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Novel potent (dihydro)benzofuranyl piperazines as human histamine receptor ligands - Functional characterization and modeling studies on H 3 and H 4 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 30:115924. [PMID: 33333448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histamine acts through four different receptors (H1R-H4R), the H3R and H4R being the most explored in the last years as drug targets. The H3R is a potential target to treat narcolepsy, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia and several other CNS-related conditions, while H4R blockade leads to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Our group has been exploring the dihydrobenzofuranyl-piperazines (LINS01 series) as human H3R/H4R ligands as potential drug candidates. In the present study, a set of 12 compounds were synthesized from adequate (dihydro)benzofuran synthons through simple reactions with corresponding piperazines, giving moderate to high yields. Four compounds (1b, 1f, 1g and 1h) showed high hH3R affinity (pKi > 7), compound 1h being the most potent (pKi 8.4), and compound 1f showed the best efficiency (pKi 8.2, LE 0.53, LLE 5.85). BRET-based assays monitoring Gαi activity indicated that the compounds are potent antagonists. Only one compound (2c, pKi 7.1) presented high affinity for hH4R. In contrast to what was observed for hH3R, it showed partial agonist activity. Docking experiments indicated that bulky substituents occupy a hydrophobic pocket in hH3R, while the N-allyl group forms favorable interactions with hydrophobic residues in the TM2, 3 and 7, increasing the selectivity towards hH3R. Additionally, the importance of the indole NH in the interaction with Glu5.46 from hH4R was confirmed by the modeling results, explaining the affinity and agonistic activity of compound 2c. The data reported in this work represent important findings for the rational design of future compounds for hH3R and hH4R.
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Soliani A, Kubota SM, Corrêa MF, Cerutti SM, Fernandes JPS. Differential contribution of H3R antagonism by LINS01 compounds on memory, anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous locomotor activity in healthy rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 377:112230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Ghamari N, Zarei O, Arias-Montaño JA, Reiner D, Dastmalchi S, Stark H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Histamine H 3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists: Where do they go? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:69-84. [PMID: 31028835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the histamine H3 receptor in 1983, tremendous advances in the pharmacological aspects of H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have been accomplished in preclinical studies. At present, there are several drug candidates that reached clinical trial studies for various indications. However, entrance of these candidates to the pharmaceutical market is not free from challenges, and a variety of difficulties is engaged with their developmental process. In this review, the potential role of H3 receptors in the pathophysiology of various central nervous system, metabolic and allergic diseases is discussed. Thereafter, the current status for H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists in ongoing clinical trial studies is reviewed and obstacles in developing these agents are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Ghamari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - David Reiner
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Holger Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Progress in the development of histamine H 3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists: a patent review (2013-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:175-196. [PMID: 29334795 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1424135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since years, ligands blocking histamine H3 receptor (H3R) activity (antagonists/inverse agonists) are interesting targets in the search for new cures for CNS disorders. Intensive works done by academic and pharmaceutical company researchers have led to many potent and selective H3R antagonists/inverse agonists. Some of them have reached to clinical trials. AREAS COVERED Patent applications from January 2013 to September 2017 and the most important topics connected with H3R field are analysed. Espacenet, Patentscope, Pubmed, GoogleScholar or Cochrane Library online databases were principially used to collect all the materials. EXPERT OPINION The research interest in histamine H3R field is still high although the number of patent applications has decreased during the past 4 years (around 20 publications). Complexity of histamine H3R biology e.g. many isoforms, constitutive activity, heteromerization with other receptors (dopamine D2, D1, adenosine A2A) and pharmacology make not easy realization and evaluation of therapeutic potential of anti-H3R ligands. First results from clinical trials have verified potential utility of histamine H3R antagonist/inverse agonists in some diseases. However, more studies are necessary for better understanding of an involvement of the histaminergic system in CNS-related disorders and helping more ligands approach to clinical trials and the market. Lists of abbreviations: hAChEI - human acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; hBuChEI - human butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor; hMAO - human monoamine oxidase; MAO - monoamine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Łażewska
- a Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- a Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków , Poland
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5
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Development of drugs based on imidazole and benzimidazole bioactive heterocycles: recent advances and future directions. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Amini-Khoei H, Rahimi-Balaei M, Amiri S, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hassanipour M, Shirzadian A, Gooshe M, Alijanpour S, Mehr SE, Dehpour AR. Morphine modulates the effects of histamine H1 and H3 receptors on seizure susceptibility in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Wingen K, Stark H. Scaffold variations in amine warhead of histamine H₃ receptor antagonists. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e483-9. [PMID: 24451638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) is involved in numerous regulatory neurotransmission processes and there-fore, is a prominent target for centrally occurring disease with some promising clinical candidates. Previous research resulted in the identification of a core pharmacophore blueprint for H₃R antagonists/inverse agonists, which when inserted in a molecule, mostly ensures acceptable affinity. Nevertheless, variations of scaffold and peripheral areas can increase potency and pharmacokinetic profile of drug candidates. The variations in amine scaffolds of antagonists for this aminergic GPCR are of special importance.
