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Kumar R, Kolloli A, Singh P, Shi L, Kupz A, Subbian S. The innate memory response of macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is shaped by the nature of the antigenic stimuli. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0047324. [PMID: 38980014 PMCID: PMC11302266 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00473-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells, such as macrophages, mount an immune response upon exposure to antigens and pathogens. Emerging evidence shows that macrophages exposed to an antigen can generate a "memory-like" response (a.k.a. trained immunity), which confers a non-specific and enhanced response upon subsequent stimulation with a second antigen/microbe. This trained immunity has been implicated in the enhanced response of macrophages against several invading pathogens. However, the association between the nature of the antigen and the corresponding immune correlate of elicited trained immunity is not fully understood. Similarly, the response of macrophages trained and restimulated with homologous stimulants to subsequent infection by pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains unexplored. Here, we report the immune and metabolic profiles of trained immunity in human THP-1-derived macrophages after homologous training and restimulation with BCG, LPS, purified protein Derivative (PPD), heat-killed Mtb strains HN878 (hk-HN), and CDC1551 (hk-CDC). Furthermore, the impact of training on the autophagic and antimicrobial responses of macrophages with or without subsequent infection by clinical Mtb isolates HN878 and CDC1551 was evaluated. Results show that repeated stimulation of macrophages with different antigens displays distinct pro-inflammatory, metabolic, antimicrobial, and autophagy induction profiles. These macrophages also induce a differential antimicrobial response upon infection with clinical Mtb HN878 and CDC1551 isolates. A significantly reduced intracellular bacterial load was noted in the stimulated macrophages, which was augmented by the addition of rapamycin, an autophagy inducer. These observations suggest that the nature of the antigen and the mode of stimulation shape the magnitude and breadth of macrophage innate memory response, which impacts subsequent response to Mtb infection. IMPORTANCE Trained immunity (a.k.a. innate memory response) is a novel concept that has been rapidly emerging as a mechanism underpinning the non-specific immunity of innate immune cells, such as macrophages. However, the association between the nature of the stimuli and the corresponding immune correlate of trained immunity is not fully understood. Similarly, the kinetics of immunological and metabolic characteristics of macrophages upon "training" by the same antigen as primary and secondary stimuli (homologous stimulation) are not fully characterized. Furthermore, the ability of antigens such as purified protein derivative (PPD) and heat-killed-Mtb to induce trained immunity remains unknown. Similarly, the response of macrophages primed and trained by homologous stimulants to subsequent infection by pathogenic Mtb is yet to be reported. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that the nature of the stimuli impacts the depth and breadth of trained immunity in macrophages, which differentially affects their response to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pooja Singh
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns & Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Chen M, Kang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Trained immunity: A link between risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38824960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are significant contributors to human mortality, closely associated with inflammation. With the changing living conditions and the extension of human lifespan, greater attention has been directed towards understanding the impact of early, long-term events on the development of cardiovascular events. Lifestyle factors such as stress, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, even if the risk factors are addressed later, their influence may persist. Recently, the concept of trained innate immunity (TRIM), defined as sustained alterations in the function of innate immunocyte that promote a more robust response to downstream stimuli, has been proposed to be involved in cardiovascular diseases. It is hypothesized that TRIM may serve as a mediator bridging the impacts of aforementioned risk factors. This review aims to elucidate the role of TRIM in cardiovascular diseases and highlight its significance in uncovering new mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuya Kang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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3
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Xu W, Yuan Y, Shu Z, Guo T, Liu B, Xiao J, Li L, Yin Y, Zhang X. Streptococcus pneumoniae endopeptidase O induces trained immunity and confers protection against various pathogenic infections. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110226. [PMID: 38663493 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and the surge of infectious diseases during the pandemic present significant threats to human health. Trained immunity emerges as a promising and innovative approach to address these infections. Synthetic or natural fungal, parasitic and viral components have been reported to induce trained immunity. However, it is not clear whether bacterial virulence proteins can induce protective trained immunity. Our research demonstrates Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence protein PepO, is a highly potent trained immunity inducer for combating broad-spectrum infection. Our findings showcase that rPepO training confers robust protection to mice against various pathogenic infections by enhancing macrophage functionality. rPepO effectively re-programs macrophages, re-configures their epigenetic modifications and bolsters their immunological responses, which is independent of T or B lymphocytes. In vivo and in vitro experiments confirm that trained macrophage-secreted complement C3 activates peritoneal B lymphocyte and enhances its bactericidal capacity. In addition, we provide the first evidence that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) derived from trained macrophages plays a pivotal role in shaping central-trained immunity. In summation, our research demonstrates the capability of rPepO to induce both peripheral and central trained immunity in mice, underscoring its potential application in broad-spectrum anti-infection therapy. Our research provides a new molecule and some new target options for infectious disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhaoche Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bichen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiangming Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibin Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Tepale-Segura A, Gajón JA, Muñoz-Cruz S, Castro-Escamilla O, Bonifaz LC. The cholera toxin B subunit induces trained immunity in dendritic cells and promotes CD8 T cell antitumor immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362289. [PMID: 38812523 PMCID: PMC11133619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Innate immune training is a metabolic, functional, and epigenetic long-term reprogramming of innate cells triggered by different stimuli. This imprinting also reaches hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow to sustain a memory-like phenotype. Dendritic cells (DCs) can exhibit memory-like responses, enhanced upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen; however, whether this imprinting is lineage and stimulus-restricted is still being determined. Nevertheless, the functional consequences of DCs training on the adaptive and protective immune response against non-infectious diseases remain unresolved. Methods We evaluated the effect of the nontoxic cholera B subunit (CTB), LPS and LTA in the induction of trained immunity in murine DCs revealed by TNFa and LDH expression, through confocal microscopy. Additionally, we obtained bone marrow DCs (BMDCs) from mice treated with CTB, LPS, and LTA and evaluated training features in DCs and their antigen-presenting cell capability using multiparametric cytometry. Finally, we design an experimental melanoma mouse model to demonstrate protection induced by CTB-trained DCs in vivo. Results CTB-trained DCs exhibit increased expression of TNFa, and metabolic reprogramming indicated by LDH expression. Moreover, CTB training has an imprint on DC precursors, increasing the number and antigen-presenting function in BMDCs. We found that training by CTB stimulates the recruitment of DC precursors and DCs infiltration at the skin and lymph nodes. Interestingly, training-induced by CTB promotes a highly co-stimulatory phenotype in tumor-infiltrating DCs (CD86+) and a heightened functionality of exhausted CD8 T cells (Ki67+, GZMB+), which were associated with a protective response against melanoma challenge in vivo. Conclusion Our work indicates that CTB can induce innate immune training on DCs, which turns into an efficient adaptive immune response in the melanoma model and might be a potential immunotherapeutic approach for tumor growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Tepale-Segura
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julián A. Gajón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samira Muñoz-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Castro-Escamilla
- División de Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura C. Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Peralta Alvarez MP, Jones H, Redondo Azema H, Davis C, White AD, Sarfas C, Dennis M, Li S, Wright D, Puentes E, Kimuda S, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Aguilo N, Martin C, Sharpe S, McShane H, Tanner R. Low-dose M.tb infection but not BCG or MTBVAC vaccination enhances heterologous antibody titres in non-human primates. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387454. [PMID: 38799468 PMCID: PMC11116990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mycobacteria are known to exert a range of heterologous effects on the immune system. The mycobacteria-based Freund's Complete Adjuvant is a potent non-specific stimulator of the immune response used in immunization protocols promoting antibody production, and Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been linked with decreased morbidity and mortality beyond the specific protection it provides against tuberculosis (TB) in some populations and age groups. The role of heterologous antibodies in this phenomenon, if any, remains unclear and under-studied. Methods We set out to evaluate antibody responses to a range of unrelated pathogens following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and vaccination with BCG or a candidate TB vaccine, MTBVAC, in non-human primates. Results We demonstrate a significant increase in the titer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, tetanus toxoid, and respiratory syncytial virus antigens following low-dose aerosol infection with M.tb. The magnitude of some of these responses correlated with TB disease severity. However, vaccination with BCG administered by the intradermal, intravenous or aerosol routes, or intradermal delivery of MTBVAC, did not increase antibody responses against unrelated pathogens. Discussion Our findings suggest that it is unlikely that heterologous antibodies contribute to the non-specific effects of these vaccines. The apparent dysregulation of B cell responses associated with TB disease warrants further investigation, with potential implications for risk of B cell cancers and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly Jones
