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Cheng J, Jackson MB. Somatostatin modulation of initial fusion pores in Ca 2+-triggered exocytosis from mouse chromaffin cells. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39141801 DOI: 10.1113/jp286175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin, a peptide hormone that activates G-protein-coupled receptors, inhibits the secretion of many hormones. This study investigated the mechanisms of this inhibition using amperometry recording of Ca2+-triggered catecholamine secretion from mouse chromaffin cells. Two distinct stimulation protocols, high-KCl depolarization and caffeine, were used to trigger exocytosis, and confocal fluorescence imaging was used to monitor the rise in intracellular free Ca2+. Analysis of single-vesicle fusion events (spikes) resolved the action of somatostatin on fusion pores at different stages. Somatostatin reduced spike frequency, and this reduction was accompanied by prolongation of pre-spike feet and slowing of spike rise times. This indicates that somatostatin stabilizes initial fusion pores and slows their expansion. This action on the initial fusion pore impacted the release mode to favour kiss-and-run over full-fusion. During a spike the permeability of a fusion pore peaks, declines and then settles into a plateau. Somatostatin had no effect on the plateau, suggesting no influence on late-stage fusion pores. These actions of somatostatin were indistinguishable between exocytosis triggered by high-KCl and caffeine, and fluorescence imaging showed that somatostatin had no effect on stimulus-induced rises in cytosolic Ca2+. Our findings thus demonstrate that the signalling cascades activated by somatostatin target the exocytotic machinery that controls the initial and expanding stages of fusion pores, while having no effect on late-stage fusion pores. As a result of its stronger inhibition of full-fusion compared to kiss-and-run, somatostatin will preferentially inhibit the secretion of large peptides over the secretion of small catecholamines. KEY POINTS: Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of various hormones by activating G-protein-coupled receptors. In this study, we used amperometry to investigate the mechanism by which somatostatin inhibits catecholamine release from mouse chromaffin cells. Somatostatin increased pre-spike foot lifetime and slowed fusion pore expansion. Somatostatin inhibited full-fusion more strongly than kiss-and-run. Our results suggest that the initial fusion pore is the target of somatostatin-mediated regulation of hormone release. The stronger inhibition of full-fusion by somatostatin will result in preferential inhibition of peptide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Biophysics PhD Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meyer B Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience and Biophysics PhD Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Remba-Shapiro I, Nachtigall LB. Treatment of acromegaly with oral octreotide. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 38:101888. [PMID: 38443224 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2024.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a rare disease caused by a growth hormone excess, usually due to a secreting pituitary adenoma. Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRL) are the mainstay of medical therapy for patients with acromegaly who fail to achieve biochemical control post-operatively or are not eligible for surgical treatment. SRLs are typically administered as monthly injections and have shown to be effective in maintaining biochemical and radiological control of acromegaly. However, these injections may cause local adverse events and are associated with increased psychological burden in some patients. Oral octreotide provides a new alternative for patients responding to injectable SRLs. This new formulation has shown to have similar safety and efficacy profiles compared to injectable SRLs and may be a preferable option for some patients with acromegaly. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of oral octreotide in the management of acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Remba-Shapiro
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa B Nachtigall
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Li YG, Meng XY, Yang X, Ling SL, Shi P, Tian CL, Yang F. Structural insights into somatostatin receptor 5 bound with cyclic peptides. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01314-8. [PMID: 38926478 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) is highly expressed in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas and is an important drug target for the treatment of Cushing's disease. Two cyclic SST analog peptides (pasireotide and octreotide) both can activate SSTR5 and SSTR2. Pasireotide is preferential binding to SSTR5 than octreotide, while octreotide is biased to SSTR2 than SSTR5. The lack of selectivity of both pasireotide and octreotide causes side effects, such as hyperglycemia, gastrointestinal disturbance, and abnormal glucose homeostasis. However, little is known about the binding and selectivity mechanisms of pasireotide and octreotide with SSTR5, limiting the development of subtype-selective SST analog drugs specifically targeting SSTR5. Here, we report two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of SSTR5-Gi complexes activated by pasireotide and octreoitde at resolutions of 3.09 Å and 3.24 Å, respectively. In combination with structural analysis and functional experiments, our results reveal the molecular mechanisms of ligand recognition and receptor activation. We also demonstrate that pasireotide preferentially binds to SSTR5 through the interactions between Tyr(Bzl)/DTrp of pasireotide and SSTR5. Moreover, we find that the Q2.63, N6.55, F7.35 and ECL2 of SSTR2 play a crucial role in octreotide biased binding of SSTR2. Our results will provide structural insights and offer new opportunities for the drug discovery of better selective pharmaceuticals targeting specific SSTR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ge Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xian-Yu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiru Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Sheng-Long Ling
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pan Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Chang-Lin Tian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Resonance Image, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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4
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Reed J, Bain SC, Kanamarlapudi V. The Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Incretins and the Metabolic Hormones Produced by Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:2419-2456. [PMID: 38894706 PMCID: PMC11184168 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s415934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In healthy humans, the complex biochemical interplay between organs maintains metabolic homeostasis and pathological alterations in this process result in impaired metabolic homeostasis, causing metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, which are major global healthcare burdens. The great advancements made during the last century in understanding both metabolic disease phenotypes and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in healthy individuals have yielded new therapeutic options for diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is unlikely that highly desirable more efficacious treatments will be developed for metabolic disorders until the complex systemic regulation of metabolic homeostasis becomes more intricately understood. Hormones produced by pancreatic islet beta-cells (insulin) and alpha-cells (glucagon) are pivotal for maintaining metabolic homeostasis; the activity of insulin and glucagon are reciprocally correlated to achieve strict control of glucose levels (normoglycaemia). Metabolic hormones produced by other pancreatic islet cells and incretins produced by the gut are also crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent studies highlighted the incomplete understanding of metabolic hormonal synergism and, therefore, further elucidation of this will likely lead to more efficacious treatments for diseases such as T2D. The objective of this review is to summarise the systemic actions of the incretins and the metabolic hormones produced by the pancreatic islets and their interactions with their respective receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Reed
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen C Bain
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Huang T, Wang X, Su J, He J, Shi N, Wang Y, Li J. SSTR2 Mediates the Inhibitory Effect of SST/CST on Lipolysis in Chicken Adipose Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1034. [PMID: 38612272 PMCID: PMC11010918 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin shows an anti-lipolytic effect in both chickens and ducks. However, its molecular mediator remains to be identified. Here, we report that somatostatin type 2 receptor (SSTR2) is expressed at a high level in chicken adipose tissue. In cultured chicken adipose tissue, the inhibition of glucagon-stimulated lipolysis by somatostatin was blocked by an SSTR2 antagonist (CYN-154086), supporting an SSTR2-mediated anti-lipolytic effect. Furthermore, a significant pro-proliferative effect was detected in SST28-treated immortalized chicken preadipocytes (ICP-1), and this cell proliferative effect may be mediated through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway activated by SSTR2. In summary, our results demonstrate that SSTR2 may regulate adipose tissue development by affecting the number and volume of adipocytes in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Tianjiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Jiancheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Jiliang He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Ningkun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