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Savall BM, Chavez F, Tays K, Dunford PJ, Cowden JM, Hack MD, Wolin RL, Thurmond RL, Edwards JP. Discovery and SAR of 6-alkyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as histamine H₄ receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2429-39. [PMID: 24495018 DOI: 10.1021/jm401727m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This report discloses the discovery and SAR of a series of 6-alkyl-2-aminopyrimidine derived histamine H4 antagonists that led to the development of JNJ 39758979, which has been studied in phase II clinical trials in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Building on our SAR studies of saturated derivatives from the indole carboxamide series, typified by JNJ 7777120, and incorporating knowledge from the tricyclic pyrimidines led us to the 6-alkyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine series. A focused medicinal chemistry effort delivered several 6-alkyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines that behaved as antagonists at both the human and rodent H4 receptor. Further optimization led to a panel of antagonists that were profiled in animal models of inflammatory disease. On the basis of the preclinical profile and efficacy in several animal models, JNJ 39758979 was selected as a clinical candidate; however, further development was halted during phase II because of the observation of drug-induced agranulocytosis (DIAG) in two subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Savall
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC , 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Tao M, Aimone LD, Gruner JA, Mathiasen JR, Huang Z, Lyons J, Raddatz R, Hudkins RL. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 5-pyridazin-3-one phenoxypiperidines as potent, selective histamine H(3) receptor inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1073-7. [PMID: 22197136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the R(2) and R(6) positions of (5-{4-[3-(R)-2-methylpyrrolin-1-yl-propoxy]phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one) 2a with constrained phenoxypiperidines led to the identification of 5-[4-(cyclobutyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-6-methyl-2H-pyridazin-3-one 8b as a potent, selective histamine H(3) receptor antagonist with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 8b had an excellent safety genotoxocity profile for a CNS-active compound in the Ames and micronucleus tests, also displayed potent H(3)R antagonist activity in the brain in the rat dipsogenia model and robust wake activity in the rat EEG/EMG model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tao
- Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA.
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10
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Zhou D, Gross JL, Sze JY, Adedoyin AB, Bowlby M, Di L, Platt BJ, Zhang G, Brandon N, Comery TA, Robichaud AJ. Pyrrolidin-3-yl-N-methylbenzamides as potent histamine 3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5957-60. [PMID: 21843941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the previously reported benzimidazole 1,3'-bipyrrolidine benzamides (1), a series of related pyrrolidin-3-yl-N-methylbenzamides were synthesized and evaluated as H(3) receptor antagonists. In particular, compound 32 exhibits potent H(3) receptor binding affinity, improved pharmaceutical properties and a favorable in vivo profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Zhou
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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11
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N-Alkenyl and cycloalkyl carbamates as dual acting histamine H3 and H4 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2850-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Receptor-specific functional efficacies of alkyl imidazoles as dual histamine H3/H4 receptor ligands. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 654:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Foley AG, Prendergast A, Barry C, Scully D, Upton N, Medhurst AD, Regan CM. H3 receptor antagonism enhances NCAM PSA-mediated plasticity and improves memory consolidation in odor discrimination and delayed match-to-position paradigms. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2585-600. [PMID: 19657331 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To further understand the procognitive actions of GSK189254, a histamine H(3) receptor antagonist, we determined its influence on the modulation of hippocampal neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polysialylation (PSA) state, a necessary neuroplastic mechanism for learning and memory consolidation. A 4-day treatment with GSK189254 significantly increased basal expression of dentate polysialylated cells in rats with the maximal effect being observed at 0.03-0.3 mg/kg. At the optimal dose (0.3 mg/kg), GSK189254 enhanced water maze learning and the associated transient increase in NCAM-polysialylated cells. The increase in dentate polysialylated cell frequency induced by GSK189254 was not attributable to enhanced neurogenesis, although it did induce a small, but significant, increase in the survival of these newborn cells. GSK189254 (0.3 mg/kg) was without effect on polysialylated cell frequency in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex, but significantly increased the diffuse PSA staining observed in the anterior, ventromedial, and dorsomedial aspects of the hypothalamus. Consistent with its ability to enhance the learning-associated, post-training increases in NCAM PSA state, GSK189254 (0.3 mg/kg) reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine given in the 6-h post-training period after training in an odor discrimination paradigm. Moreover, GSK189254 significantly improved the performance accuracy of a delayed match-to-position paradigm, a task dependent on the prefrontal cortex and degree of cortical arousal, the latter may be related to enhanced NCAM PSA-associated plasticity in the hypothalamus. The procognitive actions of H3 antagonism combined with increased NCAM PSA expression may exert a disease-modifying action in conditions harboring fundamental deficits in NCAM-mediated neuroplasticity, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Foley
