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Lv Y, Chen L, Li K, Yun XH, Yan SJ. Multicomponent Cascade Reaction of 3-Cyanochromones: Highly Site-Selective Synthesis of 2-(1 H-Imidazol-1-yl)-4 H-chromen-4-one Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15187-15196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Han Yun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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Tariq S, Alam O, Amir M. Synthesis, p38α MAP kinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity, and molecular docking studies of 1,2,4-triazole-based benzothiazole-2-amines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1700304. [PMID: 29611883 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that inhibition of p38α MAP kinase could effectively inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and interleukins. Thus, inhibition of this enzyme can prove greatly beneficial in the therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases. A new series of N-[3-(substituted-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)]-benzo[d]thiazol-2-amines (4a-n) were synthesized and subjected to in vitro evaluation for anti-inflammatory activity (BSA anti-denaturation assay) and p38α MAPK inhibition. Among the compounds selected for in vivo screening of anti-inflammatory activity (4b, 4c, 4f, 4g, 4j, 4m, and 4n), compound 4f was found to be the most active with an in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of 85.31% when compared to diclofenac sodium (83.68%). It was also found to have a low ulcerogenic risk and a protective effect on lipid peroxidation. The p38α MAP kinase inhibition of this compound (IC50 = 0.036 ± 0.12 μM) was also found to be superior to the standard SB203580 (IC50 = 0.043 ± 0.27 μM). Furthermore, the in silico binding mode of the compound on docking against p38α MAP kinase exemplified stronger interactions than those of SB203580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, p38α MAP kinase inhibitory activities and molecular docking studies of quinoxaline derivatives containing triazole moiety. Bioorg Chem 2018; 76:343-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Cappelli A, Nannicini C, Chelini A, Paolino M, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Giordani A, Sabatini C, Caselli G, Mennuni L, Makovec F, Giorgi G, Vomero S, Menziani MC. Phenylindenone isomers as divergent modulators of p38α MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5160-5163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel piperazine derivatives of flavone as potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Ligand-based and structure-based approaches in identifying ideal pharmacophore against c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3. J Mol Model 2011; 17:151-63. [PMID: 20393763 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Structure and ligand based pharmacophore modeling and docking studies carried out using diversified set of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3) inhibitors are presented in this paper. Ligand based pharmacophore model (LBPM) was developed for 106 inhibitors of JNK3 using a training set of 21 compounds to reveal structural and chemical features necessary for these molecules to inhibit JNK3. Hypo1 consisted of two hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), one hydrogen bond donor (HBD), and a hydrophobic (HY) feature with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.950. This pharmacophore model was validated using test set containing 85 inhibitors and had a good r² of 0.846. All the molecules were docked using Glide software and interestingly, all the docked conformations showed hydrogen bond interactions with important hinge region amino acids (Gln155 and Met149)and these interactions were compared with Hypo1 features. The results of ligand based pharmacophore model (LBPM)and docking studies are validated each other. The structure based pharmacophore model (SBPM) studies have identified additional features, two hydrogen bond donors and one hydrogen bond acceptor. The combination of these methodologies is useful in designing ideal pharmacophore which provides a powerful tool for the discovery of novel and selective JNK3 inhibitors.
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Xing L, Devadas B, Devraj RV, Selness SR, Shieh H, Walker JK, Mao M, Messing D, Samas B, Yang JZ, Anderson GD, Webb EG, Monahan JB. Discovery and characterization of atropisomer PH-797804, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, as a clinical drug candidate. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:273-80. [PMID: 22174080 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PH-797804 ((aS)-3-{3-bromo-4-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-6-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl}-N,4-dimethylbenzamde) is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. Due to steric constraints imposed by the pyridinone carbonyl group and the 6- and 6'-methyl substituents of PH-797804, rotation around the connecting bond of the pyridinone and the N-phenyl ring is restricted. Density functional theory predicts a remarkably high rotational energy barrier of >30 kcal mol(-1), corresponding to a half-life of more than one hundred years at room temperature. This gives rise to discrete conformational spaces for the N-phenylpyridinone group, and as a result, two atropic isomers that do not interconvert under ambient conditions. Molecular modeling studies predict that the two isomers should differ in their binding affinity for p38α kinase; whereas the atropic S (aS) isomer binds favorably, the opposite aR isomer incurs significant steric interference with p38α kinase. The two isomers were subsequently identified and separated by chiral chromatography. IC50 values from p38α kinase assays confirm that one atropisomer is >100-fold more potent than the other. It was ultimately confirmed by small-molecule X-ray diffraction that the more potent atropisomer, PH-797804, is the aS isomer of the racemic pair. Extensive pharmacological characterization supports that PH-797804 carries most activity both in vitro and in vivo, and it has a stability profile compatible with oral formulation and delivery options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Inflammation/Immunology Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02421, USA.
