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Cole HA, Grimm LJ, Omofoye TS, Cooke EA, Heitkamp DE, Mills MK, Wang M, Maxfield CM, Chapman T. Women in leadership matters: Achieving diversity in radiology residency recruitment. Clin Imaging 2024; 111:110144. [PMID: 38749319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To assess whether academic radiology departments and residency programs with efforts toward supporting and augmenting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) are associated with a higher proportion of residents from diverse backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Program Directors within the Radiology Residency Education Research Alliance were surveyed to gather information about program characteristics, incorporation of diversity in resident recruitment, the sponsoring department's commitment to efforts at expanding diversity, and a summary of their current and past residents, staff and faculty members (academic years 2020 and 2023) with respect to a list of diversity characteristics. RESULTS Survey response rate was 51 %. Sixty-three percent (15/24) of participating programs have departmental committees dedicated to DEI work; 46 % (11/24) of programs' departments have a Vice Chair for DEI. Sixty percent (15/24) of programs use their social media accounts to advertise their DEI programming efforts. Ninety-six percent (23/24) of programs participating in the survey use diversity factors to select candidates for their program. Women Leadership was associated with above-median diversity of residents and faculty. CONCLUSION This study of radiology residency programs encourages a more prominent role for women in leadership positions within academic radiology departments to drive diversity and inclusion efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Cole
- Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Lars J Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Duke South, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Toma S Omofoye
- Department of Breast Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1350, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Erin A Cooke
- Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Darel E Heitkamp
- Department of Radiology, AdventHealth Medical Group, 2501 North Orange Avenue, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
| | - Megan K Mills
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Morlie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Cook County Health, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, 1969 W. Odgen Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Charles M Maxfield
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Duke South, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Teresa Chapman
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Hakami NA, Al-Musawa HI, Alharbi AI, Marwahi NA, Almutlaq AS, Alghamdi RA, Alshammari SM, Almalki AA, Mojiri ME, Mahzara NK, Hakami AA, Nemri AA. Public Preferences for Surgeon Gender in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1185. [PMID: 38921298 PMCID: PMC11202667 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender equity in healthcare ensures equal access to services and resources for all individuals, regardless of gender. Studies show that patients' gender influences their healthcare experiences and decisions, and societal gender preferences impact surgeon selection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to address the surgeons' gender preferences among Saudi Arabia's population. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional research design and survey methodology to gather data from a representative sample of adults aged 18 and older from the general population in Saudi Arabia. This study used SPSS version 26 for statistical data entry and analysis, employing descriptive and inferential statistics, frequency distributions, descriptive statistics, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression for variables significantly associated with population gender in univariate analysis. RESULTS This study involved 2085 participants, with 51.2% aged 18-25, 18.4% aged 26-35, 16.7% aged 36-45, and 13.8% aged 45 and above. The majority were Saudi Arabian, with a majority holding a university degree. The majority worked in the healthcare sector, while the remaining 29.7% were unemployed. This study found that there were significant gender preferences among survey respondents for different types of surgical procedures. Male participants preferred male surgeons for routine non-emergency visits and sensitive obstetric, genital, sexual, and minor procedures (p < 0.001). Female participants, on the other hand, had no preference for emergency surgeries and major surgical procedures (p < 0.001). This study found that participants were more likely to prefer female surgeons for regular non-emergency visits to the surgery clinic (p < 0.001; aOR = 2.344). Additionally, participants had a high preference for female surgeons for sensitive cases (p < 0.001; aOR = 7.064) and minor surgical procedures (p < 0.001; aOR = 2.489). CONCLUSION This study underscores the significance of cognizance and the incorporation of a patient's gender preferences when selecting surgical procedures, thus fostering an environment that is more accommodating and focused on the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A. Hakami
- General Surgery, Surgical Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Ali I. Alharbi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45141, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf A. Marwahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45141, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rayan A. Alghamdi
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Naif K. Mahzara
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45141, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amro A. Hakami
- Surgery Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
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Clark M, Kerslake S, Bøe B, Hiemstra LA. Being a woman and an orthopaedic surgeon-A primer on the challenges we face. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:449-456. [PMID: 38777119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A higher number of women are graduating from medical schools than men, yet orthopedic surgery continues to register the lowest proportion of female surgeons and residents of the surgical specialties. This trend is observed not only in North America but also globally. The presence of a more diverse workforce has been shown to lead to improved patient outcomes, enhanced efficiencies, and overall wellness within healthcare systems and would be of benefit to the orthopedic surgery profession. This primer aims to provide surgeons and leaders with evidence-based insights into diversity, equity, and equality, as well as define barriers and potential solutions pertaining to women in orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Clark
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, North Tower Foothills Medicine Centre, 1403 29th St. NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Sarah Kerslake
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, North Tower Foothills Medicine Centre, 1403 29th St. NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Berte Bøe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Laurie A Hiemstra
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, North Tower Foothills Medicine Centre, 1403 29th St. NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada; Banff Sport Medicine Foundation, PO Box 1300, Banff, Alberta, T1L 1B3, Canada.
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Oyem PC, Runsewe OI, Huffman N, Pasqualini I, Rullán PJ, Klika AK, Deren ME, Molloy RM, Piuzzi NS. Recognizing the Sex Disparity in Surgeons Performing Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2024:S0883-5403(24)00460-1. [PMID: 38750831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an unambiguous sex disparity in the field of orthopaedic surgery, with women making up only 7.4% of practicing orthopaedic surgeons in 2022. This study seeks to evaluate the sex distribution among orthopaedic surgeons engaged in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between 2013 and 2020, as well as the procedural volume attributed to each provider. METHODS We retrospectively queried the Medicare dataset to quantify all physicians reporting orthopaedic surgery as their specialty and performing primary TKA from 2013 to 2020. Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes for primary TKA procedures were used to extract associated utilization and billing provider information. Trend analyses were performed with 2-sided correlated Mann-Kendall tests to evaluate trends in the number of surgeons by sex and the women-to-men surgeon ratio. RESULTS During the study period, 6,198 to 7,189 surgeons billed for primary TKA. Of this number, an average of 2% were women. The mean number of procedures billed for by men was 39.02/y (standard deviation: 34.54), and by women was 28.76/y (standard deviation: 20.62) (P < .001). There was no significant trend in the number of men or women surgeons who billed for primary TKA during the study period. Trend analysis of the women-to-men ratio demonstrated an increasing trend of statistical significance (P = .0187). CONCLUSIONS There was a significant upward trend in the women-to-men ratio of surgeons who billed for primary TKA. However, there remains a colossal gender gap, as women only made up 2.4% of surgeons who billed for the procedure. The current study raises awareness of the notable discrepancy in the average number of TKAs performed by women as compared to men. The orthopaedic community should aim to determine ways to increase the number of women arthroplasty surgeons along with the opportunities that women have to perform TKAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious C Oyem
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Oluwapeyibomi I Runsewe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nickelas Huffman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ignacio Pasqualini
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pedro J Rullán
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alison K Klika
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew E Deren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert M Molloy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicolas S Piuzzi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Oyem PC, Runsewe OI, Huffman N, Pasqualini I, Rullán PJ, Klika AK, Deren ME, Molloy RM, Piuzzi NS. Trends in Gender Diversity Among Total Hip Arthroplasty Surgeons. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2024:00124635-990000000-00977. [PMID: 38739863 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A pronounced gender imbalance is evident among orthopaedic surgeons. In the field of arthroplasty, there exists a dearth of comprehensive data regarding gender representation. This study aimed to analyze the gender diversity, or lack thereof, within the field of total hip arthroplasty (THA). In addition, this study used literature review to identify possible reasons for the gender disparity among THA surgeons and identify the best next steps to promote gender equity within orthopaedics. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted using the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Practitioners data set to quantify orthopaedic surgeons who performed primary THA procedures from 2013 to 2020. To assess trends in the number of hip surgeons by sex and the evolving female-to-male ratio, two-sided correlated Mann-Kendall tests were conducted. RESULTS Overall, 3,853 to 4,550 surgeons billed for primary THA annually. Of this number, an average of 1.7% was female. The mean number of services billed for by male surgeons was 31.62 ± 24.78 per year and by female surgeons was 26.43 ± 19.49 per year. Trend analysis of female-to-male ratio demonstrated an increasing trend of statistical significance (P = 0.009). The average number of procedures by female surgeons annually remained stable throughout the study, whereas there was a steady increase in that for male surgeons. CONCLUSION Results showed a notable and sustained upward trajectory from 2013 to 2020 in the number of female surgeons billing for THA along with the female-to-male ratio. However, female surgeons constitute a mere 2% of surgeons engaging in primary THA billing. Furthermore, the annual average number of THAs conducted by female surgeons exhibited constancy, whereas there was a gradual increase in the median number of annual procedures performed by their male counterparts. Future studies should aim to identify and resolve specific barriers prohibiting female medical students from pursuing and obtaining a career as an orthopaedic THA surgeon. STUDY DESCRIPTION Retrospective analysis using the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Practitioners data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious C Oyem
- From the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (Oyem and Runsewe), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (Huffman, Pasqualini, Rullán, Klika, Deren, Molloy, Piuzzi)
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Amaral A, Calcado I, Gomez A, Ricci C, Oberlohr V, Mackechnie MC, Miclau Iii T, Giordano V. The Perspective of Brazilian Women Orthopaedic Surgeons on Gender Discrimination: Initial Insights to Understand Gender Bias in the Brazilian Healthcare System. Cureus 2024; 16:e61325. [PMID: 38947667 PMCID: PMC11213644 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the societal progress made in recent years, gender discrimination is still common in healthcare, especially in some surgical specialties such as orthopaedics. In Brazil, where the participation of women in the medical profession has been increasing, little is known about women's perceptions on the issue of gender discrimination. This study aims to examine women orthopaedic surgeons' experiences in dealing with conflict in the workplace and contextualize the impact that gender discrimination has had or currently has on their careers and well-being. As a secondary objective, the work seeks to understand whether there are differences in the perception of the issue among practicing women orthopaedic surgeons and those in training. For a cross-sectional qualitative study, a survey was distributed exclusively to 300 practicing orthopaedic surgeons and orthopaedists in training (residents and fellows). A total of 99 women participated in the survey, of whom 66 were practicing orthopaedic surgeons and 33 were orthopaedists in training. The study showed that women orthopaedic surgeons in training in Brazil have a lower number of publications and a moderate level of involvement in academic society activity. In addition, orthopaedic surgeons in training experience a statistically significantly higher number of conflicts in the workplace. The comments from the questionnaires highlighted the physical and psychological consequences arising from these situations of professional conflict, most frequently occurring with orthopaedic surgeons who are men. Our findings indicate that respondents expressed a feeling of inequality towards women in the workplace, ultimately reducing the level of job satisfaction among female orthopaedic surgeons, which may contribute to disinterest and abandonment of the specialty. The results of this work support recent evidence that there is an implicit and often overlooked bias against the participation of women and ethnic minorities in the orthopaedic community in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Amaral
- Prof. Nova Monteiro Service of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Municipal Miguel Couto, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
| | - Isabela Calcado
- Prof. Nova Monteiro Service of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Municipal Miguel Couto, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
| | - Amparo Gomez