- Berand Neuropharmacology, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Morini G, Comini M, Rivara M, Rivara S, Bordi F, Plazzi PV, Flammini L, Saccani F, Bertoni S, Ballabeni V, Barocelli E, Mor M. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships for biphenyl H3 receptor antagonists with moderate anti-cholinesterase activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9911-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Zhao C, Sun M, Bennani YL, Gopalakrishnan SM, Witte DG, Miller TR, Krueger KM, Browman KE, Thiffault C, Wetter J, Marsh KC, Hancock AA, Esbenshade TA, Cowart MD. The Alkaloid Conessine and Analogues as Potent Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5423-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Minghua Sun
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Sujatha M. Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - David G. Witte
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Thomas R. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kathleen M. Krueger
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kaitlin E. Browman
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Christine Thiffault
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Jill Wetter
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kennan C. Marsh
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Arthur A. Hancock
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Timothy A. Esbenshade
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Marlon D. Cowart
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
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16
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Roche O, Nettekoven M, Vifian W, Sarmiento RMR. Refinement of histamine H3 ligands pharmacophore model leads to a new class of potent and selective naphthalene inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4377-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Funaki Y, Sato K, Kato M, Ishikawa Y, Iwata R, Yanai K. Evaluation of the binding characteristics of [18F]fluoroproxyfan in the rat brain for in vivo visualization of histamine H3 receptor. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:981-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Pu YM, Ku YY, Grieme T, Black LA, Bhatia AV, Cowart M. An Expedient and Multikilogram Synthesis of a Naphthalenoid H3 Antagonist. Org Process Res Dev 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/op700102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Pu
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Yi-Yin Ku
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Timothy Grieme
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence A. Black
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Ashok V. Bhatia
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Marlon Cowart
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
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Nersesian DL, Black LA, Miller TR, Vortherms TA, Esbenshade TA, Hancock AA, Cowart MD. In vitro SAR of pyrrolidine-containing histamine H3 receptor antagonists: trends across multiple chemical series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:355-9. [PMID: 18077160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were analyzed within a library of diverse yet simple compounds prepared as histamine H3 antagonists. The libraries were constructed with a variety of low molecular weight pyrrolidines, selected from (R)-2-methylpyrrolidine, (S)-2-methylpyrrolidine, and pyrrolidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Nersesian
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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20
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Altenbach RJ, Liu H, Banfor PN, Browman KE, Fox GB, Fryer RM, Komater VA, Krueger KM, Marsh K, Miller TR, Pan JB, Pan L, Sun M, Thiffault C, Wetter J, Zhao C, Zhou D, Esbenshade TA, Hancock AA, Cowart MD. Synthesis, Potency, and In Vivo Profiles of Quinoline Containing Histamine H3 Receptor Inverse Agonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5439-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm0705051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Altenbach
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Huaqing Liu
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Patricia N. Banfor
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kaitlin E. Browman
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Gerard B. Fox
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Ryan M. Fryer
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Victoria A. Komater
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kathleen M. Krueger
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kennan Marsh
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Thomas R. Miller
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Jia Bao Pan
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Liping Pan
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Minghua Sun
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Christine Thiffault
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Jill Wetter
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Chen Zhao
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Deliang Zhou
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Timothy A. Esbenshade
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Arthur A. Hancock
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Marlon D. Cowart
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
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21
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Isensee K, Petroianu G, Stark H. Pharmacological aspects of cognitive impairment: past, present and future of drugs in dementia. J Appl Biomed 2007. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2007.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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22
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Roche O, Rodríguez Sarmiento RM. A new class of histamine H3 receptor antagonists derived from ligand based design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3670-5. [PMID: 17498953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of highly potent and selective non-imidazole inverse agonists for the histamine H(3) receptor is described. The study validates a new pharmacophore model based on the merging of two previously described models. It also demonstrates that the removal of the basic center potentially interacting with ASP3.32 and common to both models leads to loss of activity, whereas the replacement of the second basic center by an acceptor retains the potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Roche
