1
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Lei R, Qing E, Odle A, Yuan M, Gunawardene CD, Tan TJC, So N, Ouyang WO, Wilson IA, Gallagher T, Perlman S, Wu NC, Wong LYR. Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4056. [PMID: 38744813 PMCID: PMC11094058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is functionally important for membrane fusion during virus entry and is part of a broadly neutralizing epitope. However, sequence determinants at the fusion peptide and its adjacent regions for pathogenicity and antigenicity remain elusive. In this study, we perform a series of deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments on an S2 region spanning the fusion peptide of authentic SARS-CoV-2 in different cell lines and in the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. We identify mutations at residue 813 of the spike protein that reduced TMPRSS2-mediated entry with decreased virulence. In addition, we show that an F823Y mutation, present in bat betacoronavirus HKU9 spike protein, confers resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and also highlight a potential challenge in developing broadly protective S2-based coronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Enya Qing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Abby Odle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chaminda D Gunawardene
- Center for Virus-Host Innate Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Natalie So
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wenhao O Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Center for Virus-Host Innate Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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2
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Duan H, Zhang E, Ren G, Cheng Y, Yang B, Liu L, Jolicoeur N, Hu H, Xu Y, Liu B. Exploring immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants using a pseudotyped system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29939. [PMID: 38699727 PMCID: PMC11063423 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the United States, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases have consistently been linked to the prevailing variant XBB.1.5 of SARS-CoV-2 since late 2022. A system has been developed for producing and infecting cells with a pseudovirus (PsV) of SARS-CoV-2 to investigate the infection in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) laboratory. This system utilizes a lentiviral vector carrying ZsGreen1 and Firefly luciferase (Fluc) dual reporter genes, facilitating the analysis of experimental results. In addition, we have created a panel of PsV variants that depict both previous and presently circulating mutations found in circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. A series of PsVs includes the prototype SARS-CoV-2, Delta B.1.617.2, BA.5, XBB.1, and XBB.1.5. To facilitate the study of infections caused by different variants of SARS-CoV-2 PsV, we have developed a HEK-293T cell line expressing mCherry and human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). To validate whether different SARS-CoV-2 PsV variants can be used for neutralization assays, we employed serum from rats immunized with the PF-D-Trimer protein vaccine to investigate its inhibitory effect on the infectivity of various SARS-CoV-2 PsV variants. According to our observations, the XBB variant, particularly XBB.1.5, exhibits stronger immune evasion capabilities than the prototype SARS-CoV-2, Delta B.1.617.2, and BA.5 PsV variants. Hence, utilizing the neutralization test, this study has the capability to forecast the effectiveness in preventing future SARS-CoV-2 variants infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Duan
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ershuai Zhang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ge Ren
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yining Cheng
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binfeng Yang
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | | | - Han Hu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Binlei Liu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
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3
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Shi G, Li T, Lai KK, Johnson RF, Yewdell JW, Compton AA. Omicron Spike confers enhanced infectivity and interferon resistance to SARS-CoV-2 in human nasal tissue. Nat Commun 2024; 15:889. [PMID: 38291024 PMCID: PMC10828397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Omicron emerged following COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, displaced previous SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern worldwide, and gave rise to lineages that continue to spread. Here, we show that Omicron exhibits increased infectivity in primary adult upper airway tissue relative to Delta. Using recombinant forms of SARS-CoV-2 and nasal epithelial cells cultured at the liquid-air interface, we show that mutations unique to Omicron Spike enable enhanced entry into nasal tissue. Unlike earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2, our findings suggest that Omicron enters nasal cells independently of serine transmembrane proteases and instead relies upon metalloproteinases to catalyze membrane fusion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this entry pathway unlocked by Omicron Spike enables evasion from constitutive and interferon-induced antiviral factors that restrict SARS-CoV-2 entry following attachment. Therefore, the increased transmissibility exhibited by Omicron in humans may be attributed not only to its evasion of vaccine-elicited adaptive immunity, but also to its superior invasion of nasal epithelia and resistance to the cell-intrinsic barriers present therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tiansheng Li
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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5
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Elfayres G, Paswan RR, Sika L, Girard MP, Khalfi S, Letanneur C, Milette K, Singh A, Kobinger G, Berthoux L. Mammalian cells-based platforms for the generation of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114835. [PMID: 37871706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19. Though many COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, most of them are delivered via intramuscular injection and thus confer relatively weak mucosal immunity against the natural infection. Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) are self-assembled nanostructures composed of key viral structural proteins, that mimic the wild-type virus structure but are non-infectious and non-replicating due to the lack of viral genetic material. In this study, we efficiently generated SARS-CoV-2 VLPs by co-expressing the four SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, specifically the membrane (M), small envelope (E), spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. We show that these proteins are essential and sufficient for the efficient formation and release of SARS-CoV-2 VLPs. Moreover, we used lentiviral vectors to generate human cell lines that stably produce VLPs. Because VLPs can bind to the virus natural receptors, hence leading to entry into cells and viral antigen presentation, this platform could be used to develop novel vaccine candidates that are delivered intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Elfayres
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Ricky Raj Paswan
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Laura Sika
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Girard
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Soumia Khalfi
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Claire Letanneur
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Kéziah Milette
- Institute of Innovations in Eco-materials, Eco-products and Eco-energies, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amita Singh
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- University Hospital Research Center and Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Lionel Berthoux
- Department of Medical Biology and FRQS SIDA/MI Network, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada.
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6
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de Vries M, Ciabattoni GO, Rodriguez-Rodriguez BA, Crosse KM, Papandrea D, Samanovic MI, Dimartino D, Marier C, Mulligan MJ, Heguy A, Desvignes L, Duerr R, Dittmann M. Generation of quality-controlled SARS-CoV-2 variant stocks. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3821-3855. [PMID: 37833423 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stems from the ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into multiple variants. To address this hurdle, research groups around the world have independently developed protocols to isolate these variants from clinical samples. These isolates are then used in translational and basic research-for example, in vaccine development, drug screening or characterizing SARS-CoV-2 biology and pathogenesis. However, over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have learned that the introduction of artefacts during both in vitro isolation and subsequent propagation to virus stocks can lessen the validity and reproducibility of data. We propose a rigorous pipeline for the generation of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 variant clonal isolates that minimizes the acquisition of mutations and introduces stringent controls to detect them. Overall, the process includes eight stages: (i) cell maintenance, (ii) isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical specimens, (iii) determination of infectious virus titers by plaque assay, (iv) clonal isolation by plaque purification, (v) whole-virus-genome deep-sequencing, (vi and vii) amplification of selected virus clones to master and working stocks and (viii) sucrose purification. This comprehensive protocol will enable researchers to generate reliable SARS-CoV-2 variant inoculates for in vitro and in vivo experimentation and will facilitate comparisons and collaborative work. Quality-controlled working stocks for most applications can be generated from acquired biorepository virus within 1 month. An additional 5-8 d are required when virus is isolated from clinical swab material, and another 6-7 d is needed for sucrose-purifying the stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren de Vries
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace O Ciabattoni
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Keaton M Crosse
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominick Papandrea
- High Containment Laboratories-Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dacia Dimartino
- Genome Technology Center, Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Marier
- Genome Technology Center, Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- High Containment Laboratories-Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Lei R, Qing E, Odle A, Yuan M, Tan TJ, So N, Ouyang WO, Wilson IA, Gallagher T, Perlman S, Wu NC, Wong LYR. Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569051. [PMID: 38076875 PMCID: PMC10705381 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The fusion peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is functionally important for membrane fusion during virus entry and is part of a broadly neutralizing epitope. However, sequence determinants at the fusion peptide and its adjacent regions for pathogenicity and antigenicity remain elusive. In this study, we performed a series of deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments on an S2 region spanning the fusion peptide of authentic SARS-CoV-2 in different cell lines and in the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. We identified mutations at residue 813 of the spike protein that reduced TMPRSS2-mediated entry with decreased virulence. In addition, we showed that an F823Y mutation, present in bat betacoronavirus HKU9 spike protein, confers resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and also highlight a potential challenge in developing broadly protective S2-based coronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Enya Qing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Abby Odle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy J.C. Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalie So