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8
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Pešić D, Landek IO, Rupčić R, Modrić M, Džapo [] I, Trojko [] R, Merćep [] M, Mesić M. Dibenzo[b,f]oxepin-10(11H)-one and dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10(11H)-one as useful synthons in the synthesis of various dibenzo[e,h]azulenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Dyrager C, Möllers LN, Kjäll LK, Alao JP, Dinér P, Wallner FK, Sunnerhagen P, Grøtli M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of chromone-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7427-31. [PMID: 21905739 DOI: 10.1021/jm200818j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)chromone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Introduction of an amino group in the 2-position of the pyridyl moiety gave p38α inhibitors with IC(50) in the low nanomolar range (e.g., IC(50) = 17 nm). The inhibitors showed excellent selectivity profiles when tested on a panel of 62 kinases, as well as efficient inhibition of p38 signaling in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dyrager
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: Multitargeted inhibitors of both the insulin-like growth factor receptor and members of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2452-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Amide-based inhibitors of p38α MAP kinase. Part 1: Discovery of novel N-pyridyl amide lead molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2556-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Rupčić R, Modrić M, Hutinec A, Čikoš A, Stanić B, Mesić M, Pešić D, Merćep M. Novel tetracyclic imidazole derivatives: Synthesis, dynamic NMR study, and anti-inflammatory evaluation. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Xing L, Shieh HS, Selness SR, Devraj RV, Walker JK, Devadas B, Hope HR, Compton RP, Schindler JF, Hirsch JL, Benson AG, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Williams JM, Broadus RM, Walden Z, Monahan JB. Structural bioinformatics-based prediction of exceptional selectivity of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor PH-797804. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6402-11. [PMID: 19496616 DOI: 10.1021/bi900655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PH-797804 is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. On the basis of structural comparison with a different biaryl pyrazole template and supported by dozens of high-resolution crystal structures of p38alpha inhibitor complexes, PH-797804 is predicted to possess a high level of specificity across the broad human kinase genome. We used a structural bioinformatics approach to identify two selectivity elements encoded by the TXXXG sequence motif on the p38alpha kinase hinge: (i) Thr106 that serves as the gatekeeper to the buried hydrophobic pocket occupied by 2,4-difluorophenyl of PH-797804 and (ii) the bidentate hydrogen bonds formed by the pyridinone moiety with the kinase hinge requiring an induced 180 degrees rotation of the Met109-Gly110 peptide bond. The peptide flip occurs in p38alpha kinase due to the critical glycine residue marked by its conformational flexibility. Kinome-wide sequence mining revealed rare presentation of the selectivity motif. Corroboratively, PH-797804 exhibited exceptionally high specificity against MAP kinases and the related kinases. No cross-reactivity was observed in large panels of kinase screens (selectivity ratio of >500-fold). In cellular assays, PH-797804 demonstrated superior potency and selectivity consistent with the biochemical measurements. PH-797804 has met safety criteria in human phase I studies and is under clinical development for several inflammatory conditions. Understanding the rationale for selectivity at the molecular level helps elucidate the biological function and design of specific p38alpha kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- Structural and Computational Chemistry, St. Louis Laboratories,Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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14
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Ozimec Landek I, Pešić D, Novak P, Stanić B, Nujić K, Merćep M, Mesić M. 2,8-Dithia-dibenzo[e,h]azulenes and Their 8-Oxa Analogs. Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Singh P, Sharma BK. Quantitative structure-activity relationship study of benzylsulfanyl imidazoles as cytokine release inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:15-21. [PMID: 17373542 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600952217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylsulfanyl imidazole derivatives (Figure 1) have shown their ability to inhibit the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or human whole blood. Such anticytokine actions of these congeners are quantitatively studied using Fujita-Ban and Hansch type analyses. The Fujita-Ban study resulted in the contributions of different substituents and the parent moiety for the inhibitions of cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. The substituents that have a higher positive contribution to the given activity, relative to substituents of the parent moiety at different positions were then used to obtain a trend for the active analogues. None of the substituents present at X, Y, 2-R and 3-R, appears to be advantageous over the substituents of the parent moiety for inhibition of both the cytokines. However, the substituents at 4-R, 5-R and 6-R help to improve the inhibitory actions of the compounds for both cytokines. The optimal activities seem to be manifested by compounds in which 4-R, 5-R and 6-R are substituted respectively by OH (or SOCH3 and SO2CH3), Cl and OH for inhibition of TNF-alpha, whereas by SOCH3 (or SO2CH3 and OH), H and OH for inhibition of IL-1beta. The Hansch type analysis, on the other hand, revealed that the F-substituents