IFN response early during disease development, which suggests the TLR3-TRIF axis may engage early in response to RRV infection. The number and the activation level of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells were reduced in TRIF-/- mice compared to those in infected wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the number of germinal center B cells was lower in TRIF-/- mice than WT mice following RRV infection, with lower titers of IgG antibodies detected in infected TRIF-/- mice compared to WT. Interestingly, the requirement for TRIF to promote immunoglobulin class switch recombination was at the level of the local immune microenvironment rather than B cells themselves. The slower resolution of RRV disease in TRIF-/- mice was associated with persistence of the RRV genome in muscle tissue and a continuing IFN response. IMPORTANCE RRV has been prevalent in the South Pacific region for decades and causes substantial economic and social costs. Though RRV is geographically restricted, a number of other alphaviruses have spread globally due to expansion of the mosquito vectors and increased international travel. Since over 30 species of mosquitoes have been implicated as potent vectors for RRV dissemination, RRV has the potential to further expand its distribution. In the pathogenesis of RRV disease, it is still not clear how innate immune responses synergize with adaptive immune responses. Type I IFN is crucial for bridging innate to adaptive immune responses to viral invasion. Hence, key signaling proteins in type I IFN induction pathways, which are important for type I IFN modulation, may also play critical roles in viral pathogenesis. This study provides insight into the role of TRIF in RRV disease development.
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14
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T cells protect against hepatitis A virus infection and limit infection-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1323-1334. [PMID: 34331968 PMCID: PMC8604763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis. In non-immune individuals, infection results in typically transient but occasionally fulminant and fatal inflammatory liver injury. Virus-specific T cell frequencies peak when liver damage is at its zenith, leading to the prevalent notion that T cells exacerbate liver disease, as suspected for other hepatotropic virus infections. However, the overall contribution of T cells to the control of HAV and the pathogenesis of hepatitis A is unclear and has been impeded by a historic lack of small animal models. METHODS Ifnar1-/- mice are highly permissive for HAV and develop pathogenesis that recapitulates many features of hepatitis A. Using this model, we identified HAV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells by epitope mapping, and then used tetramers and functional assays to quantify T cells in the liver at multiple times after infection. We assessed the relationships between HAV-specific T cell frequency, viral RNA amounts, and liver pathogenesis. RESULTS A large population of virus-specific T cells accumulated within the livers of Ifnar1-/- mice during the first 1-2 weeks of infection and persisted over time. HAV replication was enhanced and liver disease exacerbated when mice were depleted of T cells. Conversely, immunization with a peptide vaccine increased virus-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies in the liver, reduced viral RNA abundance, and lessened liver injury. CONCLUSION These data show that T cells protect against HAV-mediated liver injury and can be targeted to improve liver health. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis A virus is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. T cells were thought to contribute to liver injury during acute infection. We now show that virus-specific T cells protect against infection and limit liver injury.
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15
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Xu C, Chen J, Chen X. Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740464. [PMID: 34803956 PMCID: PMC8598044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are primary causative agents of hepatitis and represent a major source of public health problems in the world. The host innate immune system forms the first line of defense against hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis viruses are sensed by specific pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that subsequently trigger the innate immune response and interferon (IFN) production. However, hepatitis viruses evade host immune surveillance via multiple strategies, which help compromise the innate immune response and create a favorable environment for viral replication. Therefore, this article reviews published findings regarding host innate immune sensing and response against hepatitis viruses. Furthermore, we also focus on how hepatitis viruses abrogate the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Tsu BV, Fay EJ, Nguyen KT, Corley MR, Hosuru B, Dominguez VA, Daugherty MD. Running With Scissors: Evolutionary Conflicts Between Viral Proteases and the Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769543. [PMID: 34790204 PMCID: PMC8591160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens encode proteases that serve to antagonize the host immune system. In particular, viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome [(+)ssRNA], including picornaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses, encode proteases that are not only required for processing viral polyproteins into functional units but also manipulate crucial host cellular processes through their proteolytic activity. Because these proteases must cleave numerous polyprotein sites as well as diverse host targets, evolution of these viral proteases is expected to be highly constrained. However, despite this strong evolutionary constraint, mounting evidence suggests that viral proteases such as picornavirus 3C, flavivirus NS3, and coronavirus 3CL, are engaged in molecular ‘arms races’ with their targeted host factors, resulting in host- and virus-specific determinants of protease cleavage. In cases where protease-mediated cleavage results in host immune inactivation, recurrent host gene evolution can result in avoidance of cleavage by viral proteases. In other cases, such as recently described examples in NLRP1 and CARD8, hosts have evolved ‘tripwire’ sequences that mimic protease cleavage sites and activate an immune response upon cleavage. In both cases, host evolution may be responsible for driving viral protease evolution, helping explain why viral proteases and polyprotein sites are divergent among related viruses despite such strong evolutionary constraint. Importantly, these evolutionary conflicts result in diverse protease-host interactions even within closely related host and viral species, thereby contributing to host range, zoonotic potential, and pathogenicity of viral infection. Such examples highlight the importance of examining viral protease-host interactions through an evolutionary lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Tsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Fay
