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Felgner J, Clarke E, Hernandez-Davies JE, Jan S, Wirchnianski AS, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Strahsburger E, Chandran K, Bradfute S, Davies DH. Broad antibody and T cell responses to Ebola, Sudan, and Bundibugyo ebolaviruses using mono- and multi-valent adjuvanted glycoprotein vaccines. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105851. [PMID: 38458540 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are two approved vaccine regimens designed to prevent Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD). Both are virus-vectored, and concerns about cold-chain storage and pre-existing immunity to the vectors warrant investigating additional vaccine strategies. Here, we have explored the utility of adjuvanted recombinant glycoproteins (GPs) from ebolaviruses Zaire (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV), and Bundibugyo (BDBV) for inducing antibody (Ab) and T cell cross-reactivity. Glycoproteins expressed in insect cells were administered to C57BL/6 mice as free protein or bound to the surface of liposomes, and formulated with toll-like receptor agonists CpG and MPLA (agonists for TLR 9 and 4, respectively), with or without the emulsions AddaVax or TiterMax. The magnitude of Ab cross-reactivity in binding and neutralization assays, and T cell cross-reactivity in antigen recall assays, correlated with phylogenetic relatedness. While most adjuvants screened induced IgG responses, a combination of CpG, MPLA and AddaVax emulsion ("IVAX-1") was the most potent and polarized in an IgG2c (Th1) direction. Breadth was also achieved by combining GPs into a trivalent (Tri-GP) cocktail with IVAX-1, which did not compromise antibody responses to individual components in binding and neutralizing assays. Th1 signature cytokines in T cell recall assays were undetectable after Tri-GP/IVAX-1 administration, despite a robust IgG2c response, although administration of Tri-GP on lipid nanoparticles in IVAX-1 elevated Th1 cytokines to detectable levels. Overall, the data indicate an adjuvanted trivalent recombinant GP approach may represent a path toward a broadly reactive, deployable vaccine against EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Elizabeth Clarke
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | | | - Erwin Strahsburger
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Steven Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA.
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2
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Soni M, Tulsian K, Barot P, Vyas VK. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Approaches Against Ebola Virus Infection. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 19:276-299. [PMID: 38279760 DOI: 10.2174/0127724344267452231206061944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Filoviradae that was first described in 1976 in the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has intermittently affected substantial human populations in West Africa and presents itself as a global health menace due to the high mortality rate of patients, high transmission rate, difficult patient management, and the emergence of complicated autoimmune disease-like conditions post-infection. OBJECTIVE EBOV or other EBOV-like species as a biochemical weapon pose a significant risk; hence, the need to develop both prophylactic and therapeutic medications to combat the virus is unquestionable. METHODS In this review work, we have compiled the literature pertaining to transmission, pathogenesis, immune response, and diagnosis of EBOV infection. We included detailed structural details of EBOV along with all the available therapeutics against EBOV disease. We have also highlighted current developments and recent advances in therapeutic approaches against Ebola virus disease (EVD). DISCUSSION The development of preventive vaccines against the virus is proving to be a successful effort as of now; however, problems concerning logistics, product stability, multi- dosing, and patient tracking are prominent in West Africa. Monoclonal antibodies that target EBOV proteins have also been developed and approved in the clinic; however, no small drug molecules that target these viral proteins have cleared clinical trials. An understanding of clinically approved vaccines and their shortcomings also serves an important purpose for researchers in vaccine design in choosing the right vector, antigen, and particular physicochemical properties that are critical for the vaccine's success against the virus across the world. CONCLUSION Our work brings together a comprehensive review of all available prophylactic and therapeutic medications developed and under development against the EBOV, which will serve as a guide for researchers in pursuing the most promising drug discovery strategies against the EBOV and also explore novel mechanisms of fighting against EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molisha Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kartik Tulsian
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Parv Barot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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3
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Yankowski C, Kurup D, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. Effects of adjuvants in a rabies-vectored Ebola virus vaccine on protection from surrogate challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:10. [PMID: 36754965 PMCID: PMC9906604 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is the primary contributor to the global threat of filovirus severe hemorrhagic fever, and Ebola virus disease has a case fatality rate of 50-90%. An inactivated, bivalent filovirus/rabies virus vaccine, FILORAB1, consists of recombinant rabies virus virions expressing the Ebola virus glycoprotein. FILORAB1 is immunogenic and protective from Ebola virus challenge in mice and non-human primates, and protection is enhanced when formulated with toll-like receptor 4 agonist Glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) in a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (SE). Through an adjuvant comparison in mice, we demonstrate that GLA-SE improves FILORAB1 efficacy by activating the innate immune system and shaping a Th1-biased adaptive immune response. GLA-SE adjuvanted mice and those adjuvanted with the SE component are better protected from surrogate challenge, while Th2 alum adjuvanted mice are not. Additionally, the immune response to FILORAB1 is long-lasting, as exhibited by highly-maintained serum antibody titers and long-lived cells in the spleen and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Yankowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Gautam S, Xin D, Garcia AP, Spiesschaert B. Single-step rapid chromatographic purification and characterization of clinical stage oncolytic VSV-GP. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:992069. [PMID: 36394051 PMCID: PMC9649487 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.992069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purification of viruses, especially for therapeutic purposes, is a tedious and challenging task. The challenges arise due to the size and surface complexity of the virus particles. VSV-GP is a promising oncolytic virus, which has been approved for phase I clinical trials by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of United States and Paul Ehrlich Institute (PEI) of Germany. The virus particles of VSV-GP are larger in size than vectors commonly used for gene therapy (e.g., adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, etc.). The current established proprietary clinical-grade manufacturing process for the purification of VSV-GP encompasses several chromatographic and non-chromatographic steps. In this study, we describe a new single-step purification process for the purification of VSV-GP virus, using cation exchange convective flow column with relatively higher yields. The purified virus was characterized for its quality attributes using TCID50 assay (for viral infectivity), host cell protein contaminant ELISA, SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and cryo-electron microscopy. Furthermore, the purified viral therapeutic material was tested in vivo for its efficacy and safety. All these characterization methods demonstrated a therapeutic virus preparation of high purity and yield, which can be readily used for various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Rum, Austria
| | - Dongyue Xin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceutical, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Alan Pardo Garcia
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Rum, Austria
| | - Bart Spiesschaert
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Rum, Austria
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5
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Biselli R, Nisini R, Lista F, Autore A, Lastilla M, De Lorenzo G, Peragallo MS, Stroffolini T, D’Amelio R. A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2050. [PMID: 36009598 PMCID: PMC9405556 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty, undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental and personal hygiene favor the spread of many infectious diseases. Epidemic typhus, plague, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, tetanus, and smallpox have nearly constantly accompanied wars, frequently deeply conditioning the outcome of battles/wars more than weapons and military strategy. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of bacteriology, military medical researchers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were active in discovering the etiological agents of some diseases and in developing preventive vaccines. Emil von Behring, Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran, who were or served as military physicians, won the first, the second, and the seventh Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering passive anti-diphtheria/tetanus immunotherapy and for identifying mosquito Anopheline as a malaria vector and plasmodium as its etiological agent, respectively. Meanwhile, Major Walter Reed in the United States of America discovered the mosquito vector of yellow fever, thus paving the way for its prevention by vector control. In this work, the military relevance of some vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, as well as of biological weapons, and the military contributions to their control will be described. Currently, the civil-military medical collaboration is getting closer and becoming interdependent, from research and development for the prevention of infectious diseases to disasters and emergencies management, as recently demonstrated in Ebola and Zika outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic, even with the high biocontainment aeromedical evacuation, in a sort of global health diplomacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Dipartimento Scientifico, Policlinico Militare, Comando Logistico dell’Esercito, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Autore
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Lastilla
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale, Comando Logistico dell’Aeronautica Militare, Viale Piero Gobetti 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Lorenzo
- Comando Generale dell’Arma dei Carabinieri, Dipartimento per l’Organizzazione Sanitaria e Veterinaria, Viale Romania 45, 00197 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell’Esercito, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stroffolini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D’Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Roma, Italy
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6
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Ebola Virus Disease, Diagnostics and Therapeutics: Where is the Consensus in Over Three Decades of Clinical Research? SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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7
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Sharma AR, Lee YH, Nath S, Lee SS. Recent developments and strategies of Ebola virus vaccines. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:46-53. [PMID: 34329960 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Filovirus family member, Ebola virus (EBOV), is a highly infectious pathogen responsible for viral hemorrhagic fever. EBOV has a fatality rate in the range 50%-90% in primates. The lethal viral hemorrhagic attack in 2014 by EBOV has forced the human race to look for rapid countermeasures. Fortunately, owing to continuous efforts and several vaccine platforms, few potential vaccine candidates are emerging, such as replicative and non-replicative vectored vaccines, polyepitopic or monovalent vaccines, and DNA vaccines. This article reviewed various kinds of EBOV vaccines in different clinical trial phases and their approval status. Updated knowledge of vaccine development progress might stimulate the researchers to look for more potent and effective vaccine candidates against EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon-Hee Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudarshini Nath