of the X-position and a less bulky structural moiety such as--S(CH2)2--at the Y-incision are advantageous in improving the inhibitory action towards TNF-alpha. Similarly, a less bulky/polar substituent present at 2-R and not having a hydrogen-bond donor property, while a more hydrophobic substituent at 3-R and hydrogen-bond acceptor substituent at 4-R are helpful in augmenting inhibitory activity of a compound. However, for inhibition of cytokine IL-1beta, it emerged that the X-substituents that transmits a higher negative resonance effect, the Y-substituent that offers less molecular bulk are beneficial. The R-substituents, being more electron donors at the meta-position, less hydrophobic at the para-position and offering smaller refractivity (less bulky and or polar) at the ortho-position are likewise helpful in improving the activity of a compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, S.K. Government College, Sikar 332 001, India.
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Benzothiazole based inhibitors of p38alpha MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1874-9. [PMID: 18296051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational design, synthesis, and SAR studies of a novel class of benzothiazole based inhibitors of p38alpha MAP kinase are described. The issue of metabolic instability associated with vicinal phenyl, benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl oxazoles/imidazoles was addressed by the replacement of the central oxazole or imidazole ring with an aminopyrazole system. The proposed binding mode of this new class of p38alpha inhibitors was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies of a representative inhibitor (6a) bound to the p38alpha enzyme.
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Pešić D, Landek IO, Čikoš A, Metelko B, Gabelica V, Stanić B, Merćep M, Mesić M. Synthesis of 2-formyl-1-aza-dibenzo[e,h]azulenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Soliva R, Gelpí JL, Almansa C, Virgili M, Orozco M. Dissection of the recognition properties of p38 MAP kinase. Determination of the binding mode of a new pyridinyl-heterocycle inhibitor family. J Med Chem 2007; 50:283-93. [PMID: 17228870 DOI: 10.1021/jm061073h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main recognition characteristics of the ATP binding site of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase alpha (p38alpha MAPK) have been explored by a combination of modeling and bioinformatics techniques, making special emphasis in the characteristics of the site that justifies binding specificity with respect to other MAP kinases. Particularly, we have analyzed the binding mode of a new family of p38 MAPK inhibitors based on the pyridinyl-heterocycle core. This family of compounds has a marked pseudosymmetry and can exist in different tautomeric forms, which makes the determination of the binding mode especially challenging. A combination of homology modeling, quantum mechanics, classical docking, and molecular dynamics calculations allowed us to determine the main characteristics defining the binding mode of this new scaffold in the ATP binding site of p38alpha. A set of free energy calculations allowed us to verify the binding mode proposed, giving an overall excellent agreement with the experimental values. Finally, the binding mode of this new family of compounds was compared to that of other members of the pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl heterocycle class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Soliva
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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19
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Lu Y, Xiang T, Bartberger MD, Bernard C, Bostick T, Huang L, Liu L, Siegmund A, Sukay G, Guo G, Elipe MS, Tormos W, Dominguez C, Koch K, Burgess LE, Basil TC, Ibrahim P, Hummel C. An efficient one-pot construction of substituted pyrimidinones. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Natarajan SR, Heller ST, Nam K, Singh SB, Scapin G, Patel S, Thompson JE, Fitzgerald CE, O'Keefe SJ. p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Part 6: 2-Arylpyridazin-3-ones as templates for inhibitor design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5809-13. [PMID: 16945533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p38 inhibitors based on 3,4-dihydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidazin-2-one template were synthesized and their SAR explored. Benchmark compounds 30, 35, and 36 were found to be potent against the enzyme. Crystal structure of p38 in complex with 30 indicated a key pi-stacking interaction with the pendant tyrosine residue-35 in the glycine-rich loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminathan R Natarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Sharma P, Ghoshal N. Exploration of a binding mode of benzothiazol-2-yl acetonitrile pyrimidine core based derivatives as potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 inhibitors and 3D-QSAR analyses. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:1763-74. [PMID: 16859308 DOI: 10.1021/ci060057q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a therapeutic target for inhibitors which may provide clinical benefit in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as in various apoptosis-related disorders. The benzothiazol-2-yl acetonitrile derivatives, recently reported by Pascale et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 4596-4607), are the first generation JNK inhibitors of this class. To understand inhibitory mechanisms and elucidate pharmacophoric properties of these derivatives molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies were performed on a set of 44 compounds. Ligand Fit module of Cerius2 (4.9) was employed to locate the binding orientations of all the compounds within the JNK-3 ATP binding site. A good correlation (r2=0.810) between the calculated binding free energies (-PMF score) and the experimental inhibitory activities suggests that the identified binding conformations of these potential inhibitors are reliable. Based on the binding conformations, robust and highly predictive 3D-QSAR models were developed with conventional r2 0.886 and 0.802, full cross-validation r2 0.980 and 0.788, and predictive r2 0.965 and 0.968 for MFA and MSA, respectively. The interaction mode was demonstrated taking into consideration inhibitor conformation, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction. The 3D-QSAR model built in this study will provide clear guidelines for a novel inhibitor design based on the benzothiazole derivatives against JNK-3 for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Drug Design, Development and Molecular Modeling Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4 Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata -700032, India
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Shaikh AR, Ismael M, Del Carpio CA, Tsuboi H, Koyama M, Endou A, Kubo M, Broclawik E, Miyamoto A. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3 D-QSAR) and docking studies on (benzothiazole-2-yl) acetonitrile derivatives as c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5917-25. [PMID: 16989998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were developed for 44 (benzothiazole-2-yl) acetonitrile derivatives, inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3). It includes molecular field analysis (MFA) and receptor surface analysis (RSA). The QSAR model was developed using 34 compounds and its predictive ability was assessed using a test set of 10 compounds. The predictive 3D-QSAR models have conventional r2 values of 0.849 and 0.766 for MFA and RSA, respectively; while the cross-validated coefficient r(cv)2 values of 0.616 and 0.605 for MFA and RSA, respectively. The results of the QSAR model were further compared with a structure-based analysis using docking studies with crystal structure of JNK3. Ligands bind in the ATP pocket and the hydrogen bond with GLN155 was found to be crucial for selectivity among other kinases. The results of 3D-QSAR and docking studies validate each other and hence, the combination of both methodologies provides a powerful tool directed to the design of novel and selective JNK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-1302 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Sabat M, Vanrens JC, Clark MP, Brugel TA, Maier J, Bookland RG, Laufersweiler MJ, Laughlin SK, Golebiowski A, De B, Hsieh LC, Walter RL, Mekel MJ, Janusz MJ. The development of novel C-2, C-8, and N-9 trisubstituted purines as inhibitors of TNF-α production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4360-5. [PMID: 16750367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-2, C-8, and N-9 trisubstituted purine based inhibitors of TNF-alpha production are described. The most potent analogs showed low nanomolar activity against LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in a THP-1 cell based assay. The SAR of the series was optimized with the aid of X-ray co-crystal structures of these inhibitors bound with mutated p38 (mp38).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sabat
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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25
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Brugel TA, Maier JA, Clark MP, Sabat M, Golebiowski A, Bookland RG, Laufersweiler MJ, Laughlin SK, Vanrens JC, De B, Hsieh LC, Mekel MJ, Janusz MJ. Development of N-2,4-pyrimidine-N-phenyl-N'-phenyl ureas as inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3510-3. [PMID: 16632356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new class of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis inhibitors based on an N-2,4-pyrimidine-N-phenyl-N'-phenyl urea scaffold is described. Many of these compounds showed low-nanomolar activity against lipopolysaccharide stimulated TNF-alpha production. X-ray co-crystallization studies with mutated p38alpha showed that these trisubstituted ureas interact with the ATP-binding pocket in a pseudo-bicyclic conformation brought about by the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Brugel
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd., Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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26
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Boehm J. 5-Amino-2-carbonylthiophene derivatives for use as p38 MAPK inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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28
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Cumming JG, McKenzie CL, Bowden SG, Campbell D, Masters DJ, Breed J, Jewsbury PJ. Novel, potent and selective anilinoquinazoline and anilinopyrimidine inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5389-94. [PMID: 15454232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies led to the identification of 4-(3-benzoylamino-6-methyl-anilino)quinazolines as potent and selective inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Further optimisation led to the identification of a series of 4-(3-benzoylamino-6-methyl-anilino)pyrimidines as potent inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase signalling pathway in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Cumming
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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29