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Katelyn T Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Miles R Corley
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Bindhu Hosuru
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Viviana A Dominguez
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Matthew D Daugherty
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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17
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Delphin M, Desmares M, Schuehle S, Heikenwalder M, Durantel D, Faure-Dupuy S. How to get away with liver innate immunity? A viruses' tale. Liver Int 2021; 41:2547-2559. [PMID: 34520597 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In their never-ending quest towards persistence within their host, hepatitis viruses have developed numerous ways to counteract the liver innate immunity. This review highlights the different and common mechanisms employed by these viruses to (i) establish in the liver (passive entry or active evasion from immune recognition) and (ii) actively inhibit the innate immune response (ie modulation of pattern recognition receptor expression and/or signalling pathways, modulation of interferon response and modulation of immune cells count or phenotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Delphin
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Manon Desmares
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Svenja Schuehle
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Durantel
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France.,DEVweCAN Laboratory of Excellence, Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Ishizaka A, Koga M, Mizutani T, Lim LA, Adachi E, Ikeuchi K, Ueda R, Aoyagi H, Tanaka S, Kiyono H, Matano T, Aizaki H, Yoshio S, Mita E, Muramatsu M, Kanto T, Tsutsumi T, Yotsuyanagi H. Prolonged Gut Dysbiosis and Fecal Excretion of Hepatitis A Virus in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102101. [PMID: 34696531 PMCID: PMC8539651 DOI: 10.3390/v13102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes transient acute infection, and little is known of viral shedding via the duodenum and into the intestinal environment, including the gut microbiome, from the period of infection until after the recovery of symptoms. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to comprehensively observe the amount of virus excreted into the intestinal tract, the changes in the intestinal microbiome, and the level of inflammation during the healing process. We used blood and stool specimens from patients with human immunodeficiency virus who were infected with HAV during the HAV outbreak in Japan in 2018. Moreover, we observed changes in fecal HAV RNA and quantified the plasma cytokine level and gut microbiome by 16S rRNA analysis from clinical onset to at least 6 months after healing. HAV was detected from clinical onset up to a period of more than 150 days. Immediately after infection, many pro-inflammatory cytokines were elicited, and some cytokines showed different behaviors. The intestinal microbiome changed significantly after infection (dysbiosis), and the dysbiosis continued for a long time after healing. These observations suggest that the immunocompromised state is associated with prolonged viral shedding into the intestinal tract and delayed recovery of the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ishizaka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Taketoshi Mizutani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lay Ahyoung Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazuhiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Ryuta Ueda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Haruyo Aoyagi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka 540-0006, Japan; (S.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
- Department of AIDS Vaccine Development, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan; (S.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Eiji Mita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka 540-0006, Japan; (S.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (R.U.); (H.A.); (H.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan; (S.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (L.A.L.); (E.A.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (H.Y.)
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19
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Knockdown of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3 Negatively Regulates Hepatitis A Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147420. [PMID: 34299039 PMCID: PMC8303476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc chloride is known to be effective in combatting hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and zinc ions seem to be especially involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. In the present study, we examined this involvement in human hepatoma cell lines using a human TLR signaling target RT-PCR array. We also observed that zinc chloride inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3) expression, which could downregulate HAV replication in human hepatocytes. It is possible that zinc chloride may inhibit HAV replication in association with its inhibition of MAP2K3. In that regard, this study set out to determine whether MAP2K3 could be considered a modulating factor in the development of the HAV pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and its triggering of interferon-β production. Because MAP2K3 seems to play a role in antiviral immunity against HAV infection, it is a promising target for drug development. The inhibition of MAP2K3 may also prevent HAV patients from developing a severe hepatitis A infection.
