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Gómez-Archila LG, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Zapata-Builes W, Rugeles MT, Galeano E. Plasma metabolomics by nuclear magnetic resonance reveals biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with the control of HIV-1 infection/progression. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1204273. [PMID: 37457832 PMCID: PMC10339029 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How the human body reacts to the exposure of HIV-1 is an important research goal. Frequently, HIV exposure leads to infection, but some individuals show natural resistance to this infection; they are known as HIV-1-exposed but seronegative (HESN). Others, although infected but without antiretroviral therapy, control HIV-1 replication and progression to AIDS; they are named controllers, maintaining low viral levels and an adequate count of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Biological mechanisms explaining these phenomena are not precise. In this context, metabolomics emerges as a method to find metabolites in response to pathophysiological stimuli, which can help to establish mechanisms of natural resistance to HIV-1 infection and its progression. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 30 HESN, 14 HIV-1 progressors, 14 controllers and 30 healthy controls. Plasma samples (directly and deproteinized) were analyzed through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics to find biomarkers and altered metabolic pathways. The metabolic profile analysis of progressors, controllers and HESN demonstrated significant differences with healthy controls when a discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. In the discriminant models, 13 metabolites associated with HESN, 14 with progressors and 12 with controllers were identified, which presented statistically significant mean differences with healthy controls. In progressors, the metabolites were related to high energy expenditure (creatinine), mood disorders (tyrosine) and immune activation (lipoproteins), phenomena typical of the natural course of the infection. In controllers, they were related to an inflammation-modulating profile (glutamate and pyruvate) and a better adaptive immune system response (acetate) associated with resistance to progression. In the HESN group, with anti-inflammatory (lactate and phosphocholine) and virucidal (lactate) effects which constitute a protective profile in the sexual transmission of HIV. Concerning the significant metabolites of each group, we identified 24 genes involved in HIV-1 replication or virus proteins that were all altered in progressors but only partially in controllers and HESN. In summary, our results indicate that exposure to HIV-1 in HESN, as well as infection in progressors and controllers, affects the metabolism of individuals and that this affectation can be determined using NMR metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- León Gabriel Gómez-Archila
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas ICIF-CES, Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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2
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Di Girolamo L, Ferrara M, Trevisan G, Longo BM, Allice T, Burdino E, Alladio F, Fantino S, Di Perri G, Calcagno A, Bonora S. Transient plasma viral rebound after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in an exceptional HIV-1 elite controller woman. Virol J 2023; 20:123. [PMID: 37312093 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite controllers are able to control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. Exceptional elite controllers do not show disease progression for more than 25 years. Different mechanisms have been proposed and several elements of both innate and adaptive immunity are implicated. Vaccines are immune stimulating agents that can promote HIV-RNA transcription; transient plasma HIV-RNA detectability has been described within 7-14 days after different vaccinations. The most reliable mechanism involved in virosuppressed people living with HIV is a generalized inflammatory response that activates bystander cells harboring latent HIV. So far no data about viral load increase in elite controllers after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are reported in literature. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 65-year-old woman of European ancestry, diagnosed with HIV-1/HCV co-infection more than 25 years ago. Since then, HIV-RNA remained undetectable and she never received ARV therapy. In 2021 she was vaccinated with mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech®). She was administered with three doses in June, July and October 2021, respectively. The last available viral load was undetectable in March 2021. We observed an increase of VL at 32 cp/ml and 124 cp/mL, two and seven months after the second vaccine dose, respectively. During monthly follow-up, HIV-RNA gradually and spontaneously dropped becoming undetectable without ARV intervention. COVID-19 serology was positive with IgG 535 BAU/mL, showing response to vaccination. We measured total HIV-DNA at different time-points and we found it detectable both at the time of the higher plasma HIV-RNA (30 cp/10^6 PBMCs) and when it was undetectable (13 cp/10^6 PBMCs), in reduction. CONCLUSIONS This case is the first report, to our knowledge, describing a rebound of plasma HIV-RNA in an elite controller after three doses of mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Concomitantly with a spontaneous reduction of plasma HIV-RNA ten months after the third dose of mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech®) without antiretroviral therapy intervention, we observed a reduction of total HIV-DNA in peripheral mononuclear cells. The potential role of vaccinations in altering HIV reservoir, even in elite controllers when plasma HIV-RNA is undetectable, could be a valuable aspect to take into account for the future HIV eradication interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Girolamo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - M Ferrara
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy.
| | - G Trevisan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - B M Longo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - T Allice
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - E Burdino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Alladio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - S Fantino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - G Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - A Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Svizzera 164, Turin, 10149, Italy
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3
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Fardoos R, Nyquist SK, Asowata OE, Kazer SW, Singh A, Ngoepe A, Giandhari J, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Singh S, Karim F, Buus S, Anderson F, Porterfield JZ, Sibiya AL, Bipath R, Moodley K, Kuhn W, Berger B, Nguyen S, de Oliveira T, Ndung’u T, Goulder P, Shalek AK, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN. HIV specific CD8 + T RM-like cells in tonsils express exhaustive signatures in the absence of natural HIV control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912038. [PMID: 36330531 PMCID: PMC9623418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissues are an important HIV reservoir site that persists in the face of antiretroviral therapy and natural immunity. Targeting these reservoirs by harnessing the antiviral activity of local tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T-cells is of great interest, but limited data exist on TRM-like cells within lymph nodes of people living with HIV (PLWH). Here, we studied tonsil CD8+ T-cells obtained from PLWH and uninfected controls from South Africa. We show that these cells are preferentially located outside the germinal centers (GCs), the main reservoir site for HIV, and display a low cytolytic and a transcriptionally TRM-like profile distinct from blood CD8+ T-cells. In PLWH, CD8+ TRM-like cells are expanded and adopt a more cytolytic, activated, and exhausted phenotype not reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). This phenotype was enhanced in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells from tonsils compared to matched blood suggesting a higher antigen burden in tonsils. Single-cell transcriptional and clonotype resolution showed that these HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in the tonsils express heterogeneous signatures of T-cell activation, clonal expansion, and exhaustion ex-vivo. Interestingly, this signature was absent in a natural HIV controller, who expressed lower PD-1 and CXCR5 levels and reduced transcriptional evidence of T-cell activation, exhaustion, and cytolytic activity. These data provide important insights into lymphoid tissue-derived HIV-specific CD8+ TRM-like phenotypes in settings of HIV remission and highlight their potential for immunotherapy and targeting of the HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiah Fardoos
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Samuel W. Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Abigail Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Dirhona Ramjit
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Samita Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Anderson
- Discipline of General Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andile L. Sibiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rishan Bipath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, King Edward VIII hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kumeshan Moodley
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Warren Kuhn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Son Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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Bocharov G, Grebennikov D, Cebollada Rica P, Domenjo-Vila E, Casella V, Meyerhans A. Functional cure of a chronic virus infection by shifting the virus - host equilibrium state. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904342. [PMID: 36110838 PMCID: PMC9468810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical handling of chronic virus infections remains a challenge. Here we describe recent progress in the understanding of virus - host interaction dynamics. Based on the systems biology concept of multi-stability and the prediction of multiplicative cooperativity between virus-specific cytotoxic T cells and neutralising antibodies, we argue for the requirements to engage multiple immune system components for functional cure strategies. Our arguments are derived from LCMV model system studies and are translated to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Center for Fundamental and Applied Mathematics at INM RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Computer Science and Mathematical Modelling, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Grebennikov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Center for Fundamental and Applied Mathematics at INM RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Computer Science and Mathematical Modelling, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paula Cebollada Rica
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Domenjo-Vila
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Casella
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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van Heuvel Y, Schatz S, Rosengarten JF, Stitz J. Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020138. [PMID: 35202165 PMCID: PMC8876946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms mediate the toxicity of RNA. Genomic retroviral mRNA hijacks infected host cell factors to enable virus replication. The viral genomic RNA of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encompasses nine genes encoding in less than 10 kb all proteins needed for replication in susceptible host cells. To do so, the genomic RNA undergoes complex alternative splicing to facilitate the synthesis of the structural, accessory, and regulatory proteins. However, HIV strongly relies on the host cell machinery recruiting cellular factors to complete its replication cycle. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) targets different steps in the cycle, preventing disease progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The comprehension of the host immune system interaction with the virus has fostered the development of a variety of vaccine platforms. Despite encouraging provisional results in vaccine trials, no effective vaccine has been developed, yet. However, novel promising vaccine platforms are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin van Heuvel
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schatz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamila Franca Rosengarten
