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Otoo EA, Ocloo FC, Appiah V, Nuviadenu C, Asamoah A. Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in smoked guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) meat using gamma irradiation. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2022.2131912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn A. Otoo
- Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fidelis C.K. Ocloo
- Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Radiation Technology Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute. Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Victoria Appiah
- Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Nuviadenu
- Accelerator Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anita Asamoah
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
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2
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Kim SY, Shin HW, Kim GH, Kim YY, Kang MJ, Shin HS. Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Analytical Method of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Deep-Fat Fried Pork Products in Korea. Foods 2022; 11:1618. [PMID: 35681367 PMCID: PMC9180342 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many of them are likely to be carcinogenic and cause mutations. In this study, the PAH4 (benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)) content in deep-fat fried pork was evaluated according to temperature and time, and a risk assessment was conducted. The high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for PAH4 analysis was validated by determining linearity (R2), recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The linearity was R2 ≥ 0.99. The PAH4 level was dependent on the temperature, time, and nature of the edible oil. Before heat treatment, the PAH4 content of pork was 0.38 μg/kg. The PAH4 content of deep-fat fried pork ranged from 0.86 to 6.86 μg/kg according to temperature (160, 180, 200 °C) and time (3, 6, 9 min). Exposure to PAH4 via the consumption of deep-fat fried pork for different age groups among the Korean population was 0.01-0.89 μg-TEQBaP/kg/day, with the margin of exposure calculated as 7.88 × 104-5.22 × 106. The PAH4 content and risk of exposure increased proportionally with the heat treatment temperature and time. The survey provided important information in terms of evaluating the health risks that PAH compounds can cause in people's diets due to the heat treatment of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (H.W.S.); (G.H.K.); (Y.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
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3
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Grigoriou C, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Bakeas E, Leondiadis L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements dietary intake in inhabitants of Athens, Greece, based on a duplicate portion study. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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The influence of meteorological conditions during traditional smoking on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in traditional Polish pork ham. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of meteorological conditions observed during the process of traditional smoking on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in traditional Polish pork ham. The material of the study comprised traditional Polish pork ham, one of the most frequently purchased and consumed meat products in Poland. The analysed ham was smoked with the traditional method using beech chips and pieces. Smoking time was four hours. During laboratory research the basic chemical composition of the product was examined. Using the HPLC method, the level of 15 selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The obtained results show that the level of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the examined material depended on atmospheric pressure and relative air humidity. Atmospheric pressure significantly influenced the content of benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene and indeno(c,d)pyrene. Relative humidity impacted the absorption level of 5-methylchrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, benzo(j)fluoranthene and indeno(c,d)pyrene. An influence of air temperature during the smoking process on PAHs content in the product was not observed. The results indicate that traditional smoking should be conducted under conditions of high relative humidity – ideally above 75%, and high atmospheric pressure – above 1000 hPa.
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Premnath N, Mohanrasu K, Guru Raj Rao R, Dinesh GH, Prakash GS, Ananthi V, Ponnuchamy K, Muthusamy G, Arun A. A crucial review on polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons - Environmental occurrence and strategies for microbial degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130608. [PMID: 33962296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has risen tremendously due to the intensified industrial activities like petrochemical, pharmaceutical, insecticides and fertilizers applications. PAHs are a group of organic pollutants with adverse effects on both humans and the environment. These PAHs are widely distributed in various ecosystems including air, soil, marine water and sediments. Degradation of PAHs generally occurs through processes like photolysis, adsorption, volatilization, chemical degradation and microbial degradation. Microbial degradation of PAHs is done by the utilization of diverse microorganisms like algae, bacteria, fungi which are readily compatible with biodegrading/bio transforming PAHs into H2O, CO2 under aerobic, or CH4 under anaerobic environment. The rate of PAHs degradation using microbes is mainly governed by various cultivation conditions like temperature, pH, nutrients availability, microbial population, chemical nature of PAHs, oxygen and degree of acclimation. Several microbial species including Selenastrum capricornutum, Ralstonia basilensis, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Pseudomonas migulae, Sphingomonas yanoikuyae and Chlorella sorokiniana are known to degrade PAHs via biosorption and enzyme-mediated degradation. Numerous bacterial mediated PAHs degradation methods are studied globally. Among them, PAHs degradation by bacterial species like Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodococcus spp., Paenibacillus spp., Mycobacterium spp., and Haemophilus spp., by various degradation modes like biosurfactant, bioaugmentation, biostimulation and biofilms mediated are also investigated. In contrarily, PAHs degradation by fungal species such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus sulphureus, Fusarium oxysporum occurs using the activity of its ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, laccase, and manganese peroxidase. The present review highlighted on the PAHs degradation activity by the algal, fungal, bacterial species and also focused on their mode of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Premnath
- Department of Energy Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Mohanrasu
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Guru Raj Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G H Dinesh
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Siva Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Ananthi
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Microbiology, PRIST University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Ponnuchamy
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Govarthanan Muthusamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - A Arun
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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6
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Grigoriou C, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Chrysafidis D, Tzamtzis V, Bakeas E, Leondiadis L. Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels in Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Aquaculture Farms in Central Macedonia Region, Greece, Using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Molecules 2021; 26:5953. [PMID: 34641497 PMCID: PMC8512793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sensitive and selective gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 15 + 1 European Union (EU) PAHs, in mussel samples from aquaculture farms in Thermaikos and Strymonian Gulf, Central Macedonia Region, in three sampling periods. Concentrations were found at moderate to low values at all sampling sites, without exceeding maximum levels set by EU. Low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in all samples. Seasonal variation of the concentrations was observed; values were slightly higher in the winter period. Use of diagnostic ratios for potential sources of PAHs showed both petrogenic and pyrolitic origin. In comparison to other related studies of mussels from the Mediterranean Sea, Greek mussels cultivated in the studied gulfs are low in contaminants due to minimal environmental pollution effects. Low concentrations of PAHs are in compliance with the low values of other POPs which were found in the mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Grigoriou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR ‘‘Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (C.G.); (D.C.); (I.V.)