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Mustafa MI, Shantier SW, Abdelmageed MI, Makhawi AM. Epitope-based peptide vaccine against Bombali Ebolavirus viral protein 40: An immunoinformatics combined with molecular docking studies. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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9
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Tapia MD, Doumbia M, Dembele R, Ball K, N'Diaye B, Amadou H, Charara S, Henao-Restrepo AM, Merle CS, Sow SO, Levine MM. Arranging good clinical practices training and trial monitoring for a vaccine efficacy study during a public health emergency of international concern. Vaccine 2020; 38:4050-4056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Suschak JJ, Schmaljohn CS. Vaccines against Ebola virus and Marburg virus: recent advances and promising candidates. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2359-2377. [PMID: 31589088 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1651140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebola virus and Marburg virus are among the most dangerous pathogens in the world. Both viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever, with case fatality rates of up to 90%. Historically, filovirus outbreaks had been relatively small, with only a few hundred cases reported. However, the recent West African Ebola virus outbreak underscored the threat that filoviruses pose. The three year-long outbreak resulted in 28,646 Ebola virus infections and 11,323 deaths. The lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed vaccines and antiviral drugs hindered early efforts to contain the outbreak. In response, the global scientific community has spurred the advanced development of many filovirus vaccine candidates. Novel vaccine platforms, such as viral vectors and DNA vaccines, have emerged, leading to the investigation of candidate vaccines that have demonstrated protective efficacy in small animal and nonhuman primate studies. Here, we will discuss several of these vaccine platforms with a particular focus on approaches that have advanced into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Headquarters Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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11
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Mathebula L, Ndwandwe DE, Pienaar E, Wiysonge CS. Effects of vaccines in protecting against Ebola virus disease: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029617. [PMID: 31272985 PMCID: PMC6615805 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebola virus disease is one of the most devastating infectious diseases in the world with up to 90% case fatality observed. There are at least 13 candidate vaccines developed and being tested to prevent the occurrence of the Ebola virus disease. While none of these candidate vaccines has received regulatory approval for use, one candidate vaccine (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) has been granted access for emergency use. Two other candidate vaccines (GamEvac-Combi and Ad5-EBOV) have been licensed for emergency use in their countries of origin. The objective of this systematic review is to summarise the effects of the Ebola candidate vaccines in humans. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search for potentially eligible studies, with no language or date restrictions, in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus, the WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, and reference lists of relevant publications. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect (DARE) will be searched for related reviews. Two review authors will independently screen search records, assess study eligibility, perform data extraction, and assess the risk of bias; and reconcile their findings. We will pool data from similar studies using Mantel-Haenszel's fixed-effect model. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is exempted from ethical consideration since the data collected are publicly available and at no point will confidential information from human participants be used. We will disseminate our results through publications in peer-reviewed journals and relevant conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018110505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Mathebula
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | - Elizabeth Pienaar
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Charles Shey Wiysonge
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
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12
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Jain S, Baranwal M. Computational analysis in designing T cell epitopes enriched peptides of Ebola glycoprotein exhibiting strong binding interaction with HLA molecules. J Theor Biol 2019; 465:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Riccò R, Liang W, Li S, Gassensmith JJ, Caruso F, Doonan C, Falcaro P. Metal-Organic Frameworks for Cell and Virus Biology: A Perspective. ACS NANO 2018; 12:13-23. [PMID: 29309146 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of coordination polymers, consisting of metal ions or clusters linked together by chemically mutable organic groups. In contrast to zeolites and porous carbons, MOFs are constructed from a building block strategy that enables molecular level control of pore size/shape and functionality. An area of growing interest in MOF chemistry is the synthesis of MOF-based composite materials. Recent studies have shown that MOFs can be combined with biomacromolecules to generate novel biocomposites. In such materials, the MOF acts as a porous matrix that can encapsulate enzymes, oligonucleotides, or even more complex structures that are capable of replication/reproduction (i.e., viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells). The synthetic approach for the preparation of these materials has been termed "biomimetic mineralization", as it mimics natural biomineralization processes that afford protective shells around living systems. In this Perspective, we focus on the preparation of MOF biocomposites that are composed of complex biological moieties such as viruses and cells and canvass the potential applications of this encapsulation strategy to cell biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Riccò