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Hartana CA, Rassadkina Y, Gao C, Martin-Gayo E, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Long noncoding RNA MIR4435-2HG enhances metabolic function of myeloid dendritic cells from HIV-1 elite controllers. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146136. [PMID: 33938445 PMCID: PMC8087208 DOI: 10.1172/jci146136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of HIV-1 replication in elite controllers (ECs) is frequently attributed to T cell-mediated immune responses, while the specific contribution of innate immune cells is less clear. Here, we demonstrate an upregulation of the host long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MIR4435-2HG in primary myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from ECs. Elevated expression of this lncRNA in mDCs was associated with a distinct immunometabolic profile, characterized by increased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis activities in response to TLR3 stimulation. Using functional assays, we show that MIR4435-2HG directly influenced the metabolic state of mDCs, likely through epigenetic mechanisms involving H3K27ac enrichment at an intronic enhancer in the RPTOR gene locus, the main component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Together, these results suggest a role of MIR4435-2HG for enhancing immunometabolic activities of mDCs in ECs through targeted epigenetic modifications of a member of the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Immunology Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, and
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Berg MG, Olivo A, Harris BJ, Rodgers MA, James L, Mampunza S, Niles J, Baer F, Yamaguchi J, Kaptue L, Laeyendecker O, Quinn TC, McArthur C, Cloherty GA. A high prevalence of potential HIV elite controllers identified over 30 years in Democratic Republic of Congo. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103258. [PMID: 33674212 PMCID: PMC7992073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In-depth analysis of the HIV pandemic at its epicenter in the Congo basin has been hampered by 40 years of political unrest and lack of functional public health infrastructure. In recent surveillance studies (2017-18), we found that the prevalence of HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (11%) far exceeded previous estimates. Methods 10,457 participants were screened in Kinshasa with rapid tests from 2017-2019. Individuals confirmed as reactive by the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay (n=1968) were measured by the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 viral load assay. Follow up characterization of samples was performed with alternate manufacturer viral load assays, qPCR for additional blood borne viruses, unbiased next generation sequencing, and HIV Western blotting. Findings Our data suggested the existence of a significant cohort (n=429) of HIV antibody positive/viral load negative individuals. We systematically eliminated collection site bias, sample integrity, and viral genetic diversity as alternative explanations for undetectable viral loads. Mass spectroscopy unexpectedly detected the presence of 3TC antiviral medication in approximately 60% of those tested (209/354), and negative Western blot results indicated false positive serology in 12% (49/404). From the remaining Western blot positives (n=53) and indeterminates (n=31) with reactive Combo and rapid test results, we estimate 2.7-4.3% of infections in DRC to be potential elite controllers. We also analyzed samples from the DRC collected in 1987 and 2001-03, when antiretroviral drugs were not available, and found similarly elevated trends. Interpretation Viral suppression to undetectable viral loads without therapy occurs infrequently in HIV-1 infected patients around the world. Mining of global data suggests a unique ability to control HIV infection arose early in central Africa and occurs in <1% of founder populations. Identification of this group of elite controllers presents a unique opportunity to study potentially novel genetic mechanisms of viral suppression. Funding Abbott Laboratories funded surveillance in DRC and subsequent research efforts. Additional funding was received from a MIZZOU Award from the University of Missouri. Research was supported in part by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Berg
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States.
| | - Ana Olivo
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Barbara J Harris
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Mary A Rodgers
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | - Linda James
- Université Protestante au Congo, Croisement de l'avenue de Libération et du Boulevard Triomphal, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; IMA World Health, 1730 M St NW Suite 1100, Washington DC, United States
| | - Samuel Mampunza
- Université Protestante au Congo, Croisement de l'avenue de Libération et du Boulevard Triomphal, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jonathan Niles
- IMA World Health, 1730 M St NW Suite 1100, Washington DC, United States
| | - Franklin Baer
- SANRU NGO, 76 Ave. de la Justice, Kinshasa-Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Julie Yamaguchi
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
| | | | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carole McArthur
- Pathology Department, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, United States; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Gavin A Cloherty
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL, United States
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Abstract
Since the first case of an HIV sterilizing cure was published, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanisms behind HIV persistence. However, our goal of achieving a safe and broadly-available treatment for sustained HIV remission has proven elusive. In this supplement, we provide a series of articles reviewing the technical hurdles facing the field, key assays to measure HIV persistence and the next-generation of therapeutics for HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Sant S, Quiñones-Parra SM, Koutsakos M, Grant EJ, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Crowe J, van de Sandt CE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Loh L, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. HLA-B*27:05 alters immunodominance hierarchy of universal influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008714. [PMID: 32750095 PMCID: PMC7428290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause 290,000–650,000 deaths annually and severe morbidity in 3–5 million people. CD8+ T-cell responses towards virus-derived peptide/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes provide the broadest cross-reactive immunity against human influenza viruses. Several universally-conserved CD8+ T-cell specificities that elicit prominent responses against human influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been identified. These include HLA-A*02:01-M158-66 (A2/M158), HLA-A*03:01-NP265-273, HLA-B*08:01-NP225-233, HLA-B*18:01-NP219-226, HLA-B*27:05-NP383-391 and HLA-B*57:01-NP199-207. The immunodominance hierarchies across these universal CD8+ T-cell epitopes were however unknown. Here, we probed immunodominance status of influenza-specific universal CD8+ T-cells in HLA-I heterozygote individuals expressing two or more universal HLAs for IAV. We found that while CD8+ T-cell responses directed towards A2/M158 were generally immunodominant, A2/M158+CD8+ T-cells were markedly diminished (subdominant) in HLA-A*02:01/B*27:05-expressing donors following ex vivo and in vitro analyses. A2/M158+CD8+ T-cells in non-HLA-B*27:05 individuals were immunodominant, contained optimal public TRBV19/TRAV27 TCRαβ clonotypes and displayed highly polyfunctional and proliferative capacity, while A2/M158+CD8+ T cells in HLA-B*27:05-expressing donors were subdominant, with largely distinct TCRαβ clonotypes and consequently markedly reduced avidity, proliferative and polyfunctional efficacy. Our data illustrate altered immunodominance patterns and immunodomination within human influenza-specific CD8+ T-cells. Accordingly, our work highlights the importance of understanding immunodominance hierarchies within individual donors across a spectrum of prominent virus-specific CD8+ T-cell specificities prior to designing T cell-directed vaccines and immunotherapies, for influenza and other infectious diseases. Annual influenza infections cause significant morbidity and morbidity globally. Established T-cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza viruses and promotes rapid recovery, leading to better clinical outcomes. Killer CD8+ T-cells recognising viral peptides in a context of HLA-I glycoproteins, provide the broadest ever reported immunity across distinct influenza strains and subtypes. We asked whether the expression of certain HLA-I alleles affects CD8+ T cells responses. Our study clearly illustrates altered immunodominance hierarchies and immunodomination within broadly-cross-reactive influenza-specific CD8+ T-cells in individuals expressing two or more universal HLA-I alleles, key for T cell-directed vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sergio M. Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma J. Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolien E. van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- National Influenza Center and Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (THON); (KK)
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (THON); (KK)
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11
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Kalidasan V, Theva Das K. Lessons Learned From Failures and Success Stories of HIV Breakthroughs: Are We Getting Closer to an HIV Cure? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:46. [PMID: 32082282 PMCID: PMC7005723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuous search for an HIV cure as the success of ART in blocking HIV replication and the role of CD4+ T cells in HIV pathogenesis and immunity do not entirely eradicate HIV. The Berlin patient, who is virus-free, serves as the best model for a 'sterilizing cure' and many experts are trying to mimic this approach in other patients. Although failures were reported among Boston and Essen patients, the setbacks have provided valuable lessons to strengthen cure strategies. Following the Berlin patient, two more patients known as London and Düsseldorf patients might be the second and third person to be cured of HIV. In all the cases, the patients underwent chemotherapy regimen due to malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) which required matching donors for CCR5Δ32 mutation - an approach that may not always be feasible. The emergence of newer technologies, such as long-acting slow-effective release ART (LASER ART) and CRISPR/Cas9 could potentially overcome the barriers due to HIV latency and persistency and eliminate the need for CCR5Δ32 mutation donor. Appreciating the failure and success stories learned from these HIV breakthroughs would provide some insight for future HIV eradication and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumitaa Theva Das
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
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12
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Liu S, Sun J, Li Z, Qin L, Liu G, Li K, Wu H, Dong T, Zhang Y. T Cell Therapy Targeted on HLA-A02 Restricted HIV Antigen Epitopes: An Open Label Cellular Therapy Trial Using CD8+ T Cell. Front Immunol 2019; 10:437. [PMID: 30941124 PMCID: PMC6435000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To test the safety and efficacy of a T cell therapy de novo targeting HLA-A02 restricted HIV antigen epitopes. Design: This was a prospective open label clinical trial, which enrolled 28 HIV+ participants and 24 of them finished the trial. The study was publicly registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, www.chictr.org.cn(ChiCTR-ICR-15005775). Method: Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with HLA-A02 restricted HIV antigen epitopes peptides to produce cell product for this therapy. The trial was divided into five time-points with the same interval period for infusion of the cell products or monitoring parameters. Symptoms, vital signs, and blood samples were collected to analyze the safety and efficacy of this therapy. Results: Two cases of adverse effects happened during this trial in test group, which recovered without medical intervention. There was no severe adverse effect that occurred. Both symptoms and laboratory tests have no statistical significant difference between test and control group. Flowcytometry analysis showed the expression of the PD-1 and CD95 molecule on the cell surface were downregulated post-treatment in the test group. Conclusions: This autologous HIV-antigen specific effector CD8+ T cellular therapy was safe. It might have an impact on immune suppression that can provide useful reference to future cell therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liu
- Biomarkers of Infection Related Diseases Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Sun
- Biomarkers of Infection Related Diseases Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Biomarkers of Infection Related Diseases Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guihai Liu