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Redondo Azema
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Davis
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Shuailin Li
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wright
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Puentes
- Clinical Research Department y Research and Development Department, Biofabri, Grupo Zendal, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Simon Kimuda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nacho Aguilo
- University of Zaragoza, Spanish Network for Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martin
- University of Zaragoza, Spanish Network for Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sally Sharpe
- United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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da Costa C, Benn CS, Nyirenda T, Mpabalwani E, Grewal HMS, Ahmed R, Kapata N, Nyasulu PS, Maeurer M, Hui DS, Goletti D, Zumla A. Perspectives on development and advancement of new tuberculosis vaccines. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 141S:106987. [PMID: 38417616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and is estimated to have caused 1.3 million deaths worldwide in 2022. Approximately one quarter of the world's population are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of whom up to 10% will progress to developing active TB disease. Achieving the World Health Organization End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence worldwide by 2035 remains a daunting task. The continuing spread of multidrug-resistant TB adds another obstacle to achieving global TB control. Larger funding pledges coupled with technological advances have recently enabled the enhancement of TB vaccine development efforts. These are yielding a pipeline of over 17 products currently in different stages of clinical trials. Emerging promising phase I and II trial results and advancement to phase III trials have necessitated "vaccine preparedness" in parallel so that a smooth transition from any positive clinical trial result to phase IV evaluation and implementation into policy and practice can follow. Promotion of a human rights-based approach, which recognizes and upholds the fundamental rights of all affected by the disease, is essential to ensure universal access to quality TB vaccines, regardless of their background or personal circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher da Costa
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, MA, USA; Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Research and Development Division, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Christine S Benn
- Bandim Health Project, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Clinical Research and Danish Institute for Advanced Study, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Nyirenda
- European Developing Countries Clinical Trials partnership (EDCTP) Africa Office, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evans Mpabalwani
- University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Harleen M S Grewal
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rizwan Ahmed
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Bolton Hospital, and University of Bolton, Farnworth, Bolton, UK
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Stellenbosch University, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; Johannes Gutenberg University, I Medizinische Klinik, Mainz, Germany
| | - David S Hui
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and S. H. Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Delia Goletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- University College London, Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Hoseinpour R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Salehi R, Hasani A, Nabizadeh E, Yekani M, Hasani R, Kafil HS, Azizian K, Memar MY. Tuberculosis vaccine developments and efficient delivery systems: A comprehensive appraisal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26193. [PMID: 38404880 PMCID: PMC10884459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to be a global burden. Vaccination has been proposed to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB) infection, and several of them are in different phases of clinical trials. Though vaccine production is in progress but requires more attention. There are several TB vaccines in the trial phase, most of which are based on a combination of proteins/adjuvants or recombinant viral vectors used for selected MTB antigens. In this review, we attempted to discuss different types of TB vaccines based on the vaccine composition, the immune responses generated, and their clinical trial phases. Furthermore, we have briefly overviewed the effective delivery systems used for the TB vaccine and their effectiveness in different vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Hoseinpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Laboratory sciences and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research, and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Nabizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Rubio-Casillas A, Rodriguez-Quintero CM, Redwan EM, Gupta MN, Uversky VN, Raszek M. Do vaccines increase or decrease susceptibility to diseases other than those they protect against? Vaccine 2024; 42:426-440. [PMID: 38158298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Contrary to the long-held belief that the effects of vaccines are specific for the disease they were created; compelling evidence has demonstrated that vaccines can exert positive or deleterious non-specific effects (NSEs). In this review, we compiled research reports from the last 40 years, which were found based on the PubMed search for the epidemiological and immunological studies on the non-specific effects (NSEs) of the most common human vaccines. Analysis of information showed that live vaccines induce positive NSEs, whereas non-live vaccines induce several negative NSEs, including increased female mortality associated with enhanced susceptibility to other infectious diseases, especially in developing countries. These negative NSEs are determined by the vaccination sequence, the antigen concentration in vaccines, the type of vaccine used (live vs. non-live), and also by repeated vaccination. We do not recommend stopping using non-live vaccines, as they have demonstrated to protect against their target disease, so the suggestion is that their detrimental NSEs can be minimized simply by changing the current vaccination sequence. High IgG4 antibody levels generated in response to repeated inoculation with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines could be associated with a higher mortality rate from unrelated diseases and infections by suppressing the immune system. Since most COVID-19 vaccinated countries are reporting high percentages of excess mortality not directly attributable to deaths from such disease, the NSEs of mRNA vaccines on overall mortality should be studied in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico; Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Munishwar Nath Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Mikolaj Raszek
- Merogenomics (Genomic Sequencing Consulting), Edmonton, AB T5J 3R8, Canada.
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9
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Ziogas A, Bruno M, van der Meel R, Mulder WJM, Netea MG. Trained immunity: Target for prophylaxis and therapy. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1776-1791. [PMID: 37944491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained immunity leads to adaptive states that enhance resistance against pathogens and contributes to immunosurveillance. Dysregulated trained immunity can however lead either to defective innate immune responses in severe infections or cancer or to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases if trained immunity is inappropriately activated. Here, we review the immunological and molecular mechanisms that mediate trained immunity induction and propose that trained immunity represents an important target for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches in human diseases. On the one hand, we argue that novel approaches that induce trained immunity may enhance vaccine efficacy. On the other hand, induction of trained immunity in cancer, and inhibition of exaggerated induction of trained immunity in inflammatory disorders, are viable targets amenable for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Ziogas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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10
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Al B, Suen TK, Placek K, Netea MG. Innate (learned) memory. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:551-566. [PMID: 37385546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
With the growing body of evidence, it is now clear that not only adaptive immune cells but also innate immune cells can mount a more rapid and potent nonspecific immune response to subsequent exposures. This process is known as trained immunity or innate (learned) immune memory. This review discusses the different immune and nonimmune cell types of the central and peripheral immune systems that can develop trained immunity. This review highlights the intracellular signaling and metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the formation of innate immune memory. Finally, this review explores the health implications together with the potential therapeutic interventions harnessing trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Al
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Tsz K Suen
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen.
