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Martínez-Valencia D, Bañuelos C, García-Rivera G, Talamás-Lara D, Orozco E. The Entamoeba histolytica Vps26 (EhVps26) retromeric protein is involved in phagocytosis: Bioinformatic and experimental approaches. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304842. [PMID: 39116045 PMCID: PMC11309391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The retromer is a cellular structure that recruits and recycles proteins inside the cell. In mammalian and yeast, the retromer components have been widely studied, but very little in parasites. In yeast, it is formed by a SNX-BAR membrane remodeling heterodimer and the cargo selecting complex (CSC), composed by three proteins. One of them, the Vps26 protein, possesses a flexible and intrinsically disordered region (IDR), that facilitates interactions with other proteins and contributes to the retromer binding to the endosomal membrane. In Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, the retromer actively participates during the high mobility and phagocytosis of trophozoites, but the molecular details in these events, are almost unknown. Here, we studied the EhVps26 role in phagocytosis. Bioinformatic analyses of EhVps26 revealed a typical arrestin folding structure of the protein, and a long and charged IDR, as described in other systems. EhVps26 molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) allowed us to predict binding pockets for EhVps35, EhSNX3, and a PX domain-containing protein; these pockets were disorganized in a EhVps26 truncated version lacking the IDR. The AlphaFold2 software predicted the interaction of EhVps26 with EhVps35, EhVps29 and EhSNX3, in a model similar to the reported mammalian crystals. By confocal and transmission electron microscopy, EhVps26 was found in the trophozoites plasma membrane, cytosol, endosomes, and Golgi-like apparatus. During phagocytosis, it followed the erythrocytes pathway, probably participating in cargoes selection and recycling. Ehvps26 gene knocking down evidenced that the EhVps26 protein is necessary for efficient phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martínez-Valencia
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Talamás-Lara
- Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales (LaNSE), Cinvestav, Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, México
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2
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Li S, Williamson ZL, Christofferson MA, Jeevanandam A, Campos SK. A peptide derived from sorting nexin 1 inhibits HPV16 entry, retrograde trafficking, and L2 membrane spanning. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 18:200287. [PMID: 38909779 PMCID: PMC11255958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for 99 % of cervical cancers and 5 % of all human cancers worldwide. HPV infection requires the viral genome (vDNA) to gain access to nuclei of basal keratinocytes of epithelium. After virion endocytosis, the minor capsid protein L2 dictates the subcellular retrograde trafficking and nuclear localization of the vDNA during mitosis. Prior work identified a cell-permeable peptide termed SNX1.3, derived from the BAR domain of sorting nexin 1 (SNX1), that potently blocks the retrograde and nuclear trafficking of EGFR in triple negative breast cancer cells. Given the importance of EGFR and retrograde trafficking pathways in HPV16 infection, we set forth to study the effects of SNX1.3 within this context. SNX1.3 inhibited HPV16 infection by both delaying virion endocytosis, as well as potently blocking virion retrograde trafficking and Golgi localization. SNX1.3 had no effect on cell proliferation, nor did it affect post-Golgi trafficking of HPV16. Looking more directly at L2 function, SNX1.3 was found to impair membrane spanning of the minor capsid protein. Future work will focus on mechanistic studies of SNX1.3 inhibition, and the role of EGFR signaling and SNX1-mediated endosomal tubulation, cargo sorting, and retrograde trafficking in HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zachary L Williamson
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel K Campos
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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3
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Li S, Williamson ZL, Christofferson MA, Jeevanandam A, Campos SK. A Peptide Derived from Sorting Nexin 1 Inhibits HPV16 Entry, Retrograde Trafficking, and L2 Membrane Spanning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.25.595865. [PMID: 38826391 PMCID: PMC11142256 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.25.595865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for 99% of cervical cancers and 5% of all human cancers worldwide. HPV infection requires the viral genome (vDNA) to gain access to nuclei of basal keratinocytes of epithelium. After virion endocytosis, the minor capsid protein L2 dictates the subcellular retrograde trafficking and nuclear localization of the vDNA during mitosis. Prior work identified a cell-permeable peptide termed SNX1.3, derived from the BAR domain of sorting nexin 1 (SNX1), that potently blocks the retrograde and nuclear trafficking of EGFR in triple negative breast cancer cells. Given the importance of EGFR and retrograde trafficking pathways in HPV16 infection, we set forth to study the effects of SNX1.3 within this context. SNX1.3 inhibited HPV16 infection by both delaying virion endocytosis, as well as potently blocking virion retrograde trafficking and Golgi localization. SNX1.3 had no effect on cell proliferation, nor did it affect post-Golgi trafficking of HPV16. Looking more directly at L2 function, SNX1.3 was found to impair membrane spanning of the minor capsid protein. Future work will focus on mechanistic studies of SNX1.3 inhibition, and the role of EGFR signaling and SNX1- mediated endosomal tubulation, cargo sorting, and retrograde trafficking in HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Current Address: Microbiologics, Inc. Saint Cloud, MN USA
| | - Zachary L Williamson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Current Address: Microbiologics, Inc. Saint Cloud, MN USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Current Address: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Current Address: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA, HPV16
| | - Matthew A Christofferson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Current Address: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Advait Jeevanandam
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Current Address: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Samuel K Campos
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA, HPV16
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Takeo Y, Crite M, DiMaio D. γ-secretase facilitates retromer-mediated retrograde transport. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597932. [PMID: 38895404 PMCID: PMC11185792 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The retromer complex mediates retrograde transport of protein cargos from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). γ-secretase is a multisubunit protease that cleaves the transmembrane domain of its target proteins. Mutations in genes encoding subunits of retromer or γ-secretase can cause familial Alzheimer disease (AD) and other degenerative neurological diseases. It has been reported that retromer interacts with γ-secretase, but the consequences of this interaction are not known. Here, we report that retromer-mediated retrograde protein trafficking in cultured human epithelial cells is impaired by inhibition of γ-secretase activity or by genetic elimination of γ-secretase. γ-secretase inhibitor XXI and knockout of PS1, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, inhibit endosome to TGN trafficking of retromer-dependent retrograde cargos, divalent metal transporter 1 isoform II (DMT1-II), cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CIMPR), and shiga toxin. Trafficking of retromer-independent cargos, such as cholera toxin and a CIMPR mutant that does not bind to retromer was not affected by γ-secretase inhibition. XXI treatment and PS1 KO inhibit interaction of γ-secretase with retromer but do not inhibit the association of cargo with retromer or with γ-secretase in intact cells. Similarly, these treatments do not affect the level of Rab7-GTP, which regulates retromer-cargo interaction. These results suggest that the γ-secretase-retromer interaction facilitates retromer-mediated retrograde trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Takeo
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Mac Crite
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine
- Current affiliation: American University
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine
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5
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Speckhart K, Choi J, DiMaio D, Tsai B. The BICD2 dynein cargo adaptor binds to the HPV16 L2 capsid protein and promotes HPV infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012289. [PMID: 38829892 PMCID: PMC11230635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During entry, human papillomavirus (HPV) traffics from the endosome to the trans Golgi network (TGN) and Golgi and then the nucleus to cause infection. Although dynein is thought to play a role in HPV infection, how this host motor recruits the virus to support infection and which entry step(s) requires dynein are unclear. Here we show that the dynein cargo adaptor BICD2 binds to the HPV L2 capsid protein during entry, recruiting HPV to dynein for transport of the virus along the endosome-TGN/Golgi axis to promote infection. In the absence of BICD2 function, HPV accumulates in the endosome and TGN and infection is inhibited. Cell-based and in vitro binding studies identified a short segment near the C-terminus of L2 that can directly interact with BICD2. Our results reveal the molecular basis by which the dynein motor captures HPV to promote infection and identify this virus as a novel cargo of the BICD2 dynein adaptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Speckhart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeongjoon Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Jones KM, Bryan A, McCunn E, Lantz PE, Blalock H, Ojeda IC, Mehta K, Cosper PF. The Causes and Consequences of DNA Damage and Chromosomal Instability Induced by Human Papillomavirus. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1662. [PMID: 38730612 PMCID: PMC11083350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the main cause of cervical, oropharyngeal, and anogenital cancers, which are all treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy when locally advanced. HPV proteins are known to exploit the host DNA damage response to enable viral replication and the epithelial differentiation protocol. This has far-reaching consequences for the host genome, as the DNA damage response is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability. HPV+ cells therefore have increased DNA damage, leading to widespread genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, which can contribute to tumorigenesis. Following transformation, high-risk HPV oncoproteins induce chromosomal instability, or chromosome missegregation during mitosis, which is associated with a further increase in DNA damage, particularly due to micronuclei and double-strand break formation. Thus, HPV induces significant DNA damage and activation of the DNA damage response in multiple contexts, which likely affects radiation sensitivity and efficacy. Here, we review how HPV activates the DNA damage response, how it induces chromosome missegregation and micronuclei formation, and discuss how these factors may affect radiation response. Understanding how HPV affects the DNA damage response in the context of radiation therapy may help determine potential mechanisms to improve therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Jones