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Störmann S, Meyhöfer SM, Groener JB, Faust J, Schilbach K, Seufert J, Vergès B. Management of pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia in patients with acromegaly: An experts' consensus statement. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1348990. [PMID: 38405148 PMCID: PMC10884330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1348990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pasireotide is a somatostatin analogue for the treatment of acromegaly, a chronic condition caused by excess growth hormone. Despite the therapeutic benefits of pasireotide as a second-line treatment for inadequately controlled acromegaly, a major concern is its hyperglycemic side-effect. Here, we provide guidance on how to select appropriate patients with acromegaly for treatment with pasireotide. We summarize baseline characteristics of patients at high risk for pasireotide-associated hyperglycemia and recommend a monitoring strategy based on the risk profile. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels (SMBG), measurements of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and regular HbA1c measurements are the foundation of our proposed monitoring approach. The pathophysiology of pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia involves decreased secretion of the incretin hormones GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). Our expert recommendations address the specific pathophysiology of pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia by recommending the incretin-based therapeutics dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in all appropriate patients as an alternative to first-line monotherapy with metformin. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of adequate control of acromegaly, excellent diabetes education, nutrition and lifestyle guidance and advise to consult expert diabetologists in case of uncertainty in the management of patients with hyperglycemia under pasireotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvère Störmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan B. Groener
- Zentrum für Diabetes und Hormonerkrankungen Neustadt, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Schilbach
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Vergès
- Endocrinology Diabetics and Metabolic Disorders Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- French National Health and Medical Research Body Unit, Lipid-Nutrition-Cancer-1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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Xie RL, Liang R, Luo YY, Ruan ZH, Li YF, Liu WS. Growth Axis Somatostatin, Growth Hormone Receptor, and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Genes Express and Are Affected by the Injection of Exogenous Growth Hormone in Chinemys reevesii. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2032. [PMID: 38002975 PMCID: PMC10671357 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, to explore the effect of growth hormone changes on the related genes and regulatory roles of the turtle, PCR amplification, real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis, and enzyme cutting technology were used to clone and sequence the somatostatin (SS) gene, growth hormone receptor (GHR), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) sequence of Chinemys reevesii. The effects of human growth hormone on the mRNA expression of growth-axis-related genes SS, GHR, and IGF-1 in different sexes were observed. The study of the SS gene in turtles using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the SS gene was mainly expressed in the nervous system and the digestive system, with the highest expression found in the brain, while the GHR gene and the IGF-I gene were expressed in all tissues of Chinemys reevesii. The SS gene was expressed in the brain, pituitary, liver, stomach, and intestine, with the highest expression in the brain and the lowest expression in the liver. Within 4 weeks of the injection of exogenous growth hormone, the expression level of the SS gene in the brain of both sexes first increased and then decreased, showing a parabolic trend, and the expression level of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. After the injection of growth hormone (GH), the expression of the GHR gene in the liver of both sexes showed a significant increase in the first week, decreasing to the control group level in the second week, and then gradually increasing. Finally, a significant level of difference in the expression of the GHR gene was reached at 3 and 4 weeks. In terms of the IGF-I gene, the changing trend of the expression level in the liver was the same as that of the GHR gene. After the injection of exogenous growth hormone, although the expression of the SS gene increased the inhibition of the secretion of the GHR gene by the Reeves' turtle, exogenous growth hormone could replace the synthesis of GH and GHR, accelerating the growth of the turtle. The experiments showed that the injection of recombinant human growth hormone affects the expression of SS, GHR, and IGF-1 genes, and promotes the growth of the Reeves' turtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.-L.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Rui Liang
- Foshan Institute of Agricultural Science, Foshan 528251, China;
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.-L.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Zhuo-Hao Ruan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China;
| | - Yi-Fu Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.-L.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Wen-Sheng Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.-L.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Yoo J, Han J, Lim MH. Transition metal ions and neurotransmitters: coordination chemistry and implications for neurodegeneration. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:548-563. [PMID: 37547459 PMCID: PMC10398360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by a disturbance in neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of transition metal ions, including Cu(i/ii), Zn(ii), and Fe(ii/iii), in neurotransmission, thereby making the coordination chemistry of neurotransmitters a growing field of interest in understanding signal dysfunction. This review outlines the physiological functions of transition metal ions and neurotransmitters, with the metal-binding properties of small molecule-based neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Additionally, we discuss the structural and conformational changes of neurotransmitters induced by redox-active metal ions, such as Cu(i/ii) and Fe(ii/iii), and briefly describe the outcomes arising from their oxidation, polymerization, and aggregation. These observations have important implications for neurodegeneration and emphasize the need for further research to develop potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeasang Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Tamura YO, Sugama J, Abe SI, Shimizu Y, Hirose H, Watanabe M. Selective somatostatin receptor 5 inhibition improves hepatic insulin sensitivity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01043. [PMID: 36585794 PMCID: PMC9803904 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence. Somatostatin (SST), a peptide hormone, regulates hormone secretion via five SST receptor (SSTR) subtypes (SSTR1-5) in a tissue-specific manner. As SSTR5 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells and intestinal L-cells, studies have suggested that SSTR5 regulates glucose tolerance through insulin and incretin secretion, thereby having a prominent role in diabetes. Moreover, SSTR5 knockout (KO) mice display enhanced insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effect of SSTR5 blockade on insulin resistance and the target organ using SSTR5 KO mice and a selective SSTR5 antagonist (compound-1). High-fat diet (HFD)-fed SSTR5 KO mice exhibited significantly lower homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) than HFD-fed wild-type mice. Two-week oral administration of compound-1 dose-dependently and significantly reduced changes in the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR in male KK-Ay /Ta Jcl mice (KK-Ay mice), a model of obese type 2 diabetes with severe insulin resistance. Additionally, compound-1 significantly increased the glucose infusion rate while decreasing hepatic glucose production in male KK-Ay mice, as evidenced by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analyses. In addition, compound-1 ameliorated the insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation suppression by octreotide in the liver of male C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that selective SSTR5 inhibition can improve insulin sensitivity by enhancing liver insulin action; thus, selective SSTR5 antagonists represent potentially novel therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Okano Tamura
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Abe
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirose
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Somatostatin receptor saturation after administration of high peptide amounts of [ 177Lu]Lu-HA-DOTATATE: when enough is enough. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:74. [PMID: 36515683 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor saturation during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) could result in altered [177Lu]Lu-HA-DOTATATE uptake in tumors and organs. Therefore, receptor expression status and effects of different (unlabeled) administered peptide amounts during PRRT need to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess potential receptor saturation during PRRT by comparing organ and tumor uptake after administration of [177Lu]Lu-HA-DOTATATE with low, standard and high administered peptide amounts in patients with advanced metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). METHODS Data of NET patients that received 7.4 GBq 177-Lutetium labeled to a low or high amount of HA-DOTATATE were retrospectively included. From included patients other PRRT cycles, containing standard administered peptide amounts, were included for intra-patient comparison. Uptake quantification was performed for spleen, liver, kidney, bone marrow, blood pool and tumor lesions on post-treatment SPECT/CT scans. A paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to determine uptake differences between two adjacent cycles for each patient. RESULTS Thirteen patients received [177Lu]Lu-HA-DOTATATE with a high administered peptide amount (mean 346 µg vs 178 µg standard peptide amount). Low peptide amounts were administered to fifteen patients (mean 109 µg vs 202 µg standard peptide amount). High administered peptide amount resulted in significantly lower [177Lu]Lu-HA-DOTATATE uptake in the spleen (p = 0.00012), kidney (p = 0.013) and tumor lesions (p < 0.0001) versus standard peptide amounts. For low administered peptide amount, uptake was increased in the spleen (p = 0.015), while tumor uptake was significantly reduced (p = 0.015) compared to uptake after administration of standard peptide amounts. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirmed a peptide amount-dependent organ and tumor accumulation for [177Lu]Lu-HA-DOTATATE, with receptor saturation in spleen for high and standard peptide amounts, while tumor and kidney receptor saturation occur only with high administered peptide amounts. A high peptide amount (~ 350 µg) is not recommended for standard-dose PRRT and standard amounts (~ 200 µg) seem more suitable to achieve optimal tumor accumulation with limited organ uptake.