| | - Danae Costopoulou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR ‘‘Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (C.G.); (D.C.); (I.V.)
| | - Irene Vassiliadou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR ‘‘Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (C.G.); (D.C.); (I.V.)
| | - Dimitrios Chrysafidis
- General Chemical State Laboratory–Food Division, 16 An. Tsocha, 11521 Athens, Greece; (D.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Vassilios Tzamtzis
- General Chemical State Laboratory–Food Division, 16 An. Tsocha, 11521 Athens, Greece; (D.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Evangelos Bakeas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Leondios Leondiadis
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR ‘‘Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (C.G.); (D.C.); (I.V.)
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7
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Mirzazadeh M, Sadeghi E, Beigmohammadi F. Comparison of the effects of microwave cooking by two conventional cooking methods on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile N‐nitrosamines in beef cocktail smokies (smoked sausages). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirzazadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Faranak Beigmohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran
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8
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Duedahl-Olesen L, Ionas AC. Formation and mitigation of PAHs in barbecued meat - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3553-3568. [PMID: 33412921 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals, which can occur in barbecued or grilled foods, and particularly in meats. They originate from incomplete combustion of the heat source, pyrolysis of organic compounds, or fat-induced flame formation. This review therefore summarizes relevant parameters for mitigation of especially carcinogenic PAHs in barbecued meat. Consumption of PAHs increases the risk of cancer, and thus the relevance for the mitigation of PAHs formation is very high for barbecued meat products. Parameters such as heat source, barbecue geometry, and meat type as well as marinating, adding spices, and other antioxidants reduce the final benzo[a]pyrene and PAHs concentrations and minimize the exposure. Overall, mitigation of carcinogenic PAHs from barbecuing includes removal of visual charring, reducing fat pyrolysis by minimizing dripping from the meat onto the heat source, the use of acidic marinades or choosing leaner cuts of meat. Estimation of human exposure to barbecued meat, includes several challenges such as substantial differences in barbecuing frequencies and practices, heat sources and meat types used for grilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Duedahl-Olesen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alin C Ionas
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Cao X, Li J, Cheng L, Deng Y, Li Y, Yan Z, Duan L, Yang J, Niu Q, Perera F, Nie J, Tang D. The associations between prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, umbilical cord blood mitochondrial DNA copy number, and children's neurobehavioral development. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114594. [PMID: 32504974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse neurobehavioral development outcomes. Mitochondrial DNA are sensitive to environmental toxicants due to the limited ability of repairing. The change of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) might be a biologically mechanism linking PAH exposure and children's neurobehavioral impairment. Our aims are to explore whether PAH metabolites in maternal urine were associated with children's neurobehavioral development at 2 years old and umbilical cord blood mtDNAcn, and whether mtDNAcn was a mediator of PAH-related neurobehavioral development. We included 158 non-smoking pregnant women from Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Maternal urinary eleven PAH metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). MtDNAcn in cord blood was detected by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Children's neurodevelopment was measured by Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) when children were two years age. Generalized linear models and restricted cubic spline models were applied to assess the relationships between PAH metabolites in maternal urine and GDS scores and mtDNAcn. A mediation analysis was also conducted. Generalized linear models showed the relationships of sum of PAH metabolites (Σ-OHPAHs) in maternal urine with decreased motor score, and Σ-OHPAHs with increased mtDNAcn (p for trend < 0.05). Urinary levels of Ln (Σ-OHPAHs) increased one unit was related to a 2.08 decreased in motor scores, and Ln (Σ-OHPAHs) increased one unit was related to 0.15 increased in mtDNAcn. Mediation analysis did not find mtDNAcn can be a mediator between PAH metabolites and neurobehavioral development. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to PAH decreased children's neurobehavioral development scores and increased mtDNAcn. And reducing exposure to PAH during pregnancy will benefit to improving neurobehavioral development in children. In our present cohort study, sum of PAH metabolites in urine of pregnant women were related with motor score and were positively associated with umbilical cord blood mtDNA copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yunjun Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yanning Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Frederica Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Jisheng Nie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Deliang Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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10
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Adesina OA. Level of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Smoked Food Materials from Roadside Barbeque Spots in Western Nigeria and Health Implication. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1821721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Adedayo Adesina
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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11
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Dry-Cured Meat Products According to the Smoking Regime: Process Optimization to Control Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Foods 2020; 9:foods9010091. [PMID: 31952356 PMCID: PMC7023091 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of dry-cured meat products usually includes a smoking step. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially carcinogenic chemical compounds that may result from smoking. The aim of the present study was to optimize the smoking regime of traditional dry-cured meat products in order to minimize the presence of PAHs. Dry-cured sausages were submitted to different smoking regimes: (A) no smoking; (B) 20 h effective smoking; (C) 60 h effective smoking; (D) effective smoking until reaching 38%–40% weight losses. Three independent batches were produced per smoking regime, and three samples per batch were analyzed. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory analyses were performed. The total PAHs content was generally low and did not differ significantly in meat products submitted to the four different smoking regimes. The PAH4 and benzo(α)pyrene levels were below the established legal limits in all analyzed dry-cured sausages. Nevertheless, non-smoked sausages always showed lower PAHs values for all PAHs groups.