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenhao O. Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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8
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Lushington GH, Linde A, Melgarejo T. Bacterial Proteases as Potentially Exploitable Modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Logic from the Literature, Informatics, and Inspiration from the Dog. BIOTECH 2023; 12:61. [PMID: 37987478 PMCID: PMC10660736 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic left many intriguing mysteries. Retrospective vulnerability trends tie as strongly to odd demographics as to exposure profiles, genetics, health, or prior medical history. This article documents the importance of nasal microbiome profiles in distinguishing infection rate trends among differentially affected subgroups. (2) Hypothesis: From a detailed literature survey, microbiome profiling experiments, bioinformatics, and molecular simulations, we propose that specific commensal bacterial species in the Pseudomonadales genus confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections by expressing proteases that may interfere with the proteolytic priming of the Spike protein. (3) Evidence: Various reports have found elevated Moraxella fractions in the nasal microbiomes of subpopulations with higher resistance to COVID-19 (e.g., adolescents, COVID-19-resistant children, people with strong dietary diversity, and omnivorous canines) and less abundant ones in vulnerable subsets (the elderly, people with narrower diets, carnivorous cats and foxes), along with bioinformatic evidence that Moraxella bacteria express proteases with notable homology to human TMPRSS2. Simulations suggest that these proteases may proteolyze the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a manner that interferes with TMPRSS2 priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Linde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Tonatiuh Melgarejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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9
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Shi G, Li T, Lai KK, Johnson RF, Yewdell JW, Compton AA. Omicron Spike confers enhanced infectivity and interferon resistance to SARS-CoV-2 in human nasal tissue. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.06.539698. [PMID: 37425811 PMCID: PMC10327209 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.06.539698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Omicron emerged following COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, displaced previous SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern worldwide, and gave rise to lineages that continue to spread. Here, we show that Omicron exhibits increased infectivity in primary adult upper airway tissue relative to Delta. Using recombinant forms of SARS-CoV-2 and nasal epithelial cells cultured at the liquid-air interface, enhanced infectivity maps to the step of cellular entry and evolved recently through mutations unique to Omicron Spike. Unlike earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2, Omicron enters nasal cells independently of serine transmembrane proteases and instead relies upon metalloproteinases to catalyze membrane fusion. This entry pathway unlocked by Omicron Spike enables evasion of constitutive and interferon-induced antiviral factors that restrict SARS-CoV-2 entry following attachment. Therefore, the increased transmissibility exhibited by Omicron in humans may be attributed not only to its evasion of vaccine-elicited adaptive immunity, but also to its superior invasion of nasal epithelia and resistance to the cell-intrinsic barriers present therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Tiansheng Li
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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10
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Vanderlinden E, Boonen A, Noppen S, Schoofs G, Imbrechts M, Geukens N, Snoeck R, Stevaert A, Naesens L, Andrei G, Schols D. PRO-2000 exhibits SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity by interfering with spike-heparin binding. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105700. [PMID: 37562608 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of PRO-2000, a sulfonated polyanionic compound. In Vero cells infected with the Wuhan, alpha, beta, delta or omicron variant, PRO-2000 displayed EC50 values of 1.1 μM, 2.4 μM, 1.3 μM, 2.1 μM and 0.11 μM, respectively, and an average selectivity index (i.e. ratio of cytotoxic versus antiviral concentration) of 172. Its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was confirmed by virus yield assays in Vero cells, Caco2 cells and A549 cells overexpressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (A549-AT). Using pseudoviruses bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), PRO-2000 was shown to block the S-mediated pseudovirus entry in Vero cells and A549-AT cells, with EC50 values of 0.091 μM and 1.6 μM, respectively. This entry process is initiated by interaction of the S glycoprotein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies showed that PRO-2000 binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S with a KD of 1.6 nM. Similar KD values (range: 1.2 nM-2.1 nM) were obtained with the RBDs of the alpha, beta, delta and omicron variants. In an SPR neutralization assay, PRO-2000 had no effect on the interaction between the RBD and ACE2. Instead, PRO-2000 was proven to inhibit binding of the RBD to a heparin-coated sensor chip, yielding an IC50 of 1.1 nM. To conclude, PRO-2000 has the potential to inhibit a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants by blocking the heparin-binding site on the S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Vanderlinden
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Schoofs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Cervantes M, Hess T, Morbioli GG, Sengar A, Kasson PM. The ACE2 receptor accelerates but is not biochemically required for SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6997-7004. [PMID: 37389252 PMCID: PMC10306070 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infects human cells via the ACE2 receptor. Structural evidence suggests that ACE2 may not just serve as an attachment factor but also conformationally activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for membrane fusion. Here, we test that hypothesis directly, using DNA-lipid tethering as a synthetic attachment factor in place of ACE2. We find that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and virus-like particles are capable of membrane fusion without ACE2 if activated with an appropriate protease. Thus, ACE2 is not biochemically required for SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion. However, addition of soluble ACE2 speeds up the fusion reaction. On a per-spike level, ACE2 appears to promote activation for fusion and then subsequent inactivation if an appropriate protease is not present. Kinetic analysis suggests at least two rate-limiting steps for SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion, one of which is ACE2 dependent and one of which is not. Since ACE2 serves as a high-affinity attachment factor on human cells, the possibility to replace it with other factors implies a flatter fitness landscape for host adaptation by SARS-CoV-2 and future related coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Cervantes
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22908 USA
| | - Tobin Hess
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22908 USA
| | - Giorgio G Morbioli
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22908 USA
| | - Anjali Sengar
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22908 USA
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22908 USA
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Uppsala University Uppsala SE 75123 USA
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12
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Li G, Hilgenfeld R, Whitley R, De Clercq E. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:449-475. [PMID: 37076602 PMCID: PMC10113999 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated tremendous efforts to develop therapeutic strategies that target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or human proteins to control viral infection, encompassing hundreds of potential drugs and thousands of patients in clinical trials. So far, a few small-molecule antiviral drugs (nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir) and 11 monoclonal antibodies have been marketed for the treatment of COVID-19, mostly requiring administration within 10 days of symptom onset. In addition, hospitalized patients with severe or critical COVID-19 may benefit from treatment with previously approved immunomodulatory drugs, including glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone, cytokine antagonists such as tocilizumab and Janus kinase inhibitors such as baricitinib. Here, we summarize progress with COVID-19 drug discovery, based on accumulated findings since the pandemic began and a comprehensive list of clinical and preclinical inhibitors with anti-coronavirus activities. We also discuss the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other infectious diseases with regard to drug repurposing strategies, pan-coronavirus drug targets, in vitro assays and animal models, and platform trial design for the development of therapeutics to tackle COVID-19, long COVID and pathogenic coronaviruses in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University; Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Richard Whitley
- Department of Paediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Strine MS, Cai WL, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Filler RB, Biering SB, Sarnik S, Chow RD, Patil A, Cervantes KS, Collings CK, DeWeirdt PC, Hanna RE, Schofield K, Hulme C, Konermann S, Doench JG, Hsu PD, Kadoch C, Yan Q, Wilen CB. DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses in a kinase-independent manner. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002097. [PMID: 37310920 PMCID: PMC10263356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying host genes essential for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to reveal novel drug targets and further our understanding of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We previously performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify proviral host factors for highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Few host factors were required by diverse coronaviruses across multiple cell types, but DYRK1A was one such exception. Although its role in coronavirus infection was previously undescribed, DYRK1A encodes Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A and is known to regulate cell proliferation and neuronal development. Here, we demonstrate that DYRK1A regulates ACE2 and DPP4 transcription independent of its catalytic kinase function to support SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry. We show that DYRK1A promotes DNA accessibility at the ACE2 promoter and a putative distal enhancer, facilitating transcription and gene expression. Finally, we validate that the proviral activity of DYRK1A is conserved across species using cells of nonhuman primate and human origin. In summary, we report that DYRK1A is a novel regulator of ACE2 and DPP4 expression that may dictate susceptibility to multiple highly pathogenic human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison S. Strine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wesley L. Cai
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renata B. Filler
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Sarnik
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ajinkya Patil
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kasey S. Cervantes
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clayton K. Collings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter C. DeWeirdt
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Hanna
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Silvana Konermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John G. Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Hsu
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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14