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ava Bryan
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily McCunn
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Pate E. Lantz
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hunter Blalock
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Isabel C. Ojeda
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kavi Mehta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Pippa F. Cosper
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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7
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Lim YX, D'Silva NJ. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: in search of surrogate biomarkers for early lesions. Oncogene 2024; 43:543-554. [PMID: 38191674 PMCID: PMC10873204 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC) has escalated in the past few decades; this has largely been triggered by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Early cancer screening is needed for timely clinical intervention and may reduce mortality and morbidity, but the lack of knowledge about premalignant lesions for OPSCC poses a significant challenge to early detection. Biomarkers that identify individuals at high risk for OPSCC may act as surrogate markers for precancer but these are limited as only a few studies decipher the multistep progression from HPV infection to OPSCC development. Here, we summarize the current literature describing the multistep progression from oral HPV infection, persistence, and tumor development in the oropharynx. We also examine key challenges that hinder the identification of premalignant lesions in the oropharynx and discuss potential biomarkers for oropharyngeal precancer. Finally, we evaluate novel strategies to improve investigations of the biological process that drives oral HPV persistence and OPSCC, highlighting new developments in the establishment of a genetic progression model for HPV + OPSCC and in vivo models that mimic HPV + OPSCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne X Lim
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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8
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Fang P, Zhang H, Cheng T, Ding T, Xia S, Xiao W, Li Z, Xiao S, Fang L. Porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein NS6 harnesses VPS35-mediated retrograde trafficking to facilitate efficient viral infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0095723. [PMID: 37815351 PMCID: PMC10617406 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00957-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Retrograde transport has been reported to be closely associated with normal cellular biological processes and viral replication. As an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with zoonotic potential, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has attracted considerable attention. However, whether retrograde transport is associated with PDCoV infection remains unclear. Our present study demonstrates that retromer protein VPS35 acts as a critical host factor that is required for PDCoV infection. Mechanically, VPS35 interacts with PDCoV NS6, mediating the retrograde transport of NS6 from endosomes to the Golgi and preventing it from lysosomal degradation. Recombinant PDCoVs with an NS6 deletion display resistance to VPS35 deficiency. Our work reveals a novel evasion mechanism of PDCoV that involves the manipulation of the retrograde transport pathway by VPS35, providing new insight into the mechanism of PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huichang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - SiJin Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwen Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Oh C, Buckley PM, Choi J, Hierro A, DiMaio D. Sequence-independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus type 16 L2 capsid protein during virus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307721120. [PMID: 37819982 PMCID: PMC10589650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307721120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of proteins is thought to be invariably determined by their amino acid sequence or composition, but we show that a long segment of a viral protein can support infection independent of its sequence or composition. During virus entry, the papillomavirus L2 capsid protein protrudes through the endosome membrane into the cytoplasm to bind cellular factors such as retromer required for intracellular virus trafficking. Here, we show that an ~110 amino acid segment of L2 is predicted to be disordered and that large deletions in this segment abolish infectivity of HPV16 pseudoviruses by inhibiting cytoplasmic protrusion of L2, association with retromer, and proper virus trafficking. The activity of these mutants can be restored by insertion of protein segments with diverse sequences, compositions, and chemical properties, including scrambled amino acid sequences, a tandem array of a short sequence, and the intrinsically disordered region of an unrelated cellular protein. The infectivity of mutants with small in-frame deletions in this segment directly correlates with the size of the segment. These results indicate that the length of the disordered segment, not its sequence or composition, determines its activity during HPV16 pseudovirus infection. We propose that a minimal length of L2 is required for it to protrude far enough into the cytoplasm to bind cytoplasmic trafficking factors, but the sequence of this segment is largely irrelevant. Thus, protein segments can carry out complex biological functions such as Human papillomavirus pseudovirus infection in a sequence-independent manner. This finding has important implications for protein function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changin Oh
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8005
| | - Patrick M. Buckley
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06536-0812
| | - Jeongjoon Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8005
| | - Aitor Hierro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Bilbao, Derio48160, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao48009, Spain
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8005
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520-8040
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06520-8024
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT06520-8028
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10
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Choi J, DiMaio D. Noncanonical Rab9a action supports retromer-mediated endosomal exit of human papillomavirus during virus entry. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011648. [PMID: 37703297 PMCID: PMC10519607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases play key roles in controlling intracellular vesicular transport. GTP-bound Rab proteins support vesicle trafficking. Here, we report that, unlike cellular protein cargos, retromer-mediated delivery of human papillomaviruses (HPV) into the retrograde transport pathway during virus entry is inhibited by Rab9a in its GTP-bound form. Knockdown of Rab9a inhibits HPV entry by modulating the HPV-retromer interaction and impairing retromer-mediated endosome-to-Golgi transport of the incoming virus, resulting in the accumulation of HPV in the endosome. Rab9a is in proximity to HPV as early as 3.5 h post-infection, prior to the Rab7-HPV interaction, and HPV displays increased association with retromer in Rab9a knockdown cells, even in the presence of dominant negative Rab7. Thus, Rab9a can regulate HPV-retromer association independently of Rab7. Surprisingly, excess GTP-Rab9a impairs HPV entry, whereas excess GDP-Rab9a reduces association between L2 and Rab9a and stimulates entry. These findings reveal that HPV and cellular proteins utilize the Rab9a host trafficking machinery in distinct ways during intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjoon Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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11
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Ryabchenko B, Šroller V, Horníková L, Lovtsov A, Forstová J, Huérfano S. The interactions between PML nuclear bodies and small and medium size DNA viruses. Virol J 2023; 20:82. [PMID: 37127643 PMCID: PMC10152602 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PM NBs), often referred to as membraneless organelles, are dynamic macromolecular protein complexes composed of a PML protein core and other transient or permanent components. PML NBs have been shown to play a role in a wide variety of cellular processes. This review describes in detail the diverse and complex interactions between small and medium size DNA viruses and PML NBs that have been described to date. The PML NB components that interact with small and medium size DNA viruses include PML protein isoforms, ATRX/Daxx, Sp100, Sp110, HP1, and p53, among others. Interaction between viruses and components of these NBs can result in different outcomes, such as influencing viral genome expression and/or replication or impacting IFN-mediated or apoptotic cell responses to viral infection. We discuss how PML NB components abrogate the ability of adenoviruses or Hepatitis B virus to transcribe and/or replicate their genomes and how papillomaviruses use PML NBs and their components to promote their propagation. Interactions between polyomaviruses and PML NBs that are poorly understood but nevertheless suggest that the NBs can serve as scaffolds for viral replication or assembly are also presented. Furthermore, complex interactions between the HBx protein of hepadnaviruses and several PML NBs-associated proteins are also described. Finally, current but scarce information regarding the interactions of VP3/apoptin of the avian anellovirus with PML NBs is provided. Despite the considerable number of studies that have investigated the functions of the PML NBs in the context of viral infection, gaps in our understanding of the fine interactions between viruses and the very dynamic PML NBs remain. The complexity of the bodies is undoubtedly a great challenge that needs to be further addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ryabchenko
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Šroller
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Horníková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Alexey Lovtsov
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Forstová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Huérfano
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic.