- Orthopedics Service, Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana, Bogota, COL
| | - Carla Ricci
- Research Office, Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) Foundation, Curitiba, BRA
| | - Verena Oberlohr
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Giordano
- Prof. Nova Monteiro Service of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Municipal Miguel Couto (hmmc), Rio de Janeiro, BRA
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Tricco AC, Parker A, Khan PA, Nincic V, Robson R, MacDonald H, Warren R, Cleary O, Zibrowski E, Baxter N, Burns KEA, Coyle D, Ndjaboue R, Clark JP, Langlois EV, Ahmed SB, Witteman HO, Graham ID, El-Adhami W, Skidmore B, Légaré F, Curran J, Hawker G, Watt J, Bourgeault IL, Leigh JP, Lawford K, Aiken A, McCabe C, Shepperd S, Pattani R, Leon N, Lundine J, Adisso ÉL, Ono S, Rabeneck L, Straus SE. Interventions on gender equity in the workplace: a scoping review. BMC Med 2024; 22:149. [PMID: 38581003 PMCID: PMC10998304 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various studies have demonstrated gender disparities in workplace settings and the need for further intervention. This study identifies and examines evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on interventions examining gender equity in workplace or volunteer settings. An additional aim was to determine whether interventions considered intersection of gender and other variables, including PROGRESS-Plus equity variables (e.g., race/ethnicity). METHODS Scoping review conducted using the JBI guide. Literature was searched in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, ERIC, Index to Legal Periodicals and Books, PAIS Index, Policy Index File, and the Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database from inception to May 9, 2022, with an updated search on October 17, 2022. Results were reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension to scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR), Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidance, Strengthening the Integration of Intersectionality Theory in Health Inequality Analysis (SIITHIA) checklist, and Guidance for Reporting Involvement of Patients and the Public (GRIPP) version 2 checklist. All employment or volunteer sectors settings were included. Included interventions were designed to promote workplace gender equity that targeted: (a) individuals, (b) organizations, or (c) systems. Any comparator was eligible. Outcomes measures included any gender equity related outcome, whether it was measuring intervention effectiveness (as defined by included studies) or implementation. Data analyses were descriptive in nature. As recommended in the JBI guide to scoping reviews, only high-level content analysis was conducted to categorize the interventions, which were reported using a previously published framework. RESULTS We screened 8855 citations, 803 grey literature sources, and 663 full-text articles, resulting in 24 unique RCTs and one companion report that met inclusion criteria. Most studies (91.7%) failed to report how they established sex or gender. Twenty-three of 24 (95.8%) studies reported at least one PROGRESS-Plus variable: typically sex or gender or occupation. Two RCTs (8.3%) identified a non-binary gender identity. None of the RCTs reported on relationships between gender and other characteristics (e.g., disability, age, etc.). We identified 24 gender equity promoting interventions in the workplace that were evaluated and categorized into one or more of the following themes: (i) quantifying gender impacts; (ii) behavioural or systemic changes; (iii) career flexibility; (iv) increased visibility, recognition, and representation; (v) creating opportunities for development, mentorship, and sponsorship; and (vi) financial support. Of these interventions, 20/24 (83.3%) had positive conclusion statements for their primary outcomes (e.g., improved academic productivity, increased self-esteem) across heterogeneous outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of literature on interventions to promote workplace gender equity. While some interventions elicited positive conclusions across a variety of outcomes, standardized outcome measures considering specific contexts and cultures are required. Few PROGRESS-Plus items were reported. Non-binary gender identities and issues related to intersectionality were not adequately considered. Future research should provide consistent and contemporary definitions of gender and sex. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework https://osf.io/x8yae .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Tricco
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada.
| | - Amanda Parker
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Paul A Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Vera Nincic
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Reid Robson
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Heather MacDonald
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Rachel Warren
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Olga Cleary
- Centre for Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Nancy Baxter
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Doug Coyle
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ruth Ndjaboue
- École de Travail Social, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, (Québec), Canada
| | - Jocalyn P Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Etienne V Langlois
- Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sofia B Ahmed
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Ian D Graham
- Centre for Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wafa El-Adhami
- Science in Australia Gender Equity Limited, Greenway, Australia
| | | | - France Légaré
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Janet Curran
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Gillian Hawker
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | | | - Jeanna Parsons Leigh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Karen Lawford
- Department of Gender Studies, Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabek Territories, Queen's University, Settlement of Kingston, Canada
| | - Alice Aiken
- Research and Innovation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Reena Pattani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie Leon
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Évèhouénou Lionel Adisso
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Santa Ono
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda Rabeneck
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, 7th Floor, East Building, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
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Etherington C, Boet S, Chen I, Duffy M, Mamas MA, Bader Eddeen A, Bateman BT, Sun LY. Association Between Surgeon/Anesthesiologist Sex Discordance and 1-year Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Population-based Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Surg 2024; 279:563-568. [PMID: 37791498 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between surgeon-anesthesiologist sex discordance and patient mortality after noncardiac surgery. BACKGROUND Evidence suggests different practice patterns exist among female and male physicians. However, the influence of physician sex on team-based practices in the operating room and subsequent patient outcomes remains unclear in the context of noncardiac surgery. METHODS We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study of adult Ontario residents who underwent index, inpatient noncardiac surgery between January 2007 and December 2017. The primary exposure was physician sex discordance (ie, the surgeon and anesthesiologist were of the opposite sex). The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. The association between physician sex discordance and patient outcomes was modeled using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression with adjustment for relevant physician, patient, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS Of 541,209 patients, 158,084 (29.2%) were treated by sex-discordant physician teams. Physician sex discordance was associated with a lower rate of mortality at 1 year [5.2% vs. 5.7%; adjusted HR: 0.95 (0.91-0.99)]. Patients treated by teams composed of female surgeons and male anesthesiologists were more likely to be alive at 1 year than those treated by all-male physician teams [adjusted HR: 0.90 (0.81-0.99)]. CONCLUSIONS Noncardiac surgery patients had a lower likelihood of 1-year mortality when treated by sex-discordant surgeon-anesthesiologist teams. The likelihood of mortality was further reduced if the surgeon was female. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of these observations and design strategies to diversify operating room teams to optimize performance and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Etherington
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Boet
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Innie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Duffy
- Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Mamas A Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | | | - Brian T Bateman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Louise Y Sun
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Lodhi S, Kibret T, Mangalgi S, Reid L, Noel A, Syed S, Beauregard N, Dhaliwal S, Hussain J, Vinson AJ, Van Spall HG, Sood MM, Shorr R, Bugeja A. Systematic Review of Women Leading and Participating in Nephrology Randomized Clinical Trials. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:898-906. [PMID: 38765601 PMCID: PMC11101787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Women are underrepresented in the leadership of and participation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We conducted a bibliometric review of nephrology RCTs to examine trial leadership by women and participation of women in nephrology RCTs. Methods A bibliometric review of RCTs published in top medical, surgical, or nephrology journals was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE from January 2011 to December 2021. Leadership by women as corresponding authors, women trial participation, and trial characteristics were examined with duplicate independent data extraction. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between trial characteristics and women leadership and trial participation. Results A total of 1770 studies were screened and 395 RCTs met eligibility criteria. The number (%) of women in corresponding, first, and last authorship positions were as follows: 89 (22%), 109 (28%), and 74 (19%), respectively, without change over time (P = 0.94). The median percentage (interquartile range [IQR]) of women trial participants was 39.0% (13.5%) with no difference between women or men lead authors (P = 0.15). Men lead authors were statistically less likely to enroll women in RCTs. Women lead authors were less likely to be funded by industry (odds ratio [OR]: 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14-0.63; P = 0.002) or lead international trials (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.83; P = 0.03). Trials with sex-specific eligibility criteria were more likely to have women leaders (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.19-5.49; P = 0.02) than those without. Discussion Gender inequalities in RCT leadership and RCT participation exist in nephrology and did not improve over time. Strategies to improve inequalities need to be implemented and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiya Lodhi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taddele Kibret
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shreepriya Mangalgi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Reid
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariana Noel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Syed
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nickolas Beauregard
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Dhaliwal
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junayd Hussain
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Vinson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Harriette G.C. Van Spall
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manish M. Sood
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Risa Shorr
- Learning Services, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Bugeja
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Jagelaviciute G, Bouwsema M, Walker M, Steer M, Dagnone D, Brennan E. "I am the doctor": gender-based bias within the clinical practice of emergency medicine in Canada-a thematic analysis of physician and trainee interview data. CAN J EMERG MED 2024; 26:249-258. [PMID: 38519829 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-024-00672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While women comprise about half of current Canadian medical students and physicians, only 31% of emergency medicine physicians identify as women and women trainees are less likely to express interest in emergency medicine compared to men. Gender-based bias continues to negatively impact the career choice, progress, and well-being of women physicians/trainees. Although instances of gender-based bias are well documented within other medical specialties, there remains a gap in the literature addressing the role of gender specific to the Canadian emergency medicine clinical environment. METHODS Using a qualitative study with a thematic analytical approach, participants were purposively and snowball sampled from a cross-section of centers across Canada and included emergency medicine attending physicians and trainees. A thematic analysis using an inductive and deductive approach was undertaken. All data were double coded to improve study trustworthiness. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. RESULTS Thirty-four individuals (17 woman-identifying and 17 man-identifying) from 10 different institutions across 4 provinces in Canada participated in the study. Six themes were identified: (1) women experience gender bias in the form of microaggressions; (2) women experience imposter syndrome and question their role in the clinical setting; (3) more women provide patient care to women patients and vulnerable populations; (4) gender-related challenges with family planning and home responsibilities affect work-life balance; (5) allyship and sponsorship are important for the support and development of women physicians and trainees; and (6) women value discussing shared experiences with other women to debrief situations, find mentorship, and share advice. CONCLUSIONS Gender inequity in emergency medicine affects women-identifying providers at all levels of training across Canada. Described experiences support several avenues to implement change against perceived gender bias that is focused on education, policy, and supportive spaces. We encourage institutions to consider these recommendations to achieve gender-equitable conditions in emergency medicine across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Jagelaviciute
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Melissa Bouwsema
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Walker
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Molly Steer
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Damon Dagnone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Brennan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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11