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11
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Huang Y, Zhu C, Pan L, Zhang Z. The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acetyltransferase and protein acetylation modifications in tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1218583. [PMID: 37560320 PMCID: PMC10407107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1218583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), which has been a significant burden for a long time. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for protein function in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This review focuses on the contribution of protein acetylation to the function of M. tb and its infected macrophages. The acetylation of M. tb proteins plays a critical role in virulence, drug resistance, regulation of metabolism, and host anti-TB immune response. Similarly, the PTMs of host proteins induced by M. tb are crucial for the development, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Host protein acetylation induced by M. tb is significant in regulating host immunity against TB, which substantially affects the disease's development. The review summarizes the functions and mechanisms of M. tb acetyltransferase in virulence and drug resistance. It also discusses the role and mechanism of M. tb in regulating host protein acetylation and immune response regulation. Furthermore, the current scenario of isoniazid usage in M. tb therapy treatment is examined. Overall, this review provides valuable information that can serve as a preliminary basis for studying pathogenic research, developing new drugs, exploring in-depth drug resistance mechanisms, and providing precise treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liping Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing TB and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing TB and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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de Homdedeu M, Sanchez-Moral L, Violán C, Ràfols N, Ouchi D, Martín B, Peinado MA, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Arch-Sisquella M, Perez-Zsolt D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Salvador B, Matllo J, López-Serrano S, Segalés J, Vilaplana C, Torán-Monserrat P, Morros R, Monfà R, Sarrias MR, Cardona PJ. Mycobacterium manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro. iScience 2023; 26:106873. [PMID: 37250788 PMCID: PMC10182650 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic posed a global health crisis, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants weakening vaccine-driven protection. Trained immunity could help tackle COVID-19 disease. Our objective was to analyze whether heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis (hkMm), an environmental mycobacterium, induces trained immunity and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. To this end, THP-1 cells and primary monocytes were trained with hkMm. The increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10, metabolic activity, and changes in epigenetic marks suggested hkMm-induced trained immunity in vitro. Healthcare workers at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled into the MANRECOVID19 clinical trial (NCT04452773) and were administered Nyaditum resae (NR, containing hkMm) or placebo. No significant differences in monocyte inflammatory responses or the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were found between the groups, although NR modified the profile of circulating immune cell populations. Our results show that M. manresensis induces trained immunity in vitro but not in vivo when orally administered as NR daily for 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel de Homdedeu
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lidia Sanchez-Moral
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Concepció Violán
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- North Metropolitan Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Mataró, Spain
- Northern Metropolitan Primary Care Management, Catalan Institute of Health, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Neus Ràfols
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Dan Ouchi
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Martín
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peinado
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Arch-Sisquella
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Betlem Salvador
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Matllo
- Department of Prevention and Risks, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Northern Metropolitan Territorial Management, Catalan Health Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Serrano
- Joint IRTA-UAB Research Unit in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Animal Health Program, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Joint IRTA-UAB Research Unit in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Direcció Clínica Territorial de Malalties Infeccioses i Salut Internacional de Gerència Territorial Metropolitana Nord, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- North Metropolitan Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Mataró, Spain
- Northern Metropolitan Primary Care Management, Catalan Institute of Health, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Rosa Morros
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Monfà
- Jordi Gol University Research Institute in Primary Care, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Li D, Li W, Zheng P, Yang Y, Liu Q, Hu Y, He J, Long Q, Ma Y. A "trained immunity" inducer-adjuvanted nanovaccine reverses the growth of established tumors in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:74. [PMID: 36864424 PMCID: PMC9980871 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells are critical in antitumor immune surveillance and the development of antitumor adaptive cellular immunity. Trained innate immune cells demonstrate immune memory-like characteristics, producing more vigorous immune responses to secondary homologous or heterologous stimuli. This study aimed to investigate whether inducing trained immunity is beneficial when using a tumor vaccine to promote antitumor adaptive immune responses. A biphasic delivery system was developed with the trained immunity inducer Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) and specific tumor antigen human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 peptide encapsulated by poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-acid(PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), and the NPs along with another trained immunity agonist, β-glucan, were further embedded in a sodium alginate hydrogel. The nanovaccine formulation demonstrated a depot effect for E7 at the injection site and targeted delivery to the lymph nodes and dendritic cells (DCs). The antigen uptake and maturation of DCs were significantly promoted. A trained immunity phenotype, characterized by increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, was induced in vitro and in vivo in response to secondary homologous or heterologous stimulation. Furthermore, prior innate immune training enhanced the antigen-specific INF-γ-expressing immune cell response elicited by subsequent stimulation with the nanovaccine. Immunization with the nanovaccine completely inhibited the growth of TC-1 tumors and even abolished established tumors in mice. Mechanistically, the inclusion of β-glucan and MDP significantly enhanced the responses of tumor-specific effector adaptive immune cells. The results strongly suggest that the controlled release and targeted delivery of an antigen and trained immunity inducers with an NP/hydrogel biphasic system can elicit robust adaptive immunity, which provides a promising tumor vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China ,grid.508395.20000 0004 9404 8936Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Weiran Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China
| | - Peng Zheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China
| | - Ying Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China
| | - Qingwen Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China ,grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Institute of Medical Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongmao Hu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China ,grid.440773.30000 0000 9342 2456School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinrong He
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China
| | - Qiong Long
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
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14
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Abstract
The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained, mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow (BM) progenitors (central trained immunity) and their innate immune cell progeny, thereby triggering elevated responsiveness against secondary stimuli. BM progenitors can respond to microbial and sterile signals, thereby possibly acquiring trained immunity-mediated long-lasting alterations that may shape the fate and function of their progeny, for example, neutrophils. Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cell population, are produced in the BM from committed progenitor cells in a process designated granulopoiesis. Neutrophils are the first responders against infectious or inflammatory challenges and have versatile functions in immunity. Together with other innate immune cells, neutrophils are effectors of peripheral trained immunity. However, given the short lifetime of neutrophils, their ability to acquire immunological memory may lie in the central training of their BM progenitors resulting in generation of reprogrammed, that is, "trained", neutrophils. Although trained immunity may have beneficial effects in infection or cancer, it may also mediate detrimental outcomes in chronic inflammation. Here, we review the emerging research area of trained immunity with a particular emphasis on the role of neutrophils and granulopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kalafati
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Stosman KI, Aleksandrov AG, Sivak KV, Buzitskaya ZV, Stukova MA. Evaluation of the immunotoxicity and allergenicity of a new intranasal influenza vector vaccine against tuberculosis carrying TB10.4 and HspX antigens. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:558-563. [PMID: 37051099 PMCID: PMC10083829 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.68440.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives A new vaccine candidate TB/FLU-05E has been developed at the Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza (Russia). The vaccine is based on the attenuated influenza strain A/PR8/NS124-TB10.4-2A-HspX that expresses mycobacterial antigens TB10.4 and HspX. This article describes the results of preclinical immunotoxicity and allergenicity studies of the new vector vaccine TB/FLU-05E against tuberculosis. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted on male CBA mice, С57/black/6 mice, and guinea pigs. The vaccine candidate was administered intranasally (7.7 lg TCID50/animal and 8.0 lg TCID50/animal) twice at a 21-day interval. The immunotoxic properties of the vaccine were assessed in mice according to the following parameters: spleen and thymus weight and their organ-to-body weight ratio, splenic and thymic cellularity, hemagglutination titer assay, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. Histological examination of the thymus and spleen and white blood cell counts were also performed. Allergenicity of the vaccine was assessed in guinea pigs using conjunctival and general anaphylaxis reaction tests. Results The results showed that double immunization with the TB/FLU-05E vaccine did not affect the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages, cellular and humoral immunity after immunization with a heterologous antigen (sheep red blood cells), or the organ-to-body weight ratio of immunocompetent organs (thymus and spleen). The vaccine candidate demonstrated no allergenic properties. Conclusion According to the results of this study, the TB/FLU-05E vaccine is well-tolerated by the immune system and demonstrates no immunotoxicity or allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira I. Stosman
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376, Ulitsa Professora Popova 15/17, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey G. Aleksandrov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376, Ulitsa Professora Popova 15/17, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author: Andrey G. Aleksandrov. Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin V. Sivak
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376, Ulitsa Professora Popova 15/17, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Zhanna V. Buzitskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376, Ulitsa Professora Popova 15/17, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A. Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376, Ulitsa Professora Popova 15/17, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Bindu S, Dandapat S, Manikandan R, Dinesh M, Subbaiyan A, Mani P, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Bilal M, Emran TB, Mitra S, Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alawi ZA, Alhumaid S, Dhama K. Prophylactic and therapeutic insights into trained immunity: A renewed concept of innate immune memory. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2040238. [PMID: 35240935 PMCID: PMC9009931 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity is a renewed concept of innate immune memory that facilitates the innate immune system to have the capacity to remember and train cells via metabolic and transcriptional events to enable them to provide nonspecific defense against the subsequent encounters with a range of pathogens and acquire a quicker and more robust immune response, but different from the adaptive immune memory. Reversing the epigenetic changes or targeting the immunological pathways may be considered potential therapeutic approaches to counteract the hyper-responsive or hypo-responsive state of trained immunity. The efficient regulation of immune homeostasis and promotion or inhibition of immune responses is required for a balanced response. Trained immunity-based vaccines can serve as potent immune stimuli and help in the clearance of pathogens in the body through multiple or heterologous effects and confer protection against nonspecific and specific pathogens. This review highlights various features of trained immunity and its applications in developing novel therapeutics and vaccines, along with certain detrimental effects, challenges as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Bindu
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyabrata Dandapat
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendran Manikandan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anbazhagan Subbaiyan
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pashupathi Mani
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangldesh
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Zainab Al Alawi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Caliskaner Ozturk B, Vardaloglu I, Ongel Harbiyeli D, Gungordu N, Senkardesler G, Aliyeva N, Ismayilova A, Can G, Balkan II, Gemicioglu B, Borekci S. Association between presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scar and coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32185. [PMID: 36482635 PMCID: PMC9726327 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine is administered for protection against tuberculosis and may also have beneficial effects against some viral respiratory tract infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination which is confirmed by BCG scar, and the frequency and course of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among 490 patients, 400 patients who accepted to participate in the study were included. After the consent of patients, age, gender, body mass index, comorbidities, smoking, history, and the progress of COVID-19 of these patients were investigated; the presence and number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scars were recorded by a physician. Data from groups with and without COVID-19 history were compared. There was no relation between presence and number of the BCG scar and COVID-19 related hospitalization and intensive care unit admission. When groups with and without COVID-19 history compared, no statistically significant difference was found with the presence and number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scars (P > 0,05). No association was found between the presence or number of BCG scars and the frequency and course of COVID-19 in individuals with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination history confirmed by the presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scars. Currently, the most important protection against COVID-19 is the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Caliskaner Ozturk
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- * Correspondence: Buket Caliskaner Ozturk, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34303, Turkey (e-mail: )
| | - Ilgim Vardaloglu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ongel Harbiyeli
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejdiye Gungordu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Senkardesler
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nigar Aliyeva
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytan Ismayilova
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunay Can
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Inanc Balkan
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilun Gemicioglu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Borekci
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Qu W, Guo Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ding C, Pan Y. Advance in strategies to build efficient vaccines against tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:955204. [PMID: 36504851 PMCID: PMC9731747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.955204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic consumptive infectious disease, which can cause great damage to human and animal health all over the world. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, the unstable protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on adults, and the mixed infection with HIV all warn people to exploit new approaches for conquering tuberculosis. At present, there has been significant progress in developing tuberculosis vaccines, such as improved BCG vaccine, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccine, live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine. Among these candidate vaccines, there are some promising vaccines to improve or replace BCG vaccine effect. Meanwhile, the application of adjuvants, prime-boost strategy, immunoinformatic tools and targeting components have been studied concentratedly, and verified as valid means of raising the efficiency of tuberculosis vaccines as well. In this paper, the latest advance in tuberculosis vaccines in recent years is reviewed to provide reliable information for future tuberculosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhui Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongchao Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyue Ding
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Yuanhu Pan
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19
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Dockrell HM. A next generation BCG vaccine moves forward. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1404-1406. [PMID: 35772448 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1A7HT, UK.