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Wu Y, Berisha A, Borniger JC. Neuropeptides in Cancer: Friend and Foe? Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200111. [PMID: 35775608 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small regulatory molecules found throughout the body, most notably in the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. They serve as neurotransmitters or hormones in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Cancer cells escape normal growth control mechanisms by altering their expression of growth factors, receptors, or intracellular signals, and neuropeptides have recently been recognized as mitogens in cancer growth and development. Many neuropeptides and their receptors exist in multiple subtypes, coupling with different downstream signaling pathways and playing distinct roles in cancer progression. The consideration of neuropeptide/receptor systems as anticancer targets is already leading to new biological and diagnostic knowledge that has the potential to enhance the understanding and treatment of cancer. In this review, recent discoveries regarding neuropeptides in a wide range of cancers, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, signaling cascades, regulation, and therapeutic potential, are discussed. Current technologies used to manipulate and analyze neuropeptides/receptors are described. Applications of neuropeptide analogs and their receptor inhibitors in translational studies and radio-oncology are rapidly increasing, and the possibility for their integration into therapeutic trials and clinical treatment appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Adrian Berisha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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12
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Casello SM, Flores RJ, Yarur HE, Wang H, Awanyai M, Arenivar MA, Jaime-Lara RB, Bravo-Rivera H, Tejeda HA. Neuropeptide System Regulation of Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:796443. [PMID: 35800635 PMCID: PMC9255232 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.796443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides, a diverse class of signaling molecules in the nervous system, modulate various biological effects including membrane excitability, synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis, gene expression, and glial cell architecture and function. To date, most of what is known about neuropeptide action is limited to subcortical brain structures and tissue outside of the central nervous system. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in our understanding of neuropeptide function within cortical circuits. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of various families of neuropeptides and their cognate receptors that are expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, we highlight dynorphin, enkephalin, corticotropin-releasing factor, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Further, we review the implication of neuropeptide signaling in prefrontal cortical circuit function and use as potential therapeutic targets. Together, this review summarizes established knowledge and highlights unknowns of neuropeptide modulation of neural function underlying various biological effects while offering insights for future research. An increased emphasis in this area of study is necessary to elucidate basic principles of the diverse signaling molecules used in cortical circuits beyond fast excitatory and inhibitory transmitters as well as consider components of neuropeptide action in the PFC as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. Therefore, this review not only sheds light on the importance of cortical neuropeptide studies, but also provides a comprehensive overview of neuropeptide action in the PFC to serve as a roadmap for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M. Casello
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rodolfo J. Flores
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hector E. Yarur
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Huikun Wang
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Monique Awanyai
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Miguel A. Arenivar
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rosario B. Jaime-Lara
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hector Bravo-Rivera
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Hugo A. Tejeda,
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Bo Q, Yang F, Li Y, Meng X, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Ling S, Sun D, Lv P, Liu L, Shi P, Tian C. Structural insights into the activation of somatostatin receptor 2 by cyclic SST analogues. Cell Discov 2022; 8:47. [PMID: 35595746 PMCID: PMC9122944 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cyclic tetradecapeptide SST14 was reported to stimulate all five somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) for hormone release, neurotransmission, cell growth arrest and cancer suppression. Two SST14-derived short cyclic SST analogues (lanreotide or octreotide) with improved stability and longer lifetime were developed as drugs to preferentially activate SSTR2 and treat acromegalia and neuroendocrine tumors. Here, cryo-EM structures of the human SSTR2-Gi complex bound with SST14, octreotide or lanreotide were determined at resolutions of 2.85 Å, 2.97 Å, and 2.87 Å, respectively. Structural and functional analysis revealed that interactions between β-turn residues in SST analogues and transmembrane SSTR2 residues in the ligand-binding pocket are crucial for receptor binding and functional stimulation of the two SST14-derived cyclic octapeptides. Additionally, Q1022.63, N2766.55, and F2947.35 could be responsible for the selectivity of lanreotide or octreotide for SSTR2 over SSTR1 or SSTR4. These results provide valuable insights into further rational development of SST analogue drugs targeting SSTR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bo
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingge Li
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianyu Meng
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shenglong Ling
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Demeng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pei Lv
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Pan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Changlin Tian
- Department of Chemistry and the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Joint Center for Biological Analytical Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Peptide Drug, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photonic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Xie X, Geng C, Li X, Liao J, Li Y, Guo Y, Wang C. Roles of gastrointestinal polypeptides in intestinal barrier regulation. Peptides 2022; 151:170753. [PMID: 35114316 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a dynamic entity that is organized as a multilayer system and includes various intracellular and extracellular elements. The gut barrier functions in a coordinated manner to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbiome components and simultaneously preserves the balanced development of the epithelial barrier and the immune system and the acquisition of tolerance to dietary antigens and intestinal pathogens.Numerous scientific studies have shown a significant association between gut barrier damage and gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and hepatic fibrosis. Various internal and external factors regulate the intestinal barrier. Gastrointestinal peptides originate from enteroendocrine cells in the luminal digestive tract and are critical gut barrier regulators. Recent studies have demonstrated that gastrointestinal peptides have a therapeutic effect on digestive tract diseases, enhancing epithelial barrier activity and restoring the gut barrier. This review demonstrates the roles and mechanisms of gastrointestinal polypeptides, especially somatostatin (SST) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), in intestinal barrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoyu Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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15
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Tandem Mass Tagging-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Damage to the Liver and Brain of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Exposed to Acute Hypoxia and Reoxygenation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030589. [PMID: 35326239 PMCID: PMC8945220 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture environments frequently experience hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation conditions, which have significant effects on hypoxia-sensitive fish populations. In this study, hepatic biochemical activity indices in serum and the content of major neurotransmitters in the brain were altered markedly after acute hypoxia and reoxygenation exposure in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Proteomics analysis of the liver showed that a number of immune-related and cytoskeletal organization-related proteins were downregulated, the ferroptosis pathway was activated, and several antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes were upregulated. Proteomics analysis of the brain showed that somatostatin-1A (SST1A) was upregulated, dopamine-degrading enzyme catechol O methyltransferase (COMT) and ferritin, heavy subunit (FerH) were downregulated, and the levels of proteins involved in the nervous system were changed in different ways. In conclusion, these findings highlight that hypoxia–reoxygenation has potential adverse effects on growth, locomotion, immunity, and reproduction of silver carp, and represents a serious threat to liver and brain function, possibly via ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton destruction in the liver, and abnormal expression of susceptibility genes for neurodegenerative disorders in the brain. Our present findings provide clues to the mechanisms of hypoxia and reoxygenation damage in the brain and liver of hypoxia-sensitive fish. They could also be used to develop methods to reduce hypoxia or reoxygenation injury to fish.