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Sengar A, Cervantes M, Bondalapati ST, Hess T, Kasson PM. Single-Virus Fusion Measurements Reveal Multiple Mechanistically Equivalent Pathways for SARS-CoV-2 Entry. J Virol 2023; 97:e0199222. [PMID: 37133381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01992-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binds to cell surface receptors and is activated for membrane fusion and cell entry via proteolytic cleavage. Phenomenological data have shown that SARS-CoV-2 can be activated for entry at either the cell surface or in endosomes, but the relative roles in different cell types and mechanisms of entry have been debated. Here, we used single-virus fusion experiments and exogenously controlled proteases to probe activation directly. We found that plasma membrane and an appropriate protease are sufficient to support SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus fusion. Furthermore, fusion kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses are indistinguishable no matter which of a broad range of proteases is used to activate the virus. This suggests that the fusion mechanism is insensitive to protease identity or even whether activation occurs before or after receptor binding. These data support a model for opportunistic fusion by SARS-CoV-2 in which the subcellular location of entry likely depends on the differential activity of airway, cellsurface, and endosomal proteases, but all support infection. Inhibition of any single host protease may thus reduce infection in some cells but may be less clinically robust. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 can use multiple pathways to infect cells, as demonstrated recently when new viral variants switched dominant infection pathways. Here, we used single-virus fusion experiments together with biochemical reconstitution to show that these multiple pathways coexist simultaneously and specifically that the virus can be activated by different proteases in different cellular compartments with mechanistically identical effects. The consequences of this are that the virus is evolutionarily plastic and that therapies targeting viral entry should address multiple pathways at once to achieve optimal clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sengar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marcos Cervantes
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sai T Bondalapati
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tobin Hess
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Global Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Furusawa Y, Kiso M, Iida S, Uraki R, Hirata Y, Imai M, Suzuki T, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. In SARS-CoV-2 delta variants, Spike-P681R and D950N promote membrane fusion, Spike-P681R enhances spike cleavage, but neither substitution affects pathogenicity in hamsters. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104561. [PMID: 37043872 PMCID: PMC10083686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2 lineage) variant was first identified at the end of 2020 and possessed two unique amino acid substitutions in its spike protein: S-P681R, at the S1/S2 cleavage site, and S-D950N, in the HR1 of the S2 subunit. However, the roles of these substitutions in virus phenotypes have not been fully characterized. METHODS We used reverse genetics to generate Wuhan-D614G viruses with these substitutions and delta viruses lacking these substitutions and explored how these changes affected their viral characteristics in vitro and in vivo. FINDINGS S-P681R enhanced spike cleavage and membrane fusion, whereas S-D950N slightly promoted membrane fusion. Although S-681R reduced the virus replicative ability especially in VeroE6 cells, neither substitution affected virus replication in Calu-3 cells and hamsters. The pathogenicity of all recombinant viruses tested in hamsters was slightly but not significantly affected. INTERPRETATION Our observations suggest that the S-P681R and S-D950N substitutions alone do not increase virus pathogenicity, despite of their enhancement of spike cleavage or fusogenicity. FUNDING A full list of funding bodies that contributed to this study can be found under Acknowledgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Furusawa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Iida
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Pandemic Preparedness, Infection, and Advanced Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Cellular electrical impedance to profile SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors and to assess the fusogenic potential of spike mutants. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105587. [PMID: 36977434 PMCID: PMC10040089 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vaccination campaigns for COVID-19, we still cannot control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, as evidenced by the ongoing circulation of the Omicron variants of concern. This highlights the need for broad-spectrum antivirals to further combat COVID-19 and to be prepared for a new pandemic with a (re-)emerging coronavirus. An interesting target for antiviral drug development is the fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membranes, a crucial early step in the replication cycle of coronaviruses. In this study, we explored the use of cellular electrical impedance (CEI) to quantitatively monitor morphological changes in real time, resulting from cell-cell fusion elicited by SARS-CoV-2 spike. The impedance signal in CEI-quantified cell-cell fusion correlated with the expression level of SARS-CoV-2 spike in transfected HEK293T cells. For antiviral assessment, we validated the CEI assay with the fusion inhibitor EK1 and measured a concentration-dependent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike mediated cell-cell fusion (IC50 value of 0.13 μM). In addition, CEI was used to confirm the fusion inhibitory activity of the carbohydrate-binding plant lectin UDA against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 value of 0.55 μM), which complements prior in-house profiling activities. Finally, we explored the utility of CEI in quantifying the fusogenic potential of mutant spike proteins and in comparing the fusion efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In summary, we demonstrate that CEI is a powerful and sensitive technology that can be applied to studying the fusion process of SARS-CoV-2 and to screening and characterizing fusion inhibitors in a label-free and non-invasive manner.
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17
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Severe COVID-19 patients have impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cell-mediated control of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:694. [PMID: 36755036 PMCID: PMC9907212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFN-I/λ) are important antiviral mediators against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we demonstrate that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the predominant IFN-I/λ source following their sensing of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Mechanistically, this short-range sensing by pDCs requires sustained integrin-mediated cell adhesion with infected cells. In turn, pDCs restrict viral spread by an IFN-I/λ response directed toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. This specialized function enables pDCs to efficiently turn-off viral replication, likely via a local response at the contact site with infected cells. By exploring the pDC response in SARS-CoV-2 patients, we further demonstrate that pDC responsiveness inversely correlates with the severity of the disease. The pDC response is particularly impaired in severe COVID-19 patients. Overall, we propose that pDC activation is essential to control SARS-CoV-2-infection. Failure to develop this response could be important to understand severe cases of COVID-19.
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18
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Khatri R, Siddqui G, Sadhu S, Maithil V, Vishwakarma P, Lohiya B, Goswami A, Ahmed S, Awasthi A, Samal S. Intrinsic D614G and P681R/H mutations in SARS-CoV-2 VoCs Alpha, Delta, Omicron and viruses with D614G plus key signature mutations in spike protein alters fusogenicity and infectivity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:103-122. [PMID: 36583790 PMCID: PMC9801140 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been rapidly evolving over the time and the genetic variation has led to the generation of Variants of Concerns (VoC), which have shown increased fitness. These VoC viruses contain the key mutations in the spike protein which have allowed better survival and evasion of host defense mechanisms. The D614G mutation in the spike domain is found in the majority of VoC; additionally, the P681R/H mutation at the S1/S2 furin cleavage site junction is also found to be highly conserved in major VoCs; Alpha, Delta, Omicron, and its' current variants. The impact of these genetic alterations of the SARS-CoV-2 VoCs on the host cell entry, transmissibility, and infectivity has not been clearly identified. In our study, Delta and D614G + P681R synthetic double mutant pseudoviruses showed a significant increase in the cell entry, cell-to-cell fusion and infectivity. In contrast, the Omicron and P681H synthetic single mutant pseudoviruses showed TMPRSS2 independent cell entry, less fusion and infectivity as compared to Delta and D614G + P681R double mutants. Addition of exogenous trypsin further enhanced fusion in Delta viruses as compared to Omicron. Furthermore, Delta viruses showed susceptibility to both E64d and Camostat mesylate inhibitors suggesting, that the Delta virus could exploit both endosomal and TMPRSS2 dependent entry pathways as compared to the Omicron virus. Taken together, these results indicate that the D614G and P681R/H mutations in the spike protein are pivotal which might be favoring the VoC replication in different host compartments, and thus allowing a balance of mutation vs selection for better long-term adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Gazala Siddqui
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Immunobiology and Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Vikas Maithil
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Bharat Lohiya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Abhishek Goswami
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Immunobiology and Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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19
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Chan JFW, Huang X, Hu B, Chai Y, Shi H, Zhu T, Yuen TTT, Liu Y, Liu H, Shi J, Wen L, Shuai H, Hou Y, Yoon C, Cai JP, Zhang AJ, Zhou J, Yin F, Yuan S, Zhang BZ, Brindley MA, Shi ZL, Yuen KY, Chu H. Altered host protease determinants for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3867. [PMID: 36662861 PMCID: PMC9858505 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Successful severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection requires proteolytic cleavage of the viral spike protein. While the role of the host transmembrane protease serine 2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is widely recognized, the involvement of other proteases capable of facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry remains incompletely explored. Here, we show that multiple members from the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase families can mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry. Inhibition of MT-MMPs significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that MT-MMPs can cleave SARS-CoV-2 spike and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and facilitate spike-mediated fusion. We further demonstrate that Omicron BA.1 has an increased efficiency on MT-MMP usage, while an altered efficiency on transmembrane serine protease usage for virus entry compared with that of ancestral SARS-CoV-2. These results reveal additional protease determinants for SARS-CoV-2 infection and enhance our understanding on the biology of coronavirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology, and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University–The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, People’s Republic of China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiner Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Shi
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Tianrenzheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiping Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaemin Yoon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology, and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Yin