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20
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Nica V, Popp RA, Crișan TO, Joosten LAB. The future clinical implications of trained immunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1125-1134. [PMID: 36062825 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2120470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trained Immunity (TI) refers to the long-term modulation of the innate immune response, based on previous interactions with microbes, microbial ligands or endogenous substances. Through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils develop an enhanced capacity to mount innate immune responses to subsequent stimuli and this is persistent due to alterations at the myeloid progenitor compartment. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the TI process and discuss about its potential clinical implications in the near future. We address the evidence of TI involvement in various diseases, the currently developed new therapy, and discuss how TI may lead to new clinical tools to improve existing standards of care. EXPERT OPINION The state of art in this domain has made considerable progress, linking TI-related mechanisms in multiple immune-mediated pathologies, starting with infections to autoimmune disorders and cancers. As a relatively new area of immunology, it has seen fast progress with many of its applications ready to be investigated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Nica
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu A Popp
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tania O Crișan
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Medical Genetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur nr. 6, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Verma N, Arora V, Awasthi R, Chan Y, Jha NK, Thapa K, Jawaid T, Kamal M, Gupta G, Liu G, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, George Oliver BG, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dureja H, Dua K. Recent developments, challenges and future prospects in advanced drug delivery systems in the management of tuberculosis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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22
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“The Good, the Bad and the Ugly”: Interplay of Innate Immunity and Inflammation. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2759513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity recognizes microorganisms through certain invariant receptors named pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by sensing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Their recognition activates several signaling pathways that lead the transcription of inflammatory mediators, contributing to trigger a very rapid inflammatory cascade aiming to contain the local infection as well as activating and instructing the adaptive immunity in a specific and synchronized immune response according to the microorganism. Inflammation is a coordinated process involving the secretion of cytokines and chemokines by macrophages and neutrophils leading to the migration of other leukocytes along the endothelium into the injured tissue. Sustained inflammatory responses can cause deleterious effects by promoting the development of autoimmune disorders, allergies, cancer, and other immune pathologies, while weak signals could exacerbate the severity of the disease. Therefore, PRR-mediated signal transduction must be tightly regulated to maintain host immune homeostasis. Innate immunity deficiencies and strategies deployed by microbes to avoid inflammatory responses lead to an altered immune response that allows the pathogen to proliferate causing death or uncontrolled inflammation. This review analyzes the complexity of the immune response at the beginning of the disease focusing on COVID-19 disease and the importance of unraveling its mechanisms to be considered when treating diseases and designing vaccines.
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23
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Angulo M, Angulo C. Trained immunity against diseases in domestic animals. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106361. [PMID: 35149041 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a biological concept that has been demonstrated in different animal species, including human beings. Evidences indicate that innate immune cells can be trained and have a "memory". Under this concept, studies have shown that a first stimulus can potentiate immune responses upon a second one or protect upon homologous or heterologous pathogenic challenges. Research progress on trained innate immunity in mouse models and human beings has provided key information of this phenomenon. In domestic animals, this concept offers a heterologous protection against diseases. Recent studies in domestic animals have demonstrated that trained immunity is induced even by mucosal routes rather than only parenteral routes, as previously evidenced in mice and humans. This situation has led to a major breakthrough in the biotechnology field. Remarkably, the recent first proof-of-concept in calves and goats provides a reality beyond trained immunity as an affordable immunobiotechnological approach to control diseases. Currently, several responses to questions that have been deciphered in mouse and humans seem different in domestic animals; even these differences have been observed among animal species and breeds, which open new questions and challenges. The information of mechanistic studies in domestic animals based on the trained immunity paradigm has not been integrated before; therefore, it needs to be discussed and accurately presented. Moreover, prospects should be defined and biotechnological perspectives provided to promote research and development (R&D) to become a near reality in domestic animal, so this is the main objective of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23090, México.
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23090, México.