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Janković SM, Đešević M. Advancements in neuroactive peptides in seizures. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:129-143. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2031983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan M. Janković
- - University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
- University Clinical Center, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miralem Đešević
- - Private Policlinic Center Eurofarm Sarajevo, Cardiology Department, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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17
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Di Stasio GD, Cuccurullo V, Cascini GL, Grana CM. Tailored Molecular Imaging of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Which Tracer and When. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:927-940. [PMID: 35051937 DOI: 10.1159/000522089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare neoplasms that fall within the category of neuroendocrine tumors. In the last decade, their diagnostic algorithm has been modified to include the evaluation of molecular pathways, genotype, and biochemical phenotype, in order to correctly interpret anatomical and functional imaging results and tailor the best therapeutic choices to patients. More specifically, the identification of germline mutations has led to a three-way cluster classification: pseudo-hypoxic cluster, cluster of kinase receptor signaling and protein translation pathways, and cluster of Wnt-altered pathway. In this context, functional imaging gained a crucial role in the management of these patients in agreement with the ever-growing concept of personalized medicine. In this paper, we provide an overview of three specific molecular pathways targeted by positron-emitting tracers to image PCCs and PGLs: catecholamine metabolism, somatostatin receptors, and glucose uptake. Finally, we recommend different flow charts for use in the selection of tracers for specific clinical scenarios, based on sporadic/inherited tumor and known/unknown mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Cuccurullo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucio Cascini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Grana
- Nuclear Medicine Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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18
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Boros-Rausch A, Shynlova O, Lye SJ. A Broad-Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor Blocks Inflammation-Induced Myometrial Myocyte-Macrophage Crosstalk and Myometrial Contraction. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010128. [PMID: 35011690 PMCID: PMC8750067 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic administration of the broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitor (BSCI) FX125L has been shown to suppress uterine contraction, prevent preterm birth (PTB) induced by Group B Streptococcus in nonhuman primates, and inhibit uterine cytokine/chemokine expression in a murine model of bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-induced PTB. This study aimed to determine the mechanism(s) of BSCI action on human myometrial smooth muscle cells. We hypothesized that BSCI prevents infection-induced contraction of uterine myocytes by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of contraction-associated proteins and disruption of myocyte interaction with tissue macrophages. Myometrial biopsies and peripheral blood were collected from women at term (not in labour) undergoing an elective caesarean section. Myocytes were isolated and treated with LPS with/out BSCI; conditioned media was collected; cytokine secretion was analyzed by ELISA; and protein expression was detected by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Functional gap junction formation was assessed by parachute assay. Collagen lattices were used to examine myocyte contraction with/out blood-derived macrophages and BSCI. We found that BSCI inhibited (1) LPS-induced activation of transcription factor NF-kB; (2) secretion of chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-8/CXCL8); (3) Connexin43-mediated intercellular connectivity, thereby preventing myocyte–macrophage crosstalk; and (4) myocyte contraction. BSCI represents novel therapeutics for prevention of inflammation-induced PTB in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Boros-Rausch
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Suite 6-1017, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (A.B.-R.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Oksana Shynlova
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Suite 6-1017, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (A.B.-R.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-586-4800 (ext. 5635); Fax: +1-416-586-5116
| | - Stephen James Lye
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Suite 6-1017, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (A.B.-R.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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Zhao L, Pang Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhuang Y, Zhang J, Zhao L, Sun L, Wu H, Chen X, Lin Q, Chen H. Somatostatin receptor imaging with [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1360-1373. [PMID: 34665275 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the feasibility of [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate whether [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT could be used for non-invasive determination of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression in NPC. METHODS This prospective study included patients with NPC who underwent [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT between February and May 2021. The [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE and [18F]FDG uptakes in primary and metastatic NPC lesions were calculated and compared, and the [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake between SSTR2 score groups was analysed. RESULTS A total of 36 participants (25 patients, initial staging; 11 patients, recurrence detection) were included; 33 patients also underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT for staging/restaging as a part of their routine diagnostic workup. [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT showed an intense tracer uptake in primary and metastatic NPC lesions. The radiotracer uptake was higher with [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE than with [18F]FDG PET in primary NPC lesions (SUVmax: 12.03 vs. 10.07, P = 0.048; tumour-to-brain ratio: 36.16 vs. 0.86, P < 0.001) and regional lymph node metastases (median SUVmax: 9.11 vs. 6.12, P < 0.001) and comparable in bone and visceral metastases. Importantly, most NPC lesions showed intense SSTR2 expression (85.7%), which was strongly correlated with the [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake. The SUVmax of SSTR2-negative lesions was significantly lower than that of SSTR2-positive lesions (SUVmax: 4.95 vs. 12.61, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT is a promising imaging modality for detecting primary and metastatic NPC, with favourable image contrast and comparable diagnostic efficacy when compared to [18F]FDG PET/CT. An intense SSTR2 expression was observed in most NPCs, and this expression was significantly correlated with the [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yizhen Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Haojun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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20
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Feng S, Tong H, Gao JH, Tang SH, Yang WJ, Wang GM, Zhou HY, Wen SL. Anti-inflammation treatment for protection of hepatocytes and amelioration of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1213. [PMID: 34584558 PMCID: PMC8422404 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered as an important pathophysiologic mechanism of hepatic cirrhosis, which induces hepatocyte injury and activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thus resulting in hepatic fibrosis. Previous studies have reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor can effectively treat liver fibrosis, while somatostatin (SST) analogues inhibit the activation of HSCs. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, combined with a SST analogue, octreotide, for protection of hepatocytes and prevention of fibrosis in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, a hepatic fibrosis rat model was established following peritoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA), and the rats were then treated with a combination of celecoxib and octreotide (TAA + C). Immunohistochemistry and western blotting assays were used to assess the expression levels of proteins associated with inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. H&E staining, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the destruction of hepatocytes. Masson's Trichrome and Sirius Red were used to measure the degree of liver fibrosis. The results demonstrated that, compared with those of the control group, the degree of liver fibrosis and the expression of the intrahepatic inflammation factors were aggravated in the TAA group. Furthermore, the apoptosis rate, EMT and autophagy of hepatocytes were also increased in the TAA group. However, treatment with TAA + C restored the aforementioned increased levels compared with the TAA group. In conclusion, treatment of rats with the combination of celecoxib and octreotide could attenuate the progress of hepatic fibrosis via protection of hepatocytes by reducing apoptosis, EMT and autophagy in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Huan Tong
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hang Gao
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hang Tang
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Yang
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ming Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Lei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
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Klomp MJ, Dalm SU, de Jong M, Feelders RA, Hofland J, Hofland LJ. Epigenetic regulation of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:495-510. [PMID: 33085037 PMCID: PMC8346415 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are proteins with important functions in both physiological tissue and in tumors, particularly in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). NETs are frequently characterized by high SSTRs expression levels. SST analogues (SSAs) that bind and activate SSTR have anti-proliferative and anti-secretory activity, thereby reducing both the growth as well as the hormonal symptoms of NETs. Moreover, the high expression levels of SSTR type-2 (SSTR2) in NETs is a powerful target for therapy with radiolabeled SSAs. Due to the important role of both SST and SSTRs, it is of great importance to elucidate the mechanisms involved in regulating their expression in NETs, as well as in other types of tumors. The field of epigenetics recently gained interest in NET research, highlighting the importance of this process in regulating the expression of gene and protein expression. In this review we will discuss the role of the epigenetic machinery in controlling the expression of both SSTRs and the neuropeptide SST. Particular attention will be given to the epigenetic regulation of these proteins in NETs, whereas the involvement of the epigenetic machinery in other types of cancer will be discussed as well. In addition, we will discuss the possibility to target enzymes involved in the epigenetic machinery to modify the expression of the SST-system, thereby possibly improving therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Klomp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S U Dalm
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M de Jong
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy and Primary Brain Tumors: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090872. [PMID: 34577572 PMCID: PMC8470698 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary brain tumors (PBTs) are some of the most difficult types of cancer to treat, and despite advancements in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, new strategies for the treatment of PBTs are needed, especially for those with poor prognosis such as inoperable/difficult-to-reach lesions or relapsing disease. In regard to the last point, malignant primary brain tumors remain some of the most lethal types of cancer. Nuclear medicine may provide exciting new weapons and significant contributions in the treatment of PBTs. In this review, we performed literature research in order to highlight the possible role of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in the treatment of PBTs with radiolabeled molecules that bind with high-affinity transmembrane receptors such as somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), neurokinin type-1 receptor and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). These receptors are overexpressed in some cancer types such as gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary tumors and medulloblastomas. A comprehensive overview of possible applications in this field will be shown, providing knowledge about benefits, feasibility, developments and limitations of PRRT in this type of tumor, also revealing new advantages in the management of the disease.