- Biomarkers of Infection Related Diseases Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Biomarkers of Infection Related Diseases Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Biomarkers of Infection Related Diseases Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Flamar AL, Bonnabau H, Zurawski S, Lacabaratz C, Montes M, Richert L, Wiedemann A, Galmin L, Weiss D, Cristillo A, Hudacik L, Salazar A, Peltekian C, Thiebaut R, Zurawski G, Levy Y. HIV-1 T cell epitopes targeted to Rhesus macaque CD40 and DCIR: A comparative study of prototype dendritic cell targeting therapeutic vaccine candidates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207794. [PMID: 30500852 PMCID: PMC6267996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral drug therapy, but this is a lifetime treatment and the virus remains latent and rapidly rebounds if therapy is stopped. HIV-1-infected individuals under this drug regimen have increased rates of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmunity due to compromised immunity. A therapeutic vaccine boosting cellular immunity against HIV-1 is therefore desirable and, possibly combined with other immune modulating agents, could obviate the need for long-term drug therapies. An approach to elicit strong T cell-based immunity is to direct virus protein antigens specifically to dendritic cells (DCs), which are the key cell type for controlling immune responses. For eliciting therapeutic cellular immunity in HIV-1-infected individuals, we developed vaccines comprised of five T cell epitope-rich regions of HIV-1 Gag, Nef, and Pol (HIV5pep) fused to monoclonal antibodies that bind either, the antigen presenting cell activating receptor CD40, or the endocytic dendritic cell immunoreceptor DCIR. The study aimed to demonstrate vaccine safety, establish efficacy for broad T cell responses in both primed and naïve settings, and identify one candidate vaccine for human therapeutic development. The vaccines were administered to Rhesus macaques by intradermal injection with poly-ICLC adjuvant. The animals were either i) naïve or, ii) previously primed with modified vaccinia Ankara vector (MVA) encoding HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Nef (MVA GagPolNef). In the MVA-primed groups, both DC-targeting vaccinations boosted HIV5pep-specific blood CD4+ T cells producing multiple cytokines, but did not affect the MVA-elicited CD8+ T cell responses. In the naive groups, both DC-targeting vaccines elicited antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to multiple epitopes and these responses were unchanged by a subsequent MVA GagPolNef boost. In both settings, the T cell responses elicited via the CD40-targeting vaccine were more robust and were detectable in all the animals, favoring further development of the CD40-targeting vaccine for therapeutic vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Flamar
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henri Bonnabau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | - Monica Montes
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Richert
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurelie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | - Lindsey Galmin
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Deborah Weiss
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony Cristillo
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Lauren Hudacik
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Cécile Peltekian
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
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14
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Seeking “protective” and “harmful” immune genes during chronic HIV-1 infection by transcriptome analysis. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Temporal variation in HIV-specific IgG subclass antibodies during acute infection differentiates spontaneous controllers from chronic progressors. AIDS 2018; 32:443-450. [PMID: 29239894 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the emerging appreciation for the role of antibody-dependent effector functions and IgG subclass distribution among spontaneous controllers of HIV, we sought to determine whether antibody-associated features diverged in early HIV infection between patients who ultimately became controllers versus those who became progressors. METHODS IgG was purified from plasma from nine acutely infected patients who subsequently controlled HIV spontaneously (controllers) and 10 acutely infected individuals who did not control viremia (progressors). Antibody profiles were compared at weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 postinfection. Levels of clade B gp120-specific, gp140-specific and gp41-specific IgG antibody subclasses were measured. In addition, gp120-specific antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, rapid fluorescent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular viral inhibition were all assessed. RESULTS Although no single antibody-related measurement was significantly associated with long-term HIV control, combinations of antibody-associated variables were able to accurately differentiate controllers and progressors. In contrast to controllers, progressors showed greater dynamic changes in gp120-specific subclass selection profiles, with increasing levels of Env-specific IgG2 antibodies and losses in Env-specific IgG3 antibodies. Moreover, progressors, but not controllers, lost antibody-dependent cellular viral inhibition function over time. Together, these results highlight changes in IgG subclass selection profiles in progressive, but not controlled, HIV infection. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the temporal variation and maintenance of Env-specific IgG subclasses during acute HIV infection are predictive of eventual disease control. The maintenance of gp120-specific and gp140-specific IgG3 may contribute to control of disease in spontaneous controllers. Thus, strategies to induce stable IgG3 responses may preserve control of the viral reservoir.
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16
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Moosa Y, Tanko RF, Ramsuran V, Singh R, Madzivhandila M, Yende-Zuma N, Abrahams MR, Selhorst P, Gounder K, Moore PL, Williamson C, Abdool Karim SS, Garrett NJ, Burgers WA. Case report: mechanisms of HIV elite control in two African women. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:54. [PMID: 29370775 PMCID: PMC5785875 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of people living with HIV require antiretroviral therapy (ART) for controlling viral replication, however there are rare HIV controllers who spontaneously and durably control HIV in the absence of treatment. Understanding what mediates viral control in these individuals has provided us with insights into the immune mechanisms that may be important to induce for a vaccine or functional cure for HIV. To date, few African elite controllers from high incidence settings have been described. We identified virological controllers from the CAPRISA 002 cohort of HIV-1 subtype C infected women in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, two (1%) of whom were elite controllers. We examined the genetic, clinical, immunological and virological characteristics of these two elite HIV controllers in detail, to determine whether they exhibit features of putative viral control similar to those described for elite controllers reported in the literature. Case presentation In this case report, we present clinical features, CD4+ T cell and viral load trajectories for two African women over 7 years of HIV infection. Viral load became undetectable 10 months after HIV infection in Elite Controller 1 (EC1), and after 6 weeks in Elite Controller 2 (EC2), and remained undetectable for the duration of follow-up, in the absence of ART. Both elite controllers expressed multiple HLA Class I and II haplotypes previously associated with slower disease progression (HLA-A*74:01, HLA-B*44:03, HLA-B*81:01, HLA-B*57:03, HLA-DRB1*13). Fitness assays revealed that both women were infected with replication competent viruses, and both expressed higher mRNA levels of p21, a host restriction factor associated with viral control. HIV-specific T cell responses were examined using flow cytometry. EC1 mounted high frequency HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, including a B*81:01-restricted Gag TL9 response. Unusually, EC2 had evidence of pre-infection HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Conclusion We identified some features typical of elite controllers, including high magnitude HIV-specific responses and beneficial HLA. In addition, we made the atypical finding of pre-infection HIV-specific immunity in one elite controller, that may have contributed to very early viral control. This report highlights the importance of studying HIV controllers in high incidence settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-2961-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Moosa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ramla F Tanko
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Cancer Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos-Frederick, Incorporated, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, USA
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mashudu Madzivhandila
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kamini Gounder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nigel J Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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17
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Wu B, Ouyang Z, Lyon CJ, Zhang W, Clift T, Bone CR, Li B, Zhao Z, Kimata JT, Yu XG, Hu Y. Plasma Levels of Complement Factor I and C4b Peptides Are Associated with HIV Suppression. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:880-885. [PMID: 28862830 PMCID: PMC5727467 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
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Individuals who exhibit long-term
HIV suppression and CD4 T-cell preservation without antiretroviral
therapy are of great interest for HIV research. There is currently
no robust method for rapid identification of these “HIV controller”
subjects; however, HLA-B*57 (human leukocyte antigen (major histocompatibility
complex), class I, B*57) genotype exhibits modest sensitivity for
this phenotype. Complement C3b and C4b can influence HIV infection
and replication, but studies have not examined their possible link
to HIV controller status. We analyzed HLA-B*57 genotype and complement
levels in HIV-positive patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral
therapy, untreated HIV controllers, and HIV-negative subjects to identify
factors associated with HIV controller status. Our results revealed
that the plasma levels of three C4b-derived peptides and complement
factor I outperformed all other assayed biomarkers for HIV controller
identification, although we could not analyze the predictive value
of biomarker combinations with the current sample size. We believe
this rapid screening approach may prove useful for improved identification
of HIV controllers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Wu
- Biodesign Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 1 Guangdong Road, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02139-3583, United States
| | - Christopher J. Lyon
- Biodesign Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, China
| | - Tori Clift
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christopher R. Bone
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Boan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100 Middle Section of West 4th Ring Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02139-3583, United States
| | - Ye Hu
- Biodesign Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems
Engineering, Virginia G. Piper, Arizona State University, 727
E. Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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18
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HIV-1 Env- and Vpu-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Associated with Elite Control of HIV. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00700-17. [PMID: 28701393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00700-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying HIV-infected individuals who control HIV replication (elite controllers [ECs]) enables exploration of effective anti-HIV immunity. HIV Env-specific and non-Env-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may contribute to protection from progressive HIV infection, but the evidence is limited. We recruited 22 ECs and matched them with 44 viremic subjects. HIV Env- and Vpu-specific ADCC responses in sera were studied using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based dimeric recombinant soluble FcγRIIIa (rsFcγRIIIa)-binding assay, surface plasmon resonance, antibody-dependent natural killer (NK) cell activation assays, and ADCC-mediated killing assays. ECs had higher levels of HIV Env-specific antibodies capable of binding FcγRIIIa, activating NK cells, and mediating granzyme B activity (all P < 0.01) than viremic subjects. ECs also had higher levels of antibodies against a C-terminal 13-mer Vpu peptide capable of mediating FcγRIIIa binding and NK cell activation than viremic subjects (both P < 0.05). Our data associate Env-specific and Vpu epitope-specific ADCC in effective immune responses against HIV among ECs. Our findings have implications for understanding the role of ADCC in HIV control.IMPORTANCE Understanding immune responses associated with elite control of HIV may aid the development of immunotherapeutic and vaccine strategies for controlling HIV infection. Env is a major HIV protein target of functional antibody responses that are heightened in ECs. Interestingly, EC antibodies also target Vpu, an accessory protein crucial to HIV, which degrades CD4 and antagonizes tetherin. Antibodies specific to Vpu are a common feature of the immune response of ECs that may prove to be of functional importance to the design of improved ADCC-based immunotherapy and preventative HIV vaccines.