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24
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Funes SC, Rios M, Fernández-Fierro A, Di Genaro MS, Kalergis AM. Trained Immunity Contribution to Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868343. [PMID: 35464438 PMCID: PMC9028757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated immune response toward self-antigens characterizes autoimmune and autoinflammatory (AIF) disorders. Autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases, while autoinflammation results from a hyper-functional innate immune system. Aside from their differences, many studies suggest that monocytes and macrophages (Mo/Ma) significantly contribute to the development of both types of disease. Mo/Ma are innate immune cells that promote an immune-modulatory, pro-inflammatory, or repair response depending on the microenvironment. However, understanding the contribution of these cells to different immune disorders has been difficult due to their high functional and phenotypic plasticity. Several factors can influence the function of Mo/Ma under the landscape of autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases, such as genetic predisposition, epigenetic changes, or infections. For instance, some vaccines and microorganisms can induce epigenetic changes in Mo/Ma, modifying their functional responses. This phenomenon is known as trained immunity. Trained immunity can be mediated by Mo/Ma and NK cells independently of T and B cell function. It is defined as the altered innate immune response to the same or different microorganisms during a second encounter. The improvement in cell function is related to epigenetic and metabolic changes that modify gene expression. Although the benefits of immune training have been highlighted in a vaccination context, the effects of this type of immune response on autoimmunity and chronic inflammation still remain controversial. Induction of trained immunity reprograms cellular metabolism in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), transmitting a memory-like phenotype to the cells. Thus, trained Mo/Ma derived from HSCs typically present a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, which leads to the modification of the chromatin architecture. During trained immunity, the epigenetic changes facilitate the specific gene expression after secondary challenge with other stimuli. Consequently, the enhanced pro-inflammatory response could contribute to developing or maintaining autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. However, the prediction of the outcome is not simple, and other studies propose that trained immunity can induce a beneficial response both in AIF and autoimmune conditions by inducing anti-inflammatory responses. This article describes the metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in trained immunity that affect Mo/Ma, contraposing the controversial evidence on how it may impact autoimmune/autoinflammation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C. Funes
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas-San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rios
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María S. Di Genaro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas-San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alexis M. Kalergis,
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25
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Trained immunity-related vaccines: innate immune memory and heterologous protection against infections. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Cobelens F, Suri RK, Helinski M, Makanga M, Weinberg AL, Schaffmeister B, Deege F, Hatherill M. Accelerating research and development of new vaccines against tuberculosis: a global roadmap. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:e108-e120. [PMID: 35240041 PMCID: PMC8884775 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To eliminate tuberculosis globally, a new, effective, and affordable vaccine is urgently needed, particularly for use in adults and adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries. We have created a roadmap that lists the actions needed to accelerate tuberculosis vaccine research and development using a participatory process. The vaccine pipeline needs more diverse immunological approaches, antigens, and platforms. Clinical development can be accelerated by validated preclinical models, agreed laboratory correlates of protection, efficient trial designs, and validated endpoints. Determining the public health impact of new tuberculosis vaccines requires understanding of a country's demand for a new tuberculosis vaccine, how to integrate vaccine implementation with ongoing tuberculosis prevention efforts, cost, and national and global demand to stimulate vaccine production. Investments in tuberculosis vaccine research and development need to be increased, with more diversity of funding sources and coordination between these funders. Open science is important to enhance the efficiency of tuberculosis vaccine research and development including early and freely available publication of study findings and effective mechanisms for sharing datasets and specimens. There is a need for increased engagement of industry vaccine developers, for increased political commitment for new tuberculosis vaccines, and to address stigma and vaccine hesitancy. The unprecedented speed by which COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and introduced provides important insight for tuberculosis vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cobelens
- Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Rajinder Kumar Suri
- Department of Governance and Strategy, Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers' Network International, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Helinski
- European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Michael Makanga
- European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Ana Lúcia Weinberg
- European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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27
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Pérez I, Campos-Pardos E, Díaz C, Uranga S, Sayes F, Vicente F, Aguiló N, Brosch R, Martín C, Gonzalo-Asensio J. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PhoPR virulence system regulates expression of the universal second messenger c-di-AMP and impacts vaccine safety and efficacy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:1235-1248. [PMID: 35282413 PMCID: PMC8894143 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic (di)nucleotides act as universal second messengers endogenously produced by several pathogens. Specifically, the roles of c-di-AMP in Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and virulence have been largely explored, although its contribution to the safety and efficacy of live tuberculosis vaccines is less understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the synthesis of c-di-AMP is negatively regulated by the M. tuberculosis PhoPR virulence system. Accordingly, the live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine candidate M. tuberculosis vaccine (MTBVAC), based on double phoP and fadD26 deletions, produces more than 25- and 45-fold c-di-AMP levels relative to wild-type M. tuberculosis or the current vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), respectively. Secretion of this second messenger was exclusively detected in MTBVAC but not in M. tuberculosis or in BCG. We also demonstrate that c-di-AMP synthesis during in vitro cultivation of M. tuberculosis is a growth-phase- and medium-dependent phenotype. To uncover the role of this metabolite in the vaccine properties of MTBVAC, we constructed and validated knockout and overproducing/oversecreting derivatives by inactivating the disA or cnpB gene, respectively. All MTBVAC derivatives elicited superior interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responses compared with BCG during an in vitro infection of human macrophages. However, both vaccines failed to elicit interferon β (IFNβ) activation in this cellular model. We found that increasing c-di-AMP levels remarkably correlated with a safer profile of tuberculosis vaccines in the immunodeficient mouse model. Finally, we demonstrate that overproduction of c-di-AMP due to cnpB inactivation resulted in lower protection of MTBVAC, while the absence of c-di-AMP in the MTBVAC disA derivative maintains the protective efficacy of this vaccine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pérez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, C/Domingo Miral sn, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Campos-Pardos
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, C/Domingo Miral sn, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, C/Domingo Miral sn, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, C/Domingo Miral sn, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, C/Domingo Miral sn, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Pº Isabel la Católica, 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, C/Domingo Miral sn, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), C/ Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Hu Z, Lu S, Lowrie DB, Fan X. Trained immunity: A Yin-Yang balance. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e121. [PMID: 35281787 PMCID: PMC8906449 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, immune memory is regarded as an exclusive hallmark of adaptive immunity. However, a growing body of evidence suggesting that innate immune cells show adaptive characteristics has challenged this dogma. In the past decade, trained immunity, a de facto innate immune memory, has been defined as a long-term functional reprogramming of cells of the innate immune system: the reprogramming is evoked by endogenous or exogenous insults, the cells return to a nonactivated state and subsequently show altered inflammatory responses against a second challenge. Trained immunity became regarded as a mechanism selected in evolution to protect against infection; however, a maladaptive effect might result in hyperinflammation. This dual effect is consistent with the Yin-Yang theory in traditional Chinese philosophy, in which Yang represents active, positive, and aggressive factors, whereas Yin represents passive, negative, and inhibitory factors. In this review, we give a brief overview of history and latest progress about trained immunity, including experimental models, inductors, molecular mechanisms, clinical application and so on. Moreover, this is the first time to put forward the theory of Yin-Yang balance to understand trained immunity. We envision that more efforts will be focused on developing novel immunotherapies targeting trained immunity in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shui‐Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of ChinaShenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of ChinaShenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiao‐Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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29
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Kanno AI, Boraschi D, Leite LCC, Rodriguez D. Recombinant BCG Expressing the Subunit 1 of Pertussis Toxin Induces Innate Immune Memory and Confers Protection against Non-Related Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020234. [PMID: 35214691 PMCID: PMC8879706 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BCG has shown the ability to induce protection against unrelated pathogens, which likely depends on an immune mechanism known as innate immune memory or trained immunity. In this study, we evaluated the induction of innate memory by a recombinant BCG strain expressing the genetically detoxified S1 subunit of the pertussis toxin (rBCG-S1PT). In vitro pre-exposure of naïve murine macrophages to rBCG-S1PT increased their innate/inflammatory response (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) to a subsequent challenge with unrelated pathogens, as compared to pre-exposure to wild-type BCG. Following LPS challenge, mice immunized with rBCG-S1PT produced higher levels of IFN-γ, while the release of other inflammatory cytokines was comparable to that measured after BCG immunization. SCID mice previously immunized with rBCG-S1PT and challenged with pathogenic Candida albicans displayed a similar survival curve as BCG-immunized mice but a lower CFU burden in the kidneys, suggesting an innate memory-dependent control of C. albicans infection. This study highlights the potential of recombinant BCG to increase innate immune memory and, ultimately, non-specific protection, more effectively than wild-type BCG. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the potential of a recombinant BCG strain to strengthen innate immune memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex I. Kanno
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.I.K.); (L.C.C.L.)
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Luciana C. C. Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.I.K.); (L.C.C.L.)
| | - Dunia Rodriguez
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.I.K.); (L.C.C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Martinón-Torres F, García-Sastre A, Pollard AJ, Martín C, Osterhaus A, Ladhani SN, Ramilo O, Gómez Rial J, Salas A, Bosch FX, Martinón-Torres M, Mina MJ, Cherry J. TIPICO XI: report of the first series and podcast on infectious diseases and vaccines (aTIPICO). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4299-4327. [PMID: 34762551 PMCID: PMC8828069 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1953351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TIPiCO is an annual expert meeting and workshop on infectious diseases and vaccination. The edition of 2020 changed its name and format to aTIPiCO, the first series and podcasts on infectious diseases and vaccines. A total of 13 prestigious experts from different countries participated in this edition launched on the 26 November 2020. The state of the art of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the responsible pathogen, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the options to tackle the pandemic situation were discussed in light of the knowledge in November 2020. Despite COVID-19, the status of other infectious diseases, including influenza infections, respiratory syncytial virus disease, human papillomavirus infection, measles, pertussis, tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, and pneumococcal disease, were also addressed. The essential lessons that can be learned from these diseases and their vaccines to use in the COVID-19 pandemic were also commented with the experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinón-Torres
- Department of Paediatrics Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Universidad de Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Martín
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Octavio Ramilo
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, US
| | - Jose Gómez Rial
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | | | | | - Michael J Mina
- Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - James Cherry
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, US
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Abstract
Even with strict implementation of preventive measures, surgical site infections (SSIs) remain among the most prevalent health care-associated infections. New strategies to prevent SSIs would thus have a huge impact, also in light of increasing global rates of antimicrobial drug resistance. Considering the indispensable role of innate immune cells in host defense in surgical wounds, enhancing their function may represent a potential strategy for prevention of SSIs. Trained immunity is characterized by metabolic, epigenetic, and functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. These functional changes take place at multiple levels, namely, at the level of bone marrow precursors, circulating innate immune cells, and resident tissue macrophages. Experimental studies have shown that induction of trained immunity can protect against various infections. Increasing evidence suggests that it may also lower the risk and severity of SSIs. This may occur through several different mechanisms. First, trained immunity enhances local host defense against soft tissue infections, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, the most common cause of SSIs. Second, training effects on nonimmune cells such as fibroblasts have been shown to improve wound repair. Third, trained immunity may prevent or reverse the postoperative immunoparalysis that contributes to risk of infections following surgery. There are multiple approaches to inducing trained immunity, such as vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine, topical administration of β-glucan, or treatment with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod. Clinical-experimental studies should establish if and how induction of trained immunity can best help prevent SSIs and what patient groups would most benefit.