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Pickel L, Sivachandran N. Gender trends in Canadian medicine and surgery: the past 30 years. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:100. [PMID: 38291424 PMCID: PMC10829244 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the number of women entering medicine has steadily increased since the 1970s in Canada, the gender composition along each stage of the medical training pathway has not been comprehensively reported. We therefore sought to systematically examine the gender composition of students, residents, and practicing physicians over the past 30 years in Canada. RESULTS In this cross-sectional analysis of Canadian medical trainees including MD applicants (137,096 male, 169,099 female), MD students (126,422 male, 152, 967 female), MD graduates (29,413 male, 34,173 female), residents by the decade (24,425 male, 28,506 female) and practicing surgeons (total 7,457 male, 3,457 female), we find that increased female representation in medicine is not matched by representation in surgery, with the key being the specialty choice process. The likelihood of female applicants matriculating to medical school was less than male applicants in the 90s (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.92-0.93), greater in the early 2000s (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.03-1.04), and has since balanced out (OR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.01), with medical school classes being nearly 60% female for the past two decades. Despite this, females have remained underrepresented in most surgical residency programs, with odds of female medical students entering surgical residency other than Ob/Gyn being about half that of male students (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44-0.71), resulting in a slow increase in practicing female surgeons of less than 0.5% per year in many surgical disciplines and projected parity decades or centuries in the future. CONCLUSIONS While undergraduate medical education has been majority female in Canada for nearly three decades, females remain greatly underrepresented in the physician workforce within surgical specialties. To build a representative medical workforce equipped to care for diverse patient populations, factors influencing the specialty choices of early career physicians will need to be examined and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pickel
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Nirojini Sivachandran
- Toronto Retina Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dawood MH, Roshan M, Daniyal M, Sohail S, Perveen H, Islam UU. Gender Inequity in Clinical Clerkships and its Influence on Career Selection: A Cross-Sectional Survey. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2024; 11:23821205241257401. [PMID: 38799175 PMCID: PMC11128173 DOI: 10.1177/23821205241257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to identify the frequency, form, and underlying factors contributing to gender inequity experienced by medical undergraduates and assess its influence on their career choices. Method This was a cross-sectional, retrospective survey with a 100% response rate. This survey was distributed among medical students of clinical years in Karachi's private and government medical colleges from September 10th, 2021-March 30th, 2022. 430 participants were enrolled using a simple-random-sampling-technique. Chi-square/Fisher's Exact tests are employed to assess the relationships between gender and gender-based inequity in various specialties, including their characteristics, influence on career choices, adverse psychological effects, and potential mitigation strategies. Results Among 430 respondents, 28.6% were male, and 71.4% were female. 89.1% reported gender inequity, evenly distributed in government (80.4%) and private institutions (88.1%). The general surgery and gynecology disciplines stood out, each with a 56% prevalence. In gynecology and surgery clinical-clerkships, both genders experienced similar rates, with females at 54.5% and 42.3%, and males at 56.7% and 61.6%, respectively (P-value = .000*). Disrespect from staff/professors/patients (48.8%) was the most common manifestation, driven by factors like preferences (73.7%), gender superiority (62.6%), societal attitudes (54%), and cultural norms (50.9%). Furthermore, 82.6% of students reported that gender inequity had a negative impact on their career decision (Male = 82.9%;Female = 82.4%, P-value = .899). Additionally, gender inequity also caused demotivation (78.1%), poor self-esteem (67.2%), helplessness/hopelessness (48.6%), and frustration (45.8%). Conclusions Gender inequity is widely prevalent in the clinical-clerkships, affecting medical students' career decisions and mental health, stressing the need to prioritize and implement solutions at the undergraduate clinical-clerkship level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza Dawood
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mavra Roshan
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheza Sohail
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Haseefa Perveen
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ul Islam
- Head of Department of Surgery at United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Satgunanathan K, Workentin A, Woods H, Sabir A, Persaud N. Gender and racialisation of pharmaceutical sector leaders in Canada: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076235. [PMID: 37963692 PMCID: PMC10649613 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/DESIGN Lacking diversity in pharmaceutical leadership positions could contribute to inequities in medicine access. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the gender and racial identities of individuals who hold leadership positions in the Canadian pharmaceutical sector. PARTICIPANTS We compiled a list of all Canadian governmental bodies, pharmaceutical companies and insurance providers. We identified individuals who were part of the leadership team, including executives and members of the board of directors. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcomes of the study were the racialisation and gender of the individuals in leadership positions. The gender and racialisation of an individual were determined by reviewing their name, pronouns and institutional profile through internet searches. Two members of the research team performed the assessment and a third reviewer resolved disagreements. RESULTS We identified 957 individuals holding leadership positions within the pharmaceutical sector, including 280 drug evaluation committee members, 12 governmental executive officers, 273 insurance company executive and board members and 392 executive and board members. Reviewers identified a total of 375 (39.2% of 957) women holding leadership roles, with most of these positions being held by governmental leaders (52.4% of 292) and a minority by insurance (37.0% of 273) and pharmaceutical (30.9% of 392) leaders. There were a total of 157 (16.4% of 957) racialised leaders, with most of these positions being held by governmental (18.5% of 292) and pharmaceutical (18.1% of 392) leaders, and a minority in insurance companies (11.7% of 273). Across the pharmaceutical sector, there were a total of 48 (5.0% of 957) racialised women and 327 (34.2% of 957) white women. CONCLUSIONS Leaders within the Canadian pharmaceutical sector are mostly white men, and racialised women hold few leadership roles. Public policy should recognise that these institutions are mostly led by white men and reasons for this disparity could be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aine Workentin
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah Woods
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Areesha Sabir
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nav Persaud
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Labaka A, Zamakola A, Arrue M, Arrieta H. Evaluating gender awareness, gender-related health knowledge and patient pain legitimation among nursing students: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Pract 2023; 72:103790. [PMID: 37769494 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to measure the associations between and the evolution of gender awareness, gender-related health knowledge and patient pain legitimation among nursing students. BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that gender equity skills are still lacking among nurses. Indeed, several studies report gender-biased patient assessment and care, arguing that greater attention should be paid to the gender perspective at university, in order to train nurses who are sensitive to this issue. Recently, certain gender perspective measurement scales have been adapted to the nursing population, offering new opportunities for the educational field. DESIGN A quasi-experimental study was used for this study. METHODS This study was conducted in the second semester of the first year of the Nursing Degree run by the University of the Basque Country. A sample of 103 students enrolled in the Anthropology, Ethics and Legislation module completed the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale, the Pain Legitimation Scale and the Gender Perspective Health Knowledge Scale before and after the second semester, during which part of the syllabus focused on developing gender equity skills. Data were collected between January - April 2022. RESULTS We found positive correlations between gender-related health knowledge and pain legitimation at post-test, and between said knowledge and gender sensitivity at both pre- and post-test (p < 0.05). The repeated measures indicated that traditional expositive teaching did not increase overall scores for gender awareness, gender-related health knowledge or pain legitimation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that gender-related health knowledge may be a key modifiable factor that leads to enhanced gender awareness in dealings with patients. However, traditional expositive lectures were not enough to produce a robust increase in gender awareness, pain legitimation or gender-related health knowledge levels. The effectiveness of active teaching methodologies should be tested, in order to help nursing students strengthen their resistance to clinical gender stereotypes and become active assets in the move from inequality to equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainitze Labaka
- Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua 105, E-20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Asier Zamakola
- Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua 105, E-20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marta Arrue
- Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua 105, E-20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Haritz Arrieta
- Department of Nursing II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua 105, E-20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Breast Cancer Group, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua s/n, E-20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
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15
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Sharma S, Mathias H, Jones E, Heisler C, Rohatinsky N, Novak K, Leung Y, Fowler S, Kaczur M, Targownik L, Jones JL. Time for a Gut Check: A Qualitative Study of Proposed Interventions to Address Gender Inequality in Gastroenterology. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2023; 6:155-161. [PMID: 37811530 PMCID: PMC10558195 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gender inequalities persist in medicine, particularly in some speciality fields where fewer women are employed. Although previous research has suggested potential interventions to broadly address gender inequality in medicine, no research has focused on interventions in the field of gastroenterology. The purpose of this research was to engage women in the field of gastroenterology in Canada, to identify interventions with potential to be effective in addressing gender inequality. Methods A World Café was hosted in 2019 to discuss gender inequality and interventions in gastroenterology. Twelve women employed in the field of gastroenterology (i.e. physicians, nurses, research staff, and trainees) were purposively recruited and participated in the event. The discussion rounds were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematic analyses was conducted using Braun and Clarke's principles. Results Three key themes identifying potential interventions to address gender inequality in gastroenterology were generated: (1) Education; (2) Addressing institutional structures and polices; and 3) Role modelling and mentorship. Participants indicated that interventions should target various stakeholders, including both women and men in gastroenterology, young girls, patients, and administrators. Conclusion Many of the interventions identified by participants correspond with existing research on interventions in general medicine, suggesting that institutional changes can be made for maximum effectiveness. Some novel interventions were also identified, including publicizing instances of gender parity and supporting interventions across the educational and professional lifecourse. Moving forward, institutions must assess their readiness for change and evaluate existing policies, programs, and practices for areas of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21231, USA
| | - Holly Mathias
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Emma Jones
- Department of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 1V7, Canada
| | - Courtney Heisler
- Department of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 1V7, Canada
| | - Noelle Rohatinsky
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Kerri Novak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4Z5, Canada
| | - Yvette Leung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sharyle Fowler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Melaine Kaczur
- Canadian Hub for Applied and Social Research, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B5, Canada
| | - Laura Targownik
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Jones
- Department of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 1V7, Canada
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Haag DG, Schuch HS, Nath S, Baker SR, Celeste RK, Thomson WM, Jamieson LM. Gender inequities in dental research publications: Findings from 20 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2023; 51:1045-1055. [PMID: 36546530 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first steps towards gender equity in science are measuring the magnitude of inequity and increasing awareness of the problem. OBJECTIVES To describe trends in gender disparities in first and last authorship in the most cited dental publications and general dental literature over a 20-year period. METHODS Articles and bibliometric data were retrieved from the Scopus database for the period 1996 to 2015. Two groups of 1000 articles each were retrieved: a random sample and another sample of top-cited articles for each year. The gender of the first and last author of each publication was manually identified. When this was not possible, we used an online software platform (https://genderize.io/). Descriptive analyses identified the proportion of women first and last authors in both samples, stratifying by dental discipline and geographic region. Trends were ascertained by frequency metrics across years. Gender disparity was observed in both first and last authorship, with a larger gap being observed in the top-cited sample. RESULTS Women led 28.4% and 20.3% of articles in the random and top-cited samples, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for the last authorship group (22.1% and 16.1%, respectively). An increasing trend in the proportion of articles led by women over time was observed in both samples. This increase was larger in the top-cited sample (from 15.0% in 1996-2000 to 25.1% in 2015) than in the random sample (from 26.3% in 1996-2000 to 33.2% in 2011). CONCLUSIONS Clear gender disparities in dental research publications in the last 20 years were identified in both general and top-cited manuscripts, across dental disciplines, across countries, across first and last authorship, and over time. It is paramount that actions are taken to attract, retain and promote women in science, as well as to monitor and ensure progress towards gender equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandara Gabriela Haag
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Helena Silveira Schuch
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Sonia Nath