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23
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Siebinga H, de Wit-van der Veen BJ, Beijnen JH, Stokkel MPM, Dorlo TPC, Huitema ADR, Hendrikx JJMA. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe organ distribution of 68Ga-DOTATATE in patients without neuroendocrine tumors. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:73. [PMID: 34398356 PMCID: PMC8368277 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models combine drug-specific information with prior knowledge on the physiology and biology at the organism level. Whole-body PBPK models contain an explicit representation of the organs and tissue and are a tool to predict pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs. The aim of this study was to develop a PBPK model to describe organ distribution of 68Ga-DOTATATE in a population of patients without detectable neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Methods Clinical 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT data from 41 patients without any detectable somatostatin receptor (SSTR) overexpressing tumors were included. Scans were performed at 45 min (range 30–60 min) after intravenous bolus injection of 68Ga-DOTATATE. Organ (spleen, liver, thyroid) and blood activity levels were derived from PET scans, and corresponding DOTATATE concentrations were calculated. A whole-body PBPK model was developed, including an internalization reaction, receptor recycling, enzymatic reaction for intracellular degradation and renal clearance. SSTR2 expression was added for several organs. Input parameters were fixed or estimated using a built-in Monte Carlo algorithm for parameter identification. Results 68Ga-DOTATATE was administered with a median peptide amount of 12.3 µg (range 8.05–16.9 µg) labeled with 92.7 MBq (range 43.4–129.9 MBq). SSTR2 amounts for spleen, liver and thyroid were estimated at 4.40, 7.80 and 0.0108 nmol, respectively. Variability in observed organ concentrations was best described by variability in SSTR2 expression and differences in administered peptide amounts. Conclusions To conclude, biodistribution of 68Ga-DOTATATE was described with a whole-body PBPK model, where tissue distribution was mainly determined by variability in SSTR2 organ expression and differences in administered peptide amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Siebinga
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B J de Wit-van der Veen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P M Stokkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Thakar A, Sakthivel P, Arunraj ST, Bhalla AS, Prashanth A, Kumar R, Sharma SC, Kumar R. Clinical utility of Ga68 DOTANOC PET/CT imaging in juvenile nasal angiofibroma and the PARIS protocol: a preliminary report. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 42:517-522. [PMID: 33481507 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) expresses different somatostatin cell surface receptors and Ga68 [DOTA, 1-Nal3]-octreotide (DOTANOC)-PET/computed tomography (CT) scan may be used for its imaging. Also, functional imaging with DOTANOC-PET/CT may promise of greater accuracy in the detection or exclusion of recurrent/residual JNA. METHODS In this prospective study, five JNA patients who underwent a DOTANOC-PET-CT scan both preoperatively and postoperatively during June 2018-March 2020 were included. Postcontrast enhancement of a definite lesion was considered residual/recurrent tumor in contrast-enhanced MRI (CEMRI). In DOTANOC-PET/CT, any abnormal uptake apart from physiological sites was considered as residual lesions. Radiological results were categorized as negative, suspicious or definite residual/recurrent tumors. Any discrepancy was resolved by endoscopic biopsies. RESULTS Preoperatively all five cases of JNA showed avid DOTANOC expression in the tumor. The mean (SD) value of DOTANOC standardised uptake value in the tumor was 4.3 (1.4) (range = 2.1-6.2). In postoperative CEMRI evaluation, three of five patients had residual tumors and two had normal scans. On DOTANOC-PET/CT, two of five patients had residual tumors and three had normal scans. In one patient with residual tumor, the discrepancy with regard to tumor extent was noted in two scans, and further biopsy confirmed the findings of DOTANOC-PET/CT as accurate. CONCLUSION 68Ga-DOTANOC-PET/CT uptake is universal in JNA and appears to be more specific in the identification of residual/recurrent JNA. In residual tumors, DOTANOC-PET/CT may have an advantage over CEMRI in the diagnosis, decision making and planning stereotactic radiation. However, these findings are to be validated in studies with larger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | | | - Ashu S Bhalla
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
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Sakthivel P, Kumar R, Arunraj ST, Bhalla AS, Prashanth A, Kumar R, Sharma SC, Thakar A. 68 Ga DOTANOC PET/CT Scan in Primary Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma - A Pilot Study. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:1509-1515. [PMID: 33355921 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are highly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors and is exploited for its imaging and treatment. SSTRs expression is also demonstrated in diverse benign and malignant tumor cell types and proliferating peri-tumoral vessels. Similarly, Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) expresses different SSTRs and may be utilized for its imaging and treatment using DOTA, 1-Nal3-octreotide (DOTANOC)-PET/CT scan. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS Nineteen clinico-radiologically diagnosed primary JNA patients underwent a 68 Ga-DOTANOC PET-CT scan. Using a dedicated PET/CT scanner, a low-dose head and neck spot CT scan was performed after 45 to 60 minutes of intravenous injection of 2 to 3 mCi(74-111 MBq) of DOTANOC. The primary objective was to assess the intensity and pattern of DOTANOC uptake in these patients. RESULTS DOTANOC expression was noted in all cases (n = 19) of primary JNA (100%). The mean (SD) DOTANOC SUVmax ratio of tumor and background was 6.9+/-1.4(range, 3.8-9.5). Intra-cranial extension in all 13/19 patients was prominently visualized due to the absence of DOTANOC uptake in the brain. Compared to the background all stages of JNA showed significant DOTANOC uptake (P < .0001). No difference in uptake between advanced-stage tumors and early tumors was noted (P = .47). A statistically non-significant negative trend was noted for decreasing uptake with increasing age (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = -0.19). CONCLUSIONS This first study of 68 Ga-DOTANOC-PET/CT scan in JNA demonstrates consistent and reliable uptake activity in all patients irrespective of age and stage. This opens up possibilities to physiological diagnostic imaging with a promise of greater specificity and sensitivity and may have applications in ambivalent diagnostic situations such as the detection of recurrence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1509-1515, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirabu Sakthivel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashu Seith Bhalla
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Prashanth
- Department of Nuclear medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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26
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Singh D. Current updates and future perspectives on the management of renal cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2020; 264:118632. [PMID: 33115605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) refers to renal-epithelial cancer, which represents over 90% of kidney cancer and is a cause for cancer related deaths in the world. Studies suggested somatic VHL mutations to be the cause for the occurrence of cancer, but with the time, more latest genomic and biological studies have detected variation in epigenetic regulatory genes and showed significant heterogeneity of the intratumor that may lead to strategies of diagnostic, predictive, and therapeutic importance. Immune dysfunction is responsible for almost all types of renal cancer, and angiogenesis and immunosuppression function together in the tumor microenvironment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Over the past few years, advancement in the management of the RCC has finally revolutionized with the arrival of the entrapped immune inhibitors which particularly concentrated on the receptor (programmed cell death-1) and focus on the new generation receptor i.e. TKRI (tyrosine-kinase receptor inhibitors). The present review deals with the comprehensive review of RCC and emphasizes on its types, pathogenesis and advancement in these diseases. This review also overviews the role of innate and adaptive immune response-related mechanism, the function of cancer stem cell in this diseases, therapeutic targeted drugs and hormonal signaling pathways as an emerging strategy in the management of the renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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27
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Sakthivel P, Thakar A, Prashanth A, Arunraj ST, Kumar R, Kumar R. Clinical Utility of 68Ga-DOTANOC Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Scan on Postoperative Assessment of Juvenile Nasal Angiofibroma. Indian J Nucl Med 2020; 35:372-373. [PMID: 33642775 PMCID: PMC7905271 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_131_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin cell surface receptors are expressed on the peritumoral vessels of various benign and malignant neoplasms including angiofibromas. Positive initial uptake on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 68Ga-labeled DOTANOC is noted in a patient with juvenile nasal angiofibroma (JNA), and the same is noted to be absent following complete surgical excision. Functional 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT may be an early useful tool for JNA residual/recurrence identification and precise postoperative surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirabu Sakthivel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Prashanth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Jo H, Park Y, Kim J, Kwon H, Kim T, Lee J, Pyun JC, Lee M, Yun M. Elevated miR-16-5p induces somatostatin receptor 2 expression in neuroendocrine tumor cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240107. [PMID: 33045023 PMCID: PMC7549806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs, which are used to treat neuroendocrine tumors, inhibit hormone secretion or promote tumor shrinkage; however, their efficacy varies between patients, possibly because of differential expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in tumors. In this study, we evaluated the regulatory mechanism underlying the expression of SSTR2, the main octreotide target. Thirty miRNAs were found to be dysregulated in neuroendocrine cells (INS-1 cells) incubated with octreotide compared to that in placebo-treated cells. Among the upregulated miRNAs, miR-16-5p was elevated after short-term octreotide treatment. We conducted in vitro experiments to determine whether the expression of miR-16-5p was associated with the regulation of SSTR2 expression and affected octreotide sensitivity in INS-1 cells. Overexpression of miR-16-5p by transfected mimics induced upregulation of SSTR2 expression. Additionally, the expression of miR-16-5p further enhanced octreotide-induced reduction in cell proliferation in both two- and three-dimensional culture of INS-1 cells. Thus, our results reveal the mechanism underlying SSTR2 expression regulation and may aid in developing therapeutic approaches for enhancing the response to octreotide, particularly in patients unresponsive to SSTR2-targeted somatostatin analog treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HanHee Jo
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yusun Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Kwon
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Taehun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JongSook Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Misu Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (ML); (MY)
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (ML); (MY)
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29