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Research Basel, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Amon M, Ligneau X, Camelin JC, Berrebi-Bertrand I, Schwartz JC, Stark H. Highly Potent Fluorescence-Tagged Nonimidazole Histamine H3 Receptor Ligands. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:708-16. [PMID: 17361979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Different (3-phenoxypropyl)piperidine derivatives have been coupled to fluorescent moieties (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl, carbazol-9-ylcarbonyl, 2-cyanoisoindol-1-yl, 2-cyanobenzo[f]isoindol-1-yl, 2,4-dinitrobenzen-1-yl, 2,4-diaminophenyl, 7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl, 7-aminosulfonylbenzofurazan-4-yl, 4-methylcoumarin-6-yl) as novel histamine H(3) receptor ligands. They have been synthesised starting from piperidine in a few steps. The compounds display good to excellent histamine hH(3) receptor affinities with K(i) values ranging from 13.4 to 0.048 nM. Some of the new compounds belong to the most potent ligands known so far and may act as tools for identification and understanding of the binding site on the histamine H(3) receptor. In vivo screening on selected derivatives of Sanger's reagent showed antagonist potencies with ED(50) values from 7.9 to 0.39 mg kg(-1), p.o.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amon
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, ZAFES/CMP, Biozentrum, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Medhurst AD, Briggs MA, Bruton G, Calver AR, Chessell I, Crook B, Davis JB, Davis RP, Foley AG, Heslop T, Hirst WD, Medhurst SJ, Ociepka S, Ray A, Regan CM, Sargent B, Schogger J, Stean TO, Trail BK, Upton N, White T, Orlek B, Wilson DM. Structurally novel histamine H3 receptor antagonists GSK207040 and GSK334429 improve scopolamine-induced memory impairment and capsaicin-induced secondary allodynia in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1182-94. [PMID: 17276409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
GSK207040 (5-[(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-N-methyl-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and GSK334429 (1-(1-methylethyl)-4-({1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]-4-piperidinyl}carbonyl)hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine) are novel and selective non-imidazole histamine H(3) receptor antagonists from distinct chemical series with high affinity for human (pK(i)=9.67+/-0.06 and 9.49+/-0.09, respectively) and rat (pK(i)=9.08+/-0.16 and 9.12+/-0.14, respectively) H(3) receptors expressed in cerebral cortex. At the human recombinant H(3) receptor, GSK207040 and GSK334429 were potent functional antagonists (pA(2)=9.26+/-0.04 and 8.84+/-0.04, respectively versus H(3) agonist-induced changes in cAMP) and exhibited inverse agonist properties (pIC(50)=9.20+/-0.36 and 8.59+/-0.04 versus basal GTPgammaS binding). Following oral administration, GSK207040 and GSK334429 potently inhibited cortical ex vivo [(3)H]-R-alpha-methylhistamine binding (ED(50)=0.03 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively). Functional antagonism of central H(3) receptors was demonstrated by blockade of R-alpha-methylhistamine-induced dipsogenia in rats (ID(50)=0.02 and 0.11 mg/kg p.o. for GSK207040 and GSK334429, respectively). In more pathophysiologically relevant pharmacodynamic models, GSK207040 (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3mg/kg p.o.) and GSK334429 (0.3, 1 and 3mg/kg p.o.) significantly reversed amnesia induced by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine in a passive avoidance paradigm. In addition, GSK207040 (0.1, 0.3 and 1mg/kg p.o.) and GSK334429 (3 and 10mg/kg p.o.) significantly reversed capsaicin-induced reductions in paw withdrawal threshold, suggesting for the first time that blockade of H(3) receptors may be able to reduce tactile allodynia. Novel H(3) receptor antagonists such as GSK207040 and GSK334429 may therefore have therapeutic potential not only in dementia but also in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Medhurst
- Neurology and GI Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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25
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Cowart M, Gfesser GA, Browman KE, Faghih R, Miller TR, Milicic I, Baranowski JL, Krueger KM, Witte DG, Molesky AL, Komater VA, Buckley MJ, Diaz GJ, Gagne GD, Zhou D, Deng X, Pan L, Roberts EM, Diehl MS, Wetter JM, Marsh KC, Fox GB, Brioni JD, Esbenshade TA, Hancock AA. Novel heterocyclic-substituted benzofuran histamine H3 receptor antagonists: In vitro properties, drug-likeness, and behavioral activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1243-55. [PMID: 17371699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three novel heterocyclic benzofurans A-688057 (1), A-687136 (2), and A-698418 (3) were profiled for their in vitro and in vivo properties as a new series of histamine H(3) receptor antagonists. The compounds were all found to have nanomolar potency in vitro at histamine H(3) receptors, and when profiled in vivo for CNS activity, all were found active in an animal behavioral model of attention. The compound with the most benign profile versus CNS side effects was selected for greater scrutiny of its in vitro properties and overall drug-likeness. This compound, A-688057, in addition to its potent and robust efficacy in two rodent behavioral models at blood levels ranging 0.2-19 nM, possessed other favorable features, including high selectivity for H(3) receptors (H(3), K(i)=1.5 nM) versus off-target receptors and channels (including the hERG K(+) channel, K(i)>9000 nM), low molecular weight (295), high solubility, moderate lipophilicity (logD(pH7.4)=2.05), and good CNS penetration (blood/brain 3.4x). In vitro toxicological tests indicated low potential for phospholipidosis, genotoxicity, and CYP(450) inhibition. Even though pharmacokinetic testing uncovered only moderate to poor oral bioavailability in rat (26%), dog (30%), and monkey (8%), and only moderate blood half-lives after i.v. administration (t(1/2) in rat of 2.9h, 1.7h in dog, 1.8h in monkey), suggesting poor human pharmacokinetics, the data overall indicated that A-688057 has an excellent profile for use as a pharmacological tool compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cowart
- GPRD_AP9a/216, Department of Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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26
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Black LA, Nersesian DL, Sharma P, Ku YY, Bennani YL, Marsh KC, Miller TR, Esbenshade TA, Hancock AA, Cowart M. 4-[6-(2-Aminoethyl)naphthalen-2-yl]benzonitriles are potent histamine H3 receptor antagonists with high CNS penetration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1443-6. [PMID: 17169555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