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12
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Choi J, DiMaio D. Noncanonical Rab9a action supports endosomal exit of human papillomavirus during virus entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538937. [PMID: 37205481 PMCID: PMC10187250 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases play key roles in controlling intracellular vesicular transport. GTP-bound Rab proteins support vesicle trafficking. Here, we report that, unlike cellular protein cargos, the delivery of human papillomaviruses (HPV) into the retrograde transport pathway during virus entry is inhibited by Rab9a in its GTP-bound form. Knockdown of Rab9a hampers HPV entry by regulating the HPV-retromer interaction and impairing retromer-mediated endosome-to-Golgi transport of the incoming virus, resulting in the accumulation of HPV in the endosome. Rab9a is in proximity to HPV as early as 3.5 h post-infection, prior to the Rab7-HPV interaction. HPV displays increased association with retromer in Rab9a knockdown cells, even in the presence of dominant negative Rab7. Thus, Rab9a can regulate HPV-retromer association independently of Rab7. Surprisingly, excess GTP-Rab9a impairs HPV entry, whereas excess GDP-Rab9a stimulates entry. These findings reveal that HPV employs a trafficking mechanism distinct from that used by cellular proteins.
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13
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Oh C, Buckley PM, Choi J, Hierro A, DiMaio D. Sequence independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533711. [PMID: 36993745 PMCID: PMC10055320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The papillomavirus L2 capsid protein protrudes through the endosome membrane into the cytoplasm during virus entry to bind cellular factors required for intracellular virus trafficking. Cytoplasmic protrusion of HPV16 L2, virus trafficking, and infectivity are inhibited by large deletions in an ∼110 amino acid segment of L2 that is predicted to be disordered. The activity of these mutants can be restored by inserting protein segments with diverse compositions and chemical properties into this region, including scrambled sequences, a tandem array of a short sequence, and the intrinsically disordered region of a cellular protein. The infectivity of mutants with small in-frame insertions and deletions in this segment directly correlates with the size of the segment. These results indicate that the length of the disordered segment, not its sequence or its composition, determines its activity during virus entry. Sequence independent but length dependent activity has important implications for protein function and evolution.
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14
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Harwood MC, Woo TT, Takeo Y, DiMaio D, Tsai B. HPV is a cargo for the COPI sorting complex during virus entry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc9830. [PMID: 36662862 PMCID: PMC9858521 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During entry, human papillomavirus (HPV) traffics from the cell surface to the endosome and then to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and Golgi apparatus. HPV must transit across the TGN/Golgi and exit these compartments to reach the nucleus to cause infection, although how these steps are accomplished is unclear. Combining cellular fractionation, unbiased proteomics, and gene knockdown strategies, we identified the coat protein complex I (COPI), a highly conserved protein complex that facilitates retrograde trafficking of cellular cargos, as a host factor required for HPV infection. Upon TGN/Golgi arrival, the cytoplasmic segment of HPV L2 binds directly to COPI. COPI depletion causes the accumulation of HPV in the TGN/Golgi, resembling the fate of a COPI binding-defective L2 mutant. We propose that the L2-COPI interaction drives HPV trafficking through the TGN and Golgi stacks during virus entry. This shows that an incoming virus is a cargo of the COPI complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Harwood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tai-Ting Woo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuka Takeo
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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The Interaction of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling in Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cervical Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162528. [PMID: 36010605 PMCID: PMC9406919 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and chronic inflammation are factors associated with the onset and progression of several neoplasias, including cervical cancer. Oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7 from HPV are the main drivers of cervical carcinogenesis. In the present article, we review the general mechanisms of HPV-driven cervical carcinogenesis, as well as the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and downstream effectors in this pathology. We also review the evidence on the crosstalk between chronic HPV infection and PGE2 signaling, leading to immune response weakening and cervical cancer development. Finally, the last section updates the current therapeutic and preventive options targeting PGE2-derived inflammation and HPV infection in cervical cancer. These treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutical vaccines, immunomodulators, antivirals, and nanotechnology. Inflammatory signaling pathways are closely related to the carcinogenic nature of the virus, highlighting inflammation as a co-factor for HPV-dependent carcinogenesis. Therefore, blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, modulating immune response against HPV, and targeting the virus represent excellent options for anti-tumoral therapies in cervical cancer.
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16
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Schweiger L, Lelieveld-Fast LA, Mikuličić S, Strunk J, Freitag K, Tenzer S, Clement AM, Florin L. HPV16 Induces Formation of Virus-p62-PML Hybrid Bodies to Enable Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071478. [PMID: 35891458 PMCID: PMC9315800 DOI: 10.3390/v14071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) inflict a significant burden on the human population. The clinical manifestations caused by high-risk HPV types are cancers at anogenital sites, including cervical cancer, as well as head and neck cancers. Host cell defense mechanisms such as autophagy are initiated upon HPV entry. At the same time, the virus modulates cellular antiviral processes and structures such as promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) to enable infection. Here, we uncover the autophagy adaptor p62, also known as p62/sequestosome-1, as a novel proviral factor in infections by the high-risk HPV type 16 (HPV16). Proteomics, imaging and interaction studies of HPV16 pseudovirus-treated HeLa cells display that p62 is recruited to virus-filled endosomes, interacts with incoming capsids, and accompanies the virus to PML NBs, the sites of viral transcription and replication. Cellular depletion of p62 significantly decreased the delivery of HPV16 viral DNA to PML NBs and HPV16 infection rate. Moreover, the absence of p62 leads to an increase in the targeting of viral components to autophagic structures and enhanced degradation of the viral capsid protein L2. The proviral role of p62 and formation of virus-p62-PML hybrid bodies have also been observed in human primary keratinocytes, the HPV target cells. Together, these findings suggest the previously unrecognized virus-induced formation of p62-PML hybrid bodies as a viral mechanism to subvert the cellular antiviral defense, thus enabling viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schweiger
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Laura A. Lelieveld-Fast
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Albrecht M. Clement
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-6131-179083
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17
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Mane A, Limaye S, Patil L, Kulkarni-Kale U. Genetic variability in minor capsid protein (L2 gene) of human papillomavirus type 16 among Indian women. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:153-160. [PMID: 35552511 PMCID: PMC9101989 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the predominant genotype worldwide associated with invasive cervical cancer and hence remains as the focus for diagnostic development and vaccine research. L2, the minor capsid protein forms the packaging unit for the HPV genome along with the L1 protein and is primarily associated with transport of genomic DNA to the nucleus. Unlike L1, L2 is known to elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies and thus becomes a suitable candidate for pan-HPV prophylactic vaccine development. In the present study, a total of 148 cervical HPV-16 isolates from Indian women were analyzed by PCR-directed sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and in silico immunoinformatics tools to determine the L2 variations that may impact the immune response and oncogenesis. Ninety-one SNPs translating to 35 non-synonymous amino acid substitutions were observed, of these 16 substitutions are reported in the Indian isolates for the first time. T245A, L266F, S378V and S384A substitutions were significantly associated with high-grade cervical neoplastic status. Multiple substitutions were observed in samples from high-grade cervical neoplastic status as compared to those from normal cervical status (p = 0.027), specifically from the D3 sub-lineage. It was observed that substitution T85A was part of both, B and T cell epitopes recognized by MHC-I molecules; T245A was common to B and T cell epitopes recognized by MHC-II molecules and S122P/A was common to the region recognized by both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules. These findings reporting L2 protein substitutions have implications on cervical oncogenesis and design of next-generation L2-based HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati Mane
- ICMR - National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, India.
| | - Sanket Limaye
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Linata Patil
- ICMR - National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, India
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18
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Lu Y, He P, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Zhang L. The emerging roles of retromer and sorting nexins in the life cycle of viruses. Virol Sin 2022; 37:321-330. [PMID: 35513271 PMCID: PMC9057928 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retromer and sorting nexins (SNXs) transport cargoes from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network or plasma membrane. Recent studies have unveiled the emerging roles for retromer and SNXs in the life cycle of viruses, including members of Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae and Retroviridae. Key components of retromer/SNXs, such as Vps35, Vps26, SNX5 and SNX27, can affect multiple steps of the viral life cycle, including facilitating the entry of viruses into cells, participating in viral replication, and promoting the assembly of virions. Here we present a comprehensive updated review on the interplay between retromer/SNXs and virus, which will shed mechanistic insights into controlling virus infection. Retromer/SNXs could regulate viral infection directly or indirectly. Retromer/SNXs plays an important role for SARS-CoV-2 infection. HPV entry is mediated by retromer/SNXs. Retromer is required for HCV replication. Retromer affects the late step of HIV replication.