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20
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Reynolds N, Aceves NM, Liu JL, Compton JR, Leary DH, Freitas BT, Pegan SD, Doctor KZ, Wu FY, Hu X, Legler PM. The SARS-CoV-2 SSHHPS Recognized by the Papain-like Protease. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1483-1502. [PMID: 34019767 PMCID: PMC8171221 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral proteases are highly specific and recognize conserved cleavage site sequences of ∼6-8 amino acids. Short stretches of homologous host-pathogen sequences (SSHHPS) can be found spanning the viral protease cleavage sites. We hypothesized that these sequences corresponded to specific host protein targets since >40 host proteins have been shown to be cleaved by Group IV viral proteases and one Group VI viral protease. Using PHI-BLAST and the viral protease cleavage site sequences, we searched the human proteome for host targets and analyzed the hit results. Although the polyprotein and host proteins related to the suppression of the innate immune responses may be the primary targets of these viral proteases, we identified other cleavable host proteins. These proteins appear to be related to the virus-induced phenotype associated with Group IV viruses, suggesting that information about viral pathogenesis may be extractable directly from the viral genome sequence. Here we identify sequences cleaved by the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) in vitro within human MYH7 and MYH6 (two cardiac myosins linked to several cardiomyopathies), FOXP3 (an X-linked Treg cell transcription factor), ErbB4 (HER4), and vitamin-K-dependent plasma protein S (PROS1), an anticoagulation protein that prevents blood clots. Zinc inhibited the cleavage of these host sequences in vitro. Other patterns emerged from multispecies sequence alignments of the cleavage sites, which may have implications for the selection of animal models and zoonosis. SSHHPS/nsP is an example of a sequence-specific post-translational silencing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael
D. Reynolds
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | | | - Jinny L. Liu
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jaimee R. Compton
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Dagmar H. Leary
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Brendan T. Freitas
- Center
for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Center
for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Katarina Z. Doctor
- Navy
Center for Applied Research in AI (NCARAI) Information Technology
Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Fred Y. Wu
- Indiana
University Health Systems, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United
States
| | - Patricia M. Legler
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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21
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Wang M, Feng Z. Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Injury in Hepatitis A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050861. [PMID: 34066709 PMCID: PMC8151331 DOI: 10.3390/v13050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Despite decades of research, the pathogenic mechanisms of hepatitis A remain incompletely understood. As the replication of HAV is noncytopathic in vitro, a widely accepted concept has been that virus-specific cytotoxic T cells are responsible for liver injury. However, accumulating evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and even non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to liver damage during HAV infection. In addition, intrinsic death of virus-infected hepatocytes has been implicated as a cause of liver injury in a murine model of hepatitis A. Furthermore, genetic variations in host factors such as T cell immunoglobulin-1 (TIM1) and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) have been linked to hepatitis A severity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of hepatocellular injury in hepatitis A. Different mechanisms may be involved under different conditions and they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. A better understanding of these mechanisms would aid in diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Wang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Pintó RM, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Costafreda MI, Chavarria-Miró G, Guix S, Ribes E, Bosch A. Pathogenicity and virulence of hepatitis A virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1174-1185. [PMID: 33843464 PMCID: PMC8043188 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1910442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver, which is mostly asymptomatic in children and increases the severity with age. Although in most patients the infection resolves completely, in a few of them it may follow a prolonged or relapsed course or even a fulminant form. The reason for these different outcomes is unknown, but it is generally accepted that host factors such as the immunological status, age and the occurrence of underlaying hepatic diseases are the main determinants of the severity. However, it cannot be ruled out that some virus traits may also contribute to the severe clinical outcomes. In this review, we will analyze which genetic determinants of the virus may determine virulence, in the context of a paradigmatic virus in terms of its genomic, molecular, replicative, and evolutionary features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Isabel Costafreda
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chavarria-Miró
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Ribes
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Petro TM. IFN Regulatory Factor 3 in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:1981-1989. [PMID: 33020188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to viruses requires an array of critical cellular proteins that include IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, most viruses that infect vertebrates encode proteins that interfere with IRF3 activation. This review describes the cellular pathways linked to IRF3 activation and where those pathways are targeted by human viral pathogens. Moreover, key regulatory pathways that control IRF3 are discussed. Besides viral infections, IRF3 is also involved in resistance to some bacterial infections, in anticancer immunity, and in anticancer therapies involving DNA damage agents. A recent finding shows that IRF3 is needed for T cell effector functions that are involved in anticancer immunity and also in T cell autoimmune diseases. In contrast, unregulated IRF3 activity is clearly not beneficial, considering it is implicated in certain interferonopathies, in which heightened IRF3 activity leads to IFN-β-induced disease. Therefore, IRF3 is involved largely in maintaining health but sometimes contributing to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Petro
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583; and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583
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24
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Yi J, Peng J, Yang W, Zhu G, Ren J, Li D, Zheng H. Picornavirus 3C - a protease ensuring virus replication and subverting host responses. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/5/jcs253237. [PMID: 33692152 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease 3C is encoded by all known picornaviruses, and the structural features related to its protease and RNA-binding activities are conserved; these contribute to the cleavage of viral polyproteins and the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex during virus replication. Furthermore, 3C performs functions in the host cell through its interaction with host proteins. For instance, 3C has been shown to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and to inactivate key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways, inhibiting the production of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, 3C maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death and modifying critical molecules in host organelles. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in virus-host interaction, thus highlighting the picornavirus-mediated pathogenesis caused by 3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
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25
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Li K, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Virus-Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571509. [PMID: 33717061 PMCID: PMC7952751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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26
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Hepatitis A virus-induced hsa-miR-146a-5p attenuates IFN-β signaling by targeting adaptor protein TRAF6. Arch Virol 2021; 166:789-799. [PMID: 33459883 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a unique hepatotropic human picornavirus, is the causative agent of acute hepatitis A in humans. Some studies have shown that HAV antagonizes the innate immune response by disrupting interferon-beta (IFN-β) signaling by viral proteins. However, whether microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are involved in the antagonism of IFN-β induction upon HAV infection is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms by which HAV-induced miRNAs antagonize IFN-β signaling. A variety of analytical methods, including miRNA microarray, RT-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and Western blotting, were performed using HAV-infected cells. The results indicated that HAV infection upregulates the expression of hsa-miR-146a-5p, which in turn partially suppresses the induction of IFN-β synthesis, thereby promoting viral replication. Mechanistically, TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6), a key adaptor protein in the RIG-I/MDA5-mediated IFN-I signaling pathway, is targeted and degraded by hsa-miR-146a-5p. As TRAF6 is necessary for IFN-β induction, inhibition of this protein attenuates IFN-β signaling. Taken together, the results from this study indicated that HAV disrupts RIG-I/MDA5-mediated IFN-I signaling partially through the cleavage of the essential adaptor molecule TRAF6 via hsa-miR-146a-5p.