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Wu W, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Lou J, Deng Y, Zhao P, Shao A. Clinical Significance of Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR) 2 in Meningioma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1633. [PMID: 33014821 PMCID: PMC7494964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) 2, widely expressed in meningioma, is a G-protein-coupled receptor and can be activated by somatostatin or its synthetic analogs. SSTR2 is therefore extensively studied as a marker and target for the diagnosis and treatment of meningioma. Accumulating studies have revealed the crucial clinical significance of SSTR2 in meningioma. Summarizing the progress of these studies is urgently needed as it may not only provide novel and better management for patients with meningioma but also indicate the direction of future research. Pertinent literature is reviewed to summarize the recent collective knowledge and understanding of SSTR2’s clinical significance in meningioma in this review. SSTR2 offers novel ideas and approaches in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic prediction for meningioma, but more and further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyao Lou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Störmann S, Schopohl J. Drug treatment strategies for secondary diabetes in patients with acromegaly. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1883-1895. [PMID: 32633582 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1789098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acromegaly is a rare disease due to oversecretion of growth hormone (GH). Even though the disease is often portrayed by its most apparent clinical features, given the abundance of GH receptors throughout the body, it truly is a systemic disease leading to numerous complications and comorbidities. A distinct medical issue in the context of acromegaly is diabetes: It can be a complication as a consequence of GH excess and its mediators, but it can also result from treatment of acromegaly. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the effects of acromegaly pathophysiology on glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it devotes an extensive section on the influence that acromegaly treatment has on glucose metabolism, including approved as well as currently investigated drugs. It also summarizes observations from the use of anti-diabetic medication in patients with acromegaly. EXPERT OPINION Glucose imbalance is an important aspect of acromegaly comorbidity and deserves more attention. Even though numerous studies have investigated glucose homeostasis in acromegaly, there is still a clear need for more basic, translational, and also clinical research to advance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and how to best address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvère Störmann
- Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV , München, Germany
| | - Jochen Schopohl
- Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV , München, Germany
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31
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Varga AG, Maletz SN, Bateman JT, Reid BT, Levitt ES. Neurochemistry of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus from a respiratory perspective. J Neurochem 2020; 156:16-37. [PMID: 32396650 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) is a functionally distinct component of the parabrachial complex, located in the dorsolateral pons of mammals. The KF has a major role in respiration and upper airway control. A comprehensive understanding of the KF and its contributions to respiratory function and dysfunction requires an appreciation for its neurochemical characteristics. The goal of this review is to summarize the diverse neurochemical composition of the KF, focusing on the neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides present. We also include a description of the receptors expressed on KF neurons and transporters involved in each system, as well as their putative roles in respiratory physiology. Finally, we provide a short section reviewing the literature regarding neurochemical changes in the KF in the context of respiratory dysfunction observed in SIDS and Rett syndrome. By over-viewing the current literature on the neurochemical composition of the KF, this review will serve to aid a wide range of topics in the future research into the neural control of respiration in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn G Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sebastian N Maletz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan T Bateman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandon T Reid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erica S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Cimini A, Ricci M, Chiaravalloti A, Filippi L, Schillaci O. Theragnostic Aspects and Radioimmunotherapy in Pediatric Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113849. [PMID: 32481723 PMCID: PMC7312954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of theragnostic radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine has grown rapidly over the years to combine the diagnosis and therapy of tumors. In this review, we performed web-based and desktop literature research to investigate and explain the potential role of theragnostic imaging in pediatric oncology. We focused primarily on patients with aggressive malignancies such as neuroblastoma and brain tumors, to select patients with the highest chance of benefit from personalized therapy. Moreover, the most critical and groundbreaking applications of radioimmunotherapy in children’s oncology were examined in this peculiar context. Preliminary results showed the potential feasibility of theragnostic imaging and radioimmunotherapy in pediatric oncology. They revealed advantages in the management of the disease, thereby allowing an intra-personal approach and adding new weapons to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cimini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-062-090-2467
| | - Maria Ricci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (O.S.)
| | - Agostino Chiaravalloti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (O.S.)
- Nuclear Medicine Section, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Luca Filippi
- Nuclear Medicine Section, “Santa Maria Goretti” Hospital, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (O.S.)
- Nuclear Medicine Section, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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Dao NC, Suresh Nair M, Magee SN, Moyer JB, Sendao V, Brockway DF, Crowley NA. Forced Abstinence From Alcohol Induces Sex-Specific Depression-Like Behavioral and Neural Adaptations in Somatostatin Neurons in Cortical and Amygdalar Regions. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:86. [PMID: 32536856 PMCID: PMC7266989 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced abstinence (FA) from alcohol has been shown to produce a variety of anxiety- and depression-like symptoms in animal models. Somatostatin (SST) neurons, a subtype of GABAergic neurons found throughout the brain, are a novel neural target with potential treatment implications in affective disorders, yet their role in alcohol use disorders (AUD) remains to be explored. Here, we examined the neuroadaptations of SST neurons during forced abstinence from voluntary alcohol consumption. Following 6 weeks of two-bottle choice alcohol consumption and protracted forced abstinence, male and female C57BL/6J mice exhibited a heightened, but sex-specific, depressive-like behavioral profile in the sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST), without changes in anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT). FST-induced cFos expressions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) were altered in FA-exposed female mice only, suggesting a sex-specific effect of forced abstinence on the neural response to acute stress. SST immunoreactivity in these regions was unaffected by forced abstinence, while differences were seen in SST/cFos co-expression in the vBNST. No differences in cFos or SST immunoreactivity were seen in the lateral central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Additionally, SST neurons in female mice displayed opposing alterations in the PFC and vBNST, with heightened intrinsic excitability in the PFC and diminished intrinsic excitability in the vBNST. These findings provide an overall framework of forced abstinence-induced neuroadaptations in these key brain regions involved in emotional regulation and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Dao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Malini Suresh Nair
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sarah N Magee
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - J Brody Moyer
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Veronica Sendao
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dakota F Brockway
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Coleman M, Orvis A, Wu TY, Dacanay M, Merillat S, Ogle J, Baldessari A, Kretzer NM, Munson J, Boros-Rausch AJ, Shynlova O, Lye S, Rajagopal L, Adams Waldorf KM. A Broad Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor Prevents Preterm Labor but Not Microbial Invasion of the Amniotic Cavity or Neonatal Morbidity in a Non-human Primate Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:770. [PMID: 32425945 PMCID: PMC7203489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte activation within the chorioamniotic membranes is strongly associated with inflammation and preterm labor (PTL). We hypothesized that prophylaxis with a broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitor (BSCI) would downregulate the inflammatory microenvironment induced by Group B Streptococcus (GBS, Streptococcus agalactiae) to suppress PTL and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC). To correlate BSCI administration with PTL and MIAC, we used a unique chronically catheterized non-human primate model of Group B Streptococcus (GBS)-induced PTL. In the early third trimester (128–138 days gestation; ~29–32 weeks human pregnancy), animals received choriodecidual inoculations of either: (1) saline (N = 6), (2) GBS, 1–5 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/ml; N = 5), or (3) pre-treatment and daily infusions of a BSCI (10 mg/kg intravenous and intra-amniotic) with GBS (1–5 × 108 CFU/ml; N = 4). We measured amniotic cavity pressure (uterine contraction strength) and sampled amniotic fluid (AF) and maternal blood serially and cord blood at delivery. Cesarean section was performed 3 days post-inoculation or earlier for PTL. Data analysis used Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Saline inoculation did not induce PTL or infectious sequelae. In contrast, GBS inoculation typically induced PTL (4/5, 80%), MIAC and fetal bacteremia (3/5; 60%). Remarkably, PTL did not occur in the BSCI+GBS group (0/4, 0%; p = 0.02 vs. GBS), despite MIAC and fetal bacteremia in all cases (4/4; 100%). Compared to the GBS group, BSCI prophylaxis was associated with significantly lower cytokine levels including lower IL-8 in amniotic fluid (p = 0.03), TNF-α in fetal plasma (p < 0.05), IFN-α and IL-7 in the fetal lung (p = 0.02) and IL-18, IL-2, and IL-7 in the fetal brain (p = 0.03). Neutrophilic chorioamnionitis was common in the BSCI and GBS groups, but was more severe in the BSCI+GBS group with greater myeloperoxidase staining (granulocyte marker) in the amnion and chorion (p < 0.05 vs. GBS). Collectively, these observations indicate that blocking the chemokine response to infection powerfully suppressed uterine contractility, PTL and the cytokine response, but did not prevent MIAC and fetal pneumonia. Development of PTL immunotherapies should occur in tandem with evaluation for AF microbes and consideration for antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Coleman
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Austyn Orvis
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tsung-Yen Wu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew Dacanay
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sean Merillat
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jason Ogle
- Washington National Primate Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole M Kretzer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeff Munson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Oksana Shynlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Lye
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Kumar U, Singh S. Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Central and Peripheral Factors of Satiety and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072568. [PMID: 32272767 PMCID: PMC7177963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major social and health problems globally and often associated with various other pathological conditions. In addition to unregulated eating behaviour, circulating peptide-mediated hormonal secretion and signaling pathways play a critical role in food intake induced obesity. Amongst the many peptides involved in the regulation of food-seeking behaviour, somatostatin (SST) is the one which plays a determinant role in the complex process of appetite. SST is involved in the regulation of release and secretion of other peptides, neuronal integrity, and hormonal regulation. Based on past and recent studies, SST might serve as a bridge between central and peripheral tissues with a significant impact on obesity-associated with food intake behaviour and energy expenditure. Here, we present a comprehensive review describing the role of SST in the modulation of multiple central and peripheral signaling molecules. In addition, we highlight recent progress and contribution of SST and its receptors in food-seeking behaviour, obesity (orexigenic), and satiety (anorexigenic) associated pathways and mechanism.