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Engineering a new vaccine platform for heterologous antigen delivery in live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4273-4283. [PMID: 34429847 PMCID: PMC8355830 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines are attractive vehicles for antigen delivery as a strategy to immunize against heterologous pathogens. The live vaccine MTBVAC is based on rational attenuation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the objective of improving BCG protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the development of recombinant mycobacteria as antigen-presenting microorganisms has been hindered due to their fastidious genetic manipulation. In this study, we used MTBVAC as a genetic platform to deliver diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis toxoids, which are the immunogenic constituents of the DTP vaccine. When using nonoptimal genetic conditions, the expression of these immunogens was barely detectable. Accordingly, we pursued a rational, step-by-step optimization of the genetic components to achieve the expression and secretion of these toxoids. We explored variants of the L5 mycobacteriophage promoter to ensure balanced antigen expression and plasmid stability. Optimal signal sequences were identified by comparative proteomics of MTBVAC and its parental strain. It was determined that proteins secreted by the Twin Arginine Translocation pathway displayed higher secretion in MTBVAC, and the Ag85A secretion sequence was selected as the best candidate. Because the coding regions of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxoids significantly differ in G + C content relative to mycobacterial genes, their codon usage was optimized. We also placed a 3xFLAG epitope in frame with the C-terminus of these toxoids to facilitate protein detection. Altogether, these optimizations resulted in the secretion of DTP antigens by MTBVAC, as demonstrated by western blot and MRM-MS. Finally, we examined specific antibody responses in mice vaccinated with recombinant MTBVAC expressing DTP antigens.
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33
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Cho T, Khatchadourian C, Nguyen H, Dara Y, Jung S, Venketaraman V. A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2454-2470. [PMID: 33769193 PMCID: PMC8475575 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive eradication efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden, one that disproportionally affects poorer, less developed nations. The only vaccine approved for TB, the Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains controversial because it's stated efficacy has been cited as anywhere from 0 to 80%. Nevertheless, there have been exciting discoveries about the mechanism of action of the BCG vaccine that suggests it has a role in immunization schedules today. We review recent data suggesting the vaccine imparts protection against both tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pathogens via a newly discovered immune system called trained immunity. BCG's efficacy also appears to be tied to its affect on granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels, which we discuss in this article at length. We also write about how the different strains of the BCG vaccine elicit different immune responses, suggesting that certain BCG strains are more immunogenic than others. Finally, our review delves into how the current vaccine is being reformulated to be more efficacious, and track the development of the next generation vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cho
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yash Dara
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shuna Jung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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Martín C, Marinova D, Aguiló N, Gonzalo-Asensio J. MTBVAC, a live TB vaccine poised to initiate efficacy trials 100 years after BCG. Vaccine 2021; 39:7277-7285. [PMID: 34238608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
At its 100th birthday of its first administration to a newborn, BCG has been (and continues being) an inspiration for the construction and development of hundreds of new TB vaccine candidates in the last two and a half decades. Today, 14 candidates are in clinical development inside the global TB vaccine pipeline. MTBVAC is one of these candidates. Based on a live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate, MTBVAC's 25 years of vaccine discovery, construction and characterisation have followed Pasteur principles, and in the process, BCG has served as a reference gold standard for establishing the safety and protective efficacy of new TB vaccine candidates. MTBVAC, which contains the antigen repertoire of M. tuberculosis, is now poised to initiate Phase 3 efficacy trials in newborns in TB-endemic countries. BCG's efficacy extends beyond that against TB, shown to confer heterologous non-specific immunity to other diseases and reduce all-cause mortality in the first months of life. Today, WHO recognises the importance that any new TB vaccine designed for administration at birth, should show similar non-specific benefits as BCG vía mechanisms of trained immunity and/or cross-reactivity of adaptive immune responses to other pathogens. Key recent studies provide strong support for MTBVAC's ability of inducing trained immunity and conferring non-specific heterologous protection similar to BCG. Research on alternative delivery routes of MTBVAC, such as a clinically feasible aerosol route, could facilitate vaccine administration for long-term TB eradication programmes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERES Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERES Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERES Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERES Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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35
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SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variability and Non-Specific Immunity Associated with the Use of Different BCG Strains-A Molecular and Clinical Approach. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060639. [PMID: 34200951 PMCID: PMC8230610 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis on the reduction in COVID-19 infection is related to the effect of the BCG vaccine on the immunomodulation of non-specific immunity. In the early stages of the pandemic, countries with universal BCG vaccination programs registered a low number of new cases of COVID-19, with the situation now reversed, as exemplified by India. The high genetic variability of SARS-CoV-2, a known characteristic of RNA viruses, causing the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 variants may have led to the virus adapting to overcome the initial immune protection. The strains from the United Kingdom (B1.1.7), Brazil (B1.1.28 and B1.1.33), South Africa (B.1.351), and India (B.1.617) are characterized by a greater ability to spread in the environment, in comparison with the original infectious agent of SARS-CoV-2. It should be remembered that the large variation in the genetic makeup of SARS-CoV-2 may result in future changes in its pathogenicity, immunogenicity and antigenicity, and therefore it is necessary to carefully study the mutations occurring within the virus to determine whether the current vaccines will remain effective. However, most studies show that monoclonal antibodies produced after vaccination against COVID-19 are effective against the newly developed variants.