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Weibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shaobo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christian Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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14
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Khandia R, Tiwari R, Munjal A, Saminathan M, Sachan S, Desingu PA, Kattoor JJ, Iqbal HMN, Joshi SK. Ebola virus - epidemiology, diagnosis, and control: threat to humans, lessons learnt, and preparedness plans - an update on its 40 year's journey. Vet Q 2017; 37:98-135. [PMID: 28317453 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1309474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an extremely contagious pathogen and causes lethal hemorrhagic fever disease in man and animals. The recently occurred Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in the West African countries have categorized it as an international health concern. For the virus maintenance and transmission, the non-human primates and reservoir hosts like fruit bats have played a vital role. For curbing the disease timely, we need effective therapeutics/prophylactics, however, in the absence of any approved vaccine, timely diagnosis and monitoring of EBOV remains of utmost importance. The technologically advanced vaccines like a viral-vectored vaccine, DNA vaccine and virus-like particles are underway for testing against EBOV. In the absence of any effective control measure, the adaptation of high standards of biosecurity measures, strict sanitary and hygienic practices, strengthening of surveillance and monitoring systems, imposing appropriate quarantine checks and vigilance on trade, transport, and movement of visitors from EVD endemic countries remains the answer of choice for tackling the EBOV spread. Herein, we converse with the current scenario of EBOV giving due emphasis on animal and veterinary perspectives along with advances in diagnosis and control strategies to be adopted, lessons learned from the recent outbreaks and the global preparedness plans. To retrieve the evolutionary information, we have analyzed a total of 56 genome sequences of various EBOV species submitted between 1976 and 2016 in public databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- c Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | | | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- e Divison of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- g Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- h Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | | | - Jobin Jose Kattoor
- c Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- i School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- j Cellular Immunology Lab , Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics , School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA
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15
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Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotyped with Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Serves as a Protective, Noninfectious Vaccine against Ebola Virus Challenge in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00479-17. [PMID: 28615211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00479-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic in West Africa demonstrates the potential for a significant public health burden caused by filoviral infections. No vaccine or antiviral is currently FDA approved. To expand the vaccine options potentially available, we assessed protection conferred by an EBOV vaccine composed of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirions that lack native G glycoprotein (VSVΔG) and bear EBOV glycoprotein (GP). These pseudovirions mediate a single round of infection. Both single-dose and prime/boost vaccination regimens protected mice against lethal challenge with mouse-adapted Ebola virus (ma-EBOV) in a dose-dependent manner. The prime/boost regimen provided significantly better protection than a single dose. As N-linked glycans are thought to shield conserved regions of the EBOV GP receptor-binding domain (RBD), thereby blocking epitopes within the RBD, we also tested whether VSVΔG bearing EBOV GPs that lack GP1 N-linked glycans provided effective immunity against challenge with ma-EBOV or a more distantly related virus, Sudan virus. Using a prime/boost strategy, high doses of GP/VSVΔG partially or fully denuded of N-linked glycans on GP1 protected mice against ma-EBOV challenge, but these mutants were no more effective than wild-type (WT) GP/VSVΔG and did not provide cross protection against Sudan virus. As reported for other EBOV vaccine platforms, the protection conferred correlated with the quantity of EBOV GP-specific Ig produced but not with the production of neutralizing antibodies. Our results show that EBOV GP/VSVΔG pseudovirions serve as a successful vaccination platform in a rodent model of Ebola virus disease and that GP1 N-glycan loss does not influence immunogenicity or vaccination success.IMPORTANCE The West African Ebola virus epidemic was the largest to date, with more than 28,000 people infected. No FDA-approved vaccines are yet available, but in a trial vaccination strategy in West Africa, recombinant, infectious VSV encoding the Ebola virus glycoprotein effectively prevented virus-associated disease. VSVΔG pseudovirion vaccines may prove as efficacious and have better safety, but they have not been tested to date. Thus, we tested the efficacy of VSVΔG pseudovirions bearing Ebola virus glycoprotein as a vaccine platform. We found that wild-type Ebola virus glycoprotein, in the context of this platform, provides robust protection of EBOV-challenged mice. Further, we found that removal of the heavy glycan shield surrounding conserved regions of the glycoprotein does not enhance vaccine efficacy.