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12
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Iwegbue CMA, Odogbor D, Egobueze FE, Emoyan OO, Tesi GO, Odali EW, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Ethmalosa fimbriata and Gymnarchus niloticus from Selected Fish Markets in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1550794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis E. Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | | | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Eze W. Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E. Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Adeyeye SAO. Heterocyclic Amines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cooked Meat Products: A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1559208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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14
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Chen LL, Tseng CH, Tseng WJ. Development of a system dynamics model for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its application to assess the benefits of pollution reduction. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:231-236. [PMID: 30273845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic multimedia transport (DMT) model for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was constructed using the system dynamics software STELLA to simulate the transmission and flow of PAHs in different media. Humans are primarily exposed to PAHs via ingestion. Thus, this study used the DMT model to simulate the concentrations of PAHs in food media and the human body and assess the risk of harm to humans. On the basis of the hypothesis of PAH reduction in the Taiwanese steel industry, two scenarios were used (cases I and II), and integration indicators such as the Air Resource Co-Benefit Model of air pollutants, greenhouse gases, and PAHs reduction was established for the cost-benefit analysis of the reduction scenarios. This study not only established Taiwan's PAHs dynamic multimedia transmission model successfully but also performed a reduction scenario on the steel industry. In the year 2025, the total costs for cases I and II will be USD 690 and USD 694 million per year, respectively, and the total benefits will be USD 492 and 1669 million per year, respectively. Therefore, case II is preferable to case I in terms of benefit ratio (2.40 vs. 2.35, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chen
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Heng Tseng
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jen Tseng
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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15
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Tarafdar A, Chawda S, Sinha A. Health Risk Assessment from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Present in Dietary Components: A Meta-analysis on a Global Scale. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1492426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Shruti Chawda
- Department of Environment, Headquarters, Western Coalfields Ltd, Nagpur, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
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16
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Monitoring and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in processed foods and their raw materials. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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18
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Kuźmicz K, Ciemniak A. Assessing contamination of smoked sprats (Sprattus sprattus) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and changes in its level during storage in various types of packaging. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:1-11. [PMID: 29083985 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1369306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of material used in this study demonstrated that the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked sprats varies from the level below the lowest detection limit in muscles up to 9.99 µg kg-1 of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in fish skin. Such a high level of PAHs in skin was reported only in one of six batches of sprats, while mean BaP level was at 1.69 µg kg-1. Regardless such a high BaP level in skin, its concentration in muscles did not exceed the maximum acceptable level. The study objective was to assess to what extent packaging materials adsorb PAH compounds from food. Changes in the PAH levels were monitored in fish during their storage in packages made of various materials. The storage time was from 0 to 168 hours. The obtained results varied considerably, therefore their scatter did not allow to confirm unequivocally the preliminary hypothesis about the reduction of PAHs due to their migration to packaging material. However, analysis of the packaging used in this study demonstrated a significant increase in the level of total 16 PAHs. When high-density polyethylene (HDPE) packaging was analysed, a six-fold increase in the total 16 PAHs was observed comparing to the blank sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kuźmicz
- a Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Artur Ciemniak
- a Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries , West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin , Poland
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Yao L, Pan L, Guo R, Miao J. Expression profiles of different glutathione S-transferase isoforms in scallop Chlamys farreri exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene in combination and alone. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:480-488. [PMID: 28460308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are increasingly exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to anthropogenic pressure. This study aimed at evaluating the response of Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in scallop Chlamys farreri against benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and chrysene (CHR) exposure under laboratory conditions. Nine published GST genes were classified into six subfamilies and a new member of rho family was identified for the first time. Twelve GSTs (including nine published GST genes and three in transcriptome established by our laboratory) mRNA transcript levels in the gills, digestive glands, adductor muscle, mantle, testis, ovaries, blood cells of scallops were measured by real-time PCR. The results showed that the mRNA transcript levels of twelve GSTs, except GST-zeta, GST-mu and GST-microsomal, were highest in digestive gland. Accordingly, the mRNA expression levels of GSTs were measured in digestive glands of scallops exposed to BaP (0.1μg/L and 1μg/L), CHR (0.1μg/L and 1μg/L) and their mixtures (0.1μg/L BaP +0.1μg/L CHR and 1μg/L BaP +1μg/L CHR). The results indicated that different GST had specific response to different pollution exposure. In BaP exposure experiment, the mRNA expression level of GST-theta was a potential suitable biomarker. GST-sigma-2 and GST-3, which belonged to sigma class, were sensitive to CHR exposure while GST-microsomal was considered a potential ideal bioindicator to joint exposure of BaP and CHR. In summary, this study investigated the classification of GSTs and provided information about the expression profiles of different class GSTs after PAHs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ruiming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