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27
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Ng CS, Stobart CC, Luo H. Innate immune evasion mediated by picornaviral 3C protease: Possible lessons for coronaviral 3C-like protease? Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-22. [PMID: 33624382 PMCID: PMC7883238 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is the etiological agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019, a multi-organ disease that has triggered an unprecedented global health and economic crisis. The virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro ), which is named after picornaviral 3C protease (3Cpro ) due to their similarities in substrate recognition and enzymatic activity, is essential for viral replication and has been considered as the primary drug target. However, information regarding the cellular substrates of 3CLpro and its interaction with the host remains scarce, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Here we summarized and compared the mechanisms by which picornaviruses and coronaviruses have evolved to evade innate immune surveillance, with a focus on the established role of 3Cpro in this process. Through this comparison, we hope to highlight the potential action and mechanisms that are conserved and shared between 3Cpro and 3CLpro . In this review, we also briefly discussed current advances in the development of broad-spectrum antivirals targeting both 3Cpro and 3CLpro .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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28
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Shouval D. The History of Hepatitis A. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020; 16:12-23. [PMID: 33042523 PMCID: PMC7538924 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Watch an interview with the author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shouval
- Liver UnitHadassah‐Hebrew University HospitalJerusalemIsrael
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29
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Zhang X, Paget M, Wang C, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Innate immune evasion by picornaviruses. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1268-1282. [PMID: 32767562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The family Picornaviridae comprises a large number of viruses that cause disease in broad spectrum of hosts, which have posed serious public health concerns worldwide and led to significant economic burden. A comprehensive understanding of the virus-host interactions during picornavirus infections will help to prevent and cure these diseases. Upon picornavirus infection, host pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) sense viral RNA to activate host innate immune responses. The activated PRRs initiate signal transduction through a series of adaptor proteins, which leads to activation of several kinases and transcription factors, and contributes to the consequent expression of interferons (IFNs), IFN-inducible antiviral genes, as well as various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, to maintain viral replication and spread, picornaviruses have evolved several elegant strategies to block innate immune signaling and hinder host antiviral response. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress of how the members of family Picornaviridae counteract host immune response through evasion of PRRs detection, blocking activation of adaptor molecules and kinases, disrupting transcription factors, as well as counteraction of antiviral restriction factors. Such knowledge of immune evasion will help us better understand the pathogenesis of picornaviruses, and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improvement of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Max Paget
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, U.S.A
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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30
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Cell Culture Systems and Drug Targets for Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050533. [PMID: 32408660 PMCID: PMC7291253 DOI: 10.3390/v12050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis, and this infection occasionally causes acute liver failure. HAV infection is associated with HAV-contaminated food and water as well as sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. Although an HAV vaccine has been developed, outbreaks of hepatitis A and life-threatening severe HAV infections are still observed worldwide. Therefore, an improved HAV vaccine and anti-HAV drugs for severe hepatitis A should be developed. Here, we reviewed cell culture systems for HAV infection, and other issues. This review may help with improving the HAV vaccine and developing anti-HAV drugs.
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31
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Smart D, Filippi I, Blume C, Smalley B, Davies D, McCormick CJ. Rhinovirus 2A is the key protease responsible for instigating the early block to gene expression in infected cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.232504. [PMID: 31822628 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) express 2 cysteine proteases, 2A and 3C, that are responsible for viral polyprotein processing. Both proteases also suppress host gene expression by inhibiting mRNA transcription, nuclear export and cap-dependent translation. However, the relative contribution that each makes in achieving this goal remains unclear. In this study, we have compared both the combined and individual ability of the two proteases to shut down cellular gene expression using a novel dynamic reporter system. Our findings show that 2A inhibits host gene expression much more rapidly than 3C. By comparing the activities of a representative set of proteases from the three different HRV species, we also find variation in the speed at which host gene expression is suppressed. Our work highlights the key role that 2A plays in early suppression of the infected host cell response and shows that this can be influenced by natural variation in the activity of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smart
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Irene Filippi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Benjamin Smalley
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Donna Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Christopher J McCormick
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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32
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Sun D, Wen X, Wang M, Mao S, Cheng A, Yang X, Jia R, Chen S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Apoptosis and Autophagy in Picornavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2032. [PMID: 31551969 PMCID: PMC6733961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental process in maintaining cellular homeostasis, which can be either accidental or programed. Programed cell death depends on the specific signaling pathways, resulting in either lytic or non-lytic morphology. It exists in two primary forms: apoptosis and autophagic cell death. Apoptosis is a non-lytic and selective cell death program, which is executed by caspases in response to non-self or external stimuli. In contrast, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis via the degradation and recycling of cellular components. These two mechanisms also function in the defense against pathogen attack. However, picornaviruses have evolved to utilize diverse strategies and target critical components to regulate the apoptotic and autophagic processes for optimal replication and the release from the host cell. Although an increasing number of investigations have shown that the apoptosis and autophagy are altered in picornavirus infection, the mechanism by which viruses take advantage of these two processes remains unknown. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of picornavirus executes cellular apoptosis and autophagy at the molecular level and the relationship between these interactions and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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33