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Liu FL, Zhu JW, Mu D, Zheng YT. Lipopolysaccharide suppresses human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcription in macrophages. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3019-27. [PMID: 27491414 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-infected macrophages are long-lived and act as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) virus reservoirs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been demonstrated to suppress HIV-1 replication in macrophages, but the mechanism is not clear. Previous research suggested that downregulation of CD4 and CCR5 as well as blockage of the interaction of HIV-1 with cells are major causes of inhibition of HIV-1 replication in macrophages by LPS. In order to study whether LPS blocks the post-entry event of HIV-1 replication, we developed a macrophage HIV-1 infection model by using VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1-luciferase virus to infect THP-1 differentiated macrophage-like cells. We found that LPS can suppress HIV-1 replication at post-entry steps. Further study suggested that HIV-1 reverse transcription was blocked by LPS, but addition of exogenous deoxyribonucleosides led to only partial recovery of HIV-1 replication. However, the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathway completely rescued HIV-1 replication. Thus, our study shows that LPS can suppress the events of HIV-1 replication post-entry, including reverse transcription, and this restriction is mediated by more than one mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia-Wu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Spontaneous HIV Controllers Exhibit Preserved Immune Parameters in Peripheral Blood and Gastrointestinal Mucosa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 70:115-21. [PMID: 26102449 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection induces several gradual alterations on the peripheral and mucosal immune systems, with different magnitudes between infected individuals. In this regard, spontaneous HIV controllers exhibit either low or undetectable viral loads in the absence of treatment along with decreased immune alterations compared to HIV progressors. Yet, it is unknown how similar immune peripheral and mucosal parameters are when comparing HIV controllers to uninfected individuals. METHODS We evaluated a cohort of 11 HIV controllers who were compared to 20 seronegative donors. Peripheral blood (PB) and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) samples were obtained to analyze the following: 1) the frequency and phenotype of immune cells by flow cytometry; 2) the expression of apoptotic molecules by immunohistochemistry; 3) the expression of transcriptional factors associated with T cell profiles by real time PCR; and 4) the serum level of microbial translocation by an enzymatic reaction. RESULTS We found that HIV controllers have a conserved frequency of most immune cell populations in PB and GALT, but a reduced percentage of CD4 T cells. The immune activation levels were similar in both groups of individuals, as well as the expression of cleaved caspase-3, transcriptional factors, and the level of microbial translocation. Interestingly, the frequency of CD8 T cells expressing HLA-DR but not CD38, previously associated with high effector functions, were preserved in HIV controllers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that despite the infection, HIV controllers have preserved immune parameters, which can be associated with the spontaneous control of viral replication.
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Shen X, Nair B, Mahajan SD, Jiang X, Li J, Shen S, Tu C, Hsiao CB, Schwartz SA, Qu J. New Insights into the Disease Progression Control Mechanisms by Comparing Long-Term-Nonprogressors versus Normal-Progressors among HIV-1-Positive Patients Using an Ion Current-Based MS1 Proteomic Profiling. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5225-39. [PMID: 26484939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, epidemiological studies have found significant differences in the susceptibility to disease progression among HIV-carrying patients. One unique group of HIV-1-positive patients, the long-term-nonprogressors (LTNP), exhibits far superior ability in virus control compared with normal-progressors (NP), which proceed to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) much more rapidly. Nonetheless, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of virus control in LTNP is highly valuable in disease management and treatment but remains poorly understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been known to play important roles in innate immune responses and thereby would be of great interest for the investigation of the mechanisms of virus defense in LTNP. Here, we described the first comparative proteome analysis of PBMC from LTNP (n = 10) and NP (n = 10) patients using a reproducible ion-current-based MS1 approach, which includes efficient and reproducible sample preparation and chromatographic separation followed by an optimized pipeline for protein identification and quantification. This strategy enables analysis of many biological samples in one set with high quantitative precision and extremely low missing data. In total, 925 unique proteins were quantified under stringent criteria without missing value in any of the 20 subjects, and 87 proteins showed altered expressions between the two patient groups. These proteins are implicated in key processes such as cytoskeleton organization, defense response, apoptosis regulation, intracellular transport, etc., which provided novel insights into the control of disease progressions in LTNP versus NP, and the expression and phosphorylation states of key regulators were further validated by immunoassay. For instance, (1) SAMH1, a potent and "hot" molecule facilitating HIV-1 defense, was for the first time found elevated in LTNP compared with NP or healthy controls; elevated proteins from IFN-α response pathway may also contribute to viral control in LTNP; (2) decreased proapoptotic protein ASC along with the elevation of antiapoptotic proteins may contribute to the less apoptotic profile in PBMC of LTNP; and (3) elevated actin polymerization and less microtubule assembly that impede viral protein transport were first observed in LTNP. These results not only enhanced the understanding of the mechanisms for nonprogression of LTNP, but also may afford highly valuable clues to direct therapeutic efforts. Moreover, this work also demonstrated the ion-current-based MS1 approach as a reliable tool for large-scale clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Shen
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | | | | | - Xiaosheng Jiang
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Jun Li
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Shichen Shen
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Chengjian Tu
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Chiu-Bin Hsiao
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | | | - Jun Qu
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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Taborda NA, González SM, Alvarez CM, Correa LA, Montoya CJ, Rugeles MT. Higher Frequency of NK and CD4+ T-Cells in Mucosa and Potent Cytotoxic Response in HIV Controllers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136292. [PMID: 26291824 PMCID: PMC4546229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces immune alterations, mainly in gut mucosa, where the main target cells reside. However, the evolution of the infection is variable among infected individuals, as evidenced by HIV controllers who exhibit low or undetectable viral load in the absence of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, phenotype and activity of T and NK cells in peripheral blood and gut mucosa in a cohort of Colombian HIV controllers. Blood and gut biopsies were included. The frequency and the activation status of T and NK cells were performed by flow cytometry. In addition, Gag-stimulated CD8+ T-cells and cytokine-stimulated NK cells were tested for cytotoxic activity. Finally, microbial translocation was measured by plasma lipopolysaccharide quantification. Compared with HIV-progressors, HIV controllers exhibited higher frequency of CD4+ T and NK cells, and lower expression of activation molecules in blood and mucosal immune cells, as well as lower microbial translocation. An increased production of molecules associated with cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T-cells in blood and mucosa and a higher percentage of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in blood were also observed in HIV controllers. In addition, an increased activity of NK cells was observed in blood. These findings suggest that HIV controllers have a potent immune response, mainly mediated by cytotoxic cells that control HIV replication, which contribute to reducing alterations at the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Andrea Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Milena González
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cristiam Mauricio Alvarez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis Alfonso Correa
- Sección de Dermatología, Departamento de Medicina interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Coordinador Laboratorio de Patología, Laboratorio Clínico VID, Obra de la Congregación Mariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Julio Montoya
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Taborda NA, Hernández JC, Lajoie J, Juno JA, Kimani J, Rugeles MT, Fowke KR. Short Communication: Low Expression of Activation and Inhibitory Molecules on NK Cells and CD4(+) T Cells Is Associated with Viral Control. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:636-40. [PMID: 25738606 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection induces severe immune alterations, including hyperactivation, exhaustion, and apoptosis. In fact, viral control has been associated with low frequencies of these processes. Here, we evaluated the expression of activation and inhibitory molecules on natural killer (NK) and CD4(+) T cells and plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines in individuals exhibiting viral control: a cohort of HIV-1-exposed-seronegative individuals (HESN) and a cohort of HIV controllers. There was lower expression of CD69, LAG-3, PD-1, and TIM-3 in both cohorts when compared to a low-risk population or HIV progressors. In addition, HIV controllers exhibited lower plasma levels of proinflamatory molecules TNF-α and IP-10. These findings suggest that individuals exhibiting viral control have lower basal expression of markers associated with cellular activation and particularly immune exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Hernández