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de Dios A, Shih C, López de Uralde B, Sánchez C, del Prado M, Martín Cabrejas LM, Pleite S, Blanco-Urgoiti J, Lorite MJ, Nevill CR, Bonjouklian R, York J, Vieth M, Wang Y, Magnus N, Campbell RM, Anderson BD, McCann DJ, Giera DD, Lee PA, Schultz RM, Li LC, Johnson LM, Wolos JA. Design of potent and selective 2-aminobenzimidazole-based p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors with excellent in vivo efficacy. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2270-3. [PMID: 15801819 DOI: 10.1021/jm048978k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and discovery of a 2-aminobenzimidazole-based series of potent and highly selective p38alphainhibitors. The lead compound 1 had low-nanomolar activity in both ATP competitive enzyme binding and inhibition of TNFalpha release in macrophages. Compound 18 showed excellent pharmacokinetics properties and oral activity in the rat collagen induced arthritis model compared with other p38 reference compounds. A SAR strategy to address CyP3A4 liability is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso de Dios
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly S.A., Avenida de la Industria, 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Tamayo N, Liao L, Goldberg M, Powers D, Tudor YY, Yu V, Wong LM, Henkle B, Middleton S, Syed R, Harvey T, Jang G, Hungate R, Dominguez C. Design and synthesis of potent pyridazine inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2409-13. [PMID: 15837335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel potent trisubstituted pyridazine inhibitors of p38 MAP (mitogen activated protein) kinase are described that have activity in both cell-based assays of cytokine release and animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. They demonstrated potent inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in mice and exhibited good efficacy in the rat collagen induced arthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Tamayo
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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31
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Golebiowski A, Townes JA, Laufersweiler MJ, Brugel TA, Clark MP, Clark CM, Djung JF, Laughlin SK, Sabat MP, Bookland RG, VanRens JC, De B, Hsieh LC, Janusz MJ, Walter RL, Webster ME, Mekel MJ. The development of monocyclic pyrazolone based cytokine synthesis inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2285-9. [PMID: 15837310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
4-Aryl-5-pyrimidyl based cytokine synthesis inhibitors that contain a novel monocyclic, pyrazolone heterocyclic core are described. Many of these inhibitors showed low nanomolar activity against LPS-induced TNF-alpha production. One of the compounds (6e) was found to be efficacious in the rat iodoacetate (RIA) in vivo model of osteoarthritis. The X-ray crystal structure of a pyrazolone inhibitor cocrystallized with mutated p38 (mp38) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Golebiowski
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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32
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Laufer SA, Domeyer DM, Scior TRF, Albrecht W, Hauser DRJ. Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:710-22. [PMID: 15689155 DOI: 10.1021/jm0408767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of ATP adenine, a series of adenine and purine derivatives was prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit a spectrum of disease-related kinases. There has been scant research investigating the potential of cosubstrate derived kinase inhibitors for other kinases than CDKs. Our inhibitor design combined the purine system from the original cosubstrate ATP and phenyl moieties in order to explore possible interactions with the different regions of the ATP binding site in several disease-related protein kinases. There have been a number of hits for the assayed substances, which led us to conclude that the spectrum of compounds may prove to be a valuable tool kit for the evaluation of bonding and selectivity patterns for a wide variety of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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33
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Novel 8-benzoylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridin-5-one mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.10.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Amide derivatives as cytokine inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.9.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Norman P. Therapeutic approaches to respiratory diseases excluding asthma:Trends from the patent literature 1997 - 2000. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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37
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Amide derivatives useful for the treatment of diseases mediated by cytokines. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.9.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Abstract
The recent successful introduction of the anti-cytokine biologicals Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Anakinra has stimulated the search for anti-cytokine small-molecules. A number of molecular targets have been identified for the development of such small molecular anti-cytokine agents. The focus of this review will be on those inhibitors of cytokine production, which target either p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), or IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE). P38 MAP kinase occupies a central role in the signaling network responsible for the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and TNF-alpha, and regulates their biosynthesis at both the transcriptional and translational level. TACE and ICE are two proteases required for the processing of proTNF-alpha and proIL-1beta, respectively into their mature, proinflammatory form. Since the mid-1990s, a plethora of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, TACE, and ICE has been characterized in vitro, and individual representatives from all three inhibitor classes have in the meantime been advanced into clinical trials. This review will highlight the correlation between effective inhibition at the molecular target and cellular activity in functional assays of cytokine, particularly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, production. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) will be discussed regarding activity at the respective enzyme target, but also with regard to properties required for efficient in vitro and in vivo cellular activity (e.g., oral availability, solubility, cell penetration, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England