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Sakthivel P, Thakar A, Prashanth A, Kumar R, Sharma SC, Kumar R. Juvenile Nasal Angiofibroma on 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT: Exploring Theranostic Avenues. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE : IJNM : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE, INDIA 2020; 35:176-177. [PMID: 32351279 PMCID: PMC7182334 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_207_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) cell surface receptors (SSTRs) are expressed in many different malignant, benign, and neuroendocrine tumors. SSTRs are also expressed in the endothelium of human vessels during angiogenesis and not in the nonproliferating vessels. We present a case of 19-year-old boy with juvenile nasal angiofibroma (JNA), who underwent 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT to explore SSTRs expression and theranostic potential. The scan revealed high uptake in the tumor, and in certain areas, the uptake was similar to that of the pituitary gland. Performance of DOTANOC PET/CT in JNA opens up new frontiers with respect to radiological staging, early recurrence identification, better delineation from postoperative scar tissue, possible preoperative treatment with SST analogs, and perhaps even radiopharmaceutical based-ligand therapy of inoperable/residual/recurrent JNAs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirabu Sakthivel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Prashanth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Gomes-Porras M, Cárdenas-Salas J, Álvarez-Escolá C. Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: a Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051682. [PMID: 32121432 PMCID: PMC7084228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs are an invaluable therapeutic option in the diagnosis and treatment of somatotropinomas, thyrotropinomas, and functioning and non-functioning gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They should also be considered an effective and safe therapeutic alternative to corticotropinomas, gonadotropinomas, and prolactinomas resistant to dopamine agonists. Somatostatin analogs have also shown to be useful in the treatment of other endocrine diseases (congenital hyperinsulinism, Graves’ orbitopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema), non-endocrine tumors (breast, colon, prostate, lung, and hepatocellular), and digestive diseases (chronic refractory diarrhea, hepatorenal polycystosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, dumping syndrome, and intestinal fistula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gomes-Porras
- Department of Endocrinology, “La Paz” University Hospital. Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jersy Cárdenas-Salas
- Department of Endocrinology, “Fundación Jiménez-Diaz” University Hospital. Av. de los Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Álvarez-Escolá
- Department of Endocrinology, “La Paz” University Hospital. Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-917-277-209
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Briganti V, Cuccurullo V, Berti V, Di Stasio GD, Linguanti F, Mungai F, Mansi L. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC is a New Opportunity in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung (and in other Malignant and Benign Pulmonary Diseases). Curr Radiopharm 2020; 13:166-176. [PMID: 31886756 PMCID: PMC8193811 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013666191230143610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) consist of a relatively rare spectrum of malignancies that can arise from neuroendocrine cells; lung NETs (L-NETs) represent about 25% of primary lung neoplasm and 10% of all carcinoid tumors. Diagnostic algorithm usually takes into consideration chest Xray, contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. Nuclear medicine plays a crucial role in the detection and correct assessment of neoplastic functional status as it provides in vivo metabolic data related to the overexpression of Somatostatin Receptors (SSTRs) and also predicting response to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). 111In-Pentreotide (Octreoscan®) is commercially available for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors, their metastases and the management of patients with NETs. More recently, 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC(Tektrotyd®) was introduced into the market and its use has been approved for imaging of patients with L-NETs and other SSTR-positive tumors. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC could also represent a good alternative to 68Ga-DOTA-peptides (DOTA-TOC, DOTA-NOC, DOTATATE) in hospitals or centers where PET/CT or 68Ge/68Ga generators are not available. When compared to 111In-Pentetreotide, Tektrotyd® showed slightly higher sensitivity, in the presence of higher imaging quality and lower radiation exposure for patients. Interesting perspectives depending on the kinetic analysis allowed by Tektrotyd® may be obtained in differential diagnosis of non-small cells lung cancer (NSCLC) versus small cells lung cancer (SCLC) and NETs. An interesting perspective could be also associated with a surgery radio-guided by Tektrotyd® in operable lung tumors, including either NETs and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Cuccurullo
- Address correspondence to this author at the Medicina Nucleare, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, P.zza Miraglia 2, 80138 Napoli, Italy; E-mail:
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Somatostatin 4 regulates growth and modulates gametogenesis in zebrafish. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Avdeev DV, Sidorova MV, Ovchinnikov MV, Moiseeva NI, Osipov VN, Balaev AN, Khachatryan DS. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Conjugates Based on the Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr Peptide Fragment of Somatostatin. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Cuccurullo V, Di Stasio GD, Mansi L. Physiopathological Premises to Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours. Curr Radiopharm 2019; 12:98-106. [DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666190206094555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (P-NETs) are a challenge in terms of both
diagnosis and therapy; morphological studies need to be frequently implemented with nonstandard
techniques such as Endoscopic Ultrasounds, Dynamic CT, and functional Magnetic Resonance.
Discussion:
The role of nuclear medicine, being scarcely sensitive F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose, is mainly
based on the over-expression of Somatostatin Receptors (SSTR) on neuroendocrine tumor cells surface.
Therefore, SSTR can be used as a target for both diagnosis, using radiotracers labeled with gamma or
positron emitters, and therapy. SSTRs subtypes are capable of homo and heterodimerization in specific
combinations that alter both the response to ligand activation and receptor internalization.