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - María T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hart GR, Ferguson AL. Error catastrophe and phase transition in the empirical fitness landscape of HIV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:032705. [PMID: 25871142 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.032705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have translated clinical sequence databases of the p6 HIV protein into an empirical fitness landscape quantifying viral replicative capacity as a function of the amino acid sequence. We show that the viral population resides close to a phase transition in sequence space corresponding to an "error catastrophe" beyond which there is lethal accumulation of mutations. Our model predicts that the phase transition may be induced by drug therapies that elevate the mutation rate, or by forcing mutations at particular amino acids. Applying immune pressure to any combination of killer T-cell targets cannot induce the transition, providing a rationale for why the viral protein can exist close to the error catastrophe without sustaining fatal fitness penalties due to adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Hart
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Transmitted virus fitness and host T cell responses collectively define divergent infection outcomes in two HIV-1 recipients. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004565. [PMID: 25569444 PMCID: PMC4287535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of virus replication in HIV-1 infection is critical to delaying disease progression. While cellular immune responses are a key determinant of control, relatively little is known about the contribution of the infecting virus to this process. To gain insight into this interplay between virus and host in viral control, we conducted a detailed analysis of two heterosexual HIV-1 subtype A transmission pairs in which female recipients sharing three HLA class I alleles exhibited contrasting clinical outcomes: R880F controlled virus replication while R463F experienced high viral loads and rapid disease progression. Near full-length single genome amplification defined the infecting transmitted/founder (T/F) virus proteome and subsequent sequence evolution over the first year of infection for both acutely infected recipients. T/F virus replicative capacities were compared in vitro, while the development of the earliest cellular immune response was defined using autologous virus sequence-based peptides. The R880F T/F virus replicated significantly slower in vitro than that transmitted to R463F. While neutralizing antibody responses were similar in both subjects, during acute infection R880F mounted a broad T cell response, the most dominant components of which targeted epitopes from which escape was limited. In contrast, the primary HIV-specific T cell response in R463F was focused on just two epitopes, one of which rapidly escaped. This comprehensive study highlights both the importance of the contribution of the lower replication capacity of the transmitted/founder virus and an associated induction of a broad primary HIV-specific T cell response, which was not undermined by rapid epitope escape, to long-term viral control in HIV-1 infection. It underscores the importance of the earliest CD8 T cell response targeting regions of the virus proteome that cannot mutate without a high fitness cost, further emphasizing the need for vaccines that elicit a breadth of T cell responses to conserved viral epitopes.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Recall T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens are used as a surrogate for endogenous cellular immune responses generated during infection. Current methods of identifying antigen-specific T cell reactivity in HIV-1 infection use bulk peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) yet ignore professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that could reveal otherwise hidden responses. In the present study, peptides representing autologous variants of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted epitopes from HIV-1 Gag and Env were used as antigens in gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) and polyfunctional cytokine assays. Here we show that dendritic cells (DC) enhanced T cell reactivity at all stages of disease progression but specifically restored T cell reactivity after combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to early infection levels. Type 1 cytokine secretion was also enhanced by DC and was most apparent late post-cART. We additionally show that DC reveal polyfunctional T cell responses after many years of treatment, when potential immunotherapies would be implemented. These data underscore the potential efficacy of DC immunotherapy that aims to awaken a dormant, autologous, HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell response. IMPORTANCE Assessment of endogenous HIV-1-specific T cell responses is critical for generating immunotherapies for subjects on cART. Current assays ignore the ability of dendritic cells to reveal these responses and may therefore underestimate the breadth and magnitude of T cell reactivity. As DC do not prime new responses in these assays, it can be assumed that the observed responses are not detected without appropriate stimulation. This is important because dogma states that HIV-1 mutates to evade host recognition and that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) failure is due to the inability of T cells to recognize the autologous virus. The results presented here indicate that responses to autologous virus are generated during infection but may need additional stimulation to be effective. Detecting the breadth and magnitude of HIV-1-specific T cell reactivity generated in vivo is of the utmost importance for generating effective DC immunotherapies.
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Rao M, Peachman KK, Kim J, Gao G, Alving CR, Michael NL, Rao VB. HIV-1 variable loop 2 and its importance in HIV-1 infection and vaccine development. Curr HIV Res 2014; 11:427-38. [PMID: 24191938 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x113116660064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that can prevent the transmission of HIV-1 at the site of exposure to the host is one of the best hopes to control the HIV-1 pandemic. The trimeric envelope spike consisting of heterodimers, gp120 and gp41, is essential for virus entry and thus has been a key target for HIV-1 vaccine development. However, it has been extremely difficult to identify the types of antibodies required to block the transmission of various HIV-1 strains and the immunogens that can elicit such antibodies due to the high genetic diversity of the HIV-1 envelope. The modest efficacy of the gp120 HIV-1 vaccine used in the RV144 Thai trial, including the studies on the immune correlates of protection, and the discovery of vaccine-induced immune responses to certain signature regions of the envelope have shown that the gp120 variable loop 2 (V2) is an important region. Since there is evidence that the V2 region interacts with the integrin α4β7 receptor of the host cell, and that this interaction might be important for virus capture, induction of antibodies against V2 loop could be postulated as one of the mechanisms to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1. Immunogens that can induce these antibodies should therefore be taken into consideration when designing HIV-1 vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, USMHRP at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Rm 2A08, Sliver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Ambrosioni J, Nicolas D, Sued O, Agüero F, Manzardo C, Miro JM. Update on antiretroviral treatment during primary HIV infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:793-807. [PMID: 24803105 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.913981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary HIV-1 infection covers a period of around 12 weeks in which the virus disseminates from the initial site of infection into different tissues and organs. In this phase, viremia is very high and transmission of HIV is an important issue. Most guidelines recommend antiretroviral treatment in patients who are symptomatic, although the indication for treatment remains inconclusive in asymptomatic patients. In this article the authors review the main virological and immunological events during this early phase of infection, and discuss the arguments for and against antiretroviral treatment. Recommendations of different guidelines, the issue of the HIV transmission and transmission of resistance to antiretroviral drugs, as well as recently available information opening perspectives for functional cure in patients treated in very early steps of HIV infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ambrosioni
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With multiple HIV vaccine candidates suitable for efficacy evaluation in a rapidly changing HIV prevention landscape, innovative HIV vaccine trial design research is much needed to optimally utilize resources by building on lessons learned from past HIV vaccine efficacy trials. RECENT FINDINGS Several recent articles propose new vaccine efficacy trial design strategies tailored to the emerging needs in HIV vaccine evaluation. These include a focus on efficacy evaluation proximal to the vaccination series; more intensive interim monitoring for potential harm, nonefficacy and high efficacy of the vaccine; simultaneous evaluation of multiple vaccine regimens with a shared placebo group; designs that include pilot immunogenicity studies of putative immune correlates to expedite their evaluation; as well as designs tailored to evaluate vaccine efficacy in the context of partially effective nonvaccine prevention modalities. SUMMARY A more rapid evaluation of multiple vaccine candidates is possible. Weaker vaccines can be weeded out quickly. Pilot studies can be done during the trial to prepare for a timely immune correlates assessment. Evidence that emerges regarding the efficacy of nonvaccine prevention modalities will have important implications for future trial designs.