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39
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Laufer SA, Zimmermann W, Ruff KJ. Tetrasubstituted Imidazole Inhibitors of Cytokine Release: Probing Substituents in the N-1 Position. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6311-25. [PMID: 15566301 DOI: 10.1021/jm0496584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We prepared novel 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with high anti-inflammatory activity by using our previously described regiospecific synthesis. Systematic optimization of the imidazole N-1 substituent resulted in compound 9b that potently inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38 IC(50) = 0.218 microM) as well as the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) from human whole blood after stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, compound 9b exhibited reduced cytochrome P450 interaction in comparison with SB203580. This result is particularly important, since cytochrome P450 interaction is observed for some p38 inhibitors and in turn can potentially cause drug-drug interaction or lead to other hepatic changes such as P450 enzyme induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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40
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Shifflett DE, Jones SL, Moeser AJ, Blikslager AT. Mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate COX-2 and mucosal recovery in ischemic-injured porcine ileum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G906-13. [PMID: 14764449 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00478.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways transduce signals from a diverse array of extracellular stimuli. The three primary MAPK-signaling pathways are the extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Previous research in our laboratory has shown that COX-2-elaborated prostanoids participate in recovery of mucosal barrier function in ischemic-injured porcine ileum. Because COX-2 expression is regulated in part by MAPKs, we postulated that MAPK pathways would play an integral role in recovery of injured mucosa. Porcine mucosa was subjected to 45 min of ischemia, after which tissues were mounted in Ussing chambers, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was monitored as an index of recovery of barrier function. Treatment of tissues with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-203580 (0.1 mM) or the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 (0.1 mM) abolished recovery. Western blot analysis revealed that SB-203580 inhibited upregulation of COX-2 that was observed in untreated ischemic-injured mucosa, whereas PD-98059 had no effect on COX-2 expression. Inhibition of TER recovery by SB-203580 or PD-98059 was overcome by administration of exogenous prostaglandin E(2) (1 microM). The JNK inhibitor SP-600125 (0.1 mM) significantly increased TER and resulted in COX-2 upregulation. COX-2 expression appears to be positively and negatively regulated by the p38 MAPK and the JNK pathways, respectively. Alternatively, ERK1/2 appear to be involved in COX-2-independent reparative events that remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie E Shifflett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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41
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Sperandio da Silva GM, Sant'Anna CMR, Barreiro EJ. A novel 3D-QSAR comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model of imidazole and quinazolinone functionalized p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:3159-66. [PMID: 15158784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe a new comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model of dihydroquinazolinone and tetrasubstituted imidazole compounds with p38 MAPK inhibitory activity. A series of 51 (a training set of 40 and a test set of 11) dihydroquinazolinone [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13, 277.] and tetrasubstituted imidazole [J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2180.] derivatives known as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) selective inhibitors was studied by quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis using comparative molecular field analysis. The 3D-QSAR models were generated and evaluated by a scheme that combines a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization with partial least squares (PLS) regression and by crossvalidation using the leave-one-out technique. The model was able to efficiently predict the activities of the compounds of the test set, suggesting that it can be used for the planning of new p38 MAPK inhibitor candidates useful to treat chronic inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto M Sperandio da Silva
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), P.O. Box 68006, ZIP 21944-910, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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42