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University–The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, People’s Republic of China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology, and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology, and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University–The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, People’s Republic of China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology, and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Benlarbi M, Laroche G, Fink C, Fu K, Mulloy RP, Phan A, Ariana A, Stewart CM, Prévost J, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Daniel R, Bo Y, El Ferri O, Yockell-Lelièvre J, Stanford WL, Giguère PM, Mubareka S, Finzi A, Dekaban GA, Dikeakos JD, Côté M. Identification and differential usage of a host metalloproteinase entry pathway by SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron. iScience 2022; 25:105316. [PMID: 36254158 PMCID: PMC9549715 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (S) binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to mediate membrane fusion via two distinct pathways: 1) a surface, serine protease-dependent or 2) an endosomal, cysteine protease-dependent pathway. In this study, we found that SARS-CoV-2 S has a wider protease usage and can also be activated by TMPRSS13 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We found that MMP-2 and MMP-9 played roles in SARS-CoV-2 S cell-cell fusion and TMPRSS2- and cathepsin-independent viral entry in cells expressing high MMP levels. MMP-dependent viral entry required cleavage at the S1/S2 junction in viral producer cells, and differential processing of variants of concern S dictated its usage; the efficiently processed Delta S preferred metalloproteinase-dependent entry when available, and less processed Omicron S was unable to us metalloproteinases for entry. As MMP-2/9 are released during inflammation, they may play roles in S-mediated cytopathic effects, tropism, and disease outcome. MMP-2 and MMP-9 enable SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated syncytia in the absence of TMPRSS2 SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells via MMPs in a TMPRSS2- and cathepsin-independent manner MMP-dependent S activation requires prior S1/S2 processing Delta S can readily use MMPs for entry while Omicron S cannot
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benlarbi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Corby Fink
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kathy Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rory P. Mulloy
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alexandra Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ardeshir Ariana
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Corina M. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Redaet Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Omar El Ferri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Julien Yockell-Lelièvre
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Patrick M. Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gregory A. Dekaban
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada,Corresponding author
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21
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Abstract
RNA viruses include respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as vector-borne viruses, like dengue and West Nile virus. RNA viruses like these encounter various environments when they copy themselves and spread from cell to cell or host to host. Ex vivo differences, such as geographical location and humidity, affect their stability and transmission, while in vivo differences, such as pH and host gene expression, impact viral receptor binding, viral replication, and the host immune response against the viral infection. A critical factor affecting RNA viruses both ex vivo and in vivo, and defining the outcome of viral infections and the direction of viral evolution, is temperature. In this minireview, we discuss the impact of temperature on viral replication, stability, transmission, and adaptation, as well as the host innate immune response. Improving our understanding of how RNA viruses function, survive, and spread at different temperatures will improve our models of viral replication and transmission risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Bisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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22
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Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Kakizaki M, Shiwa-Sudo N, Okura T, Tahara M, Fukushi S, Maeda K, Kawase M, Asanuma H, Tomita Y, Takayama I, Matsuyama S, Shirato K, Suzuki T, Nagata N, Takeda M. Essential role of TMPRSS2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection in murine airways. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6100. [PMID: 36243815 PMCID: PMC9568946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured cells, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via multiple pathways using different host proteases. Recent studies have shown that the furin and TMPRSS2 (furin/TMPRSS2)-dependent pathway plays a minor role in infection of the Omicron variant. Here, we confirm that Omicron uses the furin/TMPRSS2-dependent pathway inefficiently and enters cells mainly using the cathepsin-dependent endocytosis pathway in TMPRSS2-expressing VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and Calu-3 cells. This is the case despite efficient cleavage of the spike protein of Omicron. However, in the airways of TMPRSS2-knockout mice, Omicron infection is significantly reduced. We furthermore show that propagation of the mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 QHmusX strain and human clinical isolates of Beta and Gamma is reduced in TMPRSS2-knockout mice. Therefore, the Omicron variant isn't an exception in using TMPRSS2 in vivo, and analysis with TMPRSS2-knockout mice is important when evaluating SARS-CoV-2 variants. In conclusion, this study shows that TMPRSS2 is critically important for SARS-CoV-2 infection of murine airways, including the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa-Sudo
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okura
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maino Tahara
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tomita
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Martin CE, Murray AS, Mackinder JR, Sala-Hamrick KE, Flynn MG, Lundgren JG, Varela FA, List K. TMPRSS13 zymogen activation, surface localization, and shedding is regulated by proteolytic cleavage within the non-catalytic stem region. Biol Chem 2022; 403:969-982. [PMID: 35796294 PMCID: PMC10642292 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS13 is a member of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family. Here we characterize a novel post-translational mechanism important for TMPRSS13 function: proteolytic cleavage within the extracellular TMPRSS13 stem region located between the transmembrane domain and the first site of N-linked glycosylation at asparagine (N)-250 in the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain. Importantly, the catalytic competence of TMPRSS13 is essential for stem region cleavage, suggesting an autonomous mechanism of action. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 10 basic amino acids (four arginine and six lysine residues) in this region abrogated zymogen activation and catalytic activity of TMPRSS13, as well as phosphorylation, cell surface expression, and shedding. Mutation analysis of individual arginine residues identified R223, a residue located between the low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain and the SRCR domain, as important for stem region cleavage. Mutation of R223 causes a reduction in the aforementioned functional processing steps of TMPRSS13. These data provide further insight into the roles of different post-translational modifications as regulators of the function and localization of TMPRSS13. Additionally, the data suggest the presence of complex interconnected regulatory mechanisms that may serve to ensure the proper levels of cell-surface and pericellular TMPRSS13-mediated proteolysis under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Andrew S. Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jacob R. Mackinder
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kimberley E. Sala-Hamrick
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael G. Flynn
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Joseph G. Lundgren
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Fausto A. Varela
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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24
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Bereczki I, Vimberg V, Lőrincz E, Papp H, Nagy L, Kéki S, Batta G, Mitrović A, Kos J, Zsigmond Á, Hajdú I, Lőrincz Z, Bajusz D, Petri L, Hodek J, Jakab F, Keserű GM, Weber J, Naesens L, Herczegh P, Borbás A. Semisynthetic teicoplanin derivatives with dual antimicrobial activity against SARS-CoV-2 and multiresistant bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16001. [PMID: 36163239 PMCID: PMC9511441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 risk co-infection with Gram-positive bacteria, which severely affects their prognosis. Antimicrobial drugs with dual antiviral and antibacterial activity would be very useful in this setting. Although glycopeptide antibiotics are well-known as strong antibacterial drugs, some of them are also active against RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2. It has been shown that the antiviral and antibacterial efficacy can be enhanced by synthetic modifications. We here report the synthesis and biological evaluation of seven derivatives of teicoplanin bearing hydrophobic or superbasic side chain. All but one teicoplanin derivatives were effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in VeroE6 cells. One lipophilic and three perfluoroalkyl conjugates showed activity against SARS-CoV-2 in human Calu-3 cells and against HCoV-229E, an endemic human coronavirus, in HEL cells. Pseudovirus entry and enzyme inhibition assays established that the teicoplanin derivatives efficiently prevent the cathepsin-mediated endosomal entry of SARS-CoV-2, with some compounds inhibiting also the TMPRSS2-mediated surface entry route. The teicoplanin derivatives showed good to excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria resistant to all approved glycopeptide antibiotics, due to their ability to dually bind to the bacterial membrane and cell-wall. To conclude, we identified three perfluoralkyl and one monoguanidine analog of teicoplanin as dual inhibitors of Gram-positive bacteria and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Bereczki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Hungary.,National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Pecs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Vimberg
- Laboratory for Biology of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eszter Lőrincz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Hungary.,Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Papp
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Pecs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624, Hungary.,Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pecs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Hungary
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Áron Zsigmond
- TargetEx Ltd., Dunakeszi, Madách Imre utca 31/2, 2120, Hungary
| | - István Hajdú
- TargetEx Ltd., Dunakeszi, Madách Imre utca 31/2, 2120, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lőrincz
- TargetEx Ltd., Dunakeszi, Madách Imre utca 31/2, 2120, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Hungary
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Hungary
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Pecs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624, Hungary.,Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pecs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pál Herczegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Hungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Hungary. .,National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Pecs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624, Hungary.