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Bansal V, Kumar P, Kwon EE, Kim KH. Review of the quantification techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3297-3312. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Bansal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eilhann E. Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Yi JY, Kim HJ, Chung MS. Manufacture of low-benzo(a)pyrene sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) oil using a self-designed apparatus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173585. [PMID: 28278179 PMCID: PMC5344456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to lower benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) contents in sesame seed oil (SSO) during manufacture by using a self-designed apparatus, to determine its optimal conditions, and to analyze antioxidants in SSO which might be related to BaP content reduction. Washing and spin-drying steps reduce exogenous BaP contamination, and the reduced moisture in seeds lowered BaP content in final SSO. A ventilation system in the roasting step inhibits BaP formation and reabsorption, followed by a controlled compression step. The optimal condition, a single washing cycle with 2-min spin-drying, 1350-rpm ventilation, and a single compression cycle, reduced the BaP content in SSO to 2.93 μg/kg, where the raw seeds had been spiked with 10-μg/kg BaP. Total phenolic contents showed a reversal pattern to the distribution of BaP contents. Sesamol and sesamolin were quantified by a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector, and it was suggested that sesamol which is a strong antioxidant might have prevented BaP formation during the roasting step. This study enabled the commercial production of low-BaP SSO, and the data could be used in further investigations of the BaP content reduction mechanism with quantitative chemical analysis of the SSO composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Yi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Ju Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myong-Soo Chung
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fish species from markets in Southern Nigeria. Toxicol Rep 2016; 4:55-61. [PMID: 28959625 PMCID: PMC5615098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in four commonly consumed smoked fish species from markets in Southern Nigeria were assessed to evaluate possible human health risks associated with consumption. Varying levels of PAH congeners were observed in the fish tissues with the highest total concentration of PAHs in Scomber scombrus. High concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene was observed in Clarias gariepinus and Ethmalosa fimbriata with values above the guideline value of 0.05 mg/kg. The Dietary Daily Intake (DDI) value for total PAHs (∑PAHs) was highest for S. scombrus while the DDI value for the total carcinogenic PAHs (∑CPAHs) was highest for E. fimbriata. Carcinogenic human health risk assessment using carcinogenic toxic equivalents (TEQ), indicated that consumption of E. fimbriata has a higher potential to cause carcinogenic risks. TEQ values for all the fish species were however, below the estimated screening value (SV) of 3.556 mg/kg, while the estimated cumulative excess cancer risk (ECR) for E. fimbriata and C. gariepinus and PAH4 index for all the assessed fish species exceeded threshold values indicating potential carcinogenic risk from consumption.
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23
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Adeyeye SAO. Safety Issues in Traditional West African Foods: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2016.1225533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Xiu M, Pan L, Jin Q. Toxic effects upon exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (chrysene) in scallop Chlamys farreri during the reproduction period. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 44:75-83. [PMID: 27131750 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate potential toxic effects of chrysene (CHR) on mature scallop Chlamys farreri during the reproduction period, using indicators of antioxidant defences and oxidative stress. Scallops were exposed to 0.2, 0.8 and 3.2μg/L waterborne CHR for 21 days, at day 10 scallops were induced to spawn. At days 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 15 and 21, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl (PC) and DNA strand breaks in digestive glands were examined by separately analysing male and female scallops. During the pre-spawn period, Levels of enzymatic activities and oxidative stress were all induced by the exposure to CHR for females and males. GST activity presented a good time- and dose-dependent relationship only in males, and GSH content showed a dose-dependent manner in both sexes. During the post-spawn period, different trends were observed, while PC contents maintained growth in time- and dose-dependent manner. Overall, males were more sensitive than females to CHR exposure in enzyme activities, and correspondingly, females suffered from more serious oxidative damages. Both GSH and PC contents seemed to be potential biomarkers for PAH exposure. These results will offer the information on toxicity of CHR in this species, and ensure the influence of gender and reproductive status on PAH detoxification metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Qian Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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25
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Fernández-González R, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1383-405. [PMID: 24915328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- a Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology , University of Vigo , Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense , Spain
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26
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Adeyeye SAO, Oyewole OB, Obadina O, Adeniran OE, Oyedele HA, Olugbile A, Omemu AM. Effect of smoking methods on microbial safety, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and heavy metal concentrations of traditional smoked fish from Lagos State, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2015.1080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Russo MV, Avino P, Perugini L, Notardonato I. Fast analysis of nine PAHs in beer by ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24873f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Ultrasound-Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Micro-Extraction (USVADLLME) procedure coupled with Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) is proposed for the fast analysis of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vincenzo Russo
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
| | | | - Luisa Perugini
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
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28
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Bansal V, Kim KH. Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:26-38. [PMID: 26203892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Public concern over the deleterious effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has grown rapidly due to recognition of their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. The aim of this review is to describe the status of PAH pollution among different food types, the route of dietary intake, measures for its reduction, and legislative approaches to control PAH. To this end, a comprehensive review is outlined to evaluate the status of PAH contamination in many important food categories along with dietary recommendations. Our discussion is also extended to describe preventive measures to reduce PAH in food products to help reduce the risks associated with human intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Bansal