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19
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Crite M, DiMaio D. Human Papillomavirus L2 Capsid Protein Stabilizes γ-Secretase during Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:804. [PMID: 35458534 PMCID: PMC9027364 DOI: 10.3390/v14040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of human papillomavirus (HPV) during virus entry requires γ-secretase, a cellular protease consisting of a complex of four cellular transmembrane (TM) proteins. γ-secretase typically cleaves substrate proteins but it plays a non-canonical role during HPV entry. γ-secretase binds to the HPV minor capsid protein L2 and facilitates its insertion into the endosomal membrane. After insertion, L2 protrudes into the cytoplasm, which allows HPV to bind other cellular factors required for proper virus trafficking into the retrograde transport pathway. Here, we further characterize the interaction between γ-secretase and HPV L2. We show that γ-secretase is required for cytoplasmic protrusion of L2 and that L2 associates strongly with the PS1 catalytic subunit of γ-secretase and stabilizes the γ-secretase complex. Mutational studies revealed that a putative TM domain in HPV16 L2 cannot be replaced by a foreign TM domain, that infectivity of HPV TM mutants is tightly correlated with γ-secretase binding and stabilization, and that the L2 TM domain is required for protrusion of the L2 protein into the cytoplasm. These results provide new insight into the interaction between γ-secretase and L2 and highlight the importance of the native HPV L2 TM domain for proper virus trafficking during entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mac Crite
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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20
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Abstract
Upon infection, DNA viruses can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of type I and III interferons to block infection. Therefore, viruses must inhibit these signaling pathways, avoid being detected, or both. Papillomavirus virions are trafficked from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and wait for the onset of mitosis to complete nuclear entry. This unique subcellular trafficking strategy avoids detection by cytoplasmic PRRs, a property that may contribute to the establishment of infection. However, as the capsid uncoats within acidic endosomal compartments, the viral DNA may be exposed to detection by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In this study, we characterized two new papillomaviruses from bats and used molecular archeology to demonstrate that their genomes altered their nucleotide compositions to avoid detection by TLR9, providing evidence that TLR9 acts as a PRR during papillomavirus infection. Furthermore, we showed that TLR9, like other components of the innate immune system, is under evolutionary selection in bats, providing the first direct evidence for coevolution between papillomaviruses and their hosts. Finally, we demonstrated that the cancer-associated human papillomaviruses show a reduction in CpG dinucleotides within a TLR9 recognition complex.
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21
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Abstract
Emerging zoonotic viral pathogens threaten global health, and there is an urgent need to discover host and viral determinants influencing infection. We performed a loss-of-function genome-wide CRISPR screen in a human lung cell line using HCoV-OC43, a human betacoronavirus. One candidate gene, VPS29, a component of the retromer complex, was required for infection by HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2, other endemic- and pandemic-threat coronaviruses, as well as ebolavirus. Notably, we observed a heightened requirement for VPS29 by the recently described Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 compared to the ancestral variant. However, VPS29 deficiency had no effect on certain other viruses that enter cells via endosomes and had an opposing, enhancing effect on influenza A virus infection. Deficiency in VPS29 or other retromer components caused changes in endosome morphology and acidity and attenuated the activity of endosomal proteases. These changes in endosome properties caused incoming coronavirus, but not influenza virus particles, to become entrapped therein. Overall, these data show how host regulation of endosome characteristics can influence cellular susceptibility to viral infection and identify a host pathway that could serve as a pharmaceutical target for intervention in zoonotic viral diseases.
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22
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Xie J, DiMaio D. Traptamer screening: a new functional genomics approach to study virus entry and other cellular processes. FEBS J 2022; 289:355-362. [PMID: 33604985 PMCID: PMC8371075 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the genetic analysis of mammalian cells entailed the isolation of randomly arising mutant cell lines with altered properties, followed by laborious genetic mapping experiments to identify the mutant gene responsible for the phenotype. In recent years, somatic cell genetics has been revolutionized by functional genomics screens, in which expression of every protein-coding gene is systematically perturbed, and the phenotype of the perturbed cells is determined. We outline here a novel functional genomics screening strategy that differs fundamentally from commonly used approaches. In this strategy, we express libraries of artificial transmembrane proteins named traptamers and select rare cells with the desired phenotype because, by chance, a traptamer specifically perturbs the expression or activity of a target protein. Active traptamers are then recovered from the selected cells and can be used as tools to dissect the biological process under study. We also briefly describe how we have used this new strategy to provide insights into the complex process by which human papillomaviruses enter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT USA
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23
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Carse S, Lang D, Katz AA, Schäfer G. Exogenous Vimentin Supplementation Transiently Affects Early Steps during HPV16 Pseudovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122471. [PMID: 34960740 PMCID: PMC8703489 DOI: 10.3390/v13122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and modulating the early steps in oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has great cancer-preventative potential, as this virus is the etiological agent of virtually all cervical cancer cases and is associated with many other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Previous work from our laboratory has identified cell-surface-expressed vimentin as a novel HPV16 pseudovirus (HPV16-PsVs)-binding molecule modulating its infectious potential. To further explore its mode of inhibiting HPV16-PsVs internalisation, we supplemented it with exogenous recombinant human vimentin and show that only the globular form of the molecule (as opposed to the filamentous form) inhibited HPV16-PsVs internalisation in vitro. Further, this inhibitory effect was only transient and not sustained over prolonged incubation times, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, possibly due to full-entry molecule engagement by the virions once saturation levels have been reached. The vimentin-mediated delay of HPV16-PsVs internalisation could be narrowed down to affecting multiple steps during the virus’ interaction with the host cell and was found to affect both heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding as well as the subsequent entry receptor complex engagement. Interestingly, decreased pseudovirus internalisation (but not infection) in the presence of vimentin was also demonstrated for oncogenic HPV types 18, 31 and 45. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of vimentin as a modulator of HPV infection which can be used as a tool to study early mechanisms in infectious internalisation. However, further refinement is needed with regard to vimentin’s stabilisation and formulation before its development as an alternative prophylactic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Carse
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dirk Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Arieh A. Katz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- SA-MRC-UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-404-7688
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24
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Mikuličić S, Strunk J, Florin L. HPV16 Entry into Epithelial Cells: Running a Gauntlet. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122460. [PMID: 34960729 PMCID: PMC8706107 DOI: 10.3390/v13122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During initial infection, human papillomaviruses (HPV) take an unusual trafficking pathway through their host cell. It begins with a long period on the cell surface, during which the capsid is primed and a virus entry platform is formed. A specific type of clathrin-independent endocytosis and subsequent retrograde trafficking to the trans-Golgi network follow this. Cellular reorganization processes, which take place during mitosis, enable further virus transport and the establishment of infection while evading intrinsic cellular immune defenses. First, the fragmentation of the Golgi allows the release of membrane-encased virions, which are partially protected from cytoplasmic restriction factors. Second, the nuclear envelope breakdown opens the gate for these virus–vesicles to the cell nucleus. Third, the dis- and re-assembly of the PML nuclear bodies leads to the formation of modified virus-associated PML subnuclear structures, enabling viral transcription and replication. While remnants of the major capsid protein L1 and the viral DNA remain in a transport vesicle, the viral capsid protein L2 plays a crucial role during virus entry, as it adopts a membrane-spanning conformation for interaction with various cellular proteins to establish a successful infection. In this review, we follow the oncogenic HPV type 16 during its long journey into the nucleus, and contrast pro- and antiviral processes.
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25
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Laulumaa S, Varjosalo M. Commander Complex-A Multifaceted Operator in Intracellular Signaling and Cargo. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123447. [PMID: 34943955 PMCID: PMC8700231 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commander complex is a 16-protein complex that plays multiple roles in various intracellular events in endosomal cargo and in the regulation of cell homeostasis, cell cycle and immune response. It consists of COMMD1-10, CCDC22, CCDC93, DENND10, VPS26C, VPS29, and VPS35L. These proteins are expressed ubiquitously in the human body, and they have been linked to diseases including Wilson's disease, atherosclerosis, and several types of cancer. In this review we describe the function of the commander complex in endosomal cargo and summarize the individual known roles of COMMD proteins in cell signaling and cancer. It becomes evident that commander complex might be a much more important player in intracellular regulation than we currently understand, and more systematic research on the role of commander complex is required.