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah R Baker
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roger Keller Celeste
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Farroupilha, Brazil
| | - W Murray Thomson
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Cameron P, LeBlanc C, Mahalik A, O’Hearn S, Simpson C. "Head of the Class": equity discourses related to department head appointments at one Canadian medical school. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2023; 14:25-34. [PMID: 37719409 PMCID: PMC10500387 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.76208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Equitable appointments of departmental leaders in medical schools have lagged behind other Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) advancements. The purpose of this research was to 1) analyze how policy documents communicate changing ideas of EDI, employment equity, and departmental leadership; and 2) investigate department heads' (DH) perspectives on EDI policies and practices. Methods We conducted a critical discourse analysis to examine underlying assumptions shaping EDI and departmental leadership in one Canadian medical school. We created and analyzed a textual archive of EDI documents (n = 17, 107 pages) and in-depth interviews with past (n = 6) and current (n = 12) DH (830 minutes; 177 pages). Results Documents framed EDI as: a legal requirement; an aspiration; and historical reparation. In interviews, participants framed EDI as: affirmative action; relationships; numerical representation; and relinquishing privilege. We noted inconsistent definitions of equity-deserving groups. Conclusions Change is slowly happening, with emerging awareness of white privilege, allyship, co-conspiracy, and the minority tax. However, there is more urgent work to be done. This work requires an intersectional lens. Centering the voices, and taking cues from equity-deserving leaders and scholars will help ensure that EDI pathways, such as those used to cultivate department leaders, are more inclusive, effective, and aligned with intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cameron
- Department of Continuing Professional Development and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Constance LeBlanc
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anne Mahalik
- Department of Continuing Professional Development and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shawna O’Hearn
- Global Health Office, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christy Simpson
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Kaul P, Caballero C, Brandl A, Garg PK. A leap towards changing gender dynamics in oncology leadership - An ESSO-EYSAC initiative. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:107000. [PMID: 37549561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of diversity for the success and survival of biological and social systems, women are underrepresented in leadership positions, particularly in the medical field. Data from seven internationally renowned academic associations in surgical, medical, and radiation oncology show that women's representation in leadership roles is only 11%, with no individual society exceeding 20%. Possible justifications for the underrepresentation of women include unconscious biases and societal norms. Fortunately, a notable development in the form of an increased number of women attaining leadership positions in many major professional societies has emerged over recent times, thereby reflecting a positive transformation in the direction of gender equality. The authors recommend organizational interventions such as mentorship, leadership development programs, and national-level initiatives with global collaboration. The oncology community must promote a culture of cooperation and gender equality to ensure equitable opportunities for women in all aspects of life, including professional hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallvi Kaul
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | | | - Andreas Brandl
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pankaj Kumar Garg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Hall AK, Rocca N, Stefan RA, Turner T, Chaplin T, Chan TM, McColl T, Wawrykow T, McEwen J, Lee S, Murray H. Navigating gaps in practice: consensus recommendations for educational and support structures for emergency physicians returning from gaps in practice. CAN J EMERG MED 2023; 25:568-579. [PMID: 37378871 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-023-00536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify the learning needs of emergency physicians returning to Emergency Medicine (EM) practice after clinical leaves of less than 2 years, summarize existing return to practice programs, and propose recommendations regarding ideal educational and support structures for these physicians both during their practice gaps and upon return to EM. METHODS A multiple-phased study was conducted to establish recommendations regarding ideal educational and support structures for emergency physicians returning from practice gaps of less than 2 years. The overall design involved an initial environmental scan of existing and exemplar programs and regulatory body positions, followed by interviews with EM Department Heads from across Canada, and then subsequent content analysis and recommendation derivation by EM medical education expert group consensus. These summary recommendations were further revised by consensus at the 2022 CAEP conference academic symposium to derive a final set of consensus recommendations. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a set of recommendations regarding ideal educational and support structures for physicians experiencing gaps in practice of less than 2 years. This set of recommendations was informed by review of existing and exemplar programs, policies and experience of regulatory bodies, interviews with EM Department Heads across Canada, and a subsequent process of consensus at the 2022 CAEP conference academic symposium. It is hoped that this set of recommendations will inform discussions and potential strategies employed by departments to facilitate the smooth and effective return to EM practice for individuals experiencing gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Nicole Rocca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Raluca Alexandra Stefan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tegan Turner
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Max Rady College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Timothy Chaplin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Teresa M Chan
- Division of Emergency, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tamara McColl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Teresa Wawrykow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jill McEwen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shirley Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Murray
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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20
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Sebo P. Gender and geographical inequalities among highly cited researchers: a cross-sectional study (2014-2021). Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:1227-1231. [PMID: 36877434 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sebo
- University Institute for Primary Care (IuMFE), University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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21
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Raza D, Khan FA. Professional barriers experienced by South Asian women in academic anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 2023; 70:972-974. [PMID: 37188834 PMCID: PMC10184962 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-023-02452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Durriya Raza
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 35000, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Fauzia A Khan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 35000, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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22
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Yi G, Payandeh J, Mavedatnia D, Neocleous P, Davidson J, Siu J, Zirkle M, Strychowsky JE, Graham ME, Chan Y. Gender representation in leadership & research: a 13-year review of the Annual Canadian Society of Otolaryngology Meetings. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 52:38. [PMID: 37170245 PMCID: PMC10173511 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-023-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gender disparity in surgical disciplines, specifically in speakers across North American medical and surgical specialty conferences, has been highlighted in recent literature. Improving gender diversity at society meetings and panels may provide many benefits. Our aim was to determine the state of gender diversity amongst presenters and speakers at the annual Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (CSO) meetings. METHODS Scientific programs for the CSO annual meetings from 2008 to 2020 were obtained from the national society website. Participant name, role, gender, location, and subspecialty topic were recorded for all roles other than poster presenter. Gender (male or female) was determined using an online search. The total number of opportunity spots and proportion of women was then calculated. Gender differences were analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression with odds ratios. Four categories were analyzed: Society Leadership, Invited Speaker Opportunities, Workshop Composition (male-only panels or "manels", female-only panels, or with at least one female speaker), and Oral Paper Presenters (first authors). RESULTS There were 1874 leadership opportunity spots from 2008 to 2020, of which 18.6% were filled by women. Among elected leadership positions in the society, only 92 unique women filled 738 leadership opportunity spots. 13.2% of workshop chairs, 20.8% of panelists and 22.7% of paper session chairs were female. There was an overall increase in the proportion of leadership positions held by women, from 13.9% of leadership spots in 2008 to 30.1% in 2020. Of the 368 workshops, 61.1% were led by men only, 36.4% by at least 1 female surgeon, and 2.5% by women only. "Manels" have comprised at least 37.5% of workshops each year. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of women in speaking roles at the annual CSO meetings has generally increased over time, particularly among panelists, leading to fewer male-only speaking panels. However, there has been a slower rate of growth in the proportion of unique women in speaker roles. There remains an opportunity to increase gender/sex diversity at the major Canadian otolaryngology meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Unit 8CC-121, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | | | - Penelope Neocleous
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob Davidson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Siu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Unit 8CC-121, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Molly Zirkle
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Unit 8CC-121, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Julie E Strychowsky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - M Elise Graham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yvonne Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Unit 8CC-121, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
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23
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Tully JM, Murase JE, Grant-Kels JM, Murrell DF. Gender Equity in Medicine and Dermatology in the United States: The Long Road Traveled and the Journey ahead. Dermatol Clin 2023; 41:265-278. [PMID: 36933915 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years there has been an increase in the representation of women in medicine with similar rates of men and women graduating from medical training today. Nevertheless, gender gaps in leadership, research publications, and compensation persist. Herein, we review trends in gender differences among leadership positions in academic medicine with a particular focus on dermatology, evaluate the roles of mentorship, motherhood, and gender bias on gender equity, and discuss constructive solutions for addressing gender inequities that persist in academic medicine today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell M Tully
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 475 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jenny E Murase
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Department of Dermatology, Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group, 701 East El Camino Real, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, 21 South Road, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, 4th Floor, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Dedee F Murrell
- Department of Dermatology, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, 27 Belgrave St, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
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24
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Traboco LS, Zamora-Abrahan G, Reyes SM, Ovseiko PV, Sandhu NK, Gupta L. Gender parity perspectives in Asia Pacific: a descriptive analysis of Philippine rheumatology conferences. Rheumatol Int 2023; 43:1135-1141. [PMID: 36912939 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Gender parity at conferences can facilitate progress in academia towards the attainment of gender equality as emphasized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The Philippines is a low to middle-income country in the Asia Pacific with relatively egalitarian gender norms experiencing significant growth in rheumatology. We examined the Philippines as a case study to analyze the impact of divergent gender norms on gender equity in rheumatology conference participation. We used publicly available data from PRA conference materials from 2009 to 2021. Gender was identified from information provided by organizers, online science directory networks, and a name-to-gender inference platform, the Gender application program interface (API). International speakers were identified separately. The results were then compared to other rheumatology conferences around the world. The PRA had 47% female faculty. Women were more likely to be the first authors in abstracts at the PRA (68%). There were more females among new inductees in PRA with the male: female ratio (M:F) of 1:3. The gender gap among new members declined from 5:1 to 2.7:1 from 2010 to 2015. However, low female representation was observed among international faculty (16%). Gender parity at the PRA was found to be considerably better when compared to other rheumatology conferences in the USA, Mexico, India, and Europe. However, a wide gender gap persisted among international speakers. Cultural and social constructs may potentially contribute to gender equity in academic conferences. Further research is recommended to assess the impact of gender norms on gender parity in academia in other Asia-Pacific countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Traboco
- St Luke's Medical Center-Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Philippines.
| | | | | | - Pavel V Ovseiko
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Gisselbaek M, Barreto Chang OL, Saxena S. Gender equity in anesthesia: is it time to rock the boat? BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:67. [PMID: 36882715 PMCID: PMC9991878 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-01987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Gisselbaek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Acute Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O L Barreto Chang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende AV, Brugge, Belgium.