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Olson AD, Meyer L, Prins M, Thiebaut R, Gurdasani D, Guiguet M, Chaix ML, Amornkul P, Babiker A, Sandhu MS, Porter K. An evaluation of HIV elite controller definitions within a large seroconverter cohort collaboration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86719. [PMID: 24489776 PMCID: PMC3904947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms underlying viral control is highly relevant to vaccine studies and elite control (EC) of HIV infection. Although numerous definitions of EC exist, it is not clear which, if any, best identify this rare phenotype. Methods We assessed a number of EC definitions used in the literature using CASCADE data of 25,692 HIV seroconverters. We estimated proportions maintaining EC of total ART-naïve follow-up time, and disease progression, comparing to non-EC. We also examined HIV-RNA and CD4 values and CD4 slope during EC and beyond (while ART naïve). Results Most definitions classify ∼1% as ECs with median HIV-RNA 43–903 copies/ml and median CD4>500 cells/mm3. Beyond EC status, median HIV-RNA levels remained low, although often detectable, and CD4 values high but with strong evidence of decline for all definitions. Median % ART-naïve time as EC was ≥92% although overlap between definitions was low. EC definitions with consecutive HIV-RNA measurements <75 copies/ml with follow-up≥ six months, or with 90% of measurements <400 copies/ml over ≥10 year follow-up preformed best overall. Individuals thus defined were less likely to progress to endpoint (hazard ratios ranged from 12.5–19.0 for non-ECs compared to ECs). Conclusions ECs are rare, less likely to progress to clinical disease, but may eventually lose control. We suggest definitions requiring individuals to have consecutive undetectable HIV-RNA measurements for ≥ six months or otherwise with >90% of measurements <400 copies/ml over ≥10 years be used to define this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D. Olson
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1018, Université Paris-Sud, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria Prins
- Amsterdam Public Health Service, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U897, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marguerite Guiguet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U943, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie S943, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chaix
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 3620, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Pauli Amornkul
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Abdel Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The study of individuals at opposite ends of the HIV clinical spectrum can provide invaluable insights into HIV biology. Heterogeneity in criteria used to define these individuals can introduce inconsistencies in results from research and make it difficult to identify biological mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. In this systematic review, we formally quantified the heterogeneity in definitions used for terms referring to extreme phenotypes in the literature, and identified common definitions and components used to describe these phenotypes. We assessed 714 definitions of HIV extreme phenotypes in 501 eligible studies published between 1 January 2000 and 15 March 2012, and identified substantial variation among these. This heterogeneity in definitions may represent important differences in biological endophenotypes and clinical progression profiles of individuals selected by these, suggesting the need for harmonized definitions. In this context, we were able to identify common components in existing definitions that may provide a framework for developing consensus definitions for these phenotypes in HIV infection.
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Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse: the importance of glia, neural progenitors, and host genetic factors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 118:231-313. [PMID: 25175867 PMCID: PMC4304845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable insight has been gained into the comorbid, interactive effects of HIV and drug abuse in the brain using experimental models. This review, which considers opiates, methamphetamine, and cocaine, emphasizes the importance of host genetics and glial plasticity in driving the pathogenic neuron remodeling underlying neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and drug abuse comorbidity. Clinical findings are less concordant than experimental work, and the response of individuals to HIV and to drug abuse can vary tremendously. Host-genetic variability is important in determining viral tropism, neuropathogenesis, drug responses, and addictive behavior. However, genetic differences alone cannot account for individual variability in the brain "connectome." Environment and experience are critical determinants in the evolution of synaptic circuitry throughout life. Neurons and glia both exercise control over determinants of synaptic plasticity that are disrupted by HIV and drug abuse. Perivascular macrophages, microglia, and to a lesser extent astroglia can harbor the infection. Uninfected bystanders, especially astroglia, propagate and amplify inflammatory signals. Drug abuse by itself derails neuronal and glial function, and the outcome of chronic exposure is maladaptive plasticity. The negative consequences of coexposure to HIV and drug abuse are determined by numerous factors including genetics, sex, age, and multidrug exposure. Glia and some neurons are generated throughout life, and their progenitors appear to be targets of HIV and opiates/psychostimulants. The chronic nature of HIV and drug abuse appears to result in sustained alterations in the maturation and fate of neural progenitors, which may affect the balance of glial populations within multiple brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of repeated doses of dermavir, a candidate therapeutic HIV vaccine, in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: results of the ACTG 5176 trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 64:351-9. [PMID: 24169120 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182a99590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-specific cellular immune responses are associated with control of viremia and delayed disease progression. An effective therapeutic vaccine could mimic these effects and reduce the need for continued antiretroviral therapy. DermaVir, a topically administered plasmid DNA-nanomedicine expressing HIV (CladeB) virus-like particles consisting of 15 antigens, induces predominantly central memory T-cell responses. METHODS Treated HIV-infected adults (HIV RNA <50 and CD4 >350) were randomized to placebo or escalating DermaVir doses (0.1 or 0.4 mg of plasmid DNA at weeks 1, 7, and 13 in the low- and intermediate-dose groups and 0.8 mg at weeks 0, 1, 6, 7, 12, and 13 in the high-dose group), n = 5-6 evaluable subjects per group. Immunogenicity was assessed by a 12-day cultured interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay at baseline and at weeks 9, 17, and 37 using 1 Tat/Rev and 3 overlapping Gag peptide pools (p17, p24, and p15). RESULTS Groups were comparable at baseline. The study intervention was well tolerated, without dose-limiting toxicities. Most responses were highest at week 17 (4 weeks after last vaccination) when Gag p24 responses were significantly greater among intermediate-dose group compared with control subjects [median (IQR): 67,600 (5633-74,368) versus 1194 (9-1667)] net spot-forming units per million cells, P = 0.032. In the intermediate-dose group, there was also a marginal Gag p15 response increase from baseline to week 17 [2859 (1867-56,933), P = 0.06], and this change was significantly greater than in the placebo group [0 (-713 to 297), P = 0.016]. CONCLUSIONS DermaVir administration was associated with a trend toward greater HIV-specific, predominantly central memory T-cell responses. The intermediate DermaVir dose tended to show the greatest immunogenicity, consistent with previous studies in different HIV-infected patient populations.
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The impact of viral evolution and frequency of variant epitopes on primary and memory human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses. Virology 2013; 450-451:34-48. [PMID: 24503065 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear if HIV-1 variants lose the ability to prime naïve CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during progressive, untreated infection. We conducted a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of viral evolution and its impact on primary and memory CD8(+) T cell responses pre-seroconversion (SC), post-SC, and during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Memory T cell responses targeting autologous virus variants reached a nadir by 8 years post-SC with development of AIDS, followed by a transient enhancement of anti-HIV-1 CTL responses upon initiation of cART. We show broad and high magnitude primary T cell responses to late variants in pre-SC T cells, comparable to primary anti-HIV-1 responses induced in T cells from uninfected persons. Despite evolutionary changes, CD8(+) T cells could still be primed to HIV-1 variants. Hence, vaccination against late, mutated epitopes could be successful in enhancing primary reactivity of T cells for control of the residual reservoir of HIV-1 during cART.
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Divergent antibody subclass and specificity profiles but not protective HLA-B alleles are associated with variable antibody effector function among HIV-1 controllers. J Virol 2013; 88:2799-809. [PMID: 24352471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03130-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the coordination between humoral and cellular immune responses may be the key to developing protective vaccines, and because genetic studies of long-term HIV-1 nonprogressors have associated specific HLA-B alleles with spontaneous control of viral replication, this subject group presents an opportunity to investigate relationships between arms of the adaptive immune system. Given evidence suggesting that cellular immunity may play a role in viral suppression, we sought to determine whether and how the humoral immune response might vary among controllers. Significantly, Fc-mediated antibody effector functions have likewise been associated with durable viral control. In this study, we compared the effector function and biophysical features of HIV-specific antibodies in a cohort of controllers with and without protective HLA-B alleles in order to investigate whether there was evidence for multiple paths to HIV-1 control, or whether cellular and humoral arms of immunity might exhibit coordinated profiles. However, with the exception of IgG2 antibodies to gp41, HLA status was not associated with divergent humoral responses. This finding did not result from uniform antibody responses across subjects, as controllers could be regrouped according to strong differences in their HIV-specific antibody subclass specificity profiles. These divergent antibody profiles were further associated with significant differences in nonneutralizing antibody effector function, with levels of HIV-specific IgG1 acting as the major distinguishing factor. Thus, while HLA background among controllers was associated with minimal differences in humoral function, antibody subclass and specificity profiles were associated with divergent effector function, suggesting that these features could be used to make functional predictions. Because these nonneutralizing antibody activities have been associated with spontaneous viral control, reduced viral load, and nonprogression in infected subjects and protection in vaccinated subjects, understanding the specific features of IgGs with potentiated effector function may be critical to vaccine and therapeutic antibody development. IMPORTANCE In this study, we investigated whether the humoral and cellular arms of adaptive immunity exhibit coordinated or compensatory activity by studying the antibody response among HIV-1 controllers with different genetic backgrounds.