Conclusion:
Although agonists usually provide efficient internalization, also somatostatin antagonists
(SS-ANTs) could be used for imaging and therapy. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT)
represents the most successful option for targeted therapy. The theranostic model based on SSTR does
not work in insulinoma, in which different radiotracers such as F-18 FluoroDOPA or tracers for the
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor have to be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cuccurullo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine "F.Magrassi, A.Lanzara" – Universita della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Di Stasio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine "F.Magrassi, A.Lanzara" – Universita della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Mansi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine "F.Magrassi, A.Lanzara" – Universita della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Solarski M, Williams D, Mehrabian M, Wang H, Wille H, Schmitt-Ulms G. The human brain somatostatin interactome: SST binds selectively to P-type family ATPases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217392. [PMID: 31136617 PMCID: PMC6538167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a cyclic peptide that is understood to inhibit the release of hormones and neurotransmitters from a variety of cells by binding to one of five canonical G protein-coupled SST receptors (SSTR1 to SSTR5). Recently, SST was also observed to interact with the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and affect its aggregation kinetics, raising the possibility that it may bind other brain proteins. Here we report on an SST interactome analysis that made use of human brain extracts as biological source material and incorporated advanced mass spectrometry workflows for the relative quantitation of SST binding proteins. The analysis revealed SST to predominantly bind several members of the P-type family of ATPases. Subsequent validation experiments confirmed an interaction between SST and the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) and identified a tryptophan residue within SST as critical for binding. Functional analyses in three different cell lines indicated that SST might negatively modulate the K+ uptake rate of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Solarski
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Elhassan M, Ali A, Blanch A, Kehlet A, Madekurozwa MC. Morphological Responses of the Small Intestine of Broiler Chicks to Dietary Supplementation With a Probiotic, Acidifiers, and Their Combination. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Iwasawa C, Narita M, Tamura H. Regional and temporal regulation and role of somatostatin receptor subtypes in the mouse brain following systemic kainate-induced acute seizures. Neurosci Res 2019; 149:38-49. [PMID: 30685491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin reduces neuronal excitability via somatostatin receptors (Sst1-Sst5) and inhibits seizure activity. However, the expression status of the Sst subtypes in epileptic mice and their role in the antiepileptic effects of somatostatin remain unclear. Here, we show that the Sst subtypes are regulated differently by epileptic neuronal activity in mice. Systemic kainate injection rapidly and transiently elevated the Sst2 and Sst3 mRNA and reduced Sst1 and Sst4 mRNA in the hippocampus; however, among all the subtypes, only Sst2 mRNA was increased in the excitatory neurons of the basolateral amygdala, accompanied by a decrease in the level of Sst2 protein. Following kainate administration, recovery from seizure was delayed by reduced expression of Sst2 in the basolateral amygdala, but not in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; higher expression levels of Bdnf, a neuronal activity marker, were observed in both conditions. These results suggest that Sst2 contributes to seizure termination by feedback inhibition in the amygdala. This could be a potential therapeutic target for acute seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Iwasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Tamura
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cushing's disease is a rare systemic and disabling disease due to oversecretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) resulting in excess cortisol levels. Diagnosis and treatment are difficult; despite the availability of various pharmaceutical treatment options, there is an ongoing, unmet need for even more effective treatment. AREAS COVERED The present review aims at providing an overview of available drugs and presenting new developments. Focusing on the pituitary as a target, the review covers compounds targeting pituitary cell signaling or cell cycle control such as heat shock protein inhibitors (e.g. silibinin), histone deacetylase inhibitors (trichostatin A, vorinostat), kinase inhibitors (gefitinib, seliciclib), and others (such as triptolide, AT-101). Levoketoconazole and osilodrostat are in clinical testing and inhibit steroidogenesis. Blockade of ACTH receptor binding at the adrenal level is explained as a theoretical drug target. Inhibition of binding of the glucocorticoid receptor in the peripheral tissue plays a minor role due to its lack of biomonitoring options. EXPERT OPINION In our opinion, further research and drug development of pituitary-directed targets are necessary. Combination therapies may exert synergistic effects and allow for smaller and better tolerated doses, but more experience and data are needed to guide such treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvère Störmann
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV , Klinikum der Universität München , München , Germany
| | - Jochen Schopohl
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV , Klinikum der Universität München , München , Germany
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Anis SE, Lotfalla M, Zain M, Kamel NN, Soliman AA. Value of SSTR2A and Claudin - 1 in Differentiating Meningioma from Schwannoma and Hemangiopericytoma. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29531582 PMCID: PMC5839426 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The distinction between meningioma, schwannoma and solitary fibrous tumour/ hemangiopericytoma can be challenging in some cases. This study evaluates the expression of Somatostatin receptor 2A (SSTR2A) and Claudin-1 in these different tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five cases of meningioma, 10 cases of intracranial schwannoma and 10 cases of hemangiopericytoma were assessed. The immunohistochemical expression of SSTR2A and Claudin-1 was evaluated and scored according to the percentage of immunostained tumour cells (0: 1+, 2+ and 3). The intensity of staining was classified as weak, moderate and strong. RESULTS: Positivity for SSTR2A and Claudin-1 was encountered in 89% and 49% of meningiomas respectively. None of the schwannomas or hemangiopericytomas was positive for any of both markers. All grade I and II meningiomas were positive for SSTR2A, and only 20% of grade III showed positive staining (p < 0.05). Claudin-1 positivity was detected in 50%, 43% and 60% of grade I, II and III meningioma respectively, with significantly higher intensity in grade III (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SSTR2A is highly sensitive and specific for meningioma. Claudin-1 is highly specific for meningioma, with low sensitivity. The adjunctive use of both markers can be very helpful in the diagnosis of meningioma and its distinction from schwannoma and hemangiopericytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady E Anis
- Cairo University School of Medicine - Pathology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mira Lotfalla
- Cairo University School of Medicine - Pathology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Al - Azhar University School of Medicine - Pathology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora N Kamel
- National Research Center - Pathology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Soliman
- Cairo University School of Medicine - Pathology, Cairo, Egypt
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Weiss J, Wood AJ, Zajac JD, Grossmann M, Andrikopoulos S, Ekinci EI. Diabetic ketoacidosis in acromegaly; a rare complication precipitated by corticosteroid use. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 134:29-37. [PMID: 28951345 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis has been described in the literature as a rare possible initial presentation of acromegaly before a diagnosis of acromegaly is eventually made. Indeed, diabetic ketoacidosis is a recognised complication of acromegaly. There are a number of factors that can predispose patients with acromegaly to diabetes as well as to diabetic ketoacidosis. These include high levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in acromegaly and the effect on glycaemia by medications used in the management of acromegaly. Ketoacidosis has been described in patients with acromegaly even without the presence of an underlying autoimmune diabetes. Patients with acromegaly and ketoacidosis often respond to treatment and may not require long-term insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Weiss
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Level 2 Centaur Building, Repatriation Campus Heidelberg West, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Anna J Wood
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Level 2 Centaur Building, Repatriation Campus Heidelberg West, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Level 2 Centaur Building, Repatriation Campus Heidelberg West, Victoria 3084, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne (Austin Campus), Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Level 2 Centaur Building, Repatriation Campus Heidelberg West, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne (Austin Campus), Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Level 2 Centaur Building, Repatriation Campus Heidelberg West, Victoria 3084, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne (Austin Campus), Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Mykytyn K, Askwith C. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Cilia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028183. [PMID: 28159877 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most versatile family of signaling receptors in humans. They respond to diverse external signals, such as photons, proteins, peptides, chemicals, hormones, lipids, and sugars, and mediate a myriad of functions in the human body. Signaling through GPCRs can be optimized by enriching receptors and downstream effectors in discrete cellular domains. Many GPCRs have been found to be selectively targeted to cilia on numerous mammalian cell types. Moreover, investigations into the pathophysiology of human ciliopathies have implicated GPCR ciliary signaling in a number of developmental and cellular pathways. Thus, cilia are now appreciated as an increasingly important nexus for GPCR signaling. Yet, we are just beginning to understand the precise signaling pathways mediated by most ciliary GPCRs and how they impact cellular function and mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Mykytyn
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210.,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
| | - Candice Askwith
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
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Shen Y, Zhang XY, Chen X, Fan LL, Ren ML, Wu YP, Chanda K, Jiang SW. Synthetic paclitaxel-octreotide conjugate reverses the resistance of paclitaxel in A2780/Taxol ovarian cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:219-226. [PMID: 27878277 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mortality of ovarian cancer is partly due to the frequent resistance of ovarian cancer to current chemotherapy agents such as paclitaxel and platinum. Somatostatin analogue (SSTA) has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of some tumors through binding to somatostatin receptor (SSTR) and activation of Ras-, Rapl- and B-Raf-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (Erk2). It was reported that paclitaxel-octreotide conjugate (POC) exhibited enhanced tumor growth inhibition with reduced toxicity. In the present study, we prepared the POC and investigated its effects and mechanism for the reversal of drug resistance in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cell line. We demonstrated that treatment with POC led to more cell apoptosis than either paclitaxel or octreotide (OCT) alone. Moreover, the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA, and protein decreased in a dose-dependent manner while the expression of SSTR remained stable following treatment with POC. Although the exact action, in vivo effects and pharmacologic kinetics of POC remain to be investigated, we have demonstrated the feasibility for the synthesis of POC, and more significantly, provided a potential approach to overcome the resistance of ovarian cancer against taxol. The findings also shed some new light on the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to taxol by ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Mu-Lan Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ping Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Materia Medica, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Chanda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zambia, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
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