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36
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Foster M, Hill PC, Setiabudiawan TP, Koeken VACM, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R. BCG-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications for next-generation vaccines. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:122-144. [PMID: 33709421 PMCID: PMC8252066 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was introduced 100 years ago, but as it provides insufficient protection against TB disease, especially in adults, new vaccines are being developed and evaluated. The discovery that BCG protects humans from becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and not just from progressing to TB disease provides justification for considering Mtb infection as an endpoint in vaccine trials. Such trials would require fewer participants than those with disease as an endpoint. In this review, we first define Mtb infection and disease phenotypes that can be used for mechanistic studies and/or endpoints for vaccine trials. Secondly, we review the evidence for BCG-induced protection against Mtb infection from observational and BCG re-vaccination studies, and discuss limitations and variation of this protection. Thirdly, we review possible underlying mechanisms for BCG efficacy against Mtb infection, including alternative T cell responses, antibody-mediated protection, and innate immune mechanisms, with a specific focus on BCG-induced trained immunity, which involves epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells. Finally, we discuss the implications for further studies of BCG efficacy against Mtb infection, including for mechanistic research, and their relevance to the design and evaluation of new TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Foster
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Philip C. Hill
- Centre for International HealthUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Todia Pediatama Setiabudiawan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Valerie A. C. M. Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection MedicineCentre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCOREJoint Ventures between The Helmholtz‐Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and The Hannover Medical School (MHH)HannoverGermany
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Tuberculosis Working GroupFaculty of MedicineUniversitas PadjadjaranBandungIndonesia
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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37
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Bekkering S, Domínguez-Andrés J, Joosten LAB, Riksen NP, Netea MG. Trained Immunity: Reprogramming Innate Immunity in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:667-693. [PMID: 33637018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-102119-073855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the innate immune system appear to be able to gain memory characteristics after transient stimulation, resulting in an enhanced response upon secondary challenge. This phenomenon has been called trained immunity. Trained immunity is characterized by nonspecific increased responsiveness, mediated via extensive metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Trained immunity explains the heterologous effects of vaccines, which result in increased protection against secondary infections. However, in chronic inflammatory conditions, trained immunity can induce maladaptive effects and contribute to hyperinflammation and progression of cardiovascular disease, autoinflammatory syndromes, and neuroinflammation. In this review we summarize the current state of the field of trained immunity, its mechanisms, and its roles in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , , .,Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , , .,Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
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38
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Principi N, Esposito S. Pneumococcal Disease Prevention: Are We on the Right Track? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040305. [PMID: 33804822 PMCID: PMC8063798 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of Streptococcus pneumoniae diseases dramatically changed with the introduction into the immunization schedule of infants and children of the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the one containing 7 (PCV7) of the most common pneumococcal serotypes (STs) causing invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs). Where PCV7 was largely used, incidence of both IPDs and non-invasive pneumococcal diseases (nIPDs) in vaccinated children and in unvaccinated subjects of any age, mainly the elderly, significantly decreased. Unfortunately, the impact of PCV7 administration was slightly lower than expected, as the reduction in infections due to vaccine serotypes (STs) was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of IPDs and nIPDs due to STs not included in the vaccine. To overcome this problem, two PCVs containing 10 (PCV10) and 13 (PCV13) STs, chosen among those emerging, were developed and licensed. However, ST replacement occurred again. Moreover, the new PCVs showed little effectiveness in the prevention of infection due to non-encapsulated STs and to ST3. Next-generation S. pneumoniae vaccines able to prevent pneumococcal infections regardless of infecting ST are urgently needed. For the moment, the use of available PCVs remains fundamental because their benefits far outweigh any concerns for emerging STs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-903524
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39
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Gonzalez-Perez M, Sanchez-Tarjuelo R, Shor B, Nistal-Villan E, Ochando J. The BCG Vaccine for COVID-19: First Verdict and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632478. [PMID: 33763077 PMCID: PMC7982405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of the rapid development of the vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it will take several months to have enough doses and the proper infrastructure to vaccinate a good proportion of the world population. In this interim, the accessibility to the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) may mitigate the pandemic impact in some countries and the BCG vaccine offers significant advantages and flexibility in the way clinical vaccines are administered. BCG vaccination is a highly cost-effective intervention against tuberculosis (TB) and many low-and lower-middle-income countries would likely have the infrastructure, and health care personnel sufficiently familiar with the conventional TB vaccine to mount full-scale efforts to administer novel BCG-based vaccine for COVID-19. This suggests the potential for BCG to overcome future barriers to vaccine roll-out in the countries where health systems are fragile and where the effects of this new coronavirus could be catastrophic. Many studies have reported cross-protective effects of the BCG vaccine toward non-tuberculosis related diseases. Mechanistically, this cross-protective effect of the BCG vaccine can be explained, in part, by trained immunity, a recently discovered program of innate immune memory, which is characterized by non-permanent epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages that leads to increased inflammatory cytokine production and consequently potent immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent work highlighting the potential use of BCG for the treatment respiratory infectious diseases and ongoing SARS-CoV-2 clinical trials. In situations where no other specific prophylactic tools are available, the BCG vaccine could be used as a potential adjuvant, to decrease sickness of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or to mitigate the effects of concurrent respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonzalez-Perez
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Boris Shor
- Manhattan BioSolutions, New York, NY, United States
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-Centro de Estudios Universitarios (CEU), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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40
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Palgen JL, Feraoun Y, Dzangué-Tchoupou G, Joly C, Martinon F, Le Grand R, Beignon AS. Optimize Prime/Boost Vaccine Strategies: Trained Immunity as a New Player in the Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612747. [PMID: 33763063 PMCID: PMC7982481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines require multiple doses to induce long-lasting protective immunity in a high frequency of vaccines, and to ensure strong both individual and herd immunity. Repetitive immunogenic stimulations not only increase the intensity and durability of adaptive immunity, but also influence its quality. Several vaccine parameters are known to influence adaptive immune responses, including notably the number of immunizations, the delay between them, and the delivery sequence of different recombinant vaccine vectors. Furthermore, the initial effector innate immune response is key to activate and modulate B and T cell responses. Optimization of homologous and heterologous prime/boost vaccination strategies requires a thorough understanding of how vaccination history affects memory B and T cell characteristics. This requires deeper knowledge of how innate cells respond to multiple vaccine encounters. Here, we review how innate cells, more particularly those of the myeloid lineage, sense and respond differently to a 1st and a 2nd vaccine dose, both in an extrinsic and intrinsic manner. On one hand, the presence of primary specific antibodies and memory T cells, whose critical properties change with time after priming, provides a distinct environment for innate cells at the time of re-vaccination. On the other hand, innate cells themselves can exert enhanced intrinsic antimicrobial functions, long after initial stimulation, which is referred to as trained immunity. We discuss the potential of trained innate cells to be game-changers in prime/boost vaccine strategies. Their increased functionality in antigen uptake, antigen presentation, migration, and as cytokine producers, could indeed improve the restimulation of primary memory B and T cells and their differentiation into potent secondary memory cells in response to the boost. A better understanding of trained immunity mechanisms will be highly valuable for harnessing the full potential of trained innate cells, to optimize immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Palgen
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,School of Medical Sciences, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanis Feraoun
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gaëlle Dzangué-Tchoupou
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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41
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Acosta A, Fonte L, Sarmiento ME, Norazmi MN. Does our Mycobacteriome Influence COVID-19 Morbidity and Lethality? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:589165. [PMID: 33613475 PMCID: PMC7890112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.589165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Luis Fonte
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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42
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Juste RA, Geijo MV, Elguezabal N, Sevilla IA, Alonso-Hearn M, Garrido JM. Paratuberculosis vaccination specific and non-specific effects on cattle lifespan. Vaccine 2021; 39:1631-1641. [PMID: 33597115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Records of cattle vaccination against paratuberculosis (PTB) have been analyzed to determine whether or not non-specific effect (NSE) on overall mortality similar to that observed in BCG vaccinated humans occurs in animals. The results of a previously reported slaughterhouse study on PTB prevalence were used as a reference on the age incidence of advanced patent (clinical) epidemio-pathogenic forms. In the proper vaccine study, cows in 30 cattle farms in the Basque Country, Spain were followed-up for between 1 and 13 years. Vaccinated groups were composed by 1008 (592 right-censored) animals younger than 3 months treated as calves and by 3761 (3160 right-censored) vaccinated at any older age. Controls were 339 (157 right-censored) and 4592 (2213 right-censored) age matched animals, respectively. Individual last year presence in the annual testing was considered age at culling or death. A survival analysis was carried out according age at vaccination of vaccinated versus non-vaccinated animals. PTB age incidence in the slaughterhouse study was subtracted from the difference between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals at the same age in order to estimate PTB-specific and non-specific effects. The maximum difference was observed at the 2-3 years interval with a 33.9% mortality reduction in the calf vaccinated group. This corresponded also with the maximum NSE that was 24.5% for a PTB incidence of 9.5%. Overall, vaccination afforded to calves a 26.5% yearly mortality protection, split between 11.1% PTB-specific and 15.4% NSE. These results support a NSE on total mortality associated with PTB vaccination that appeared to persist for up to 6-7 years. This confirms for the first time in an animal field study the innate immune system memory predicted by the recently proposed trained immunity theory. Contrasting the literature, no deleterious effects of killed vaccines on females were observed. Mortality reduction would offset vaccination costs and could improve livestock systems efficiency and potentially reduce antibiotic use. Clinical trial registered with Spanish Agency for Drugs and Sanitary products (AEMPS) as 11/012/ECV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain; SERIDA, Agrifood Regional Research and Development Service, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
| | - M V Geijo
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - N Elguezabal
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - I A Sevilla
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - M Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - J M Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, p-812, E-48160 Derio, Spain
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Can what have we learnt about BCG vaccination in the last 20 years help us to design a better tuberculosis vaccine? Vaccine 2021; 40:1525-1533. [PMID: 33583672 PMCID: PMC8899334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The BCG vaccine provides variable protection against tuberculosis. Correlates of protection remain elusive, but IFNγ can measure immunogenicity. BCG vaccination induces innate immune training as well as antigen-specific immunity. Many factors may contribute to the variable responses to BCG vaccination. Prior BCG vaccination or factors modulating its efficacy may affect new TB vaccines. Innate training may also provide non-specific protection against infectious diseases. New TB vaccines should not lose BCG's beneficial non-specific effects.