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Hartard C, Gantzer C, Bronowicki JP, Schvoerer E. Emerging hepatitis E virus compared with hepatitis A virus: A new sanitary challenge. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2078. [PMID: 31456241 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses are able to cause liver disease in humans. Among the five classical hepatotropic viruses, they are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Historically, many similarities have thus been described between them according to their incidence and their pathogenicity, especially in countries with poor sanitary conditions. However, recent advances have provided new insights, and the gap is widening between them. Indeed, while HAV infection incidence tends to decrease in developed countries along with public health improvement, HEV is currently considered as an underdiagnosed emerging pathogen. HEV autochthonous infections are increasingly observed and are mainly associated with zoonotic transmissions. Extra hepatic signs resulting in neurological or renal impairments have also been reported for HEV, as well as a chronic carrier state in immunocompromised patients, arguing in favor of differential pathogenesis between those two viruses. Recent molecular tools have allowed studies of viral genome variability and investigation of links between viral plasticity and clinical evolution. The identification of key functional mutations in viral genomes may improve the knowledge of their clinical impact and is analyzed in depth in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hartard
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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34
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Majzoub K, Wrensch F, Baumert TF. The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080758. [PMID: 31426357 PMCID: PMC6723221 DOI: 10.3390/v11080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells have evolved dedicated molecular systems for sensing and delivering a coordinated response to viral threats. Our understanding of these pathways is almost entirely defined by studies in humans or model organisms like mice, fruit flies and worms. However, new genomic and functional data from organisms such as sponges, anemones and mollusks are helping redefine our understanding of these immune systems and their evolution. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of the innate immune pathways involved in sensing, signaling and inducing genes to counter viral infections in vertebrate animals. We will then focus on some central conserved players of this response including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cGAS-STING, attempting to put their evolution into perspective. To conclude, we will reflect on the arms race that exists between viruses and their animal hosts, illustrated by the dynamic evolution and diversification of innate immune pathways. These concepts are not only important to understand virus-host interactions in general but may also be relevant for the development of novel curative approaches against human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Majzoub
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France.
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35
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Feng H, Sander AL, Moreira-Soto A, Yamane D, Drexler JF, Lemon SM. Hepatovirus 3ABC proteases and evolution of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). J Hepatol 2019; 71:25-34. [PMID: 30876947 PMCID: PMC6581616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Unlike other hepatitis viruses that have infected primates for millions of years, hepatitis A virus (HAV) likely entered human populations only 10-12 thousand years ago after jumping from a rodent host. The phylogeny of modern hepatoviruses that infect rodents and bats suggest that multiple similar host shifts have occurred in the past. The factors determining such shifts are unknown, but the capacity to overcome innate antiviral responses in a foreign species is likely key. METHODS We assessed the capacity of diverse hepatovirus 3ABC proteases to cleave mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and disrupt antiviral signaling in HEK293 and human hepatocyte-derived cell lines. We also applied maximum-likelihood and Bayesian algorithms to identify sites of diversifying selection in MAVS orthologs from 75 chiropteran, rodent and primate species. RESULTS 3ABC proteases from bat, but not rodent hepatoviruses efficiently cleaved human MAVS at Glu463/Gly464, disrupting virus activation of the interferon-β promoter, whereas human HAV 3ABC cleaved at Gln427/Val428. In contrast, MAVS orthologs from rodents and bats were resistant to cleavage by 3ABC proteases of cognate hepatoviruses and in several cases human HAV. A search for diversifying selection among MAVS orthologs from all 3 orders revealed 90 of ∼540 residues to be under positive selection, including residues in chiropteran MAVS that align with the site of cleavage of human MAVS by bat 3ABC proteases. CONCLUSIONS 3ABC protease cleavage of MAVS is a conserved attribute of hepatoviruses, acting broadly across different mammalian species and associated with evidence of diversifying selection at cleavage sites in rodent and bat MAVS orthologs. The capacity of hepatoviruses to disrupt MAVS-mediated innate immune responses has shaped evolution of both hepatoviruses and their hosts, and facilitates cross-species transmission of hepatitis A. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis A virus, a common cause of acute hepatitis globally, is likely to have evolved from a virus that jumped from a rodent species to humans within the last 10-12 thousand years. Here we show that distantly related hepatoviruses, that infect bats and rodents today, express proteases that disrupt innate antiviral responses in human cells. This conserved attribute of hepatoviruses may have contributed to that ancient host species shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna-Lena Sander