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Domingo JL, Nadal M. Human dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review of the scientific literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:144-53. [PMID: 26456806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 200 different organic compounds that are mainly formed as the result of pyrolytic processes. For the general population, a number of studies have shown that, as for other environmental organic contaminants, the major route of exposure to PAHs is through food consumption. In this paper, the scientific literature concerning the concentrations of PAHs in food and the human dietary intake of these compounds, is reviewed. Unexpectedly, we have detected a considerable lack of scientific papers for countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, or Japan, among many others, which seems rather unusual given the important scientific and social interest on the knowledge of the health risks of human exposure to environmental pollutants. The data from countries for which the human dietary intake of PAHs is available, show important differences among them, which would be explained by a number of factors, being probably the most important, the different methodologies used in the respective surveys. Regarding the influence of cooking on the levels of PAHs in foodstuffs, and the consequent intake, we conclude that it depends, not only on the particular cooking process, but even more on the specific characteristics of the respective food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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30
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Wu CC, Bao LJ, Guo Y, Li SM, Zeng EY. Barbecue Fumes: An Overlooked Source of Health Hazards in Outdoor Settings? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10607-10615. [PMID: 26259039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Barbecuing or charcoal-grilling has become part of popular outdoor recreational activities nowadays; however, potential human health hazards through outdoor exposure to barbecue fumes have yet to be adequately quantified. To fill this knowledge gap, atmospheric size-fractioned particle and gaseous samples were collected near an outdoor barbecuing vendor stall (along with charcoal-grilled food items) in Xinjiang of Northwest China with a 10-stage micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor and a polyurethane foam (PUF) sampler and were analyzed for particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to PAHs through inhalation and dermal contact by adult consumers who spent 1 h per day near a charcoal-grilling vendor for a normal meal (lunch or dinner) amounted to a BaP equivalent (BaPeq) dosage of 3.0-77 ng day(-1) (inhalation: 2.8-27 ng day(-1) of BaPeq; dermal contact: 0.2-50 ng day(-1) of BaPeq), comparable to those (22-220 ng day(-1) of BaPeq) from consumer exposure through the consumption of charcoal-grilled meat, assumed to be at the upper limit of 50-150 g. In addition, the potential health risk was in the range of 3.1 × 10(-10) to 1.4 × 10(-4) for people of different age groups with inhalation and dermal contact exposure to PAHs once a day, with a 95% confidence interval (7.2 × 10(-9) to 1.2 × 10(-5)) comparable to the lower limit of the potential cancer risk range (1 × 10(-6) to 1 × 10(-4)). Sensitivity analyses indicated that the area of dermal contact with gaseous contaminants is a critical parameter for risk assessment. These results indicated that outdoor exposure to barbecue fumes (particularly dermal contact) may have become a significant but largely neglected source of health hazards to the general population and should be well-recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environment and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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31
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Orony DN, Lalah JO, Jondiko IO. Determination of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Aflatoxins, and Nitrosamines in Processed Fish from the Winam Gulf Area of Kenya and Estimated Potential Exposure in Human. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.980433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph O. Lalah
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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32
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Xiu M, Pan L, Jin Q, Miao J. Gender differences in detoxification metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (chrysene) in scallop Chlamys farreri during the reproduction period. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 170:50-9. [PMID: 25728626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of chrysene (CHR) on biotransformation and detoxification responses of mature scallop Chlamys farreri during the reproduction period. Scallops were exposed to 0.2, 0.8 and 3.2 μg/L CHR for 21 days; at day 10 scallops were induced to spawn. At days 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 15 and 21, enzymatic activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), related mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1, GST-pi and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in digestive glands and CHR bioaccumulation in tissues were examined by separately analyzing male and female scallops. During the pre-spawn period, CHR concentrations of the treated groups in tissues except the hemolymph increased rapidly. Levels of enzymatic activities and related gene expressions were all induced by the exposure to CHR for females and males. GST activity and GST-pi mRNA expression showed a good time- and dose-dependent relationship only in males, and P-gp mRNA expression exhibited a dose-dependent manner in both sexes. During the post-spawn period, spawning caused significant reductions of bioaccumulation in tissues but the gill and hemolymph. Enzymatic activities and related gene expressions were for females significantly depressed at day 21 at 0.8 or 3.2 μg/L CHR. Overall, females accumulated more CHR than males, while males were more sensitive than females to CHR exposure in gene expressions and enzyme activities. P-gp mRNA expression seemed to be a potential biomarker for PAH exposure. These results will offer the information on CHR biotransformation in this species, and ensure the influence of gender and reproductive status on PAH detoxification metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Qian Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Kafeelah AY, Lucy NE, Kafayat AF, Shehu LA, Julius IA, Titus OO. Influence of fish smoking methods on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content and possible risks to human health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajfs2014.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Hung JY, Chang WA, Tsai YM, Hsu YL, Chiang HH, Chou SH, Huang MS, Kuo PL. Tricetin, a dietary flavonoid, suppresses benzo(a)pyrene‑induced human non‑small cell lung cancer bone metastasis. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1985-93. [PMID: 25738754 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to demonstrate that benzo(a)-pyrene (BaP) was able to enhance the production of parathyroid hormone‑related protein (PTHrP) by human non‑small cell lung cancer H460 cells. Such effect would further contribute to bone metastasis of lung cancer by increasing osteoclastogenesis. This study is also the first to reveal that tricetin (TCN), a flavonoid derivative found in Myrtaceae pollen and Eucalyptus honey, was able to reverse BaP‑mediated bone resorption activity of lung cancer cells. Human non‑small cell lung cancer H460 cells were treated with BaP to generate conditioned medium. When osteoblasts were cultured with BaP‑H460‑CM, their expression of osteoclastogenesis activator macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (M‑CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) was increased. BaP‑H460‑CM reduced the production of osteoprotegerin (OPG), an osteoclastogenesis inhibitor, in osteoblasts. Osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption activity of H460 cells were increased by BaP‑H460‑CM. With BaP‑mediated PTHrP upregulation, IL‑8 secretion in H460 cells was increased contributing to human non‑small cell lung cancer‑mediated osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Moreover, TCN suppressed BaP‑mediated bone resorption. Therefore, TCN may be a novel agent for treatment of non‑small cell lung cancer patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yu Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Ming Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Hsing Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shah-Hwa Chou