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26
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Yang SC, Grodman E, Gomes MM, Anderson S, Levine MH. Is Female Representation Increasing in Society and Journal Editorial Boards in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:370-375. [PMID: 36521517 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgical specialties, including oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS), are traditionally male-dominated fields. This study aimed to analyze the proportions of female surgeons on specialty society boards and journal editorial boards in OMS in the United States and to assess whether they were proportionate with female representation in OMS academic faculty between 2011 and 2020. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed using information obtained from the websites of two major OMS journals and information obtained directly from six American specialty societies for OMS. The predictor variable was time. The outcome variable was gender. Temporal changes in the proportion of women on society and journal editorial boards were compared with those amongst full-time board-certified faculty. Chi-squared test and simple linear regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2020, the proportion of women on editorial and society boards was 6.7% (31 women among 463 editorial board members) and 7.8% (43 women among 553 society board members), respectively. The proportion of women on editorial boards increased from 4.5% in 2011 to 10.6% in 2020 (β = 0.656 [95% confidence interval, 0.336-0.975], P = .001) and that of women on society boards increased from 4.3% in 2011 to 10.3% in 2020 (β = 0.645 [95% confidence interval, 0.252-1.037], P = .005). The proportion of women on editorial boards in 2011-2012 was significantly lower than that in full-time board-certified faculty positions (4.3% vs 11.0%, P = .045), whereas by 2019-2020, there was no difference between the 2 groups (9.8% vs 12.5%, P = .454). Similarly, the proportion of women on society boards in 2011-2012 tended to be lower than that in full-time board-certified faculty positions (5.6% vs 11.0%, P = .111), while in 2019-2020, no difference was observed between the 2 groups (10.4% vs 12.5%, P = .531). CONCLUSION The proportion of women on society and journal editorial boards in OMS remains low but has progressively increased from 2011 to 2020, resulting in proportionate female representation in these positions compared with the gender composition of academic faculty in recent years. The current upward trend of female representation in leadership positions will hopefully present more diverse opportunities and mentorship/role models for trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Yang
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco; and MD Candidate, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Emilie Grodman
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Meredith M Gomes
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco; and MD Candidate, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara Anderson
- Former Resident, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marci H Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY
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27
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Linardou H, Adjei AA, Bajpai J, Banerjee S, Berghoff AS, Mathias CC, Choo SP, Dent R, Felip E, Furness AJS, Garassino MC, Garralda E, Konsoulova-Kirova A, Letsch A, Menzies AM, Mukherji D, Peters S, Sessa C, Tsang J, Yang JCH, Garrido P. Challenges in oncology career: are we closing the gender gap? Results of the new ESMO Women for Oncology Committee survey. ESMO Open 2023; 8:100781. [PMID: 36842299 PMCID: PMC10163010 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a European Society for Medical Oncology Women for Oncology (ESMO W4O) survey in 2016 showing severe under-representation of female oncologists in leadership roles, ESMO launched a series of initiatives to address obstacles to gender equity. A follow-up survey in October 2021 investigated progress achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The W4O questionnaire 2021 expanded on the 2016 survey, with additional questions on the impact of ethnicity, sexual orientation and religion on career development. Results were analysed according to respondent gender and age. RESULTS The survey sample was larger than in 2016 (n = 1473 versus 482), especially among men. Significantly fewer respondents had managerial or leadership roles than in 2016 (31.8% versus 51.7%). Lack of leadership development for women and unconscious bias were considered more important in 2021 than in 2016. In 2021, more people reported harassment in the workplace than in 2016 (50.3% versus 41.0%). In 2021, ethnicity, sexual orientation and religion were considered to have little or no impact on professional career opportunities, salary setting or related potential pay gap. However, gender had a significant or major impact on career development (25.5% of respondents), especially in respondents ≤40 years of age and women. As in 2016, highest ranked initiatives to foster workplace equity were promotion of work-life balance, development and leadership training and flexible working. Significantly more 2021 respondents (mainly women) supported the need for culture and gender equity education at work than in 2016. CONCLUSIONS Gender remains a major barrier to career progression in oncology and, although some obstacles may have been reduced since 2016, we are a long way from closing the gender gap. Increased reporting of discrimination and inappropriate behaviour in the workplace is a major, priority concern. The W4O 2021 survey findings provide new evidence and highlight the areas for future ESMO interventions to support equity and diversity in oncology career development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Linardou
- 4th Oncology Department & Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - J Bajpai
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi-bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - S Banerjee
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A S Berghoff
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - S P Choo
- Curie Oncology Singapore, National Cancer Centre Singapore
| | - R Dent
- National Cancer Center Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - E Felip
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Thoracic Oncology and H&N Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), UVic-UCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - M C Garassino
- University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, USA
| | - E Garralda
- Early Drug Development Unit, VHIO-Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, HUVH-Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - A Letsch
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - A M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Mukherji
- Clemenceau Medical Center Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Peters
- Oncology Department-CHUV, Lausanne University, Lausanne
| | - C Sessa
- Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - J Tsang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - J C-H Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P Garrido
- Universidad de Alcalá, Medical Oncology Department, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Tricco AC, Nincic V, Darvesh N, Rios P, Khan PA, Ghassemi MM, MacDonald H, Yazdi F, Lai Y, Warren R, Austin A, Cleary O, Baxter NN, Burns KEA, Coyle D, Curran JA, Graham ID, Hawker G, Légaré F, Watt J, Witteman HO, Clark JP, Bourgeault IL, Parsons Leigh J, Ahmed SB, Lawford K, Aiken AB, Langlois EV, McCabe C, Shepperd S, Skidmore B, Pattani R, Leon N, Lundine J, Adisso ÉL, El-Adhami W, Straus SE. Global evidence of gender equity in academic health research: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067771. [PMID: 36792322 PMCID: PMC9933760 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To chart the global literature on gender equity in academic health research. DESIGN Scoping review. PARTICIPANTS Quantitative studies were eligible if they examined gender equity within academic institutions including health researchers. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes related to equity across gender and other social identities in academia: (1) faculty workforce: representation of all genders in university/faculty departments, academic rank or position and salary; (2) service: teaching obligations and administrative/non-teaching activities; (3) recruitment and hiring data: number of applicants by gender, interviews and new hires for various rank; (4) promotion: opportunities for promotion and time to progress through academic ranks; (5) academic leadership: type of leadership positions, opportunities for leadership promotion or training, opportunities to supervise/mentor and support for leadership bids; (6) scholarly output or productivity: number/type of publications and presentations, position of authorship, number/value of grants or awards and intellectual property ownership; (7) contextual factors of universities; (8) infrastructure; (9) knowledge and technology translation activities; (10) availability of maternity/paternity/parental/family leave; (11) collaboration activities/opportunities for collaboration; (12) qualitative considerations: perceptions around promotion, finances and support. RESULTS Literature search yielded 94 798 citations; 4753 full-text articles were screened, and 562 studies were included. Most studies originated from North America (462/562, 82.2%). Few studies (27/562, 4.8%) reported race and fewer reported sex/gender (which were used interchangeably in most studies) other than male/female (11/562, 2.0%). Only one study provided data on religion. No other PROGRESS-PLUS variables were reported. A total of 2996 outcomes were reported, with most studies examining academic output (371/562, 66.0%). CONCLUSIONS Reviewed literature suggest a lack in analytic approaches that consider genders beyond the binary categories of man and woman, additional social identities (race, religion, social capital and disability) and an intersectionality lens examining the interconnection of multiple social identities in understanding discrimination and disadvantage. All of these are necessary to tailor strategies that promote gender equity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/8wk7e/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Tricco
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Epidemiology Division and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Queen's Collaboration for Health Care Quality Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera Nincic
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Darvesh
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul A Khan
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco M Ghassemi
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather MacDonald
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Yazdi
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonda Lai
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Warren
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa Austin
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Cleary
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nancy N Baxter
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- HEI, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Coyle
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet A Curran
- Department of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian D Graham
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gillian Hawker
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - France Légaré
- Vitam Research Centre in Sustainable Health, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Vitam Research Centre in Sustainable Health, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jocalyn P Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Lancet Ltd, London, London, UK
| | | | - Jeanna Parsons Leigh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sofia B Ahmed
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Lawford
- Department of Gender Studies, Queen's University, Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabek Territories, Settlement of Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice B Aiken
- Department of Research and Innovation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Etienne V Langlois
- Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH), WHO, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Independent Information Specialist, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reena Pattani
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Leon
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Évèhouénou Lionel Adisso
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wafa El-Adhami
- Science in Australia Gender Equity Limited, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Smith J, Korzuchowski A, Memmott C, Oveisi N, Tan HL, Morgan R. Double distress: women healthcare providers and moral distress during COVID-19. Nurs Ethics 2023; 30:46-57. [PMID: 36260872 PMCID: PMC9582741 DOI: 10.1177/09697330221114329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 pandemic has led to heightened moral distress among healthcare providers. Despite evidence of gendered differences in experiences, there is limited feminist analysis of moral distress.Objectives: To identify types of moral distress among women healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic; to explore how feminist political economy might be integrated into the study of moral distress.Research Design: This research draws on interviews and focus groups, the transcripts of which were analyzed using framework analysis.Research Participants and Context: 88 healthcare providers, based in British Columbia Canada, participated virtually.Ethical Considerations: The study received ethical approval from Simon Fraser University.Findings: Healthcare providers experienced moral dilemmas related to ability to provide quality and compassionate care while maintaining COVID-19 protocols. Moral constraints were exacerbated by staffing shortages and lack of access to PPE. Moral conflicts emerged when women tried to engage decision-makers to improve care, and moral uncertainty resulted from lack of clear and consistent information. At home, women experienced moral constraints related to inability to support children's education and wellbeing. Moral conflicts related to lack of flexible work environments and moral dilemmas developed between unpaid care responsibilities and COVID-19 risks. Women healthcare providers resisted moral residue and structural constraints by organizing for better working conditions, childcare, and access to PPE, engaging mental health support and drawing on professional pride.Discussion: COVID-19 has led to new and heightened experiences of moral distress among HCP in response to both paid and unpaid care work. While many of the experiences of moral distress at work were not explicitly gendered, implicit gender norms structured moral events. Women HCP had to take it upon themselves to organize, seek out resources, and resist moral residue.Conclusion: A feminist political economy lens illuminates how women healthcare providers faced and resisted a double layering of moral distress during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Smith
- Julia Smith, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 11806 Blusson Hall, 8888 University Drive West, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CA.