The BCG vaccine will, in 2021, have been in use for 100 years. Much remains to be understood, including the reasons for its variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. This review will discuss what has been learnt about the BCG vaccine in the last two decades, and whether this new information can be exploited to improve its efficacy, by enhancing its ability to induce either antigen-specific and/or non-specific effects. Many factors affect both the immunogenicity of BCG and its protective efficacy, highlighting the challenges of working with a live vaccine in man, but new insights may enable us to exploit better what BCG can do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R DiNardo
- From the Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital (A.R.D.), the Immigrant and Global Health Program, Department of Pediatrics (A.R.D.), and the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology (D.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Medical Care Line, Infectious Disease Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.M.M.) - all in Houston; the Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.G.N.); and the Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.G.N.)
| | - Mihai G Netea
- From the Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital (A.R.D.), the Immigrant and Global Health Program, Department of Pediatrics (A.R.D.), and the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology (D.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Medical Care Line, Infectious Disease Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.M.M.) - all in Houston; the Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.G.N.); and the Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.G.N.)
| | - Daniel M Musher
- From the Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital (A.R.D.), the Immigrant and Global Health Program, Department of Pediatrics (A.R.D.), and the Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology (D.M.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Medical Care Line, Infectious Disease Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.M.M.) - all in Houston; the Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.G.N.); and the Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.G.N.)
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Vierboom MP, Dijkman K, Sombroek CC, Hofman SO, Boot C, Vervenne RA, Haanstra KG, van der Sande M, van Emst L, Domínguez-Andrés J, Moorlag SJ, Kocken CH, Thole J, Rodríguez E, Puentes E, Martens JH, van Crevel R, Netea MG, Aguilo N, Martin C, Verreck FA. Stronger induction of trained immunity by mucosal BCG or MTBVAC vaccination compared to standard intradermal vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100185. [PMID: 33521699 PMCID: PMC7817864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BCG vaccination can strengthen protection against pathogens through the induction of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, a process called trained immunity. We and others recently demonstrated that mucosal or intravenous BCG better protects rhesus macaques from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease than standard intradermal vaccination, correlating with local adaptive immune signatures. In line with prior mouse data, here, we show in rhesus macaques that intravenous BCG enhances innate cytokine production associated with changes in H3K27 acetylation typical of trained immunity. Alternative delivery of BCG does not alter the cytokine production of unfractionated bronchial lavage cells. However, mucosal but not intradermal vaccination, either with BCG or the M. tuberculosis-derived candidate MTBVAC, enhances innate cytokine production by blood- and bone marrow-derived monocytes associated with metabolic rewiring, typical of trained immunity. These results provide support to strategies for improving TB vaccination and, more broadly, modulating innate immunity via mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sam O. Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maarten van der Sande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jelle Thole
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joost H.A. Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mihai G. Netea
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Sohrabi Y, Dos Santos JC, Dorenkamp M, Findeisen H, Godfrey R, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVID-19 with a focus on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: mechanisms, challenges and perspectives. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1228. [PMID: 33363733 PMCID: PMC7755499 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe health problem in many countries and has altered day-to-day life in the whole world. This infection is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and depending on age, sex and health status of the patient, it can present with variety of clinical symptoms such as mild infection, a very severe form or even asymptomatic course of the disease. Similarly to other viruses, innate immune response plays a vital role in protection against COVID-19. However, dysregulation of innate immunity could have a significant influence on the severity of the disease. Despite various efforts, there is no effective vaccine against the disease so far. Recent data have demonstrated that the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could reduce disease severity and the burden of several infectious diseases in addition to targeting its primary focus tuberculosis. There is growing evidence for the concept of beneficial non-specific boosting of immune responses by BCG or other microbial compounds termed trained immunity, which may protect against COVID-19. In this manuscript, we review data on how the development of innate immune memory due to microbial compounds specifically BCG can result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss possible mechanisms, challenges and perspectives of using innate immunity as an approach to reduce COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jéssica Cristina Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Dorenkamp
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Hannes Findeisen
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Rinesh Godfrey
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo AB Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Núcleo de Pesquisa da Faculdade da Polícia Militar (FPM) do Estado de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
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47
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Smith NC, Goulart C, Hayward JA, Kupz A, Miller CM, van Dooren GG. Control of human toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:95-121. [PMID: 33347832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite that is able to infect any nucleated cell in any warm-blooded animal. Toxoplasma gondii infects around 2 billion people and, whilst only a small percentage of infected people will suffer serious disease, the prevalence of the parasite makes it one of the most damaging zoonotic diseases in the world. Toxoplasmosis is a disease with multiple manifestations: it can cause a fatal encephalitis in immunosuppressed people; if first contracted during pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage or congenital defects in the neonate; and it can cause serious ocular disease, even in immunocompetent people. The disease has a complex epidemiology, being transmitted by ingestion of oocysts that are shed in the faeces of definitive feline hosts and contaminate water, soil and crops, or by consumption of intracellular cysts in undercooked meat from intermediate hosts. In this review we examine current and future approaches to control toxoplasmosis, which encompass a variety of measures that target different components of the life cycle of T. gondii. These include: education programs about the parasite and avoidance of contact with infectious stages; biosecurity and sanitation to ensure food and water safety; chemo- and immunotherapeutics to control active infections and disease; prophylactic options to prevent acquisition of infection by livestock and cyst formation in meat; and vaccines to prevent shedding of oocysts by definitive feline hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Catherine M Miller
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Malik YS, Ansari MI, Ganesh B, Sircar S, Bhat S, Pande T, Vinodhkumar OR, Kumar P, Iqbal Yatoo M, Tiwari R, Touil N, Patel SK, Pathak M, Sharun K, Dhama K. BCG vaccine: a hope to control COVID-19 pandemic amid crisis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2954-2962. [PMID: 32991235 PMCID: PMC7544963 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1818522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has gripped essentially all countries in the world, and has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people. Several innovative approaches are in development to restrain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In particular, BCG, a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), is being considered as an alternative therapeutic modality. BCG vaccine is known to induce both humoral and adaptive immunities, thereby activating both nonspecific and cross-reactive immune responses in the host, which combined could effectively resist other pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. Notably, some studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, case positivity, and mortality rate have been higher in countries that have not adopted BCG vaccination than in countries that have done so. This review presents an overview of the concepts underlying BCG vaccination and its nonspecific immuological effects and protection, resulting in 'trained immunity' and potential utility for resisting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Ikram Ansari
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Department of Health Research (DHR), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Ayapakkam, Chennai-Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tripti Pande
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - OR Vinodhkumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, J-3 Block, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Nadia Touil
- Laboratoire De Recherche Et De Biosécurité, Hôpital Militaire D’instruction Med V De, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ehtesham NZ, Samal J, Ahmad F, Arish M, Naz F, Alam A, Agrawal U, Hasnain SE. Will bacille Calmette-Guerin immunization arrest the COVID-19 pandemic? Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:16-20. [PMID: 32859863 PMCID: PMC7853263 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1563_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Jasmine Samal
- Inflammation Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Inflammation Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Mohd Arish
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Farha Naz
- Inflammation Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Inflammation Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Usha Agrawal
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062; Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
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50
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Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092109. [PMID: 32948003 PMCID: PMC7564904 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine design traditionally focuses on inducing adaptive immune responses against a sole target pathogen. Considering that many microbes evade innate immune mechanisms to initiate infection, and in light of the discovery of epigenetically mediated innate immune training, the paradigm of vaccine design has the potential to change. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. This review will explore BCG-induced trained immunity, including the required pathways to establish this phenotype. Additionally, potential methods to improve or expand BCG trained immunity effects through alternative vaccine delivery and formulation methods will be discussed. Finally, advances in new anti-Mtb vaccines, other antimicrobial uses for BCG, and “innate memory-based vaccines” will be examined.
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