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrés Moreira-Soto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany;,German Centre for Infection Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Mesev EV, LeDesma RA, Ploss A. Decoding type I and III interferon signalling during viral infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:914-924. [PMID: 30936491 PMCID: PMC6554024 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are central to host defence against viral infection. Despite the existence of at least 20 IFNs, there are only three known cell surface receptors. IFN signalling and viral evasion mechanisms form an immensely complex network that differs across species. In this Review, we begin by highlighting some of the advances that have been made towards understanding the complexity of differential IFN signalling inputs and outputs that contribute to antiviral defences. Next, we explore some of the ways viruses can interfere with, or circumvent, these defences. Lastly, we address the largely under-reviewed impact of IFN signalling on host tropism, and we offer perspectives on the future of research into IFN signalling complexity and viral evasion across species. This Review highlights some of the advances that have been made towards understanding the complexity of differential interferon (IFN) signalling inputs and outputs as well as some of the strategies viruses use to interfere with or circumvent IFN-induced antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Mesev
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A LeDesma
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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37
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Feng Z, Lemon SM. Innate Immunity to Enteric Hepatitis Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033464. [PMID: 29686040 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both positive-strand RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, there are important differences in the ways they induce and counteract host innate immune responses. HAV is remarkably stealthy because of its ability to evade and disrupt innate signaling pathways that lead to interferon production. In contrast, HEV does not block interferon production. Instead, it persists in the presence of an interferon response. These differences may provide insight into HEV persistence in immunocompromised patients, an emerging health problem in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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38
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Morazzani EM, Compton JR, Leary DH, Berry AV, Hu X, Marugan JJ, Glass PJ, Legler PM. Proteolytic cleavage of host proteins by the Group IV viral proteases of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Zika virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:106-122. [PMID: 30742841 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The alphaviral nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) cysteine proteases (EC 3.4.22.-) are essential for the proteolytic processing of the nonstructural (ns) polyprotein and are validated drug targets. A common secondary role of these proteases is to antagonize the effects of interferon (IFN). After delineating the cleavage site motif of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) nsP2 cysteine protease, we searched the human genome to identify host protein substrates. Here we identify a new host substrate of the VEEV nsP2 protease, human TRIM14, a component of the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) signalosome. Short stretches of homologous host-pathogen protein sequences (SSHHPS) are present in the nonstructural polyprotein and TRIM14. A 25-residue cyan-yellow fluorescent protein TRIM14 substrate was cleaved in vitro by the VEEV nsP2 protease and the cleavage site was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. A TRIM14 cleavage product also was found in VEEV-infected cell lysates. At least ten other Group IV (+)ssRNA viral proteases have been shown to cleave host proteins involved in generating the innate immune responses against viruses, suggesting that the integration of these short host protein sequences into the viral protease cleavage sites may represent an embedded mechanism of IFN antagonism. This interference mechanism shows several parallels with those of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi/RISC, but with a protease recognizing a protein sequence common to both the host and pathogen. The short host sequences embedded within the viral genome appear to be analogous to the short phage sequences found in a host's CRISPR spacer sequences. To test this algorithm, we applied it to another Group IV virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), and identified cleavage sites within human SFRP1 (secreted frizzled related protein 1), a retinal Gs alpha subunit, NT5M, and Forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1) in vitro. Proteolytic cleavage of these proteins suggests a possible link between the protease and the virus-induced phenotype of ZIKV. The algorithm may have value for selecting cell lines and animal models that recapitulate virus-induced phenotypes, predicting host-range and susceptibility, selecting oncolytic viruses, identifying biomarkers, and de-risking live virus vaccines. Inhibitors of the proteases that utilize this mechanism may both inhibit viral replication and alleviate suppression of the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Morazzani
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaimee R Compton
- Center for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Dagmar H Leary
- Center for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | - Xin Hu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Patricia M Legler
- Center for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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39
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Lanford RE, Walker CM, Lemon SM. Nonhuman Primate Models of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031815. [PMID: 29686041 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although phylogenetically unrelated, human hepatitis viruses share an exclusive or near exclusive tropism for replication in differentiated hepatocytes. This narrow tissue tropism may contribute to the restriction of the host ranges of these viruses to relatively few host species, mostly nonhuman primates. Nonhuman primate models thus figure prominently in our current understanding of the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses, including the enterically transmitted hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), and have also played major roles in vaccine development. This review draws comparisons of HAV and HEV infection from studies conducted in nonhuman primates, and describes how such studies have contributed to our current understanding of the biology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 782227
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7030
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40
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Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Joyce M, Tyrrell DL, Lemon SM. Murine Models of Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031674. [PMID: 29661811 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic analyses of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-induced pathogenesis have long been thwarted by the lack of tractable small animal models that recapitulate disease observed in humans. Several approaches have shown success, including infection of chimeric mice with human liver cells. Other recent studies show that HAV can replicate to high titer in mice lacking expression of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFN-α/β receptor) or mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. Mice deficient in the IFN receptor show critical features of type A hepatitis in humans when challenged with human HAV, including histological evidence of liver damage, leukocyte infiltration, and the release of liver enzymes into blood. Acute pathogenesis is caused by MAVS-dependent signaling that leads to intrinsic apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517