| | | | - Christina Memmott
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, 1466Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, ML, USA
| | - Niki Oveisi
- Pharmaceutical Studies, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CA
| | - Heang-Lee Tan
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, 1466Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, ML, USA
| | - Rosemary Morgan
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, 1466Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, ML, USA
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Malik M, Hussain A, Hashmi A, Saeed H, Azhar H, Abbasi AS. Barriers to gender equity for female healthcare academicians and researchers in Pakistan: Is it still an issue? Front Public Health 2023; 10:981178. [PMID: 36684926 PMCID: PMC9846055 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.981178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gender inequity in healthcare academia is rising. Female healthcare professionals are struggling to balance their work and family leading to reduced productivity and disparity in three main areas of academic evaluation including teaching, service and research. Objective The objective of the current study was to explore perceptions of healthcare academicians regarding gender equity and its associated barriers in healthcare academia in Pakistan. Methodology A qualitative study design was used. Study site for this research included medical colleges, pharmacy schools and healthcare educational institutes. Study respondents included healthcare professionals including doctors and pharmacists working as faculty members. Snow ball sampling was used and interviews were conducted till saturation point was achieved. All interviews recorded were transcribed verbatim. Transcribed interviews were then subject to thematic analysis and were analyzed for relevant content. Results Thematic analysis of the study yielded many themes and sub themes. The main themes include: Gender equity an issue for healthcare academicians; Barriers toward promoting gender equity among healthcare academicians; Perceived teaching effectiveness among female healthcare academicians; Professional relationship of female healthcare academicians; Representation of female healthcare academicians at leadership positions; Research opportunities for female healthcare academicians; impact of academia as profession on married life and Strategies for improving gender equity disparities in academia of healthcare profession. The results showed that almost all the females as well as male healthcare academicians were of the view that female academicians are competent, hardworking and committed with their jobs. Mixed responses were observed regarding teaching effectiveness of female academicians. Half of the females as well male healthcare academicians thought that female were more effective teachers while other half was of the view that teaching effectiveness is based on individual trait irrespective of gender. Conclusion The results of the present study concluded that majority of the male as well as female healthcare professionals perceived gender equity as an issue in academia in Pakistan, especially in underprivileged areas. Non-conducive work environment, harassment at workplace and cultural issues were the main barriers identified toward gender equity in healthcare academia in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Malik
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Cyntax Health Projects, Pvt., Ltd., Contract Research Organization and Corporate Firm, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Hussain
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Ayisha Hashmi
- Cyntax Health Projects, Pvt., Ltd., Contract Research Organization and Corporate Firm, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Saeed
- Cyntax Health Projects, Pvt., Ltd., Contract Research Organization and Corporate Firm, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Azhar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sajjid Abbasi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Bourgeault IL, Decady R, Pascual J, Hermosura BJ. Leading practices for men to support women's health leadership: A toolkit of resources to initiate change. Healthc Manage Forum 2023; 36:55-60. [PMID: 36062417 DOI: 10.1177/08404704221119099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Men have a critically important role to play in supporting women from different backgrounds to move into leadership roles. Indeed, it is necessary work for those in positions of privilege to challenge processes that result in inequitable gender outcomes in health leadership. We present the resources that have been compiled into a toolkit for men to support more inclusive health leadership and transformative systemic change. A three-step process was undertaken to search, select, and curate leading evidence-informed practices. Three key clusters of resources in the toolkit address why men's actions are necessary, what leading actions entail, and the importance of mentorship and sponsorship. Change will require more than shaping the individual attitudes and behaviours of men in leadership positions. Attention to gender and other forms of inequity need to be embedded into the structures, processes and outcomes of teams, organizations, and systems and evaluated for process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Decady
- 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Deutsch N, Yanofsky SD, Markowitz SD, Tackett S, Berenstain LK, Schwartz LI, Flick R, Heitmiller E, Fiadjoe J, Lee HH, Honkanen A, Malviya S, Lee JK, Schwartz JM. Evaluating the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative: Supporting mentorship, career satisfaction, and well-being among pediatric anesthesiologists. Paediatr Anaesth 2023; 33:6-16. [PMID: 36331372 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Society for Pediatric Anesthesia launched the Women's Empowerment and Leadership Initiative (WELI) in 2018 to empower highly productive women pediatric anesthesiologists to achieve equity, promotion, and leadership. WELI is focused on six career development domains: promotion and leadership, networking, conceptualization and completion of projects, mentoring, career satisfaction, and sense of well-being. We sought feedback about whether WELI supported members' career development by surveys emailed in November 2020 (baseline), May 2021 (6 months), and January 2022 (14 months). Program feedback was quantitatively evaluated by the Likert scale questions and qualitatively evaluated by extracting themes from free-text question responses. The response rates were 60.5% (92 of 152) for the baseline, 51% (82 of 161) for the 6-month, and 52% (96 of 185) for the 14-month surveys. Five main themes were identified from the free-text responses in the 6- and 14-month surveys. Members reported that WELI helped them create meaningful connections through networking, obtain new career opportunities, find tools and projects that supported their career advancement and promotion, build the confidence to try new things beyond their comfort zone, and achieve better work-life integration. Frustration with the inability to connect in-person during the coronavirus-19 pandemic was highlighted. Advisors further stated that WELI helped them improve their mentorship skills and gave them insight into early career faculty issues. Relative to the baseline survey, protégés reported greater contributions from WELI at 6 months in helping them clarify their priorities, increase their sense of achievement, and get promoted. These benefits persisted through 14 months. Advisors reported a steady increase in forming new meaningful relationships and finding new collaborators through WELI over time. All the members reported that their self-rated mentoring abilities improved at 6 months with sustained improvement at 14 months. Thus, programs such as WELI can assist women anesthesiologists and foster gender equity in career development, promotion, and leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Deutsch
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Samuel D Yanofsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott D Markowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sean Tackett
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Data Management Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura K Berenstain
- Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence I Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Randall Flick
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic Children's Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eugenie Heitmiller
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John Fiadjoe
- Deparment of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita Honkanen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shobha Malviya
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie McElrath Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gupta N, Balcom SA, Singh P. Looking beyond parity: Gender wage gaps and the leadership labyrinth in the Canadian healthcare management workforce. Healthc Manage Forum 2023; 36:49-54. [PMID: 35766880 DOI: 10.1177/08404704221104435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is important for health organizations to monitor progress toward gender equity and inclusion goals among health human resources. Within the Canadian healthcare management workforce, however, recent investigations are lacking. This study examines gender differences in composition and compensation among health leadership in Canada using national census data. Findings show that although women represent over half (57%) of senior managers in health and social services, the pipeline from middle management (72%) suggests persistent career barriers disproportionately affect women. Women health and social care managers' earnings averaged $0.83-.89 for every dollar that a man earned. The gender wage gap remained statistically significant, with women health managers earning 12-20% less than men, after adjusting for age, education and other characteristics. Dynamic decomposition analyses highlighted that most of the gender wage gap could not be explained within the available data-a finding attributable, at least in part, to (unmeasured and unmeasurable) gender discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Gupta
- 3427University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sarah Ann Balcom
- 3427University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Paramdeep Singh
- New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Batumalai V, Kumar S, Sundaresan P. Trends in gender of first and senior authors of articles published in
JMIRO. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 67:179-184. [PMID: 36444950 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite progress of women in science and medicine, women remain underrepresented in academic publication. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential gender differences in women authorship in the Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology (JMIRO). METHODS Gender of the first and senior author of all articles published in JMIRO between 2012 and 2021 were examined. Changes over time and differences among groups were compared using the chi-square test. RESULTS In total, 1,138 articles were assessed. Women were first and senior authors on 34% and 25% of all articles respectively. The proportion of women as first author was 30%, 41% and 36% for medical imaging (MI), radiation oncology (RO) and combined MI/RO articles respectively. Similarly, the proportion of women as senior author was lower than men at 22%, 32% and 23% for MI, RO and MI/RO articles respectively. Women first authorship over the study period remained stable from 2014 (36%) to 2020 (38%); however, it decreased dramatically in 2021 to 28%. There was a trend of increasing women senior authorship from 2013 (15%) to 2017 (35%) but decreased to 23% in 2021. CONCLUSION Over the past 10 years of publications, one in three first authors were women and only one in four senior authors were women. The acknowledgement of this imbalance is the first step to pave the way towards addressing underlying systemic issues related to academic publication and disparities in gender and other inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikneswary Batumalai
- GenesisCare Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shivani Kumar
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Puma Sundaresan
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Radiation Oncology Network Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Verran DJ, Bellini MI, Rabiei K. Editorial: The path towards achieving gender equity for surgeons: The role of individuals, their professional organizations along with the associated healthcare systems. Front Surg 2022; 9:1056655. [PMID: 36504584 PMCID: PMC9733958 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1056655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katrin Rabiei
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Gupta N, Balcom SA, Singh P. Gender composition and wage gaps in the Canadian health policy research workforce in comparative perspective. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 20:78. [PMID: 36344985 PMCID: PMC9639301 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-022-00774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gendered challenges have been shown to persist among health practitioners in countries at all levels of development. Less is known about non-clinical professionals, that is, those who do not deliver services directly but are essential to health systems performance, such as health policy researchers. This national observational study examined gender occupational segregation and wage gaps in the Canadian health policy research workforce using a cross-domain comparative labour market analysis approach. METHODS Sourcing data from the 2016 population census, we applied linear regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition techniques to assess wage differentials by sex, traditional human capital measures (e.g., age, education, place of work), and social identity variables intersecting with gender (household head, childcare, migrant status) among health policy researchers aged 25-54. We compared the gender composition and wage gap with seven non-health policy and programme domains, as mapped under the national occupational classification by similarity in the types of work performed. RESULTS The health policy research workforce (N = 19 955) was characterized by gender segregation: 74% women, compared with 58% women among non-health policy research occupations (N = 102 555). Women health policy researchers earned on average 4.8% (95% CI 1.5‒8.0%) less than men after adjusting for other professional and personal variables. This gap was wider than among education policy researchers with similar gender composition (75% women; adjusted wage gap of 2.6%). Wages among health policy researchers were 21.1% (95% CI 19.4‒22.8%) lower than their counterparts in the male-dominated economics policy domain, all else being equal. Overall, women's earnings averaged 3.2% lower than men's due to factors that remained unexplained by policy domain or other measured predictors. CONCLUSIONS This investigation found that the gender inequalities already widely seen among clinical practitioners are replicated among health policy researchers, potentially hindering the competitiveness of the health sector for attracting and retaining talent. Our findings suggest intersectoral actions are necessary to tackle wage gaps and devaluation of female-dominated health professions. Accountability for gender equity in health must extend to the professionals tasked with conducting equity-informative health policy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Gupta