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26
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Chen KE, Guo Q, Hill TA, Cui Y, Kendall AK, Yang Z, Hall RJ, Healy MD, Sacharz J, Norwood SJ, Fonseka S, Xie B, Reid RC, Leneva N, Parton RG, Ghai R, Stroud DA, Fairlie DP, Suga H, Jackson LP, Teasdale RD, Passioura T, Collins BM. De novo macrocyclic peptides for inhibiting, stabilizing, and probing the function of the retromer endosomal trafficking complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4007. [PMID: 34851660 PMCID: PMC8635440 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The retromer complex (Vps35-Vps26-Vps29) is essential for endosomal membrane trafficking and signaling. Mutation of the retromer subunit Vps35 causes late-onset Parkinson’s disease, while viral and bacterial pathogens can hijack the complex during cellular infection. To modulate and probe its function, we have created a novel series of macrocyclic peptides that bind retromer with high affinity and specificity. Crystal structures show that most of the cyclic peptides bind to Vps29 via a Pro-Leu–containing sequence, structurally mimicking known interactors such as TBC1D5 and blocking their interaction with retromer in vitro and in cells. By contrast, macrocyclic peptide RT-L4 binds retromer at the Vps35-Vps26 interface and is a more effective molecular chaperone than reported small molecules, suggesting a new therapeutic avenue for targeting retromer. Last, tagged peptides can be used to probe the cellular localization of retromer and its functional interactions in cells, providing novel tools for studying retromer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qian Guo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amy K. Kendall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ryan J. Hall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael D. Healy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joanna Sacharz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Suzanne J. Norwood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sachini Fonseka
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Boyang Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Natalya Leneva
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajesh Ghai
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Lauren P. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohan D. Teasdale
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Toby Passioura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Sydney Analytical, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Brett M. Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Infectious Entry Pathway of Human Papillomavirus Type 16. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102076. [PMID: 34683397 PMCID: PMC8540256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a diverse viral species, but several types such as HPV16 are given special attention due to their contribution towards the pathogenesis of several major cancers. In this review, we will summarize how the knowledge of HPV16 entry has expanded since the last comprehensive HPV16 entry review our lab published in 2017.
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Ozbun MA, Campos SK. The long and winding road: human papillomavirus entry and subcellular trafficking. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:76-86. [PMID: 34416595 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect and replicate in differentiating mucosal and cutaneous epithelium. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic or cause transient benign neoplasia. However, persistent infections by oncogenic HPV types can progress to cancer. During infectious entry into host keratinocytes, HPV particles interact with many host proteins, beginning with major capsid protein L1 binding to cellular heparan sulfate and a series of enzymatic capsid modifications that promote infectious cellular entry. After utilizing the endosomal pathway to uncoat the viral genome (vDNA), the minor capsid protein L2/vDNA complex is retrograde trafficked to the Golgi, and thereafter, to the nucleus where viral transcription initiates. Post-Golgi trafficking is dependent on mitosis, with L2-dependent tethering of vDNA to mitotic chromosomes before accumulation at nuclear substructures in G1. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the HPV entry pathway, the role of cellular proteins in this process, and notes many gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Ozbun
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Samuel K Campos
- Departments of Immunobiology, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and the Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Xie J, Zhang P, Crite M, Lindsay CV, DiMaio D. Retromer stabilizes transient membrane insertion of L2 capsid protein during retrograde entry of human papillomavirus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4276. [PMID: 34193420 PMCID: PMC11057781 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Retromer, a cellular protein trafficking complex, sorts human papillomaviruses (HPVs) into the retrograde pathway for transport of HPV to the nucleus during virus entry. Here, we conducted a protein modulation screen to isolate four artificial transmembrane proteins called traptamers that inhibit different steps of HPV entry. By analyzing cells expressing pairs of traptamers, we ordered the trafficking steps during entry into a coherent pathway. One traptamer stimulates ubiquitination of the L2 capsid protein or associated proteins and diverts incoming virus to the lysosome, whereas the others act downstream by preventing sequential passage of the virus through retrograde compartments. Complex genetic interactions between traptamers revealed that a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) on L2 mediates transient insertion of L2 into the endosome membrane, which is stabilized by retromer-L2 binding. These results define the retrograde entry route taken by HPV and show that retromer can play a role in CPP-mediated membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Mac Crite
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Christina V Lindsay
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA.
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040 USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024 USA
- Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028 USA
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How DNA and RNA Viruses Exploit Host Chaperones to Promote Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060958. [PMID: 34064125 PMCID: PMC8224278 DOI: 10.3390/v13060958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To initiate infection, a virus enters a host cell typically via receptor-dependent endocytosis. It then penetrates a subcellular membrane, reaching a destination that supports transcription, translation, and replication of the viral genome. These steps lead to assembly and morphogenesis of the new viral progeny. The mature virus finally exits the host cell to begin the next infection cycle. Strikingly, viruses hijack host molecular chaperones to accomplish these distinct entry steps. Here we highlight how DNA viruses, including polyomavirus and the human papillomavirus, exploit soluble and membrane-associated chaperones to enter a cell, penetrating and escaping an intracellular membrane en route for infection. We also describe the mechanism by which RNA viruses—including flavivirus and coronavirus—co-opt cytosolic and organelle-selective chaperones to promote viral endocytosis, protein biosynthesis, replication, and assembly. These examples underscore the importance of host chaperones during virus infection, potentially revealing novel antiviral strategies to combat virus-induced diseases.
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The retromer is co-opted to deliver lipid enzymes for the biogenesis of lipid-enriched tombusviral replication organelles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016066118. [PMID: 33376201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs) is critical for replication of positive-strand RNA viruses. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) hijack the retromer to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants. Depletion of retromer proteins, which are needed for biogenesis of endosomal tubular transport carriers, strongly inhibits the peroxisome-associated TBSV and the mitochondria-associated CIRV replication in yeast and in planta. In vitro reconstitution revealed the need for the retromer for the full activity of the viral replicase. The viral p33 replication protein interacts with the retromer complex, including Vps26, Vps29, and Vps35. We demonstrate that TBSV p33-driven retargeting of the retromer into VROs results in delivery of critical retromer cargoes, such as 1) Psd2 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, 2) Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and 3) phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4Kα-like). The recruitment of these cellular enzymes by the co-opted retromer is critical for de novo production and enrichment of phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate [PI(3)P], and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] phosphoinositides within the VROs. Co-opting cellular enzymes required for lipid biosynthesis and lipid modifications suggest that tombusviruses could create an optimized lipid/membrane microenvironment for efficient VRO assembly and protection of the viral RNAs during virus replication. We propose that compartmentalization of these lipid enzymes within VROs helps tombusviruses replicate in an efficient milieu. In summary, tombusviruses target a major crossroad in the secretory and recycling pathways via coopting the retromer complex and the tubular endosomal network to build VROs in infected cells.