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25
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The Spike-Stabilizing D614G Mutation Interacts with S1/S2 Cleavage Site Mutations To Promote the Infectious Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. J Virol 2022; 96:e0130122. [PMID: 36121299 PMCID: PMC9555207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01301-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remained genetically stable during the first 3 months of the pandemic, before acquiring a D614G spike mutation that rapidly spread worldwide and then generating successive waves of viral variants with increasingly high transmissibility. We set out to evaluate possible epistatic interactions between the early-occurring D614G mutation and the more recently emerged cleavage site mutations present in spike of the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern. The P681H/R mutations at the S1/S2 cleavage site increased spike processing and fusogenicity but limited its incorporation into pseudoviruses. In addition, the higher cleavage rate led to higher shedding of the spike S1 subunit, resulting in a lower infectivity of the P681H/R-carrying pseudoviruses compared to those expressing the Wuhan wild-type spike. The D614G mutation increased spike expression at the cell surface and limited S1 shedding from pseudovirions. As a consequence, the D614G mutation preferentially increased the infectivity of P681H/R-carrying pseudoviruses. This enhancement was more marked in cells where the endosomal route predominated, suggesting that more stable spikes could better withstand the endosomal environment. Taken together, these findings suggest that the D614G mutation stabilized S1/S2 association and enabled the selection of mutations that increased S1/S2 cleavage, leading to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants expressing highly fusogenic spikes. IMPORTANCE The first SARS-CoV-2 variant that spread worldwide in early 2020 carried a D614G mutation in the viral spike, making this protein more stable in its cleaved form at the surface of virions. The Alpha and Delta variants, which spread in late 2020 and early 2021, respectively, proved increasingly transmissible and pathogenic compared to the original strain. Interestingly, Alpha and Delta both carried the mutations P681H/R in a cleavage site that made the spike more cleaved and more efficient at mediating viral fusion. We show here that variants with increased spike cleavage due to P681H/R were even more dependent on the stabilizing effect of the D614G mutation, which limited the shedding of cleaved S1 subunits from viral particles. These findings suggest that the worldwide spread of the D614G mutation was a prerequisite for the emergence of more pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 variants with highly fusogenic spikes.
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26
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Gatineau J, Nidercorne C, Dupont A, Puiffe ML, Cohen JL, Molinier-Frenkel V, Niedergang F, Castellano F. IL4I1 binds to TMPRSS13 and competes with SARS-CoV-2 spike. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982839. [PMID: 36131918 PMCID: PMC9483092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted enzyme interleukin four-induced gene 1 (IL4I1) is involved in the negative control of the adaptive immune response. IL4I1 expression in human cancer is frequent and correlates with poor survival and resistance to immunotherapy. Nevertheless, its mechanism of action remains partially unknown. Here, we identified transmembrane serine protease 13 (TMPRSS13) as an immune cell-expressed surface protein that binds IL4I1. TMPRSS13 is a paralog of TMPRSS2, of which the protease activity participates in the cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and facilitates virus induced-membrane fusion. We show that TMPRSS13 is expressed by human lymphocytes, monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages, can cleave the spike protein and allow SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus entry into cells. We identify regions of homology between IL4I1 and spike and demonstrate competition between the two proteins for TMPRSS13 binding. These findings may be relevant for both interfering with SARS-CoV-2 infection and limiting IL4I1-dependent immunosuppressive activity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José L. Cohen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Hopital H Mondor, CIC Biotherapies, Créteil, France
| | - Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Departement d’Hematologie-Immunologie, Créteil, France
- *Correspondence: Flavia Castellano, ; Florence Niedergang, ; Valérie Molinier-Frenkel,
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Flavia Castellano, ; Florence Niedergang, ; Valérie Molinier-Frenkel,
| | - Flavia Castellano
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Plateforme des Ressources Biologiques, Créteil, France
- *Correspondence: Flavia Castellano, ; Florence Niedergang, ; Valérie Molinier-Frenkel,
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27
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Stewart PDS, Bach JL. The natural thermal sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2022; 1:227-228. [PMID: 38014365 PMCID: PMC9419432 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Hu B, Chan JFW, Liu H, Liu Y, Chai Y, Shi J, Shuai H, Hou Y, Huang X, Yuen TTT, Yoon C, Zhu T, Zhang J, Li W, Zhang AJ, Zhou J, Yuan S, Zhang BZ, Yuen KY, Chu H. Spike mutations contributing to the altered entry preference of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2275-2287. [PMID: 36039901 PMCID: PMC9542985 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2117098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529.1 (Omicron BA.1) emerged in November 2021 and quickly became the predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant globally. Omicron BA.1 contains more than 30 mutations in the spike protein, which contribute to its altered virological features when compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 or previous SARS-CoV-2 variants. Recent studies by us and others demonstrated that Omicron BA.1 is less dependent on transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), less efficient in spike cleavage, less fusogenic, and adopts an altered propensity to utilize the plasma membrane and endosomal pathways for virus entry. Ongoing studies suggest that these virological features of Omicron BA.1 are in part retained by the subsequent Omicron sublineages. However, the exact spike determinants that contribute to these altered features of Omicron remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the spike determinants for the observed virological characteristics of Omicron. By screening for the individual changes on Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 spike, we identify that 69-70 deletion, E484A, and H655Y contribute to the reduced TMPRSS2 usage while 25-27 deletion, S375F, and T376A result in less efficient spike cleavage. Among the shared spike mutations of BA.1 and BA.2, S375F and H655Y reduce spike-mediated fusogenicity. Interestingly, the H655Y change consistently reduces serine protease usage while increases the use of endosomal proteases. In keeping with these findings, the H655Y substitution alone reduces plasma membrane entry and facilitates endosomal entry when compared to SARS-CoV-2 WT. Overall, our study identifies key changes in Omicron spike that contributes to our understanding on the virological determinant and pathogenicity of Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiner Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaemin Yoon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrenzheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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29
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Lipid Raft Integrity and Cellular Cholesterol Homeostasis Are Critical for SARS-CoV-2 Entry into Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163417. [PMID: 36014919 PMCID: PMC9415163 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts in cell plasma membranes play a critical role in the life cycle of many viruses. However, the involvement of membrane cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into target cells is not well known. In this study, we investigated whether the presence of cholesterol-rich microdomains is required for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Our results show that depletion of cholesterol in the rafts by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) treatment impaired the expression of the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), resulting in a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. The effects exerted by MβCD could be substantially reversed by exogenous cholesterol replenishment. In contrast, disturbance of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis by statins or siRNA knockdown of key genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis and transport pathways reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Our study also reveals that SREBP2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis is involved in the process of SARS-CoV-2 entry in target cells. These results suggest that the host membrane cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts and cellular cholesterol homeostasis are essential for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Pharmacological manipulation of intracellular cholesterol might provide new therapeutic strategies to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells.
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30
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A Versatile Class of 1,4,4-Trisubstituted Piperidines Block Coronavirus Replication In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081021. [PMID: 36015168 PMCID: PMC9416004 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a clear need for novel antiviral concepts to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on the promising anti-coronavirus activity observed for a class of 1,4,4-trisubstituted piperidines, we here conducted a detailed analysis of the structure–activity relationship of these structurally unique inhibitors. Despite the presence of five points of diversity, the synthesis of an extensive series of analogues was readily achieved by Ugi four-component reaction from commercially available reagents. After evaluating 63 analogues against human coronavirus 229E, four of the best molecules were selected and shown to have micromolar activity against SARS-CoV-2. Since the action point was situated post virus entry and lying at the stage of viral polyprotein processing and the start of RNA synthesis, enzymatic assays were performed with CoV proteins involved in these processes. While no inhibition was observed for SARS-CoV-2 nsp12-nsp7-nsp8 polymerase, nsp14 N7-methyltransferase and nsp16/nsp10 2’-O-methyltransferase, nor the nsp3 papain-like protease, the compounds clearly inhibited the nsp5 main protease (Mpro). Although the inhibitory activity was quite modest, the plausibility of binding to the catalytic site of Mpro was established by in silico studies. Therefore, the 1,4,4-trisubstituted piperidines appear to represent a novel class of non-covalent CoV Mpro inhibitors that warrants further optimization and development.