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41
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Wang Y, Ma L, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Li X, Liu Y. The Strategy of Picornavirus Evading Host Antiviral Responses: Non-structural Proteins Suppress the Production of IFNs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2943. [PMID: 30619109 PMCID: PMC6297142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger the innate immune system to produce interferons (IFNs), which play important role in host antiviral responses. Co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has favored development of various strategies to evade the effects of IFNs, enabling viruses to survive inside host cells. One such strategy involves inhibition of IFN signaling pathways by non-structural proteins. In this review, we provide a brief overview of host signaling pathways inducing IFN production and their suppression by picornavirus non-structural proteins. Using this strategy, picornaviruses can evade the host immune response and replicate inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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42
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McKnight KL, Lemon SM. Hepatitis A Virus Genome Organization and Replication Strategy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a033480. [PMID: 29610147 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-strand RNA virus classified in the genus Hepatovirus of the family Picornaviridae It is an ancient virus with a long evolutionary history and multiple features of its capsid structure, genome organization, and replication cycle that distinguish it from other mammalian picornaviruses. HAV proteins are produced by cap-independent translation of a single, long open reading frame under direction of an inefficient, upstream internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Genome replication occurs slowly and is noncytopathic, with transcription likely primed by a uridylated protein primer as in other picornaviruses. Newly produced quasi-enveloped virions (eHAV) are released from cells in a nonlytic fashion in a unique process mediated by interactions of capsid proteins with components of the host cell endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L McKnight
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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43
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Tan X, Sun L, Chen J, Chen ZJ. Detection of Microbial Infections Through Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acids. Annu Rev Microbiol 2018; 72:447-478. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or RNA during their life cycle, nucleic acid sensing has evolved as an essential strategy for host innate immune defense. Pathogen-derived nucleic acids with distinct features are recognized by specific host PRRs localized in endolysosomes and the cytosol. Activation of these PRRs triggers signaling cascades that culminate in the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to induction of an antimicrobial state, activation of adaptive immunity, and eventual clearance of the infection. Here, we review recent progress in innate immune recognition of nucleic acids upon microbial infection, including pathways involving endosomal Toll-like receptors, cytosolic RNA sensors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. We also discuss the mechanisms by which infectious microbes counteract host nucleic acid sensing to evade immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
| | - Jueqi Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
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44
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Shin EC, Jeong SH. Natural History, Clinical Manifestations, and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis A. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031708. [PMID: 29440324 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis. The clinical manifestations of HAV infection range from asymptomatic infection to acute liver failure (ALF), but do not include progression to chronic hepatitis. Risk factors for severe acute hepatitis A are older age (>40 years) and preexisting liver disease. Some patients may show atypical clinical features such as relapsing hepatitis, prolonged cholestasis, or extrahepatic manifestations. Almost all hepatitis A patients spontaneously recover with supportive care. However, in the case of ALF (<1%), intensive care and urgent decision on liver transplantation are required. Liver injury during hepatitis A is not directly caused by HAV but is known to be caused by immune-mediated mechanisms. In this review, the natural history and clinical manifestations of hepatitis A are described. In addition, mechanisms of immunopathogenesis in hepatitis A are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Gyeonggido 13620, Republic of Korea
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45
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Cao X, Xue YJ, Du JL, Xu Q, Yang XC, Zeng Y, Wang BB, Wang HZ, Liu J, Cai KZ, Ma ZR. Induction and Suppression of Innate Antiviral Responses by Hepatitis A Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1865. [PMID: 30174659 PMCID: PMC6107850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae. It is the pathogen of acute viral hepatitis caused by fecal-oral transmission. RNA viruses are sensed by pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). PRR activation leads to production of type 1 interferon (IFN-α/β), serving as the first line of defense against viruses. However, HAV has developed various strategies to compromise the innate immune system and promote viral propagation within the host cells. The long coevolution of HAV in hosts has prompted the development of effective immune antagonism strategies that actively fight against host antiviral responses. Proteases encoded by HAV can cleave the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, or Cardif), TIR domain- containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF, also known as TICAM-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), which are key adaptor proteins in RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), TLR3 and NF-κB signaling, respectively. In this mini-review, we summarize all the recent progress on the interaction between HAV and the host, especially focusing on how HAV abrogates the antiviral effects of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-jia Xue
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiang-long Du
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-cai Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo-bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-zhen Wang
- Hebi Precision Medical Research Institute, People's Hospital of Hebi, Hebi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medical OncologyPeople's Hospital of Hebi, Hebi, China
| | - Kui-zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhong-ren Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
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46