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Sarah Ann Balcom
- Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Paramdeep Singh
- Institute for Research, Data and Training (IRDT), University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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Ing EB, Xu QA, He B, Tanya SM, Tucker NA. Gender and editorship in oculoplastics societal publications. Orbit 2022; 41:581-584. [PMID: 34493156 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2021.1975771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The editorship of medical journals is a leadership role that can affect recognition and career advancement. We determine the gender representation of the editorial boards of oculoplastic surgery journals in comparison to the proportion of women in oculoplastics societies. METHODS The gender composition of the American, European and Asia-Pacific societies of oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery and the editorial boards of their respective society journals were determined with online searches in March 2021. Statistical tests for the equality of proportions were performed. RESULTS Excluding 44 individuals with missing gender data, the three combined oculoplastics societies comprised 1,230 distinct members, with 29% women. The editorial review boards of the three official society publications comprised 59 medical editors, 22% of which were women. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of women editors versus women OPRS members (p = .201) but the study is underpowered to detect a 7% difference. A sensitivity analysis with the missing data did not alter the conclusions. The mean h-index/m-quotient of the women editors was 20.50/0.87 and for the men 21.05/0.84, with no statistically significant difference (p = .903/0.851). CONCLUSION Women are underrepresented on the editorial boards of oculoplastic journals. Possible methods to improve gender balance include multicriteria objective decision-making criteria for editor nominations, mentoring peer reviewers that are women, and appointing a journal editor for equity, diversity and inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edsel B Ing
- Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bonnie He
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stuti M Tanya
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Nancy A Tucker
- Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Khursheed T, Ovseiko PV, Harifi G, Badsha H, Cheng YK, Hill CL, Haq SA, Danda D, Gupta L. Gender equity in rheumatology leadership in the Asia-Pacific. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2022; 6:rkac087. [PMID: 36382268 PMCID: PMC9642329 DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to explore gender equity in rheumatology leadership in the Asia-Pacific region as represented by the member national organizations (MNOs) of the Asia-Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology (APLAR). Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional review of gender representation among the presidents of MNOs of APLAR in April 2022. We used the official website of each organization to acquire names and terms in the office of current and past presidents of each organization. The binary gender of each president was estimated using the name-to-gender inference platform Gender API (https://gender-api.com/). Proportions of male and female presidents were estimated for each organization. Data were compared for presidencies commencing before and in/after the year 2000. Results We found a significant gap in gender parity, with most presidents in the region being men (210 of 252, 83%). More than one-third (7 of 19, 36.8%) of the MNOs had all male presidents, although the proportion of women improved from 7 to 25% in/after 2000 (P = 0.0002). A statistically significant increase in female representation was observed in Australia (P = 0.0268, from 7 to 39%) and New Zealand (P = 0.0011, where the proportion of female presidents increased from 0 to 45%), but not in other countries. Conclusion A significant gap in gender parity exists in rheumatology leadership in the MNOs of APLAR. Trends suggest improvement over the last two decades, although statistically significant improvement is limited to a small number of countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyeba Khursheed
- Department of Rheumatology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences , Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Pavel V Ovseiko
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Ghita Harifi
- Department of Rheumatology, Mediclinic Parkview Hospital , Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine , Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Humeira Badsha
- Dr. Humeira Badsha Medical Center , Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yew Kuang Cheng
- Farrer Park Medical Center , Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Catherine L Hill
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth and Royal Adelaide Hospitals , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, India
| | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust , Wolverhampton, UK
- City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Birmingham, UK
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
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Abuzeyad FH, Al Qasem L, Bashmi L, Arekat M, Al Qassim G, Alansari A, Haji EA, Malik A, Das P, Almusalam A, Abuzeyad MF. Women's contribution to medicine in Bahrain: leadership and workforce. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 20:67. [PMID: 36064535 PMCID: PMC9444121 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-022-00762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women make up a significant proportion of workforce in healthcare. However, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions relating to healthcare for a multitude of reasons: balancing personal and work duties, favoritism toward men, lack of support from colleagues and mentors, as well as other factors. This study aims to recognize the contribution made by women in the Bahraini healthcare sector by determining the gender distribution in Bahrain's medical schools, government hospitals, Ministry of Health, and National Health Regulatory Authority. METHODS Data were collected from the Bahraini Ministry of Health, National Health Regulatory Authority, Salmaniya Medical Complex, King Hamad University Hospital, Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services, the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences in the Arabian Gulf University, and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain. Only physicians who held a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery and a valid license to practice from NHRA were eligible to participate. Descriptive statistics were used to derive the frequencies and percentages of physicians with the following leadership positions: (1) top administrative positions (e.g., Chief executive officer); (2) heads of departments; (3) heads of committees; and (4) academic positions (e.g., Professor). Data were also collected from the two medical schools in Bahrain to see the trend in female enrollment into medical schools since 2004. RESULTS The results of the study indicated that leadership positions were mostly held by males in Bahrain (59.4% vs. 40.6%). However, Bahraini males and females equally dominated academic positions. Male physicians also dominated surgical specialties; however, female Bahraini physicians slightly surpassed male Bahraini physicians at the specialist and consultant levels (female to male: 11.9% vs. 10.4% and 33.2% vs. 30.4%, respectively). Furthermore, more females were reported to have general licenses. A trend analysis since 2004 showed that female medical students' representation was higher than males over the years. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the increasing trend of women's participation and contribution to medicine in Bahrain. The data indicated continued growth in the number of female medical students and physicians. As such, it is likely that females will have a bigger impact on healthcare in the future with potential to hold more leadership positions in Bahrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras H Abuzeyad
- Emergency Medicine, King Hamad University Hospital, Building 2435, Road 2835, Block 228, P.O. Box 24343, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | | | - Luma Bashmi
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mona Arekat
- Internal Medicine Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ghada Al Qassim
- Emergency Medicine Department, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ahmed Alansari
- Department of General Surgery, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Eman Ahmed Haji
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Priya Das
- Research Department, King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abdulla Almusalam
- Research Department, King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Booth LE, Lo FJ, Davis MA, Spalluto LB, Yee J, Yong-Hing CJ, Murray N, Alwazzan AB, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Surgical Device Patents: A 5-year Trend From Canada and the United States. J Surg Res 2022; 280:248-257. [PMID: 36027658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite an increasing number of women pursuing careers in science, engineering, and medicine, gender disparities in patents persist. This study sought to analyze trends in inventor's gender for surgical device patents filed and granted in Canada and the United States from 2015 to 2019. METHODS This study analyzed patents filed and granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) in the category of "Diagnosis; Surgery; Identification" and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the category of "Surgery" from 2015 to 2019. The gender of the patent applicants was determined using a gender algorithm that predicts gender based on first names. Gender matches with names having a probability of less than 95% were excluded. RESULTS We identified 14,312 inventors on patents filed and 12,737 inventors on patents granted by the CIPO for "Diagnosis; Surgery; Identification". In the USPTO category of "Surgery," we identified 75,890 inventors on patents filed and 44,842 inventors on patents granted. Female inventors accounted for 7%-10% of inventors from 2015 to 2019 for both patents filed and granted. The proportion of female inventors on patents granted was significantly lower than for patents filed for four of the 5 y analyzed for both the USPTO and CIPO. CONCLUSIONS Female representation in surgical device patenting has stagnated, between 7 and 10%, from 2015 to 2019 in Canada and the United States. This underrepresentation of female inventors in surgical device patenting represents sizable gender disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Booth
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fu Jorden Lo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa A Davis
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lucy B Spalluto
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Veterans Health Administration-Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy Yee
- Professor and University Chair, Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- University of British Columbia Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Cancer Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolas Murray
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahmad B Alwazzan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Hiemstra LA, Kerslake S, Clark M, Temple-Oberle C, Boynton E. Experiences of Canadian Female Orthopaedic Surgeons in the Workplace: Defining the Barriers to Gender Equity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:1455-1461. [PMID: 35594484 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.21.01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only 13.6% of orthopaedic surgeons in Canada are women, even though there is nothing inherent to the practice of orthopaedic surgery that favors men over women. Clearly, there is a need to identify, define, and measure the barriers faced by women in orthopaedic surgery. METHODS An electronic survey was distributed to 330 female-identifying Canadian orthopaedic surgeons and trainees and included the validated Gender Bias Scale (GBS) and questions about career burnout. The barriers for women in Canadian orthopaedics were identified using the GBS. The relationships between the GBS and burnout were investigated. Open-text questions explored the barriers perceived by female orthopaedic surgeons. RESULTS The survey was completed by 220 female orthopaedic surgeons and trainees (66.7%). Five barriers to gender equity were identified from the GBS: Constrained Communication, Unequal Standards, Male Culture, Lack of Mentoring, and Workplace Harassment. Career burnout correlated with the GBS domains of Male Privilege (r = 0.215; p < 0.01), Disproportionate Constraints (r = 0.152; p < 0.05), and Devaluation (r = 0.166; p < 0.05). Five main themes emerged from the open-text responses, of which 4 linked closely to the barriers identified in the GBS. Work-life integration was also identified qualitatively as a theme, most notably the difficulty of balancing disproportionate parental and childcare responsibilities alongside career aspirations. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 5 barriers to workplace equity for Canadian female orthopaedic surgeons were identified using the validated GBS and substantiated with qualitative assessment using a mixed-methods approach. Awareness of these barriers is a necessary step toward dismantling them and changing the prevailing culture to be fair and equitable for all. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A just and equitable orthopaedic profession is imperative to have healthy and thriving surgeons who are able to provide optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Hiemstra
- Banff Sport Medicine Foundation, Banff, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Marcia Clark
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claire Temple-Oberle
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin Boynton
- Banff Sport Medicine Foundation, Banff, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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42
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Jones E, Sharma S, Heisler C, Rohatinsky N, Novak K, Leung Y, Fowler S, Kaczur M, Jones J. Perceived Barriers to Professional Equality Among Women in Gastroenterology. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022; 5:226-233. [PMID: 36196275 PMCID: PMC9527661 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress relating to professional equality among men and women in medicine has been made over the past few decades, evidence derived from the medical literature suggests that inequity persists with respect to income, attainment of leadership positions, and professional advancement. These inequities have been observed to be more pronounced in gastroenterology. Literature relating to gender-specific barriers to professional equity in gastroenterology is limited. This qualitative study explored perceived barriers to professional equality among women in gastroenterology in Canada through focus groups using a World Café Approach. Several perceived barriers to professional equality were identified. Identification of barriers to professional equality is an important first step to creating meaningful interventions that address the root causes of gender-related inequity in gastroenterology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jones