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Lai KY, Rizzato M, Aydin I, Villalonga-Planells R, Drexler HCA, Schelhaas M. A Ran-binding protein facilitates nuclear import of human papillomavirus type 16. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009580. [PMID: 33974675 PMCID: PMC8139508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) utilize an atypical mode of nuclear import during cell entry. Residing in the Golgi apparatus until mitosis onset, a subviral complex composed of the minor capsid protein L2 and viral DNA (L2/vDNA) is imported into the nucleus after nuclear envelope breakdown by associating with mitotic chromatin. In this complex, L2 plays a crucial role in the interactions with cellular factors that enable delivery and ultimately tethering of the viral genome to mitotic chromatin. To date, the cellular proteins facilitating these steps remain unknown. Here, we addressed which cellular proteins may be required for this process. Using label-free mass spectrometry, biochemical assays, microscopy, and functional virological assays, we discovered that L2 engages a hitherto unknown protein complex of Ran-binding protein 10 (RanBP10), karyopherin alpha2 (KPNA2), and dynein light chain DYNLT3 to facilitate transport towards mitotic chromatin. Thus, our study not only identifies novel cellular interactors and mechanism that facilitate a poorly understood step in HPV entry, but also a novel cellular transport complex. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause proliferative lesions such as benign warts or malignant invasive cancers. Like other DNA viruses, HPV has to deliver its genome to the nucleus for viral genome transcription and replication. After initial attachment, HPVs are endocytosed to be eventually directed to the trans-Golgi-network (TGN) by intracellular trafficking, where they reside until cell division. Mitosis onset enables access of the virus to cellular chromatin after nuclear envelope breakdown. Tethering of the virus to mitotic chromatin ensures nuclear delivery upon reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitosis. Our previous work showed that the minor capsid protein L2 facilitates nuclear delivery. However, the detailed mechanism, namely, how HPV trafficks from cytosol to the nuclear space, is barely understood. Here, we identified for the first time cellular proteins that interacted with L2 for nuclear import. Mechanistically, the proteins formed a hitherto unknown cellular transport complex that interacted with L2 to direct the virus to mitotic chromosomes by microtubular transport. Our findings provided not only evidence for a transport mechanism of a poorly understood step of HPV entry, but also discovered a novel cellular transport complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yi Lai
- Institute of Cellular Virology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interfaculty Centre ‘Cells in Motion’ (CiM), Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matteo Rizzato
- Institute of Cellular Virology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Inci Aydin
- Institute of Cellular Virology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hannes C. A. Drexler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Institute of Cellular Virology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interfaculty Centre ‘Cells in Motion’ (CiM), Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a multi-step process that implies complex interactions of the viral particles with cellular proteins. The HPV capsid includes the two structural proteins L1 and L2, that play crucial roles on infectious viral entry. L2 is particularly relevant for the intracellular trafficking of the viral DNA towards the nucleus. Here, using proteomic studies we identified CCT proteins as novel interaction partners of HPV-16 L2. The CCT multimeric complex is an essential chaperonin which interacts with a large number of protein targets. We analysed the binding of different components of the CCT complex to L2. We confirmed the interaction of this structural viral protein with the CCT subunit 3 (CCT3) and we found that this interaction requires the N-terminal region of L2. Defects in HPV-16 pseudoviral particle (PsVs) infection were revealed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of some CCT subunits. While a substantial drop in the viral infection was associated with the ablation of CCT component 2, even more pronounced effects on infectivity were observed upon depletion of CCT component 3. Using confocal immunofluorescence assays, CCT3 co-localised with HPV PsVs at early times after infection, with L2 being required for this to occur. Further analysis showed the colocalization of several other subunits of CCT with the PsVs. Moreover, we observed a defect in capsid uncoating and a change in PsVs intracellular normal processing when ablating CCT3. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the importance of CCT chaperonin during HPV infectious entry.ImportanceSeveral of the mechanisms that function during the infection of target cells by HPV particles have been previously described. However, many aspects of this process remain unknown. In particular, the role of cellular proteins functioning as molecular chaperones during HPV infections has been only partially investigated. To the best of our knowledge, we describe here for the first time, a requirement of the CCT chaperonin for HPV infection. The role of this cellular complex seems to be determined by the binding of its component 3 to the viral structural protein L2. However, CCT's effect on HPV infection most probably comprises the whole chaperonin complex. Altogether, these studies define an important role for the CCT chaperonin in the processing and intracellular trafficking of HPV particles and in subsequent viral infectious entry.
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Chandra M, Kendall AK, Jackson LP. Toward Understanding the Molecular Role of SNX27/Retromer in Human Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642378. [PMID: 33937239 PMCID: PMC8083963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in membrane trafficking pathways have profound effects in cellular dynamics of cellular sorting processes and can drive severe physiological outcomes. Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) is a metazoan-specific sorting nexin protein from the PX-FERM domain family and is required for endosomal recycling of many important transmembrane receptors. Multiple studies have shown SNX27-mediated recycling requires association with retromer, one of the best-known regulators of endosomal trafficking. SNX27/retromer downregulation is strongly linked to Down's Syndrome (DS) via glutamate receptor dysfunction and to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) through increased intracellular production of amyloid peptides from amyloid precursor protein (APP) breakdown. SNX27 is further linked to addiction via its role in potassium channel trafficking, and its over-expression is linked to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. Thus, the correct sorting of multiple receptors by SNX27/retromer is vital for normal cellular function to prevent human diseases. The role of SNX27 in regulating cargo recycling from endosomes to the cell surface is firmly established, but how SNX27 assembles with retromer to generate tubulovesicular carriers remains elusive. Whether SNX27/retromer may be a putative therapeutic target to prevent neurodegenerative disease is now an emerging area of study. This review will provide an update on our molecular understanding of endosomal trafficking events mediated by the SNX27/retromer complex on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Chandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amy K. Kendall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lauren P. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Ding Y, Li Y, Chhetri G, Peng X, Wu J, Wang Z, Zhao B, Zhao W, Li X. Parkinson's Disease Causative Mutation in Vps35 Disturbs Tetherin Trafficking to Cell Surfaces and Facilitates Virus Spread. Cells 2021; 10:746. [PMID: 33800686 PMCID: PMC8066283 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, intraneuronal deposition of misfolded proteins known as Lewy bodies, and chronic neuroinflammation. PD can arise from monogenic mutations, but in most cases, the etiology is unclear. Viral infection is gaining increasing attentions as a trigger of PD. In this study, we investigated whether the PD-causative 620 aspartate (D) to asparagine (N) mutation in the vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (Vps35) precipitated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. We observed that ectopic expression of Vps35 significantly reduced the proliferation and release of HSV-1 virions; the D620N mutation rendered Vps35 a partial loss of such inhibitory effects. Tetherin is a host cell protein capable of restricting the spread of encapsulated viruses including HSV-1 and SARS-Cov-2, both of which are implicated in the development of parkinsonism. Compared with cells overexpressing wildtype Vps35, cells expressing mutant Vps35 with D620N had less Tetherin on cell surfaces. Real-time and static cell imaging revealed that Tetherin recycled through Vps35-positive endosomes. Expression of Vps35 with D620N reduced endosomal dynamics and frequency of motile Tetherin-containing vesicles, a sign of defective production of recycling carriers. Our study suggests that the D620N mutation in Vps35 hinders Tetherin trafficking to cell surfaces and facilitates virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuo Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Gaurav Chhetri
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zejian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xueyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (X.P.); (J.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Yong X, Mao L, Shen X, Zhang Z, Billadeau DD, Jia D. Targeting Endosomal Recycling Pathways by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648024. [PMID: 33748141 PMCID: PMC7970000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes are essential cellular stations where endocytic and secretory trafficking routes converge. Proteins transiting at endosomes can be degraded via lysosome, or recycled to the plasma membrane, trans-Golgi network (TGN), or other cellular destinations. Pathways regulating endosomal recycling are tightly regulated in order to preserve organelle identity, to maintain lipid homeostasis, and to support other essential cellular functions. Recent studies have revealed that both pathogenic bacteria and viruses subvert host endosomal recycling pathways for their survival and replication. Several host factors that are frequently targeted by pathogens are being identified, including retromer, TBC1D5, SNX-BARs, and the WASH complex. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances in understanding how intracellular bacteria, human papillomavirus (HPV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hijack host endosomal recycling pathways. This exciting work not only reveals distinct mechanisms employed by pathogens to manipulate host signaling pathways, but also deepens our understanding of the molecular intricacies regulating endosomal receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lejiao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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Carse S, Bergant M, Schäfer G. Advances in Targeting HPV Infection as Potential Alternative Prophylactic Means. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2201. [PMID: 33672181 PMCID: PMC7926419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. The majority of cervical cancer cases occur in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC). Concurrent infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) further increases the risk of HPV infection and exacerbates disease onset and progression. Highly effective prophylactic vaccines do exist to combat HPV infection with the most common oncogenic types, but the accessibility to these in LMIC is severely limited due to cost, difficulties in accessing the target population, cultural issues, and maintenance of a cold chain. Alternative preventive measures against HPV infection that are more accessible and affordable are therefore also needed to control cervical cancer risk. There are several efforts in identifying such alternative prophylactics which target key molecules involved in early HPV infection events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the initial steps in HPV infection, from host cell-surface engagement to cellular trafficking of the viral genome before arrival in the nucleus. The key molecules that can be potentially targeted are highlighted, and a discussion on their applicability as alternative preventive means against HPV infection, with a focus on LMIC, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Carse
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Martina Bergant
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia;
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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Seaman MNJ. The Retromer Complex: From Genesis to Revelations. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:608-620. [PMID: 33526371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex has a well-established role in endosomal protein sorting, being necessary for maintaining the dynamic localisation of hundreds of membrane proteins that traverse the endocytic system. Retromer function and dysfunction is linked with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and many pathogens, both viral and bacterial, exploit or interfere in retromer function for their own ends. In this review, the history of retromer is distilled into a concentrated form that spans the identification of retromer to recent discoveries that have shed new light on how retromer functions in endosomal protein sorting and why retromer is increasingly being viewed as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N J Seaman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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40
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Human Papillomavirus 16 L2 Recruits both Retromer and Retriever Complexes during Retrograde Trafficking of the Viral Genome to the Cell Nucleus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02068-20. [PMID: 33177206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02068-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified an interaction between the human papillomavirus (HPV) L2 minor capsid protein and sorting nexins 17 and 27 (SNX17 and SNX27) during virus infection. Further studies show the involvement of both retromer and retriever complexes in this process since knockdown of proteins from either complex impairs infection. In this study, we show that HPV L2 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled pseudovirions colocalize with both retromer and retriever, with components of each complex being bound by L2 during infection. We also show that both sorting nexins may interact with either of the recycling complexes but that the interaction between SNX17 and HPV16 L2 is not responsible for retriever recruitment during infection, instead being required for retromer recruitment. Furthermore, we show that retriever recruitment most likely involves a direct interaction between L2 and the C16orf62 subunit of the retriever, in a manner similar to that of its interaction with the VPS35 subunit of retromer.IMPORTANCE Previous studies identified sorting nexins 17 and 27, as well as the retromer complex, as playing a role in HPV infection. This study shows that the newly identified retriever complex also plays an important role and begins to shed light on how both sorting nexins contribute to retromer and retriever recruitment during the infection process.