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Biasin M, De Luca M, Gnudi F, Clerici M. The genetic basis of resistance to HIV infection and disease progression. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:319-34. [PMID: 23557268 DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to HIV infection and the modulation of disease progression are strictly dependent on inter-individual variability, much of which is secondary to host genetic heterogeneity. The study of host factors that control these phenomena relies not only on candidate gene approaches but also on unbiased genome-wide genetic and functional analyses. Additional new insights stem from the study of mechanisms that control the expression of host and viral genes, such as miRNA. The genetic host factors that have been suggested to be associated either with resistance to HIV-1 infection or with absent/delayed progression to AIDS are nevertheless unable to fully justify the phenomenon of differential susceptibility to HIV. Multidisciplinary approaches are needed to further analyze individuals who deviate from the expected response to HIV exposure/infection. Results of these analyses will facilitate the identification of novel targets that could be exploited in the setting up of innovative therapeutic or vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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Ronen K, McCoy CO, Matsen FA, Boyd DF, Emery S, Odem-Davis K, Jaoko W, Mandaliya K, McClelland RS, Richardson BA, Overbaugh J. HIV-1 superinfection occurs less frequently than initial infection in a cohort of high-risk Kenyan women. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003593. [PMID: 24009513 PMCID: PMC3757054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV superinfection (reinfection) has been reported in several settings, but no study has been designed and powered to rigorously compare its incidence to that of initial infection. Determining whether HIV infection reduces the risk of superinfection is critical to understanding whether an immune response to natural HIV infection is protective. This study compares the incidence of initial infection and superinfection in a prospective seroincident cohort of high-risk women in Mombasa, Kenya. A next-generation sequencing-based pipeline was developed to screen 129 women for superinfection. Longitudinal plasma samples at <6 months, >2 years and one intervening time after initial HIV infection were analyzed. Amplicons in three genome regions were sequenced and a median of 901 sequences obtained per gene per timepoint. Phylogenetic evidence of polyphyly, confirmed by pairwise distance analysis, defined superinfection. Superinfection timing was determined by sequencing virus from intervening timepoints. These data were combined with published data from 17 additional women in the same cohort, totaling 146 women screened. Twenty-one cases of superinfection were identified for an estimated incidence rate of 2.61 per 100 person-years (pys). The incidence rate of initial infection among 1910 women in the same cohort was 5.75 per 100 pys. Andersen-Gill proportional hazards models were used to compare incidences, adjusting for covariates known to influence HIV susceptibility in this cohort. Superinfection incidence was significantly lower than initial infection incidence, with a hazard ratio of 0.47 (CI 0.29-0.75, p = 0.0019). This lower incidence of superinfection was only observed >6 months after initial infection. This is the first adequately powered study to report that HIV infection reduces the risk of reinfection, raising the possibility that immune responses to natural infection are partially protective. The observation that superinfection risk changes with time implies a window of protection that coincides with the maturation of HIV-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshet Ronen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Connor O. McCoy
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David F. Boyd
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sandra Emery
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katherine Odem-Davis
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kishor Mandaliya
- Coast Provincial General Hospital, Women's Health Project, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - R. Scott McClelland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Graf EH, Pace MJ, Peterson BA, Lynch LJ, Chukwulebe SB, Mexas AM, Shaheen F, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Connors M, Migueles SA, O’Doherty U. Gag-positive reservoir cells are susceptible to HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated clearance in vitro and can be detected in vivo [corrected]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71879. [PMID: 23951263 PMCID: PMC3737195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells infected with HIV persist in the presence of suppressive anti-viral therapy (ART) and are barriers to a cure. One potential curative approach, therapeutic vaccination, is fueled by recognition of the ability of a subset of elite controllers (EC) to control virus without therapy due to robust anti-HIV immune responses. Controllers have low levels of integrated HIV DNA and low levels of replication competent virus, suggesting a small reservoir. As our recent data indicates some reservoir cells can produce HIV proteins (termed GPR cells for Gag-positive reservoir cells), we hypothesized that a fraction of HIV-expressing resting CD4+ T cells could be efficiently targeted and cleared in individuals who control HIV via anti-HIV cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). To test this we examined if superinfected resting CD4+ T cells from EC express HIV Gag without producing infectious virus and the susceptibility of these cells to CTL. We found that resting CD4+ T cells expressed HIV Gag and were cleared by autologous CD8+ T cells from EC. Importantly, we found the extent of CTL clearance in our in vitro assay correlates with in vivo reservoir size and that a population of Gag expressing resting CD4+ T cells exists in vivo in patients well controlled on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H. Graf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Pace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bennett A. Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay J. Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steve B. Chukwulebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Mexas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Farida Shaheen
- The Center for Aids Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Host genetic factors are a major contributing factor to the inter-individual variation observed in response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and are linked to resistance to HIV infection among exposed individuals, as well as rate of disease progression and the likelihood of viral transmission. Of the genetic variants that have been shown to affect the natural history of HIV infection, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes exhibit the strongest and most consistent association, underscoring a central role for CD8(+) T cells in resistance to the virus. HLA proteins play important roles in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity by presenting immunodominant HIV epitopes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4(+) T cells. Genetic and functional data also indicate a function for HLA in natural killer cell-mediated innate immunity against HIV by interacting with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). We review the HLA and KIR associations with HIV disease and discuss the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Eyzaguirre LM, Charurat M, Redfield RR, Blattner WA, Carr JK, Sajadi MM. Elevated hypermutation levels in HIV-1 natural viral suppressors. Virology 2013; 443:306-12. [PMID: 23791226 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the HIV-1 proviral genomes delay the progression of the disease. We compared the mutation status in full-length proviral genomes of 23 HIV-infected patients with undetectable viral loads in the absence of therapy named natural viral suppressors (NVS) or Elite Controllers with 23 HIV-infected controls (10 patients on HAART treatment and 13 untreated patients). Provirus DNA was extracted from PBMC for amplification and sequencing to determine the mutation status. Nine (39 %) of the 23 NVS patients had defective proviral genomes, compared to 4 of the treated controls (40%, p = 0.96) and only one of the untreated controls (8%, p = 0.059). Most of the defective genomes resulted from Gto-A hypermutation. Among patients with hypermutation, the rate ratio for mutation was significantly higher for the NVS compared to treated controls (p = 0.043). Our data suggests that inactivation of the virus through the APOBEC3G system may contribute to the NVS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Eyzaguirre
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States 725 West Lombard Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ferguson AL, Mann JK, Omarjee S, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Chakraborty AK. Translating HIV sequences into quantitative fitness landscapes predicts viral vulnerabilities for rational immunogen design. Immunity 2013; 38:606-17. [PMID: 23521886 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine offers the best hope to curb the HIV-AIDS epidemic gripping sub-Saharan Africa, but it remains elusive. A major challenge is the extreme viral sequence variability among strains. Systematic means to guide immunogen design for highly variable pathogens like HIV are not available. Using computational models, we have developed an approach to translate available viral sequence data into quantitative landscapes of viral fitness as a function of the amino acid sequences of its constituent proteins. Predictions emerging from our computationally defined landscapes for the proteins of HIV-1 clade B Gag were positively tested against new in vitro fitness measurements and were consistent with previously defined in vitro measurements and clinical observations. These landscapes chart the peaks and valleys of viral fitness as protein sequences change and inform the design of immunogens and therapies that can target regions of the virus most vulnerable to selection pressure.