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Motorykin O, Schrlau J, Jia Y, Harper B, Harris S, Harding A, Stone D, Kile M, Sudakin D, Massey Simonich SL. Determination of parent and hydroxy PAHs in personal PM₂.₅ and urine samples collected during Native American fish smoking activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:694-703. [PMID: 25461072 PMCID: PMC4261013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the measurement of 19 parent PAHs (PAHs) and 34 hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in urine and personal air samples of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM₂.₅) using GC-MS and validated using NIST SRM 3672 (Organic Contaminants in Smoker's Urine) and SRM 3673 (Organic Contaminants in Nonsmoker's Urine). The method was used to measure PAHs and OH-PAHs in urine and personal PM₂.₅ samples collected from the operators of two different fish smoking facilities (tipi and smoke shed) burning two different wood types (alder and apple) on the Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) while they smoked salmon. Urine samples were spiked with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase to hydrolyze the conjugates of OH-PAHs and the PAHs and OH-PAHs were extracted using Plexa and C18 solid phases, in series. The 34 OH-PAHs were derivatized using MTBSTFA, and the mixture was measured by GC-MS. The personal PM₂.₅ samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction, derivatized with MTBSTFA and analyzed by GC-MS for PAHs and OH-PAHs. Fourteen isotopically labeled surrogates were added to accurately quantify PAHs and OH-PAHs in the urine and PM₂.₅ samples and three isotopically labeled internal standards were used to calculate the recovery of the surrogates. Estimated detection limits in urine ranged from 6.0 to 181 pg/ml for OH-PAHs and from 3.0 to 90 pg/ml for PAHs, and, in PM₂.₅, they ranged from 5.2 to 155 pg/m(3) for OH-PAHs and from 2.5 to 77 pg/m(3) for PAHs. The results showed an increase in OH-PAH concentrations in urine after 6h of fish smoking and an increase in PAH concentrations in air within each smoking facility. In general, the PAH exposure in the smoke shed was higher than in the tipi and the PAH exposure from burning apple wood was higher than burning alder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Motorykin
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jill Schrlau
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yuling Jia
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Barbara Harper
- Department of Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA
| | - Stuart Harris
- Department of Science and Engineering, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA
| | - Anna Harding
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David Stone
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Molly Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel Sudakin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Jedrychowski WA, Perera FP, Majewska R, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Mroz E, Roen EL, Sowa A, Jacek R. Depressed height gain of children associated with intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals: the cohort prospective study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:141-7. [PMID: 25460630 PMCID: PMC4262637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to environmental toxicants may program the development of children and have long-lasting health impacts. The study tested the hypothesis that depressed height gain in childhood is associated with prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals (lead and mercury). The study sample comprised 379 children born to non-smoking mothers among whom a total of 2011 height measurements were carried out over the 9-year follow-up period. Prenatal airborne PAH exposure was assessed by personal air monitoring of the mother in the second trimester of pregnancy and heavy metals were measured in cord blood. At the age of 3 residential air monitoring was done to evaluate the level of airborne PAH, and at the age 5 the levels of heavy metals were measured in capillary blood. The effect estimates of prenatal PAH exposure on height growth over the follow-up were adjusted in the General Estimated Equation (GEE) models for a wide set of relevant covariates. Prenatal exposure to airborne PAH showed a significant negative association with height growth, which was significantly decreased by 1.1cm at PAH level above 34.7 ng/m(3) (coeff.=-1.07, p=0.040). While prenatal lead exposure was not significantly associated with height restriction, the effect of mercury was inversely related to cord blood mercury concentration above 1.2 μg/L (coeff.=-1.21, p=0.020), The observed negative impact of prenatal PAH exposure on height gain in childhood was mainly mediated by shorter birth length related to maternal PAH exposure during pregnancy. The height gain deficit associated with prenatal mercury exposure was not seen at birth, but the height growth was significantly slower at later age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederica P Perera
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School Public Health, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Elżbieta Mroz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Emily L Roen
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School Public Health, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Agata Sowa
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ryszard Jacek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Abd-Alrahman SH, Draz HM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in serum of Saudi children using HPLC-FLD: marker elevations in children with asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12085-90. [PMID: 24923226 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust consists of a complex mixture of chemicals which contain known genotoxicants, one of which is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which may be associated with adverse respiratory health outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution patterns of PAHs (anthracene, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, cyclopentaphenanthrene, pyrene, fluoranthene, benzanthracene, chrysene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzoacephenanthrylene, and benzo(a)pyrene) in serum collected from asthmatic and healthy control children. PAH serum levels were measured in samples collected from children who lived in 11 different locations in/round Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Al-yarmouk, Usaibi, Sultana Al-kadema, Omrrojam, Kof, Janoob Dawdmi, Guberah, Arabbuah, Al-mozahemyah, Iskan Al-mazzer, and Al-gharabi) during the period 2010-2011. Our results showed that the highest total mean concentrations of PAH were found in serum samples collected from people who lived in Sultana Aljadhida, Almozahemyah, Guberah, and Omrrojam and were 663.9, 486.17, 412.18, and 258.6 ng ml(-1), respectively. The most prevalent PAHs in serum samples were naphthalene, bezanthracene, benzoacephenanthrylene, phenanthrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene with a frequency that ranged from 54.5 to 90.9 % positive samples. A close monitoring of PAH pollution is strongly recommended, especially in food and plant samples, because of their high bioaccumulation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