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Uhlorn BL, Jackson R, Li S, Bratton SM, Van Doorslaer K, Campos SK. Vesicular trafficking permits evasion of cGAS/STING surveillance during initial human papillomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009028. [PMID: 33253291 PMCID: PMC7728285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) replicate in differentiating epithelium, causing 5% of cancers worldwide. Like most other DNA viruses, HPV infection initiates after trafficking viral genome (vDNA) to host cell nuclei. Cells possess innate surveillance pathways to detect microbial components or physiological stresses often associated with microbial infections. One of these pathways, cGAS/STING, induces IRF3-dependent antiviral interferon (IFN) responses upon detection of cytosolic DNA. Virion-associated vDNA can activate cGAS/STING during initial viral entry and uncoating/trafficking, and thus cGAS/STING is an obstacle to many DNA viruses. HPV has a unique vesicular trafficking pathway compared to many other DNA viruses. As the capsid uncoats within acidic endosomal compartments, minor capsid protein L2 protrudes across vesicular membranes to facilitate transport of vDNA to the Golgi. L2/vDNA resides within the Golgi lumen until G2/M, whereupon vesicular L2/vDNA traffics along spindle microtubules, tethering to chromosomes to access daughter cell nuclei. L2/vDNA-containing vesicles likely remain intact until G1, following nuclear envelope reformation. We hypothesize that this unique vesicular trafficking protects HPV from cGAS/STING surveillance. Here, we investigate cGAS/STING responses to HPV infection. DNA transfection resulted in acute cGAS/STING activation and downstream IFN responses. In contrast, HPV infection elicited minimal cGAS/STING and IFN responses. To determine the role of vesicular trafficking in cGAS/STING evasion, we forced premature viral penetration of vesicular membranes with membrane-perturbing cationic lipids. Such treatment renders a non-infectious trafficking-defective mutant HPV infectious, yet susceptible to cGAS/STING detection. Overall, HPV evades cGAS/STING by its unique subcellular trafficking, a property that may contribute to establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Uhlorn
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert Jackson
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shauna M. Bratton
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Campos
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Harwood MC, Dupzyk AJ, Inoue T, DiMaio D, Tsai B. p120 catenin recruits HPV to γ-secretase to promote virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008946. [PMID: 33085724 PMCID: PMC7577436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During internalization and trafficking, human papillomavirus (HPV) moves from the cell surface to the endosome where the transmembrane protease γ-secretase promotes insertion of the viral L2 capsid protein into the endosome membrane. Protrusion of L2 through the endosome membrane into the cytosol allows the recruitment of cytosolic host factors that target the virus to the Golgi en route for productive infection. How endosome-localized HPV is delivered to γ-secretase, a decisive infection step, is unclear. Here we demonstrate that cytosolic p120 catenin, likely via an unidentified transmembrane protein, interacts with HPV at early time-points during viral internalization and trafficking. In the endosome, p120 is not required for low pH-dependent disassembly of the HPV L1 capsid protein from the incoming virion. Rather, p120 is required for HPV to interact with γ-secretase-an interaction that ensures the virus is transported along a productive route. Our findings clarify an enigmatic HPV infection step and provide critical insights into HPV infection that may lead to new therapeutic strategies against HPV-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Calypso Harwood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Allison Jade Dupzyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Takamasa Inoue
- Pathogen Research Section, Central Research Laboratory, Research and Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Morgan EL, Macdonald A. Manipulation of JAK/STAT Signalling by High-Risk HPVs: Potential Therapeutic Targets for HPV-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2020; 12:E977. [PMID: 32899142 PMCID: PMC7552066 DOI: 10.3390/v12090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, DNA viruses that cause around 5% of all cancers in humans, including almost all cervical cancer cases and a significant proportion of anogenital and oral cancers. The HPV oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7 manipulate cellular signalling pathways to evade the immune response and promote virus persistence. The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway has emerged as a key mediator in a wide range of important biological signalling pathways, including cell proliferation, cell survival and the immune response. While STAT1 and STAT2 primarily drive immune signalling initiated by interferons, STAT3 and STAT5 have widely been linked to the survival and proliferative potential of a number of cancers. As such, the inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5 may offer a therapeutic benefit in HPV-associated cancers. In this review, we will discuss how HPV manipulates JAK/STAT signalling to evade the immune system and promote cell proliferation, enabling viral persistence and driving cancer development. We also discuss approaches to inhibit the JAK/STAT pathway and how these could potentially be used in the treatment of HPV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Morgan
- Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK
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44
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Xie J, Heim EN, Crite M, DiMaio D. TBC1D5-Catalyzed Cycling of Rab7 Is Required for Retromer-Mediated Human Papillomavirus Trafficking during Virus Entry. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107750. [PMID: 32521275 PMCID: PMC7339955 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During virus entry, human papillomaviruses are sorted by the cellular trafficking complex, called retromer, into the retrograde transport pathway to traffic from the endosome to downstream cellular compartments, but regulation of retromer activity during HPV entry is poorly understood. Here we selected artificial proteins that modulate cellular proteins required for HPV infection and discovered that entry requires TBC1D5, a retromer-associated, Rab7-specific GTPase-activating protein. Binding of retromer to the HPV L2 capsid protein recruits TBC1D5 to retromer at the endosome membrane, which then stimulates hydrolysis of Rab7-GTP to drive retromer disassembly from HPV and delivery of HPV to the retrograde pathway. Although the cellular retromer cargos CIMPR and DMT1-II require only GTP-bound Rab7 for trafficking, HPV trafficking requires cycling between GTP- and GDP-bound Rab7. Thus, ongoing cargo-induced membrane recruitment, assembly, and disassembly of retromer complexes drive HPV trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
| | - Erin N Heim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
| | - Mac Crite
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA; Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA.
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45
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Xie J, Zhang P, Crite M, DiMaio D. Papillomaviruses Go Retro. Pathogens 2020; 9:E267. [PMID: 32272661 PMCID: PMC7238053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are important pathogens responsible for approximately 5% of cancer as well as other important human diseases, but many aspects of the papillomavirus life cycle are poorly understood. To undergo genome replication, HPV DNA must traffic from the cell surface to the nucleus. Recent findings have revolutionized our understanding of HPV entry, showing that it requires numerous cellular proteins and proceeds via a series of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles that comprise the retrograde transport pathway. This paper reviews the evidence supporting this unique entry mechanism with a focus on the crucial step by which the incoming virus particle is transferred from the endosome into the retrograde pathway. This new understanding provides novel insights into basic cellular biology and suggests novel rational approaches to inhibit HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; (J.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; (J.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Mac Crite
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; (J.X.); (P.Z.)