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31
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Vu MN, Lokugamage KG, Plante JA, Scharton D, Bailey AO, Sotcheff S, Swetnam DM, Johnson BA, Schindewolf C, Alvarado RE, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Debbink K, Weaver SC, Walker DH, Russell WK, Routh AL, Plante KS, Menachery VD. QTQTN motif upstream of the furin-cleavage site plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205690119. [PMID: 35881779 PMCID: PMC9371735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205690119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The furin cleavage site (FCS), an unusual feature in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, has been spotlighted as a factor key to facilitating infection and pathogenesis by increasing spike processing. Similarly, the QTQTN motif directly upstream of the FCS is also an unusual feature for group 2B coronaviruses (CoVs). The QTQTN deletion has consistently been observed in in vitro cultured virus stocks and some clinical isolates. To determine whether the QTQTN motif is critical to SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis, we generated a mutant deleting the QTQTN motif (ΔQTQTN). Here, we report that the QTQTN deletion attenuates viral replication in respiratory cells in vitro and attenuates disease in vivo. The deletion results in a shortened, more rigid peptide loop that contains the FCS and is less accessible to host proteases, such as TMPRSS2. Thus, the deletion reduced the efficiency of spike processing and attenuates SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the QTQTN motif also contains residues that are glycosylated, and disruption of its glycosylation also attenuates virus replication in a TMPRSS2-dependent manner. Together, our results reveal that three aspects of the S1/S2 cleavage site-the FCS, loop length, and glycosylation-are required for efficient SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Kumari G. Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Dionna Scharton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Aaron O. Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Stephanea Sotcheff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Daniele M. Swetnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Bryan A. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Craig Schindewolf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - R. Elias Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21211
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Andrew L. Routh
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Abstract
The continuous emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) urges better understanding of the functional motifs in the spike (S) protein and their tolerance to mutations. Here, we focused on the S2′ motif, which, during virus entry, requires cleavage by a host cell protease to release the fusion peptide. Though belonging to an immunogenic region, the SARS-CoV-2 S2′ motif (811-KPSKR-815) has shown hardly any variation, with its three basic (K/R) residues being >99.99% conserved thus far. By creating a series of mutant pseudoviruses bearing the spikes of Wuhan-Hu-1, its G614 mutant or the Delta and Omicron variants, we show that residue K814 (preceding the scissile R815) is dispensable for TMPRSS2 yet favored by the alternative TMPRSS13 protease. Activation by TMPRSS13 was drastically reduced when the SARS-CoV-2 S2′ motif was swapped with that of the low pathogenic 229E coronavirus (685-RVAGR-689), and also, the reverse effect was seen. This swap had no impact on recognition by TMPRSS2. In the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike, introducing a dibasic scissile motif was easily accepted by TMPRSS13 but less so by TMPRSS2, confirming that TMPRSS13 favors a sequence rich in K/R residues. Pseudovirus entry experiments in Calu-3 cells confirmed that the S2′ mutations have minor impact on TMPRSS2. Our findings are the first to demonstrate which S2′ residues are important for SARS-CoV-2 spike activation by these two airway proteases, with TMPRSS2 being more tolerant to variation than TMPRSS13. This preemptive insight will help to estimate the impact of S2′ motif changes as they appear in new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Yan K, Dumenil T, Tang B, Le TT, Bishop CR, Suhrbier A, Rawle DJ. Evolution of ACE2-Independent SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Mouse Adaption After Passage in Cells Expressing Human and Mouse ACE2. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac063. [PMID: 35919871 PMCID: PMC9338707 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ACE2 Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the key cell attachment and entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with the original SARS-CoV-2 isolates unable to use mouse ACE2 (mACE2). Herein we describe the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 strain capable of ACE2-independent infection and the evolution of mouse-adapted (MA) SARS-CoV-2 by in vitro serial passaging of virus in co-cultures of cell lines expressing hACE2 and mACE2. MA viruses evolved with up to five amino acid changes in the spike protein, all of which have been seen in human isolates. MA viruses replicated to high titers in C57BL/6J mouse lungs and nasal turbinates and caused characteristic lung histopathology. One MA virus also evolved to replicate efficiently in several ACE2-negative cell lines across several species, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) ACE2 knockout cells. An E484D substitution is likely involved in ACE2-independent entry and has appeared in only ≈0.003 per cent of human isolates globally, suggesting that it provided no significant selection advantage in humans. ACE2-independent entry reveals a SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism that has potential implications for disease pathogenesis, evolution, tropism, and perhaps also intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yan
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bishop
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence , Brisbane, Queensland, 4029 and 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- Infection and Inflammation Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland. 4029, Australia
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Shiraki K, Sato N, Sakai K, Matsumoto S, Kaszynski RH, Takemoto M. Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108121. [PMID: 35121001 PMCID: PMC8806403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at significantly lower concentrations than the plasma trough levels achieved by the dosage adopted for influenza treatment and exhibits efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Although high doses of favipiravir are required due to the molecule being a purine analog, its conversion into the active form in infected cells with active viral RNA synthesis enhances the antiviral specificity and selectivity as a chain terminator with lethal mutagenesis. Another characteristic feature is the lack of generation of favipiravir-resistant virus. COVID-19 pneumonia is caused by strong cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells, and the inflammatory response induced by adaptive immunity continues to peak for 3 to 5 days despite antiviral treatment. This has also been observed in herpes zoster (HZ) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. Inflammation due to an immune response may mask the effectiveness of favipiravir against COVID-19 pneumonia. Favipiravir significantly shortened the recovery time in patients with mild COVID-19 pneumonia by 3 days with the start of treatment by the 5th day of symptom onset. Since both CMV and COVID-19 pneumonia are caused by adaptive immunity and prevention of cytomegalovirus pneumonia is the standard treatment due to difficulties in treating refractory CMV pneumonia, COVID-19 pneumonia should be prevented with early treatment as well. In the present study, we have comprehensively reviewed the optimal antiviral therapy for COVID-19 based on clinical trials of favipiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia and the concurrently established therapies for other viral infections, particularly HZ and CMV pneumonia. Optimally, antivirals should be administered immediately after COVID-19 diagnosis, similar to that after influenza diagnosis, to prevent COVID-19 pneumonia and complications resulting from microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Sato
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Richard H Kaszynski
- Stanford Solutions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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35
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Vanhulle E, Stroobants J, Provinciael B, Camps A, Noppen S, Maes P, Vermeire K. SARS-CoV-2 Permissive glioblastoma cell line for high throughput antiviral screening. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105342. [PMID: 35595082 PMCID: PMC9113983 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great success of the administered vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus can still spread, as evidenced by the current circulation of the highly contagious Omicron variant. This emphasizes the additional need to develop effective antiviral countermeasures. In the context of early preclinical studies for antiviral assessment, robust cellular infection systems are required to screen drug libraries. In this study, we reported the implementation of a human glioblastoma cell line, stably expressing ACE2, in a SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. These glioblastoma cells, designated as U87.ACE2+, expressed ACE2 and cathepsin B abundantly, but had low cellular levels of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L. The U87.ACE2+ cells fused highly efficiently and quickly with SARS-CoV-2 spike expressing cells. Furthermore, upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus, the U87.ACE2+ cells displayed rapidly a clear CPE that resulted in complete cell lysis and destruction of the cell monolayer. By means of several readouts we showed that the U87.ACE2+ cells actively replicate SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the U87.ACE2+ cells could be successfully implemented in an MTS-based colorimetric CPE reduction assay, providing IC50 values for Remdesivir and Nirmatrelvir in the (low) nanomolar range. Lastly, the U87.ACE2+ cells were consistently permissive to all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the current Omicron variant. Thus, ACE2 expressing glioblastoma cells are highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 with productive viral replication and with the induction of a strong CPE that can be utilized in high-throughput screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Vanhulle
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joren Stroobants
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Becky Provinciael
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita Camps
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Los B, Preußner M, Eschke K, Vidal RM, Abdelgawad A, Olofsson D, Keiper S, Paulo-Pedro M, Grindel A, Meinke S, Trimpert J, Heyd F. Body temperature variation controls pre-mRNA processing and transcription of antiviral genes and SARS-CoV-2 replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6769-6785. [PMID: 35713540 PMCID: PMC9262603 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity represents the first defense against invading viruses and is key to control viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Body temperature is an omnipresent variable but was neglected when addressing host defense mechanisms and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we show that increasing temperature in a 1.5°C window, between 36.5 and 38°C, strongly increases the expression of genes in two branches of antiviral immunity, nitric oxide production and type I interferon response. We show that alternative splicing coupled to nonsense-mediated decay decreases STAT2 expression in colder conditions and suggest that increased STAT2 expression at elevated temperature induces the expression of diverse antiviral genes and SARS-CoV-2 restriction factors. This cascade is activated in a remarkably narrow temperature range below febrile temperature, which reflects individual, circadian and age-dependent variation. We suggest that decreased body temperature with aging contributes to reduced expression of antiviral genes in older individuals. Using cell culture and in vivo models, we show that higher body temperature correlates with reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may affect the different vulnerability of children versus seniors toward severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Altogether, our data connect body temperature and pre-mRNA processing to provide new mechanistic insight into the regulation of antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Los
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Preußner
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Omiqa Bioinformatics, Altensteinstraße 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Omiqa Bioinformatics, Altensteinstraße 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Didrik Olofsson
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Keiper
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarida Paulo-Pedro
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alica Grindel
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Meinke
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Omiqa Bioinformatics, Altensteinstraße 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 30 83862938; Fax: +49 30 838 4 62938;
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37
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Kung YA, Lee KM, Chiang HJ, Huang SY, Wu CJ, Shih SR. Molecular Virology of SARS-CoV-2 and Related Coronaviruses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0002621. [PMID: 35343760 PMCID: PMC9199417 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00026-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to threaten the lives of hundreds of millions of people, with a severe negative impact on the global economy. Although several COVID-19 vaccines are currently being administered, none of them is 100% effective. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 variants remain an important worldwide public health issue. Hence, the accelerated development of efficacious antiviral agents is urgently needed. Coronavirus depends on various host cell factors for replication. An ongoing research objective is the identification of host factors that could be exploited as targets for drugs and compounds effective against SARS-CoV-2. In the present review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses, focusing on the host factors or pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication that have been identified by genome-wide CRISPR screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Jung Chiang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Wu
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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38
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Inaida S, Paul RE, Matsuno S. Viral transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 accelerates in the winter, similarly to influenza epidemics. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:1070-1076. [PMID: 35605752 PMCID: PMC9121648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is anticipated to increase in the winter because of increased viral survival in cold damp air and thus would exacerbate viral spread in community. Analysis to capture the seasonal trend is needed to be prepared for future epidemics. We compared regression models for the 5-week case prior to each epidemic peak week for both the COVID-19 and influenza epidemics in winter and summer. The weekly case increase ratio was compared, using non-paired t tests between seasons. In order to test the robustness of seasonal transmission patterns, the normalized weekly case numbers of COVID-19 and influenza case rates of all seasons were assessed in a combined quadratic regression analysis. In winter, the weekly case increase ratio accelerated before epidemic peaks, similarly, for both COVID-19 and influenza. The quadratic regression models of weekly cases were observed to be convex curves in the winter and concave curves in the spring/summer for both COVID-19 and influenza. A significant increase of case increase ratio (3.19 [95%CI:0.01-6.37, P = .049]) of the COVID-19 and influenza epidemics was observed in winter as compared to spring/summer before the epidemic peak. The epidemic of COVID-19 was found to mirror that of influenza, suggesting a strong underlying seasonal transmissibility. Influenza epidemics can potentially be a useful reference for the COVID-19 epidemics.