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Ottosen ER, Sørensen MD, Björkling F, Skak-Nielsen T, Fjording MS, Aaes H, Binderup L. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship of Aminobenzophenones. A Novel Class of p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors with High Antiinflammatory Activity. J Med Chem 2003; 46:5651-62. [PMID: 14667219 DOI: 10.1021/jm030851s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We wish to report the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a series of 4-aminobenzophenones, as a novel compound class with high antiinflammatory activity. Our initial lead, (4-[(2-aminophenyl)amino]phenyl)(phenyl)methanone (3), was systematically optimized and resulted in compounds that potently inhibited the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by LPS. One of the most potent compounds, among others, was (4-[(2-aminophenyl)amino]-2-chlorophenyl)(2-methylphenyl)methanone (45) with IC(50) values of 14 and 6 nM for the inhibition of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, respectively. Furthermore, we found these types of compounds to be potent and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, e.g. 45 had an IC(50) value of 10 nM. Molecular modeling was used to rationalize our SAR data and to propose a model for the interaction of compound 45 with the p38 MAP kinase. The model involved a favorable hydrogen bond between the carbonyl group of the benzophenone and the NH of Met-109, positioning ring A in the hydrophobic pocket I of the enzyme. Good antiinflammatory effects were demonstrated in two murine models of dermatitis after topical application (oxazolone and TPA model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rytter Ottosen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, LEO Pharma, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
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43
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Trejo A, Arzeno H, Browner M, Chanda S, Cheng S, Comer DD, Dalrymple SA, Dunten P, Lafargue J, Lovejoy B, Freire-Moar J, Lim J, Mcintosh J, Miller J, Papp E, Reuter D, Roberts R, Sanpablo F, Saunders J, Song K, Villasenor A, Warren SD, Welch M, Weller P, Whiteley PE, Zeng L, Goldstein DM. Design and Synthesis of 4-Azaindoles as Inhibitors of p38 MAP Kinase. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4702-13. [PMID: 14561090 DOI: 10.1021/jm0301787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 via p38 has been an approach toward the development of a disease modifying agent for the treatment of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. The development of a new core structure of p38 inhibitors, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b] pyridine, is described. X-ray crystallographic data of the lead bound to the active site of p38 was used to guide the optimization of the series. Specific focus was placed on modulating the physical properties of the core while maintaining potent inhibition of p38. These efforts identified 42c as a potent inhibitor of p38, which also possessed the required physical properties worthy of advanced studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Trejo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, R6-201, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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44
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Fitzgerald CE, Patel SB, Becker JW, Cameron PM, Zaller D, Pikounis VB, O'Keefe SJ, Scapin G. Structural basis for p38alpha MAP kinase quinazolinone and pyridol-pyrimidine inhibitor specificity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2003; 10:764-9. [PMID: 12897767 DOI: 10.1038/nsb949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2003] [Accepted: 05/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The quinazolinone and pyridol-pyrimidine classes of p38 MAP kinase inhibitors have a previously unseen degree of specificity for p38 over other MAP kinases. Comparison of the crystal structures of p38 bound to four different compounds shows that binding of the more specific molecules is characterized by a peptide flip between Met109 and Gly110. Gly110 is a residue specific to the alpha, beta and gamma isoforms of p38. The delta isoform and the other MAP kinases have bulkier residues in this position. These residues would likely make the peptide flip energetically unfavorable, thus explaining the selectivity of binding. To test this hypothesis, we constructed G110A and G110D mutants of p38 and measured the potency of several compounds against them. The results confirm that the selectivity of quinazolinones and pyridol-pyrimidines results from the presence of a glycine in position 110. This unique mode of binding may be exploited in the design of new p38 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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45
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Kumar S, Boehm J, Lee JC. p38 MAP kinases: key signalling molecules as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003; 2:717-26. [PMID: 12951578 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p38 MAP kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play important roles in cellular responses to external stress signals. Since their identification about 10 years ago, much has been learned of the activation and regulation of the p38 MAP kinase pathways. Inhibitors of two members of the p38 family have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical disease models, primarily through the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory mediators. Several promising compounds have also progressed to clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p38 MAP kinases in stress-activated pathways and the progress towards clinical development of p38 MAP kinase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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46