- Division of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Sharma Sharma
- Division of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Courtney Heisler
- Division of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Noelle Rohatinsky
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Kerri Novak
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Yvette Leung
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Sharyle Fowler
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Melanie Kaczur
- Canadian Hub for Applied and Social Research, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Division of Digestive Care and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
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43
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Hege I, Schüttpelz-Brauns K, Kiessling C. How is the situation of women in leadership positions in medical education in Germany? GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 39:Doc36. [PMID: 36119148 PMCID: PMC9469573 DOI: 10.3205/zma001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Germany, about two thirds of students and doctoral candidates in medicine are female. The proportion is only about 35% for post-doctoral degrees and much lower for many leadership positions at medical schools and on medical education committees. Although reasons for this have long been known, changes are slow in coming. Therefore, with this commentary, we would like to shed light on the current situation regarding gender equality in Germany in medical education and identify and discuss measures. These include, for example, mentoring and networking programs as well as greater consideration of women in committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hege
- University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Education Sciences, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schüttpelz-Brauns
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Division for Study and Teaching Development, Medical Education Research Department, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Kiessling
- Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health, Education of Personal and Interpersonal Competencies in Health Care, Witten, Germany
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Kwok JK, Samson N, Doll CM, Barbera L, Loewen SK. Representation of Women in Canadian Radiation Oncology Trainees and Radiation Oncologists: Progress or Regress? Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 7:101023. [PMID: 36164478 PMCID: PMC9507987 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods and Materials Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime K. Kwok
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Corresponding author: Jaime K. Kwok, MD
| | - Nina Samson
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Corinne M. Doll
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Barbera
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shaun K. Loewen
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Yap ML, James M, Koh VY, Turner S, Vassallo A. Untangling the gender pay gap in radiation oncology. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 67:212-215. [PMID: 35689367 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ling Yap
- Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes, Research and Evaluation, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa James
- Canterbury Regional Cancer and Haematology Service, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Sandra Turner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney West Radiation Oncology Network, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Vassallo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Protudjer JLP, Gruber J, MacKay D, Larcombe L. Paying the price? Academic work and parenting during COVID-19. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2022; 13:13-17. [PMID: 35572025 PMCID: PMC9099172 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.72873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The shift to remote working/learning to slow transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has had widespread mental health impacts. We aimed to describe how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the mental health of students and faculty within a health sciences faculty at a central Canadian university. METHODS Via an online survey, we queried mental health in the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic quantitatively (scale: 1 (most negative)-100 (most positive)) and qualitatively. RESULTS The sample (n = 110) was predominantly women (faculty 39/59; [66.1%]; students 46/50; [92.0%]). Most faculty were married/common law (50/60; [84.8%]) and had children at home (36/60; [60.0%]); the opposite was true for most students.Faculty and students self-reported comparable mental health (40.47±24.26 and 37.62±26.13; respectively). Amongst women, those with vs. without children at home, reported significantly worse mental health impacts (31.78±23.68 vs. 44.29±27.98; respectively, p = 0.032).Qualitative themes included: "Sharing resources," "spending money," "few changes," for those without children at home; "working at home can be isolating," including the subtheme, "balancing act": "working in isolation," "working more," for those with children at home. DISCUSSION Amongst women in academia, including both students and faculty, those with children at home have disproportionately worse mental health than those without children at home.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackie Gruber
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan MacKay
- Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, and Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Linda Larcombe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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Boone A, Roelants M, Hoppenbrouwers K, Vandermeulen C, Du Bois M, Godderis L. Perceived team roles of medical students: a five year cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:198. [PMID: 35317804 PMCID: PMC8941808 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the increasing importance of teamwork in healthcare, medical education still puts great emphasis on individual achievements. The purpose of this study is to examine medical students' team role preferences, including the association with gender and specialty; and to provide implications for policy makers and medical educators. METHODS We used an exploratory methodology, following a cross-sectional design. Data was collected from first year master students in medicine (n = 2293) during five consecutive years (2016-2020). The Belbin Team Role Self Perception Inventory (BTRSPI) was used to measure medical students' self-perceptions of their team role. RESULTS The Team Worker was the most preferred team role among medical students (35.8%), regardless of gender or specialty. Female and male students had similar team role patterns, although female students scored higher on Team Worker (40.4% vs. 29.1%, P < .001) and Completer-Finisher (14.0% vs. 8.0%, P < .001). With regard to specialties, the Team Worker role was more often chosen by general practitioners than by person-centered and technique-oriented specialties (47.1% vs. 41.8% vs. 29.1%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings contribute to an increased scientific understanding of how medical students perceive their own team role, and how this is related to gender and specialty. This is valuable due to the increased importance of interdisciplinary teamwork in healthcare. Medical schools should prioritize stimulating teamwork skills through the implementation of different interventions at all stages (i.e. from the admission process to curricula to residency) and all levels (i.e. explicit and implicit curricula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Boone
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Roelants
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Hoppenbrouwers
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corinne Vandermeulen
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Du Bois
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Bass RZ, Woodard SA, Colvin SD, Zarzour JG, Porter KK, Canon CL. Childbearing in radiology training and early career: Challenges, opportunities, and finding the best time for you. Clin Imaging 2022; 86:67-70. [PMID: 35344778 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For many women, radiology residency occurs during the childbearing years and they often question when is the best time to have children. Anxiety regarding fertility and pregnancy-related complications contribute to early career burnout in women physicians and many have fertility regrets. Supporting radiologists in training and early in their career as they navigate pregnancy and childbearing is critical to achieving a diverse workforce and leadership. Herein, we explore career-related challenges of childbearing and highlight opportunities for radiologists in residency, fellowship, and early in their career, so that they can make an informed childbearing decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Bass
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Stefanie A Woodard
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Stephanie D Colvin
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Jessica G Zarzour
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Kristin K Porter
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Cheri L Canon
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
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Sergeant A, Saha S, Lalwani A, Sergeant A, McNair A, Larrazabal E, Yang K, Bogler O, Dhoot A, Werb D, Maghsoudi N, Richardson L, Hawker G, Siddiqi A, Verma A, Razak F. Diversity among health care leaders in Canada: a cross-sectional study of perceived gender and race. CMAJ 2022; 194:E371-E377. [PMID: 35288408 PMCID: PMC8920524 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.211340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse health care leadership teams may improve health care experiences and outcomes for patients. We sought to explore the race and gender of hospital and health ministry executives in Canada and compare their diversity with that of the populations they serve. METHODS This cross-sectional study included leaders of Canada's largest hospitals and all provincial and territorial health ministries. We included individuals listed on institutional websites as part of the leadership team if a name and photo were available. Six reviewers coded and analyzed the perceived race and gender of leaders, in duplicate. We compared the proportion of racialized health care leaders with the race demographics of the general population from the 2016 Canadian Census. RESULTS We included 3056 leaders from 135 institutions, with reviewer concordance on gender for 3022 leaders and on race for 2946 leaders. Reviewers perceived 37 (47.4%) of 78 health ministry leaders as women, and fewer than 5 (< 7%) of 80 as racialized. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, provinces with a centralized hospital executive team, reviewers coded 36 (50.0%) of 72 leaders as women and 5 (7.1%) of 70 as racialized. In British Columbia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador, provinces with hospital leadership by region, reviewers perceived 120 (56.1%) of 214 leaders as women and 24 (11.5%) of 209 as racialized. In Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, where leadership teams exist at each hospital, reviewers perceived 1326 (49.9%) of 2658 leaders as women and 243 (9.2%) of 2633 as racialized. We calculated the representation gap between racialized executives and the racialized population as 14.5% for British Columbia, 27.5% for Manitoba, 20.7% for Ontario, 12.4% for Quebec, 7.6% for New Brunswick, 7.3% for Prince Edward Island and 11.6% for Newfoundland and Labrador. INTERPRETATION In a study of more than 3000 health care leaders in Canada, gender parity was present, but racialized executives were substantially under-represented. This work should prompt health care institutions to increase racial diversity in leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sergeant
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Anushka Lalwani
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Anand Sergeant
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Avery McNair
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Elias Larrazabal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kelsey Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Orly Bogler
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Arti Dhoot
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Dan Werb
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Nazlee Maghsoudi
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Lisa Richardson
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gillian Hawker
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Arjumand Siddiqi
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Amol Verma
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Fahad Razak
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
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Burm S, Luong V, LaDonna K, Bogie B, Cowley L, Klasen JM, MacLeod A. From struggle to opportunity: Reimagining medical education in a pandemic era. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 11:115-120. [PMID: 35286689 PMCID: PMC8919355 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-022-00702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the international medical education community in unprecedented ways. The restrictions imposed to control the spread of the virus have upended our routines and forced us to reimagine our work structures, educational programming and delivery of patient care in ways that will likely continue to change how we live and work for the foreseeable future. Yet, despite these interruptions, the pandemic has additionally sparked a transformative impulse in some to actively engage in critical introspection around the future of their work, compelling us to consider what changes could (and perhaps should) occur after the pandemic is over. Drawing on key concepts associated with scholar Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy, this paper serves as a call to action, illuminating the critical imaginings that have come out of this collective moment of struggle and instability, suggesting that we can perhaps create a more just, compassionate world even in the wake of extraordinary hardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burm
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Victoria Luong
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kori LaDonna
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryce Bogie
- MD/PhD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Cowley
- Ottawa Blood Disease Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Klasen
- Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna MacLeod
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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