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39
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Yu F, Pan T, Huang F, Ying R, Liu J, Fan H, Zhang J, Liu W, Lin Y, Yuan Y, Yang T, Li R, Zhang X, Lv X, Chen Q, Liang A, Zou F, Liu B, Hu F, Tang X, Li L, Deng K, He X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ma X. Glycopeptide Antibiotic Teicoplanin Inhibits Cell Entry of SARS-CoV-2 by Suppressing the Proteolytic Activity of Cathepsin L. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884034. [PMID: 35572668 PMCID: PMC9096618 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), public health worldwide has been greatly threatened. The development of an effective treatment for this infection is crucial and urgent but is hampered by the incomplete understanding of the viral infection mechanisms and the lack of specific antiviral agents. We previously reported that teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic that has been commonly used in the clinic to treat bacterial infection, significantly restrained the cell entry of Ebola virus, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV by specifically inhibiting the activity of cathepsin L (CTSL). Here, we found that the cleavage sites of CTSL on the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were highly conserved among all the variants. The treatment with teicoplanin suppressed the proteolytic activity of CTSL on spike and prevented the cellular infection of different pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Teicoplanin potently prevented the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cellular cytoplasm with an IC50 of 2.038 μM for the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain and an IC50 of 2.116 μM for the SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) variant. The pre-treatment of teicoplanin also prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection in hACE2 mice. In summary, our data reveal that CTSL is required for both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of teicoplanin for universal anti-CoVs intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruosu Ying
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Lv
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
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40
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Baselga M, Güemes A, Alba JJ, Schuhmacher AJ. SARS-CoV-2 Droplet and Airborne Transmission Heterogeneity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2607. [PMID: 35566733 PMCID: PMC9099777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have not yet been fully understood after two years of the pandemic. The virus's global spread represented a unique scenario for advancing infectious disease research. Consequently, mechanistic epidemiological theories were quickly dismissed, and more attention was paid to other approaches that considered heterogeneity in the spread. One of the most critical advances in aerial pathogens transmission was the global acceptance of the airborne model, where the airway is presented as the epicenter of the spread of the disease. Although the aerodynamics and persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the air have been extensively studied, the actual probability of contagion is still unknown. In this work, the individual heterogeneity in the transmission of 22 patients infected with COVID-19 was analyzed by close contact (cough samples) and air (environmental samples). Viral RNA was detected in 2/19 cough samples from patient subgroups, with a mean Ct (Cycle Threshold in Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis) of 25.7 ± 7.0. Nevertheless, viral RNA was only detected in air samples from 1/8 patients, with an average Ct of 25.0 ± 4.0. Viral load in cough samples ranged from 7.3 × 105 to 8.7 × 108 copies/mL among patients, while concentrations between 1.1-4.8 copies/m3 were found in air, consistent with other reports in the literature. In patients undergoing follow-up, no viral load was found (neither in coughs nor in the air) after the third day of symptoms, which could help define quarantine periods in infected individuals. In addition, it was found that the patient's Ct should not be considered an indicator of infectiousness, since it could not be correlated with the viral load disseminated. The results of this work are in line with proposed hypotheses of superspreaders, which can attribute part of the heterogeneity of the spread to the oversized emission of a small percentage of infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baselga
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.J.A.)
| | - Antonio Güemes
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.J.A.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan J. Alba
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.J.A.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto J. Schuhmacher
- Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.J.A.)
- Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Niemeyer BF, Benam KH. Untapping host-targeting cross-protective efficacy of anticoagulants against SARS-CoV-2. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 233:108027. [PMID: 34718070 PMCID: PMC8552695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Responding quickly to emerging respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is essential to stop uncontrolled spread of these pathogens and mitigate their socio-economic impact globally. This can be achieved through drug repurposing, which tackles inherent time- and resource-consuming processes associated with conventional drug discovery and development. In this review, we examine key preclinical and clinical therapeutic and prophylactic approaches that have been applied for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We break these strategies down into virus- versus host-targeting and discuss their reported efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages. Importantly, we highlight emerging evidence on application of host serine protease-inhibiting anticoagulants, such as nafamostat mesylate, as a potentially powerful therapy to inhibit virus activation and offer cross-protection against multiple strains of coronavirus, lower inflammatory response independent of its antiviral effect, and modulate clotting problems seen in COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Niemeyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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42
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Potential Drug Discovery for COVID-19 Treatment Targeting Cathepsin L Using a Deep Learning-Based Strategy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2442-2454. [PMID: 35602976 PMCID: PMC9110316 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L(CTSL) is a promising therapeutic target for COVID-19. A new deep learning model was used to predict CTSL inhibitor based on structure. 5 molecules for inhibiting CTSL and treating COVID-19 at nmol level were identified. Daptomycin can distinctly inhibit CTSL and has potential for COVID-19 treatment.
Cathepsin L (CTSL), a cysteine protease that can cleave and activate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, could be a promising therapeutic target for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is still no clinically available CTSL inhibitor that can be used. Here, we applied Chemprop, a newly trained directed-message passing deep neural network approach, to identify small molecules and FDA-approved drugs that can block CTSL activity to expand the discovery of CTSL inhibitors for drug development and repurposing for COVID-19. We found 5 molecules (Mg-132, Z-FA-FMK, leupeptin hemisulfate, Mg-101 and calpeptin) that were able to significantly inhibit the activity of CTSL in the nanomolar range and inhibit the infection of both pseudotype and live SARS-CoV-2. Notably, we discovered that daptomycin, an FDA-approved antibiotic, has a prominent CTSL inhibitory effect and can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection. Further, molecular docking calculation showed stable and robust binding of these compounds with CTSL. In conclusion, this study suggested for the first time that Chemprop is ideally suited to predict additional inhibitors of enzymes and revealed the noteworthy strategy for screening novel molecules and drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases with unmet needs.
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Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract and the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050933. [PMID: 35632675 PMCID: PMC9143801 DOI: 10.3390/v14050933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the nasal epithelium to be the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that early and effective immune responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) limit and eliminate the infection in the URT, thereby preventing infection of the lower respiratory tract and the development of severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 interferes with innate immunity signaling and evolves mutants that can reduce antibody-mediated immunity in the URT. Recent genetic and immunological advances in understanding innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the URT, and the ability of prior infections as well as currently available injectable and potential intranasal COVID-19 vaccines to generate anamnestic adaptive immunity in the URT, are reviewed. It is suggested that the more detailed investigation of URT immune responses to all types of COVID-19 vaccines, and the development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for intranasal administration, are important needs.