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Powell JB, Ghotbaddini M. Cancer-promoting and Inhibiting Effects of Dietary Compounds: Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 25258701 PMCID: PMC4172379 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic aromatic amines and dioxin-like compounds are environmental carcinogens shown to initiate cancer in a number of tissue types including prostate and breast. These environmental carcinogens elicit their effects through interacting with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand activated transcription factor. Naturally occurring compounds found in fruits and vegetables shown to have anti-carcinogenic effects also interact with the AhR. This review explores dietary and environmental exposure to chemical carcinogens and beneficial natural compounds whose effects are elicited by the AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann B Powell
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Maryam Ghotbaddini
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA USA
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Dost K, İdeli C. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and barbecued food by HPLC/UV–Vis detection. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jedrychowski W, Perera FP, Tang D, Stigter L, Mroz E, Flak E, Spengler J, Budzyn-Mrozek D, Kaim I, Jacek R. Impact of barbecued meat consumed in pregnancy on birth outcomes accounting for personal prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Birth cohort study in Poland. Nutrition 2012; 28:372-7. [PMID: 22079395 PMCID: PMC3288524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported an association between prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and lower birth weight, birth length, and head circumference. The main goal of the present analysis was to assess the possible impact of coexposure to PAH-containing barbecued meat consumed during pregnancy on birth outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The birth cohort consisted of 432 pregnant women who gave birth at term (>36 wk of gestation). Only non-smoking women with singleton pregnancies, 18-35 y of age, and who were free from chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, were included in the study. Detailed information on diet over pregnancy was collected through interviews and the measurement of exposure to airborne PAHs was carried out by personal air monitoring during the second trimester of pregnancy. The effect of barbecued meat consumption on birth outcomes (birth weight, length, and head circumference at birth) was adjusted in multiple linear regression models for potential confounding factors such as prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs, child's sex, gestational age, parity, size of mother (maternal prepregnancy weight, weight gain in pregnancy), and prenatal environmental tobacco smoke. RESULTS The multivariable regression model showed a significant deficit in birth weight associated with barbecued meat consumption in pregnancy (coeff = -106.0 g; 95%CI: -293.3, -35.8). The effect of exposure to airborne PAHs was about the same magnitude order (coeff. = -164.6 g; 95%CI: -172.3, -34.7). Combined effect of both sources of exposure amounted to birth weight deficit of 214.3 g (95%CI: -419.0, -9.6). Regression models performed for birth length and head circumference showed similar trends but the estimated effects were of borderline significance level. As the intake of barbecued meat did not affect the duration of pregnancy, the reduced birth weight could not have been mediated by a shortened gestation period. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study results provided epidemiologic evidence that prenatal PAH exposure from diet including grilled meat might be hazardous for fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Jedrychowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Cho HK, Kim MH, Park SK, Shin HS. Analysis of Benzo[a]pyrene Content and Risk Assessment. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.6.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
Policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici u zrakuPoliciklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU) spojevi su koji se sastoje od dva ili više kondenziranih aromatskih prstenova. Nastaju prilikom nepotpunog izgaranja ili pirolize organskih tvari. Dokazano je da neki PAU imaju kancerogena, a neki mutagena svojstva, pa je stoga potrebno kontinuirano pratiti koncentracije PAU u zraku, vodi i tlu, te pokušati sanirati izvore PAU. PAU s dva ili tri aromatska prstena postojani su u plinovitoj fazi, dok se PAU s više aromatskih prstenova nalaze u zraku uglavnom vezani na čestice. Visoke koncentracije PAU prisutne su u atmosferi urbanih područja, a najviše su zimi kada su pojačane emisije iz kućnih ložišta. U ljetno doba koncentracije su niže jer je većina policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika nestabilna na visokim temperaturama, a osim toga dolazi do njihove oksidacije i fotooksidacije. Metode mjerenja PAU u zraku uključuju uzorkovanje prosisavanjem na filterski papir ili kruti adsorbens, ekstrakciju i kromatografsku analizu. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati mjerenja benzo[a]pirena (BaP) kao glavnog predstavnika PAU na nekim lokacijama u svijetu. Razine BaP u svijetu uspoređene su s rezultatima mjerenja provedenim do sada u Hrvatskoj.
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Role and interaction of p53, BAX and the stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK in benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide induced apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:329-37. [PMID: 21983885 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous environmental pollutants formed during incomplete combustion of organic material. For example benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a constituent and contaminant of cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, industrial waste and even food products. B[a]P is carcinogenic to rodents and humans. B[a]P induces its own metabolism, which generates different metabolites such as the highly reactive electrophilic genotoxin and ultimal carcinogen B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). BPDE can bind to nucleophilic macromolecules such as proteins and DNA and causes mutations. Multiple defence mechanisms have evolved to protect the cell from DNA damage. Specific signalling pathways operate to detect and repair different kinds of lesions. In case, the damage is poorly removed expansion of damaged cells can be counteracted, e.g., by the inhibition of proliferation or triggering apoptosis. Examples of damage sensors and transducers are stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) and the tumour suppressor protein p53. Here, we studied the role of p53 and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX in BPDE-induced cell death by using wild-type- or knock-out-human colon carcinoma cells. As reported previously, we could reconfirm a critical role of p53 in BPDE-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, induced levels of total p53 and its transcriptional target p21 declined at higher BPDE concentrations correlating with reduced rates of apoptosis. Interestingly, increased phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 remained elevated at higher BPDE concentrations thus disconnecting p53 phosphorylation from downstream apoptosis. Hence, phosphorylation of p53 seems not only to be a more sensitive biomarker of BPDE exposure but might serve other functions unrelated to apoptosis. In addition, we identify BAX as a novel and essential factor to trigger the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in response to BPDE. Furthermore, BPDE in parallel activates the SAPKs p38 and JNK, which are as well involved in apoptosis. Although several routes of mutual regulation of p53 and SAPK have been described, we present evidence that the SAPK pathway in response to genotoxic stress can unexpectedly operate independently of p53 and controls apoptosis by a novel mechanism possibly downstream of caspases.