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Scapin G, Patel SB, Lisnock J, Becker JW, LoGrasso PV. The structure of JNK3 in complex with small molecule inhibitors: structural basis for potency and selectivity. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:705-12. [PMID: 12954329 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family and regulate signal transduction in response to environmental stress. Activation of JNK3, a neuronal-specific isoform, has been associated with neurological damage, and as such, JNK3 may represent an attractive target for the treatment of neurological disorders. The MAP kinases share between 50% and 80% sequence identity. In order to obtain efficacious and safe compounds, it is necessary to address the issues of potency and selectivity. We report here four crystal structures of JNK3 in complex with three different classes of inhibitors. These structures provide a clear picture of the interactions that each class of compound made with the kinase. Knowledge of the atomic interactions involved in these diverse binding modes provides a platform for structure-guided modification of these compounds, or the de novo design of novel inhibitors that could satisfy the need for potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scapin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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47
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Laufer SA, Wagner GK, Kotschenreuther DA, Albrecht W. Novel substituted pyridinyl imidazoles as potent anticytokine agents with low activity against hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3230-44. [PMID: 12852754 DOI: 10.1021/jm030766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of polysubstituted pyridin-4-yl imidazole inhibitors of p38 MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase was prepared as small molecular anticytokine agents and drug candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. The contribution of substituents at the pyridinyl and imidazole moiety to selective inhibition of p38 without concomitant cytochrome P450 interaction was evaluated. Placement of a 1-phenylethyl (7e, p38: IC(50) 0.38 microM) or acetyl substituent at the exocyclic nitrogen of several 2-aminopyridine imidazoles led to the identification of potent p38 inhibitors which exceeded the starting lead ML 3375 (p38: IC(50) 0.63 microM) in potency. A preliminary modeling study related the enhanced bioactivity of 7e to a novel interaction between its 1-phenylethylamino side chain and a hydrophobic pocket close to the linker region of p38. The most active p38 inhibitors in this series maintained their efficacy in functional PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and whole blood assays. Moreover, cytochrome P450 interaction, which has been linked to the liver toxicity observed for model p38 inhibitors, was very efficiently reduced through introduction of a tetramethylpiperidine substituent at the 1 position of the imidazole nucleus. Combination of both structural features provided 14c (p38: 0.34 microM, inhibition of CYP1A2 0%, 2C9 2.6%, 2C19 7.6% at 10 microM), which was selected for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Laufer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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Wan Z, Boehm JC, Bower MJ, Kassis S, Lee JC, Zhao B, Adams JL. N-Phenyl-N-purin-6-yl ureas: the design and synthesis of p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1191-4. [PMID: 12643941 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and SAR of a series of 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine inhibitors of p38alpha kinase is reported. Synthetic routes were devised to allow for array synthesis in which all three points of diversity could be facilely explored. The binding of this novel series to p38alpha kinase, which was predicted to have several key interactions in common with SB-203580, was confirmed by X-ray crystallography of 19 (p38 IC(50)=82 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Wan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory and Inflammation CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA. zehong_2_wan.gsk.com
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49
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Colletti SL, Frie JL, Dixon EC, Singh SB, Choi BK, Scapin G, Fitzgerald CE, Kumar S, Nichols EA, O'Keefe SJ, O'Neill EA, Porter G, Samuel K, Schmatz DM, Schwartz CD, Shoop WL, Thompson CM, Thompson JE, Wang R, Woods A, Zaller DM, Doherty JB. Hybrid-designed inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase utilizing N-arylpyridazinones. J Med Chem 2003; 46:349-52. [PMID: 12540232 DOI: 10.1021/jm025585h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl N-arylpyridazinones were hybridized from the classic pyridinylimidazoles and the more recent dual hydrogen bond acceptors, resulting in a new structural class of selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Colletti
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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50
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Natarajan SR, Wisnoski DD, Singh SB, Stelmach JE, O'Neill EA, Schwartz CD, Thompson CM, Fitzgerald CE, O'Keefe SJ, Kumar S, Hop CECA, Zaller DM, Schmatz DM, Doherty JB. p38MAP kinase inhibitors. Part 1: design and development of a new class of potent and highly selective inhibitors based on 3,4-dihydropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidone scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:273-6. [PMID: 12482438 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new class of p38 antagonists based on 3,4-dihydropyrido[3,2,-d]pyrimidine scaffold has been developed. These inhibitors exhibit unprecedented selectivity towards p38 over other very closely related kinases. Compounds 25, 33, and 34 were identified as benchmark analogues for follow-up studies. They show good potency for enzyme inhibition and excellent functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminathan R Natarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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