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Zhang Y, Li J, Li Q. Immune Evasion of Enteroviruses Under Innate Immune Monitoring. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1866. [PMID: 30154774 PMCID: PMC6102382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major component of immunological defense against a great variety of pathogens, innate immunity is capable of activating the adaptive immune system. Viruses are a type of pathogen that proliferate parasitically in cells and have multiple strategies to escape from host immune pressure. Here, we review recent studies of the strategies and mechanisms by which enteroviruses evade innate immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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47
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Ou X, Wang M, Mao S, Cao J, Cheng A, Zhu D, Chen S, Jia R, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Incompatible Translation Drives a Convergent Evolution and Viral Attenuation During the Development of Live Attenuated Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:249. [PMID: 30073153 PMCID: PMC6058041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are widely used to protect humans or animals from pathogen infections. We have previously developed a chicken embryo-attenuated Duck Hepatitis A Virus genotype 1 (DHAV-1) vaccine (CH60 strain). This study aims to understand the mechanisms that drive a virulent strain to an attenuated virus. Here, we systematically compared five DHAV-1 chicken embryo attenuated strains and 68 virulent strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that duck virulent strains isolated from different geographic regions of China undergo a convergent evolution in the chicken embryos. Comparative analysis indicated that the codon usage bias of the attenuated strains were shaped by chicken codons usage bias, which essentially contributed to viral adaption in the unsuitable host driven by incompatible translation. Of note, the missense mutations in coding region and mutations in untranslated regions may also contribute to viral attenuation of DHAV-1 to some extent. Importantly, we have experimentally confirmed that the expression levels of four viral proteins (2A3pro, 2A3pro, 3Cpro, and 3Dpro) in the liver and kidney of ducks infected with an attenuated strain are significantly lower than that infected with a virulent strain, despite with similar virus load. Thus, the key mechanisms of viral attenuation revealed by this study may lead to innovative and easy approaches in designing live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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48
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Investigation of MicroRNA in Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9026357. [PMID: 30105262 PMCID: PMC6076970 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9026357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study tested the hypothesis that microRNA is associated with the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in patients with SLE. Methods Thirteen patients were in the clinical comparison study and microRNA study and overall 19 patients in the study of intracellular protein. Levels of microRNAs were determined by miRNeasy kit in 13 patients with SLE and 29 volunteer normal controls. Intracellular levels of caspase-9, caspase-10, MAVS, MDA5, and pIRF7 in mononuclear cells from 19 patiens and the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) were determined in all SLE patients. Correlation analyses were performed among microRNAs, intracellular adaptor proteins, and caspase levels and mean SLEDAI. Results The ΔCT, defined by test reading difference between the target and the internal control microRNA (miR-451a), of miR-21-5p, miR-150-5p, and miR221-3p were significantly higher in plasma from SLE patients than in normal controls. miR-150-5pΔCT was positively correlated with both CRP and SLEDAI value. miR-150-5pΔCT was negatively associated with MAVS 70 kD. Caspase-10 protein levels were negatively associated with plasma miR-22-3pΔCT and miR-21-5pΔCT levels. Conclusions Our study confirmed the hypothesis that these microRNAs were associated with the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in SLE. miR-150-5pΔCT was positively associated with SLE disease activity and it was negatively correlated with MAVS 70 kD, which may facilitate viral survival and further enhance inflammation. On the other hand, miR-22-3pΔCT and miR-21-5pΔCT, were negatively correlated with caspase-10 levels, which may repress extrinsic apoptosis and increase cell survival.
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49
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Liang Y, Cao X, Ding Q, Zhao Y, He Z, Zhong J. Hepatitis C virus NS4B induces the degradation of TRIF to inhibit TLR3-mediated interferon signaling pathway. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007075. [PMID: 29782532 PMCID: PMC5983870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) senses dsRNA intermediates produced during RNA virus replication to activate innate immune signaling pathways through adaptor protein TRIF. Many viruses have evolved strategies to block TLR3-mediated interferon signaling via targeting TRIF. Here we studied how hepatitis C virus (HCV) antagonizes the TLR3-mediated interferon signaling. We found that HCV-encoded NS4B protein inhibited TLR3-mediated interferon signaling by down-regulating TRIF protein level. Mechanism studies indicated that the downregulation of TRIF by NS4B was dependent on caspase8. NS4B transfection or HCV infection can activate caspase8 to promote TRIF degradation, leading to suppression of TLR3-mediated interferon signaling. Knockout of caspase8 can prevent TRIF degradation triggered by NS4B, thereby enhancing the TLR3-mediated interferon signaling activation in response to HCV infection. In conclusion, our work revealed a new mechanism for HCV to evade innate immune response by blocking the TLR3-mediated interferon signaling via NS4B-induced TRIF degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisha Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhi Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Viral-host interaction in kidney reveals strategies to escape host immunity and persistently shed virus to the urine. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7336-7349. [PMID: 28038465 PMCID: PMC5352325 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus is one of five types of hepatotropic viruses that cause human liver disease. A similar liver disease is also identified in ducks caused by Duck Hepatitis A virus (DHAV). Notably, many types of hepatotropic viruses can be detected in urine. However, how those viruses enter into the urine is largely unexplored. To elucidate the potential mechanism, we used the avian hepatotropic virus to investigate replication strategies and immune responses in kidney until 280 days after infection. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were used to detect viral distribution and copies in the kidney. Double staining of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and virus and qPCR were used to investigate T cell immune responses and expression levels of cytokines. Histopathology was detected by standard HE staining. In this study, viruses were persistently located at scattered renal tubules. No CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were recruited to the kidney, which was only accompanied by transient cytokine storms. In conclusion, the extremely scattered infection was the viral strategy to escape host immunity and may persistently shed virus into urine. The deletion of Th or Tc cell responses and transient cytokine storms indeed provide an advantageous renal environment for their persistent survival.
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