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Kuo PL, Hsu YL, Tsai MJ, Huang MS. Pterostilbene suppresses benzo[a]pyrene-induced airway remodeling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8028-8035. [PMID: 21675704 DOI: 10.1021/jf201747g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study has two novel findings: it is not only the first to demonstrate inflammatory cytokines, which are produced by the bronchial epithelium after exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and contribute to airway remodeling by increasing human bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC) proliferation and migration, but also the first to reveal that pterostilbene, a constituent of grapes and berries, reverses BaP-mediated airway remodeling. Human bronchial epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and HBE135-E6E7 (HBE) were treated with BaP, and then the condition medium (CM) was harvested, which was then added to BSMC. Cultures of BSMC with BaP-BEAS-2B-CM and -HBE-CM increased BSMC proliferation and migration, which are major features in asthma remodeling. Exposure of BEAS-2B and HBE to BaP caused epithelial cells to produce inflammatory cytokines IL-8, which subsequently induced BSMC proliferation and migration. Moreover, pterostilbene is more potent than resveratrol in suppressing BaP-mediated airway remodeling. This study suggests that pterostilbene is capable of preventing BaP-associated asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Chrysafidis D, Bergele K, Tzavara E, Tzamtzis V, Leondiadis L. Determination of PCDD/F, dioxin-like PCB and PAH levels in olive and olive oil samples from areas affected by the fires in summer 2007 in Greece. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:285-91. [PMID: 20153015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the summer of 2007, a series of massive forest fires broke out in several areas across Greece. The main sources of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Greece are considered to be the uncontrolled combustion of municipal solid waste in open landfills and accidental fires in forest, rural and industrial areas. Combustion may also lead to the formation of PAHs, which are fat soluble substances of considerable toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate PCDD/F, dioxin-like PCB and PAH contamination of olive oil produced in fire-affected areas. Olive oil is a very significant agricultural product of Greece. Samples for this study were collected from all affected oil producing areas after the fire and 1year later. PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PAHs were at normal levels in all samples analysed.
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Moon HB, Kim HS, Choi M, Choi HG. Intake and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with seafood consumption in Korea from 2005 to 2007. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 58:214-221. [PMID: 19424743 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 26 types of seafood commonly consumed by the general Korean population. The concentrations of total and carcinogenic PAHs ranged from 12.3 to 243 ng/g dry weight and from 0.21 to 18.4 ng/g dry weight, respectively, similar to those reported in other countries. The lower-molecular-weight aromatics, such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, and fluorine, predominated in the seafood samples. Estimated intakes of PAHs by seafood consumption for the general population, for men, and for women were 15.3, 16.7, and 13.8 ng/kg body weight/d, respectively. Squid, mackerel, and yellow croaker contributed to the highest intakes of PAHs. Among the 8 age groups investigated, children age <2 years and 3 to 6 years had high intakes of PAHs compared with adult groups. Dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PAHs were calculated using a TEQ proposed in the literature, and the intake was estimated to be 0.91 pg TEQ/kg body weight/d, which indicates that PAHs contributed the most (43%) to total TEQ intake. The estimated excess cancer risk values from seafood consumption for the general population (2.85 x 10(-6)), for men (2.93 x 10(-6)), and for women (2.68 x 10(-6)) slightly exceeded the guideline value (1.0 x 10(-6)) for potential cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Marine Environment Management Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), 408-1, Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Korea.
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Bojanowska M, Czerwiński J. Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in rape seeds with relation to their growing site and thermal treatment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1250-1259. [PMID: 20706951 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.492013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in human diet is vegetable oils, especially those produced from plants grown in regions where the soil and the atmosphere are contaminated with these chemicals. Contamination with PAH of vegetable oils may also occur in the process of plant material drying with smoke or exhaust fumes, or in the course of extraction of that material with solvents containing trace amounts of PAH. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the levels of PAH present in rape seeds and the occurrence of these compounds in cultivation region and the relationship of the levels of PAH in rape seeds to thermal treatment after harvest. Rape seeds and pods from experimental fields and rape seeds subjected to thermal treatment in dryers obtained from suppliers of the raw material were examined and compared. Cleanup of extracts was performed with high-resolution size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and final determinations were by Trace Ultra/PolarisQ gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results obtained indicated that during thermal treatment of rape seeds the concentration of PAH increased, but the levels of benzo[a]pyrene did not exceed threshold permissible levels. Data demonstrate that rapeseed cultivation in the presence of PAH results in higher levels of contaminants; however, the PAH levels still did not exceed the maximal allowable levels in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bojanowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
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