4-[6-(2-Tertiaryaminoethyl)naphthalen-2-yl]benzonitriles are conformationally constrained histamine H3 receptor antagonists with high potency and selectivity. The analogs were designed around a naphthalene core, with the goal of enhancing lipophilicity and CNS penetration, as compared to a previously reported benzofuran series. The SAR of the tertiary amine moiety is similar to that reported for the benzofuran series, with analogs bearing a 2-methylpyrrolidine substituent possessing the greatest rat and human H3 receptor binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Black
- Neuroscience Research, GPRD, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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27
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Kubas H, Stark H. Medizinische Chemie von Histamin-H2-Rezeptorantagonisten: Klassische Wirkstoffentwicklung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 36:24-32. [PMID: 17283747 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Kubas
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universtät Frankfurt, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie
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28
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Harusawa S, Kawamura M, Araki L, Taniguchi R, Yoneyama H, Sakamoto Y, Kaneko N, Nakao Y, Hatano K, Fujita T, Yamamoto R, Kurihara T, Yamatodani A. Synthesis of Novel 4(5)-(5-Aminotetrahydropyran-2-yl)imidazole Derivatives and Their in Vivo Release of Neuronal Histamine Measured by Brain Microdialysis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1245-53. [PMID: 17666853 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The (2R,5S)-trans- and (2S,5S)-cis-stereoisomers 1a and 1b of 4(5)-(5-aminotetrahydropyran-2-yl)imidazole, which have two chiral centers and adopt a stable chair conformation, were synthesized via cyclization of diol intermediates 7 using L-glutamine as the starting material. Their enantiomers, (2S,5R)-trans-1c and (2R,5R)-cis-1d, were synthesized by the same methodology from D-glutamine. Stereo isomers 1a-d were converted into cyanoguanidines 11a-d, and into N-isopropyl and N-3,3-dimethylbutyl derivatives 12a-d and 13a-d, respectively. The results of in vivo brain microdialysis of the derivatives apparently indicated that only (2S,5R)-isomers increased the release of neuronal histamine. Among the many (2S,5R)-N-alkyl derivatives, 13c (OUP-133) and 18 (OUP-153) increased histamine release to 180-190% and 180-200% of basal levels, respectively, and were found to be novel histamine H(3) antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Harusawa
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Italy.
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30
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Zhang M, Venable JD, Thurmond RL. The histamine H4 receptor in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1443-52. [PMID: 17040202 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.11.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Histamine exerts its actions through four known receptors. The recently cloned histamine receptor, H4R, has been shown to have a role in chemotaxis and mediator release in various types of immune cells including mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells and T cells. H4R antagonists have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and efficacy in a number of disease models, such as those for asthma and colitis in vivo. Recently, H4R antagonists have been developed with high receptor affinity and specificity, which make them good tools for further characterisation of the receptor in animal models and, eventually, in humans. Histamine and the cells that produce it, such as mast cells and basophils, have long been thought to be involved in allergic conditions but there has recently been recognition that they may also play a role in various autoimmune diseases. Given this and the fact that the H4R has function in mast cells, dendritic cells and T cells, antagonists for the receptor may be useful in treating autoimmune diseases in addition to allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Zhang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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31
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Airaksinen AJ, Jablonowski JA, van der Mey M, Barbier AJ, Klok RP, Verbeek J, Schuit R, Herscheid JDM, Leysen JE, Carruthers NI, Lammertsma AA, Windhorst AD. Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of a histamine H3 receptor antagonist 4-[3-(4-piperidin-1-yl-but-1-ynyl)-[11C]benzyl]-morpholine: evaluation of a potential PET ligand. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:801-10. [PMID: 16934699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potent histamine H(3) receptor antagonist JNJ-10181457 (1) was successfully labeled with (11)C in a novel one-pot reaction sequence, with high chemical yield (decay-corrected yield, 28+/-8%) and high specific radioactivity (56+/-26 GBq/mumol). The binding of [(11)C]1 to H(3) receptors was studied in vitro in rat brain and in vivo in rats and mice. The in vitro binding of [(11)C]1 in rat coronal brain slices showed high binding in the striatum, and this binding was blocked by histamine and by two known H(3) antagonists, JNJ-5207852 (2) and unlabeled Compound (1), in a concentration-dependent manner. The biodistribution of [(11)C]1 in rats was measured at 5, 10, 30 and 60 min. The uptake of [(11)C]1 in regions rich in H(3) receptors was highest at 30 min, giving 0.98%, 1.41%, 1.28% and 1.72% dose/g for the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex, respectively. However, the binding of [(11)C]1 in the rat brain could not be blocked by pretreatment with either Compound (2) (30 min or 24 h pretreatment) or cold Compound (1) (30-min pretreatment). The biodistribution of [(11)C]1 in a second species (Balb/c mice) showed a higher overall uptake of the radioligand with an average brain uptake of 8.9% dose/g. In C57BL/6-H(3)(-/-) knockout mice, a higher brain uptake was also observed. Analyses of metabolites and plasma protein binding were also undertaken. It appeared that [(11)C]1 could not specifically label H(3) receptors in rodent brain in vivo. Possible causes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research, Location Radionuclide Center, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Ku YY, Pu YM, Grieme T, Sharma P, Bhatia AV, Cowart M. An efficient and convergent synthesis of the potent and selective H3 antagonist ABT-239. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Łazewska D, Ligneau X, Schwartz JC, Schunack W, Stark H, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Ether derivatives of 3-piperidinopropan-1-ol as non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3522-9. [PMID: 16466921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of aliphatic and aromatic ether derivatives of 3-piperidinopropan-1-ol has been prepared by four different methods. The ethers obtained were evaluated for their affinities at recombinant human histamine H3 receptor, stably expressed in CHO-K1 or HEK 293 cells. All compounds investigated show from moderate to high in vitro affinities in the nanomolar concentration range. Selected compounds were investigated under in vivo conditions after oral administration to mice. Some proved to be highly potent and orally available histamine H3 receptor antagonists. The most potent antagonists in this series have been in vitro the 4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenyl ether 19 (hH3R K(i) = 8.4 nM) and in vivo the simple ethyl ether 2 (ED50 = 1.0mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Łazewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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34