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, P.O. Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
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46
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Cell-penetrating peptide inhibits retromer-mediated human papillomavirus trafficking during virus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6121-6128. [PMID: 32123072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917748117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus replication requires critical interactions between viral proteins and cellular proteins that mediate many aspects of infection, including the transport of viral genomes to the site of replication. In human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the cellular protein complex known as retromer binds to the L2 capsid protein and sorts incoming virions into the retrograde transport pathway for trafficking to the nucleus. Here, we show that short synthetic peptides containing the HPV16 L2 retromer-binding site and a cell-penetrating sequence enter cells, sequester retromer from the incoming HPV pseudovirus, and inhibit HPV exit from the endosome, resulting in loss of viral components from cells and in a profound, dose-dependent block to infection. The peptide also inhibits cervicovaginal HPV16 pseudovirus infection in a mouse model. These results confirm the retromer-mediated model of retrograde HPV entry and validate intracellular virus trafficking as an antiviral target. More generally, inhibiting virus replication with agents that can enter cells and disrupt essential protein-protein interactions may be applicable in broad outline to many viruses.
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47
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Li S, Bronnimann MP, Williams SJ, Campos SK. Glutathione contributes to efficient post-Golgi trafficking of incoming HPV16 genome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225496. [PMID: 31743367 PMCID: PMC6863556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen in the United States, causing 99% of cervical cancers and 5% of all human cancers worldwide. HPV infection requires transport of the viral genome (vDNA) into the nucleus of basal keratinocytes. During this process, minor capsid protein L2 facilitates subcellular retrograde trafficking of the vDNA from endosomes to the Golgi, and accumulation at host chromosomes during mitosis for nuclear retention and localization during interphase. Here we investigated the relationship between cellular glutathione (GSH) and HPV16 infection. siRNA knockdown of GSH biosynthetic enzymes results in a partial decrease of HPV16 infection. Likewise, infection of HPV16 in GSH depleted keratinocytes is inefficient, an effect that was not seen with adenoviral vectors. Analysis of trafficking revealed no defects in cellular binding, entry, furin cleavage of L2, or retrograde trafficking of HPV16, but GSH depletion hindered post-Golgi trafficking and translocation, decreasing nuclear accumulation of vDNA. Although precise mechanisms have yet to be defined, this work suggests that GSH is required for a specific post-Golgi trafficking step in HPV16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Bronnimann
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Campos
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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48
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Gulati NM, Miyagi M, Wiens ME, Smith JG, Stewart PL. α-Defensin HD5 Stabilizes Human Papillomavirus 16 Capsid/Core Interactions. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:196-234. [PMID: 31583330 PMCID: PMC6755940 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Despite available vaccines, a deeper understanding of the immune response to HPV is needed. Human α-defensin 5 (HD5), an innate immune effector peptide, blocks infection of multiple sero-types of HPV, including high-risk HPV16. While a common mechanism of α-defensin anti-viral activity against nonenveloped viruses such as HPV has emerged, there is limited understanding of how α-defensins bind to viral capsids to block infection. Methods: We have used cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), mass spectrometry (MS) crosslinking and differential lysine modification studies, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to probe the interaction of HPV16 pseudovirions (PsVs) with HD5. Results: CryoEM single particle reconstruction did not reveal HD5 density on the capsid surface. Rather, increased density was observed under the capsid shell in the presence of HD5. MS studies indicate that HD5 binds near the L1 and L2 capsid proteins and specifically near the C-terminal region of L1. MD simulations indicate that favorable electrostatic interactions can be formed between HD5 and the L1 C-terminal tail. Conclusions: A model is presented for how HD5 affects HPV16 structure and cell entry. In this model, HD5 binds to disordered regions of L1 and L2 protruding from the icosahedrally ordered capsid. HD5 acts to cement interactions between L1 and L2 and leads to a closer association of the L2/genome core with the L1 capsid. This model provides a structural rationale for our prior observation that HD5 interferes with the separation of L1 from the L2/genome complex during cell entry. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu M Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mayim E Wiens
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Phoebe L Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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49
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Young JM, Zine El Abidine A, Gómez-Martinez RA, Ozbun MA. The Known and Potential Intersections of Rab-GTPases in Human Papillomavirus Infections. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:139. [PMID: 31475144 PMCID: PMC6702953 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) were the first viruses recognized to cause tumors and cancers in mammalian hosts by Shope, nearly a century ago (Shope and Hurst, 1933). Over 40 years ago, zur Hausen (1976) first proposed that human papillomaviruses (HPVs) played a role in cervical cancer; in 2008, he shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his abundant contributions demonstrating the etiology of HPVs in genital cancers. Despite effective vaccines and screening, HPV infection and morbidity remain a significant worldwide burden, with HPV infections and HPV-related cancers expected increase through 2040. Although HPVs have long-recognized roles in tumorigenesis and cancers, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses interact with cells and usurp cellular processes to initiate infections and produce progeny virions is limited. This is due to longstanding challenges in both obtaining well-characterized infectious virus stocks and modeling tissue-based infection and the replicative cycles in vitro. In the last 20 years, the development of methods to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) and pseudovirions (PsV) along with more physiologically relevant cell- and tissue-based models has facilitated progress in this area. However, many questions regarding HPV infection remain difficult to address experimentally and are, thus, unanswered. Although an obligatory cellular uptake receptor has yet to be identified for any PV species, Rab-GTPases contribute to HPV uptake and transport of viral genomes toward the nucleus. Here, we provide a general overview of the current HPV infection paradigm, the epithelial differentiation-dependent HPV replicative cycle, and review the specifics of how HPVs usurp Rab-related functions during infectious entry. We also suggest other potential interactions based on how HPVs alter cellular activities to complete their replicative-cycle in differentiating epithelium. Understanding how HPVs interface with Rab functions during their complex replicative cycle may provide insight for the development of therapeutic interventions, as current viral counter-measures are solely prophylactic and therapies for HPV-positive individuals remain archaic and limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Young
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Amira Zine El Abidine
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Gómez-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Michelle A. Ozbun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Yan H, Foo SS, Chen W, Yoo JS, Shin WJ, Wu C, Jung JU. Efficient Inhibition of Human Papillomavirus Infection by L2 Minor Capsid-Derived Lipopeptide. mBio 2019; 10:e01834-19. [PMID: 31387913 PMCID: PMC6686047 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01834-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino (N)-terminal region of human papillomavirus (HPV) minor capsid protein (L2) is a highly conserved region which is essential for establishing viral infection. Despite its importance in viral infectivity, the role of the HPV N-terminal domain has yet to be fully characterized. Using fine mapping analysis, we identified a 36-amino-acid (aa) peptide sequence of the L2 N terminus, termed L2N, that is critical for HPV infection. Ectopic expression of L2N with the transmembrane sequence on the target cell surface conferred resistance to HPV infection. Additionally, L2N peptide with chemical or enzymatic lipidation at the carboxyl (C) terminus efficiently abrogated HPV infection in target cells. Among the synthetic L2N lipopeptides, a stearoylated lipopeptide spanning aa 13 to 46 (13-46st) exhibited the most potent anti-HPV activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼200 pM. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the 13-46st lipopeptide inhibited HPV entry by blocking trans-Golgi network retrograde trafficking of virion particles, leading to rapid degradation. Fundamentally, the inhibitory effect of L2N lipopeptides appeared to be evolutionarily conserved, as they showed cross-type inhibition among various papillomaviruses. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the critical role of the L2N sequence in the HPV entry mechanism and identify the therapeutic potential of L2N lipopeptide as an effective anti-HPV agent.IMPORTANCE HPV is a human oncogenic virus that causes a major public health problem worldwide, which is responsible for approximately 5% of total human cancers and almost all cases of cervical cancers. HPV capsid consists of two structure proteins, the major capsid L1 protein and the minor capsid L2 protein. While L2 plays critical roles during the viral life cycle, the molecular mechanism in viral entry remains elusive. Here, we performed fine mapping of the L2 N-terminal region and defined a short 36-amino-acid peptide, called L2N, which is critical for HPV infection. Specifically, L2N peptide with carboxyl-terminal lipidation acted as a potent and cross-type HPV inhibitor. Taken together, data from our study highlight the essential role of the L2N sequence at the early step of HPV entry and suggests the L2N lipopeptide as a new strategy to broadly prevent HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Woo-Jin Shin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christine Wu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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