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Sciaranghella G, Tong N, Mahan AE, Suscovich TJ, Alter G. Decoupling activation and exhaustion of B cells in spontaneous controllers of HIV infection. AIDS 2013; 27:175-80. [PMID: 23135171 PMCID: PMC3729211 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835bd1f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the impact of chronic viremia and associated immune activation on B-cell exhaustion in HIV infection. DESIGN Progressive HIV infection is marked by B-cell anergy and exhaustion coupled with dramatic hypergammaglobulinemia. Although both upregulation of CD95 and loss of CD21 have been used as markers of infection-associated B-cell dysfunction, little is known regarding the specific profiles of dysfunctional B cells and whether persistent viral replication and its associated immune activation play a central role in driving B-cell dysfunction. METHODS Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to define the profile of dysfunctional B cells. The changes in the expression of CD21 and CD95 were tracked on B-cell subpopulations in patients with differential control of viral replication. RESULTS : Although the emergence of exhausted, CD21 tissue-like memory B cells followed similar patterns in both progressors and controllers, the frequency of CD21 activated memory B cells was lower in spontaneous controllers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the loss of CD21 and the upregulation of CD95 occur as separate events during the development of B-cell dysfunction. The loss of CD21 is a marker of B-cell exhaustion induced in the absence of appreciable viral replication, whereas the upregulation of CD95 is tightly linked to persistent viral replication and its associated immune activation. Thus, these dysfunctional profiles potentially represent two functionally distinct states within the B-cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Sciaranghella
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Poor HIV control in HLA-B*27 and B*57/58 noncontrollers is associated with limited number of polyfunctional Gag p24-specific CD8+ T cells. AIDS 2013; 27:17-27. [PMID: 23079801 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835ac0e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analysis of immune response in HIV controllers, a unique group of infected individuals who are able to control HIV naturally, has provided us a chance to investigate the roles of host immune responses in HIV control. DESIGN In this study, the functional quality of HIV Gag p24-specific CD8 T-cell responses was assessed in two groups of clinically distinct, HLA-B*27, HLA-B*57/58-matched individuals, viremic controllers [plasma HIV load (pVL) ≤ 2000 copies/ml) and noncontrollers (pVL >2000 copies/ml) to determine its impacts on natural HIV clinical outcome. METHODS An ex-vivo interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot assay was used to screen for each individual's HIV Gag p24-specific T-cell responses. Intracellular cytokine staining assay was used to determine their functional quality (as number of cytokine being produced). RESULTS We found that, in contrast to previous studies, all Thai volunteers with HLA-B*5801 were uniformly noncontrollers. Viremic controllers were observed with a significantly larger number of high functional quality p24-specific CD8 T cells than noncontrollers (P < 0.05). This superior quality of responses was observed at both total p24 and epitope-specific level. Moreover, the absolute number of high functional quality Gag p24-specific CD8 T cells was significantly in a negative correlation with pVL (r = -0.6984, P = 0.0006) and also in a positive correlation with CD4 T-cell count (r = 0.5648, P = 0.0095). CONCLUSION We concluded that an adequate number of high functional quality Gag p24-specific CD8 T cells is strongly associated with a natural HIV controller status.
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Lakhashe SK, Silvestri G, Ruprecht RM. No acquisition: a new ambition for HIV vaccine development? Curr Opin Virol 2012; 1:246-53. [PMID: 22081778 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine presents unique challenges. The pessimism following the failure of two HIV-1 vaccine concepts in clinical trials, HIV-1 gp120 and an adenovirus-based approach to induce only cellular immune responses, has been replaced by cautious optimism engendered by the RV144 trial outcome, the isolation of several new broadly reactive neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and recent primate model data indicating prevention of viral acquisition by active or passive immunization. Intense efforts are underway to optimize immunogen design, adjuvants, and the tools for preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines in primates, where correlates of protection can be examined in detail - as proof-of-concept for clinical trials.
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Reuter MA, Pombo C, Betts MR. Cytokine production and dysregulation in HIV pathogenesis: lessons for development of therapeutics and vaccines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:181-91. [PMID: 22743036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have characterized the cytokine modulation observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, from initial infection through chronic disease. Progressive and non-progressive HIV infection models show the cytokine milieu differs in terms of production and responsiveness in these two groups, suggesting an understanding of the role cytokines play during infection is necessary for directing the immune response toward viral control. This review will cover cytokine induction and dysfunction during HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on the interplay between cytokines and transcription factors, T cell activation, and exhaustion. We highlight cytokines that have either vaccine adjuvant or therapeutic potential and discuss the need to identify key factors required for prevention of progression, clearance of infection, or protection from acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
From the publication of the first AIDS issue onwards, major advances have been made in the field of innate immunity during HIV infection. Innate immunity can be defined as the first and unspecific lines of defense constitutively present and ready to be mobilized upon infection. Although a large body of literature adamantly highlights that innate immunity is a critical weapon of defense against HIV and its simian parents (simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV), innate immunity is still underexplored. Focusing on innate immunity may open new paths for the development of innovative therapeutics and vaccine strategies against HIV. Understanding innate immunity may shed light on the natural protection occurring in rare HIV-1-infected individuals who control their infection. This review focuses on innate mechanisms sensing HIV-1 entry and controlling HIV-1 infection, as well as promoting inflammation and shaping adaptive immunity.
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Serwanga J, Mugaba S, Pimego E, Nanteza B, Lyagoba F, Nakubulwa S, Heath L, Nsubuga RN, Ndembi N, Gotch F, Kaleebu P. Profile of T cell recognition of HIV type 1 consensus group M Gag and Nef peptides in a clade A1- and D-infected Ugandan population. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:384-92. [PMID: 21867408 PMCID: PMC3316116 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reagents for evaluating non-clade B HIV-specific T cell responses are uncommon. Peptides based on highly conserved HIV-1 consensus group M sequences that are phylogenetically closer to most circulating strains may provide potential alternative reagents in populations with diverse infections, and may be relevant for vaccine design. Recognition of such reagents in clade A1-and D-infected populations has not been previously evaluated. Interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot assay was used to evaluate T cell recognition of Gag and Nef peptides based on consensus group M sequences in 50 treatment-naive adults predominantly infected with HIV-1 clades A1 and D. Gag-induced T cell responses were correlated with gag sequence diversity. Infecting clades were determined from gag sequences for 45 of the 50 subjects as 40% clade A1 (18/45), 45% clade D (20/45), 2% clade C (1/45), 2% A1/C recombinant (1/45), 2% A1/D (1/45), 7% CRF10_CD (3/45), and 2% U (unclassifiable) (1/45). The mean genetic divergence and diversity of clade A and D gag region compared to group M consensus sequences at synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide and amino acid levels were not always significant. Gag peptides were targeted at significantly higher frequency [88% (44/50)] than Nef [64% (32/50)]; p=0.014, although their mean IFN-γ magnitudes were comparable ([3703 (95% CI 2567-4839)] vs. [2120 (95% CI 478-3762)]), respectively. Measurable virus-induced IFN-γ responses were detected in 96% (48/50) individuals, primarily targeting the more conserved Gag p24 and Nef central core regions. Use of these reagents to screen for HIV-specific IFN-γ responses may mitigate the challenge of viral diversity; although this targeting is apparently biased toward a few highly conserved epitopes.
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Abstract
HIV-1-infected individuals exhibit remarkable variation in the onset of disease. Virus replication and disease progression depend on host cellular transcription and gene regulation in virus-specific target cells. Both viral and host factors are implicated in this differential regulation. Gene arrays and transcriptome analyses might shed light on why some infected individuals remain asymptomatic while others progress rapidly to AIDS. Here we review developments in HIV research using gene array technologies and the unifying concepts that have emerged from these studies. Gene set enrichment analysis has revealed gene signatures linked to disease progression involving pathways related to metabolism, apoptosis, cell-cycle dysregulation, and T-cell signaling. Macrophages contain anti-apoptotic signatures. Also, HIV-1 regulates previously under-emphasized cholesterol biosynthesis and energy production pathways. Notably, cellular pathways linked to a subset of HIV-infected individuals known as non-progressors contribute to survival and anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mehla
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Johansson SE, Rollman E, Chung AW, Center RJ, Hejdeman B, Stratov I, Hinkula J, Wahren B, Kärre K, Kent SJ, Berg L. NK cell function and antibodies mediating ADCC in HIV-1-infected viremic and controller patients. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:359-68. [PMID: 21958370 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been suggested to play a protective role in HIV disease progression. One potent effector mechanism of NK cells is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by antiviral antibodies binding to the FcγRIIIa receptor (CD16) on NK cells. We investigated NK cell-mediated ADCC function and the presence of ADCC antibodies in plasma from 20 HIV-1-infected patients and 10 healthy donors. The HIV-positive patients were divided into two groups: six who controlled viremia for at least 8 y without treatment (controllers), and 14 who were persistently viremic and not currently on treatment. Plasma from both patient groups induced NK cell IFN-γ expression and degranulation in response to HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp140-protein-coated cells. Patient antibodies mediating ADCC were largely directed towards the Env V3 loop, as identified by a gp140 protein lacking the V3 loop. Interestingly, in two controllers ADCC-mediating antibodies were more broadly directed to other parts of Env. A high viral load in patients correlated with decreased ADCC-mediated cytolysis of gp140-protein-coated target cells. NK cells from both infected patients and healthy donors degranulated efficiently in the presence of antibody-coated HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. In conclusion, the character of ADCC-mediating antibodies differed in some controllers compared to viremic patients. NK cell ADCC activity is not compromised in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Strategic Research Center IRIS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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