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Hancock AA, Fox GB. Perspectives on cognitive domains, H3 receptor ligands and neurological disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 13:1237-48. [PMID: 15461554 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.10.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H(3) receptor agonists and antagonists have been evaluated in numerous in vitro and in vivo animal models to better understand how H(3) receptors modulate neurotransmitter function in the central nervous system. Likewise, behavioural models have explored the hypothesis that changes in neurotransmitter release could enhance cognitive function in human diseases. This review examines the reported effects of H(3) receptor ligands and how they influence cognitive behaviour. These data are interpreted on the basis of different cognitive domains that are relevant to neuropsychiatric diseases. Because of the diversity of H(3) receptors, their function and their influence on neurotransmitter systems, considerable promise exists for H(3) ligands to treat diseases in which aspects of learning and memory are impaired. However, because of the complexities of the histaminergic system and H(3) receptors and the lack of clinical data so far, proof of principle for use in human disease remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Hancock
- Abbott Laboratories, Department R4MN, Building AP9A/3, Neuroscience Division, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6125, USA.
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35
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Amon M, Ligneau X, Schwartz JC, Stark H. Fluorescent non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor ligands with nanomolar affinities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1938-40. [PMID: 16434192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Omega-piperidinoalkanamine derivatives with fluorescent moieties (2-cyanoisoindol-1-yl, 7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl) have been synthesized starting from piperidine in three steps. The compounds display moderate to good histamine hH(3) receptor affinities with K(i) values ranging from 178 to 11nM. The new compounds may act as tools for identification and understanding of the binding site on the histamine H(3) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amon
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, ZAFES, Biozentrum, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, 60431 Frankfurt, Germany
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36
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Rivara M, Zuliani V, Cocconcelli G, Morini G, Comini M, Rivara S, Mor M, Bordi F, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Bertoni S, Plazzi PV. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new non-imidazole H3-receptor antagonists of the 2-aminobenzimidazole series. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1413-24. [PMID: 16263297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of non-imidazole H(3)-receptor antagonists was developed, by chemical modification of a potent lead H(3)-antagonist composed by an imidazole ring connected through an alkyl spacer to a 2-aminobenzimidazole moiety (e.g., 2-[[3-[4(5)-imidazolyl]propyl]amino]benzimidazole), previously reported by our research group. We investigated whether the removal of the imidazole ring could allow retaining high affinity for the H(3)-receptor, thanks to the interactions undertaken by the 2-aminobenzimidazole moiety at the binding site. The imidazole ring of the lead was replaced by a basic piperidine or by a lipophilic p-chlorophenoxy substituent, modulating the spacer length from three to eight methylene groups; moreover, the substituents were moved to the 5(6) position of the benzimidazole nucleus. Within both the 2-alkylaminobenzimidazole series and the 5(6)-alkoxy-2-aminobenzimidazole one, the greatest H(3)-receptor affinity was obtained for the piperidine-substituted compounds, while the presence of the p-chlorophenoxy group resulted in a drop in affinity. The optimal chain length was different in the two series. Even if the new compounds did not reach the high receptor affinity shown by the imidazole-containing lead compound, it was possible to get good H(3)-antagonist potencies with 2-aminobenzimidazoles having a tertiary amino group at appropriate distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Italy
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37
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38
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Vaccaro WD, Sher R, Berlin M, Shih NY, Aslanian R, Schwerdt JH, McCormick KD, Piwinski JJ, West RE, Anthes JC, Williams SM, Wu RL, She HS, Rivelli MA, Mutter JC, Corboz MR, Hey JA, Favreau L. Novel histamine H3 receptor antagonists based on the 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:395-9. [PMID: 16246552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of novel histamine H(3) receptor antagonists based on 4-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]piperidine. The most potent compounds in the series (e.g., 7) result from the attachment of a substituted aniline amide to the main pharmacophore piperidine via a two-methylene linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D Vaccaro
- The Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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39