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Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the threat posed by novel coronaviruses to human health. Coronaviruses share a highly conserved cell entry mechanism mediated by the spike protein, the sole product of the S gene. The structural dynamics by which the spike protein orchestrates infection illuminate how antibodies neutralize virions and how S mutations contribute to viral fitness. Here, we review the process by which spike engages its proteinaceous receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and how host proteases prime and subsequently enable efficient membrane fusion between virions and target cells. We highlight mutations common among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern and discuss implications for cell entry. Ultimately, we provide a model by which sarbecoviruses are activated for fusion competency and offer a framework for understanding the interplay between humoral immunity and the molecular evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike. In particular, we emphasize the relevance of the Canyon Hypothesis (M. G. Rossmann, J Biol Chem 264:14587-14590, 1989) for understanding evolutionary trajectories of viral entry proteins during sustained intraspecies transmission of a novel viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wolf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Interdiscipinary Ph.D. Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Quantitative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason C Kwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
- Center for Excellence in Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Association between COVID-19 Diagnosis and Coronary Artery Thrombosis: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030702. [PMID: 35327504 PMCID: PMC8945192 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is characterized by its severe respiratory effects. Data early on indicated an increased risk of mortality in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Early reports highlighted the multisystem inflammatory syndrome, cytokine storm, and thromboembolic events as part of the disease processes. The aim of this review is to assess the association between COVID-19 and its thrombotic complications, specifically related to the cardiovascular system. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is explored in the pathogenesis of the disease. The structure and anatomy of the virus are pivotal to its virulence in comparison to other α and β Coronaviridae (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1). In particular, the host interaction and response may explain the variability of severity in patients. Angio tensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activation may be implicated in the cardiovascular and throm bogenic potential of the disease. The virus may also have direct effects on the endothelial lining affecting hemostasis and resulting in thrombosis through several mechanisms. Dipyridamole may have a therapeutic benefit in NET suppression. Therapeutic avenues should be concentrated on the different pathophysiological steps involving the virus and the host.
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Endothelial Dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030654. [PMID: 35327455 PMCID: PMC8945463 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the inflammatory process that played a role in its pathogenesis, resulting in mortality within susceptible individuals. This uncontrolled inflammatory process leads to severe systemic symptoms via multiple pathways; however, the role of endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis have not been truly explored. This review aims to highlight the pathogenic mechanisms of these inflammatory triggers leading to thrombogenic complications. There are direct and indirect pathogenic pathways of the infection that are examined in detail. We also describe the case of carotid artery thrombosis in a patient following SARS-CoV-2 infection while reviewing the literature on the role of ACE2, the endothelium, and the different mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may manifest both acutely and chronically. We also highlight differences from the other coronaviruses that have made this infection a pandemic with similarities to the influenza virus.
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Short-chain fatty acid acetate triggers antiviral response mediated by RIG-I in cells from infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103891. [PMID: 35220042 PMCID: PMC8871125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty-acid (SFCA) acetate protects mice against RSV A2 strain infection by increasing interferon-β production and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, the role of SFCA in RSV infection using strains isolated from patients is unknown. Methods We first used RSV clinical strains isolated from infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis to investigate the effects of in vitro SCFA-acetate treatment of human pulmonary epithelial cells. We next examined whether SCFA-acetate treatment is beneficial in a mouse model of RSV infection using clinical isolates. We sought to investigate the relationship of gut microbiota and fecal acetate with disease severity among infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis, and whether treating their respiratory epithelial cells with SCFA-acetate ex-vivo impacts viral load and ISG expression. We further treated epithelial cells from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with SCFA-acetate. Findings In vitro pre-treatment of A549 cells with SCFA-acetate reduced RSV infection with clinical isolates and increased the expression of RIG-I and ISG15. Animals treated with SCFA-acetate intranasally recovered significantly faster, with reduction in the RSV clinical isolates viral load, and increased lung expression of IFNB1 and the RIG-I. Experiments in RIG-I knockout A549 cells demonstrated that the protection relies on RIG-I presence. Gut microbial profile was associated with bronchiolitis severity and with acetate in stool. Increased SCFA-acetate levels were associated with increasing oxygen saturation at admission, and shorter duration of fever. Ex-vivo treatment of patients’ respiratory cells with SCFA-acetate reduced RSV load and increased expression of ISGs OAS1 and ISG15, and virus recognition receptors MAVS and RIG-I, but not IFNB1. These SCFA-acetate effects were not found on cells from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Interpretation SCFA-acetate reduces the severity of RSV infection and RSV viral load through modulation of RIG-I expression. Funding FAPERGS (FAPERGS/MS/CNPq/SESRS no. 03/2017 - PPSUS 17/2551-0001380-8 and COVID-19 20/2551-0000258-6); CNPq 312504/2017-9; CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
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Pak AJ, Yu A, Ke Z, Briggs JAG, Voth GA. Cooperative multivalent receptor binding promotes exposure of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion machinery core. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1002. [PMID: 35194049 PMCID: PMC8863989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events that permit the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to bind and enter cells are important to understand for both fundamental and therapeutic reasons. Spike proteins consist of S1 and S2 domains, which recognize angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and contain the viral fusion machinery, respectively. Ostensibly, the binding of spike trimers to ACE2 receptors promotes dissociation of the S1 domains and exposure of the fusion machinery, although the molecular details of this process have yet to be observed. We report the development of bottom-up coarse-grained (CG) models consistent with cryo-electron tomography data, and the use of CG molecular dynamics simulations to investigate viral binding and S2 core exposure. We show that spike trimers cooperatively bind to multiple ACE2 dimers at virion-cell interfaces in a manner distinct from binding between soluble proteins, which processively induces S1 dissociation. We also simulate possible variant behavior using perturbed CG models, and find that ACE2-induced S1 dissociation is primarily sensitive to conformational state populations and the extent of S1/S2 cleavage, rather than ACE2 binding affinity. These simulations reveal an important concerted interaction between spike trimers and ACE2 dimers that primes the virus for membrane fusion and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Pak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Alvin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zunlong Ke
- Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Cell and Virus Structure, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - John A G Briggs
- Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Cell and Virus Structure, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Known Cellular and Receptor Interactions of Animal and Human Coronaviruses: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020351. [PMID: 35215937 PMCID: PMC8878323 DOI: 10.3390/v14020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review all currently known interactions between animal and human coronaviruses and their cellular receptors. Over the past 20 years, three novel coronaviruses have emerged that have caused severe disease in humans, including SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2); therefore, a deeper understanding of coronavirus host-cell interactions is essential. Receptor-binding is the first stage in coronavirus entry prior to replication and can be altered by minor changes within the spike protein-the coronavirus surface glycoprotein responsible for the recognition of cell-surface receptors. The recognition of receptors by coronaviruses is also a major determinant in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis and acts as a key target for host-immune surveillance and other potential intervention strategies. We aim to highlight the need for a continued in-depth understanding of this subject area following on from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with the possibility for more zoonotic transmission events. We also acknowledge the need for more targeted research towards glycan-coronavirus interactions as zoonotic spillover events from animals to humans, following an alteration in glycan-binding capability, have been well-documented for other viruses such as Influenza A.
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50
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Colson P, Delerce J, Burel E, Beye M, Fournier PE, Levasseur A, Lagier JC, Raoult D. Occurrence of a substitution or deletion of SARS-CoV-2 spike amino acid 677 in various lineages in Marseille, France. Virus Genes 2022; 58:53-58. [PMID: 34839413 PMCID: PMC8627157 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Great concerns have been raised about SARS-CoV-2 variants over the past six months. At the end of 2020, an increasing incidence of spike substitutions Q677H/P was described in the USA, which involved six independent lineages. We searched for changes to this amino acid in the sequence database of SARS-CoV-2 genomes obtained at the IHU Méditerranée Infection (Marseille, France) from 3634 patients sampled between February 2020 and April 2021. In seven genomes (0.2%), we found a deletion of five amino acids at spike positions 675-679 (QTQTN) including Q677, and in 76 genomes (2.3%) we found a Q677H substitution. The 83 genomes were classified in ten different Pangolin lineages. Genomes with a spike Q677 deletion were obtained from respiratory samples collected in six cases between 28 March 2020 and 12 October 2020 and in one case on 1 February 2021. The Q677H substitution was found in genomes all obtained from respiratory samples collected from 19 January 2021 and were classified in seven different lineages. Most of these genomes (41 cases) were of UK variant. Two others were classified in the B.1.160 Pangolin lineage (Marseille-4 variant) which was first detected in July 2020 in our institute but was devoid of this substitution until 19 January 2021. Also, eight genomes were classified in the A.27/Marseille-501 lineage which was first detected in our institute in January 2021 and which either harboured or did not harbour the Q677H substitution. Thus, the spike Q677H substitution should be considered as another example of convergent evolution, as it is the case of spike substitutions L18F, E484K, L452R, and N501Y which also independently appeared in various lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremy Delerce
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Burel
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Mamadou Beye
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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