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Malmlöf K, Hohlweg R, Rimvall K. Targeting of the central histaminergic system for treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Lorenzi S, Mor M, Bordi F, Rivara S, Rivara M, Morini G, Bertoni S, Ballabeni V, Barocelli E, Plazzi PV. Validation of a histamine H3 receptor model through structure-activity relationships for classical H3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5647-57. [PMID: 16085419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H(3) receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor whose activation inhibits the synthesis and release of histamine and other neurotransmitters from nerve endings and is involved in the modulation of different central nervous system functions. H(3) antagonists have been proposed for their potential usefulness in diseases characterized by impaired neurotransmission and they have demonstrated beneficial effects on learning and food intake in animal models. In the present work, a 3D model of the rat histamine H(3) receptor, built by comparative modeling from the crystallographic coordinates of bovine rhodopsin, is presented with the discussion of its ability to predict the potency of known and new H(3) antagonists. A putative binding site for classical, imidazole-derived H(3) antagonists was identified by molecular docking. Comparison with a known pharmacophore model and the binding affinity of a new rigid H(3) antagonist (compound 1, pK(i)=8.02) allowed the characterization of a binding scheme which could also account for the different affinities observed in a recently reported series of potent H(3) antagonists, characterized by a 2-aminobenzimidazole moiety. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to assess the stability and reliability of the proposed binding mode. Two new conformationally constrained benzimidazole derivatives were prepared and their binding affinity was tested on rat brain membranes; compound 9, designed to reproduce the conformation of a known potent H(3) antagonist, showed higher potency than compound 8, as expected from the binding scheme hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lorenzi
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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41
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Gutzmer R, Diestel C, Mommert S, Köther B, Stark H, Wittmann M, Werfel T. Histamine H4 receptor stimulation suppresses IL-12p70 production and mediates chemotaxis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5224-32. [PMID: 15843518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that histamine as an important mediator of immediate type allergic reactions also effects professional APCs. Recent reports showed effects of histamine on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) mediated primarily via histamine H1 receptors (H1R) and H2R. We show here that MoDC also express H3R and H4R at the mRNA and protein level. mRNA of the H3R is down-regulated and mRNA of the H4R is up-regulated during the differentiation from monocytes to MoDC. H4R or H2R stimulation suppressed IL-12p70 production in MoDC. Induction of cAMP was necessary for IL-12p70 inhibition mediated via the H2R. In contrast, H4R stimulation did not affect cAMP production but induced the transcription factor AP-1, and U0126, an inhibitor of AP-1 transactivation and MEK, rescued H4R mediated IL-12p70 suppression. Moreover, MoDC responded to a H4R agonist (and also to a H2R agonist) with increased F-actin polymerization and migration in modified Boyden chamber assays, suggesting a chemotactic effect of histamine via the H2R and the H4R. Thus, H4R stimulation on MoDC results in immunomodulatory and chemotactic effects. Histamine induces chemotaxis and IL-12p70 suppression via different receptors using different signaling pathways, which might be important for the pathogenesis of and therapeutic interventions in allergic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Histamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine H3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Histamine H3/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine H4
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Thiourea/analogs & derivatives
- Thiourea/pharmacology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Gutzmer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany.
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42
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Gfesser GA, Faghih R, Bennani YL, Curtis MP, Esbenshade TA, Hancock AA, Cowart MD. Structure–activity relationships of arylbenzofuran H3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2559-63. [PMID: 15863316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An SAR study of histamine H3 receptor antagonists based on substituted (R)-2-methyl-1-[2-(5-phenyl-benzofuran-2-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidines is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Gfesser
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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43
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Hancock AA, Brune ME. Assessment of pharmacology and potential anti-obesity properties of H3receptor antagonists/inverse agonists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:223-41. [PMID: 15833055 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Histamine is a key neurotransmitter that alters central nervous system functions in both behavioural and homeostatic contexts through its actions on the histamine (H) subreceptors H(1), H(2) and H(3) G-protein-coupled receptors. H(3)receptors have a diverse central nervous system distribution where they function as both homo- and hetero-receptors to modulate the synthesis and/or release of several neurotransmitters. H(3) receptors are constitutively active, which implies that antagonists of H(3) receptors may also function as inverse agonists to alter the basal state of the receptor and uncouple constitutive receptor-G-protein interactions. Reference H(3) antagonists such as thioperamide and ciproxifan, administered either centrally or systemically, have been shown to cause changes in food consumption and/or body weight in proof-of-concept studies. More recently, several non-imidazole-based H(3) antagonists/inverse agonists have also been described with efficacy in at least one animal model of human obesity. Considerable preclinical effort remains necessary before such compounds achieve therapeutic success or failure. Moreover, ongoing research in a number of laboratories has shed new insights into the effects of H(3) ligands in the control of feeding, appetite and body weight, which offer different results and conclusions. The goal of this review is to appraise these findings and forecast whether any H(3) antagonists/inverse agonists will provide clinical utility to treat human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Hancock
- Metabolic Diseases and Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road,Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6125, USA.
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44
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Leurs R, Bakker RA, Timmerman H, de Esch IJP. The histamine H3 receptor: from gene cloning to H3 receptor drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:107-20. [PMID: 15665857 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the cloning of the histamine H(3) receptor cDNA in 1999 by Lovenberg and co-workers, this histamine receptor has gained the interest of many pharmaceutical companies as a potential drug target for the treatment of various important disorders, including obesity, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, as well as for myocardial ischaemia, migraine and inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss relevant information on this target protein and describe the development of various H(3) receptor agonists and antagonists, and their effects in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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45
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46
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Pu YM, Grieme T, Gupta A, Plata D, Bhatia AV, Cowart M, Ku YY. A Facile and Scaleable Synthesis of ABT-239, A Benzofuranoid H3 Antagonist. Org Process Res Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/op049809c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Pu
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Timothy Grieme
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Ashok Gupta
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Plata
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Ashok V. Bhatia
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Marlon Cowart
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
| | - Yi-Yin Ku
- Process Research and Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, U.S.A
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47
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Cowart M, Faghih R, Curtis MP, Gfesser GA, Bennani YL, Black LA, Pan L, Marsh KC, Sullivan JP, Esbenshade TA, Fox GB, Hancock AA. 4-(2-[2-(2(R)-Methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile and Related 2-Aminoethylbenzofuran H3 Receptor Antagonists Potently Enhance Cognition and Attention. J Med Chem 2004; 48:38-55. [PMID: 15634000 DOI: 10.1021/jm040118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H(3) receptor antagonists based on a 2-aminoethylbenzofuran skeleton have been discovered, which are potent in vitro at human and rat H(3) receptors, with K(i) values of 0.1-5.8 nM. Analogues were discovered with potent (0.01-1 mg/kg) cognition and attention enhancing properties in animal models. One compound in particular, 4-(2-[2-(2(R)-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile (ABT-239), combined potent and selective H(3) receptor antagonism and excellent pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties across species, with full efficacy in two behavioral models: a five-trial inhibitory avoidance acquisition model in rat pups at 0.1 mg/kg and a social recognition memory model in adult rats at 0.01 mg/kg. Furthermore, this compound did not stimulate locomotor activity and showed high selectivity for the induction of behavioral efficacy versus central nervous system based side effects. The potency and selectivity of this compound and of analogues from this class support the potential of H(3) receptor antagonists for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cowart
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123, USA.
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48
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Passani MB, Lin JS, Hancock A, Crochet S, Blandina P. The histamine H3 receptor as a novel therapeutic target for cognitive and sleep disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25:618-25. [PMID: 15530639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptor pharmacology, functions and biochemistry are far from being fully understood; however, progress is being made. Activation of this Gi/GO-protein-coupled receptor affects cognition, the sleep-wake cycle, obesity and epilepsy, which are physiological and pathological conditions that are the main focus of research into the therapeutic potential of selective H3 receptor ligands. This heterogeneity of targets can be reconciled partially by the fact that the histamine system constitutes one of the most important brain-activating systems and that H3 receptors regulate the activity of histamine and other neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore, the H3 receptor shows functional constitutive activity, polymorphisms in humans and rodents with a differential distribution of splice variants in the CNS, and potential coupling to different intracellular signal transduction mechanisms. In light of the genetic, pharmacological and functional complexity of the H3 receptor, the importance of the histamine system as a therapeutic target to control the sleep-wake cycle and cognitive disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatrice Passani
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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49
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Grassmann S, Apelt J, Ligneau X, Pertz HH, Arrang JM, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Schunack W, Stark H. Search for Histamine H3Receptor Ligands with Combined Inhibitory Potency at HistamineN-Methyltransferase: ω-Piperidinoalkanamine Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2004; 337:533-45. [PMID: 15476285 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200400897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to design new hybrid compounds with dual properties, i.e. binding affinity at histamine H(3) receptors and inhibitory potency at the catabolic enzyme histamine N(tau)-methyltransferase (HMT), a novel series of 1-substituted piperidine derivatives was synthesized. This alicyclic heterocycle is structurally linked via aminoalkyl spacers of variable lengths to additional aromatic carbo- or hetero-cycles. These new hybrid drugs were pharmacologically evaluated regarding their binding affinities at recombinant human H(3) receptors, stably expressed in CHO cells, and in a functional assay for their inhibitory potencies at rat kidney HMT. All compounds investigated proved to be H(3) receptor ligands with binding affinities in the micro- to nanomolar concentration range despite significant differences in the type of the aromatic moiety introduced. The most potent compound in this series was the quinoline derivative 20 (K(i) = 5.6 nM). Likewise, all new ligands studied showed impressive HMT inhibitory activities. Here, compounds 5, 10, 14 and 18-20 exhibited submicromolar potencies (IC(50) = 0.061-0.56 microM). The aminomethylated quinoline 19 showed almost the same, well balanced nanomolar activities on both targets. In this study, new hybrid compounds with a dual mode biological action were developed. These pharmacological agents are valuable leads for further development and candidates for treatment of histamine-dependent disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Grassmann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazie, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Cowart M, Pratt JK, Stewart AO, Bennani YL, Esbenshade TA, Hancock AA. A new class of potent non-imidazole H(3) antagonists: 2-aminoethylbenzofurans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:689-93. [PMID: 14741270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-aminoethylbenzofurans constitute a new class of H(3) antagonists that are more rotationally constrained than most previously reported H(3) antagonists. They retain high potency at human and rat receptors, with efficient CNS penetration observed in 35. The SAR of the basic amine moiety was compared in three different series of analogues. The greatest potency was found in analogues bearing a 2-methylpyrrolidine, a 2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine, or a 2,6-dimethylpiperidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cowart
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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