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Pacheco DADMRA, Rodrigues AAG, Silva CMLD. Ebola virus - from neglected threat to global emergency state. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017; 62:458-67. [PMID: 27656857 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to update knowledge about Ebola virus disease (EVD) and recent advances in its diagnosis, treatment and prevention. METHOD A literature review was performed using the following databases: ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, IRIS, Scopus and the websites of the CDC and the WHO. Additionally, we have included articles and reports referenced in the basic literature search, and news that were considered relevant. RESULTS The Ebola virus, endemic in some parts of Africa, is responsible for a severe form of hemorrhagic fever in humans; bats are probably its natural reservoir. It is an extremely virulent virus and easily transmitted by bodily fluids. EVD's complex pathophysiology, characterized by immunosuppression as well as stimulation of an intense inflammatory response, results in a syndrome similar to septic shock. The diagnosis is difficult due to the initial symptoms that mimic other diseases. Despite the high mortality rates that can amount to 90%, a prophylaxis (chemical or vaccine) or effective treatment does not exist. Two vaccines and experimental therapies are being developed for the prevention and treatment of EVD. CONCLUSION Although the virus is known for about 40 years, the lack of knowledge obtained and the disinterest of government authorities in the countries involved justify the state of emergency currently exists regarding this infectious agent. Only the coordination of multiple entities and the effective commitment of the international community will facilitate the control and effective prevention of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Acácio Agostinho Gonçalves Rodrigues
- PhD - Director of the Department and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Burns Unit, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Maria Lisboa da Silva
- PhD - Professor of the Department and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. MD, Department of Dermatovenereology, Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Nieto-Gómez R, Angulo C. A Perspective on the Development of Plant-Made Vaccines in the Fight against Ebola Virus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:252. [PMID: 28344580 PMCID: PMC5344899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. The use of plants for the production of biopharmaceuticals is a concept being adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, with an enzyme for human use currently commercialized since 2012 and some plant-based vaccines close to being commercialized. Although plant-based antibodies against EBOV are under clinical evaluation, the development of plant-based vaccines against EBOV essentially remains an unexplored area. The current technologies for the production of plant-based vaccines include stable nuclear expression, transient expression mediated by viral vectors, and chloroplast expression. Specific perspectives on how these technologies can be applied for developing anti-EBOV vaccines are provided, including possibilities for the design of immunogens as well as the potential of the distinct expression modalities to produce the most relevant EBOV antigens in plants considering yields, posttranslational modifications, production time, and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. , La Paz, Baja California Sur , Mexico
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Ríos-Huerta R, Monreal-Escalante E, Govea-Alonso DO, Angulo C, Rosales-Mendoza S. Expression of an immunogenic LTB-based chimeric protein targeting Zaire ebolavirus epitopes from GP1 in plant cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:355-365. [PMID: 27942840 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE An antigenic protein targeting two epitopes from the Zaire ebolavirus GP1 protein was expressed in plant cells rendering an antigen capable of inducing humoral responses in mouse when administered subcutaneously or orally. The 2014 Ebola outbreak made clear that new treatments and prophylactic strategies to fight this disease are needed. Since vaccination is an intervention that could achieve the control of this epidemic disease, exploring the production of new low-cost vaccines is a key path to consider; especially in developing countries. In this context, plants are attractive organisms for the synthesis and delivery of subunit vaccines. This study aimed at producing a chimeric protein named LTB-EBOV, based on the B subunit of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as an immunogenic carrier and two epitopes from the Zaire ebolavirus GP1 protein recognized by neutralizing antibodies. The LTB-EBOV protein was expressed in plant tissues at levels up to 14.7 µg/g fresh leaf tissue and proven to be immunogenic in BALB/c mice when administered by either subcutaneous or oral routes. Importantly, IgA and IgG responses were induced following the oral immunization. The potential use of the plant-made LTB-EBOV protein against EBOV is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ríos-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología [Academic stay at UASLP], Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC., Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.
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Ganugapati J, Akash S. Multi-template homology based structure prediction and molecular docking studies of protein ‘L’ of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Xi H, Cao J, Liu J, Li Z, Kong X, Wang Y, Chen J, Ma S, Zhang L. Improving health care workers' protection against infection of Ebola hemorrhagic fever through video surveillance. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:922-4. [PMID: 27112368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of supervision through video surveillance in improving the quality of personal protection in preparing health care workers working in Ebola treatment units. METHODS Wardens supervise, remind, and guide health care workers' behavior through onsite voice and video systems when they are in the suspected patient observation ward and in the patient diagnosed ward of the Ebola treatment center. The observation results were recorded, and timely feedback was given to the health care workers. RESULTS After 2 months of supervision, 1,797 cases of incorrect personal protection behaviors were identified and corrected. The error rate continuously declined. The declined rate of the first 2 weeks was statistically different from other time periods. Through reminding and supervising, nonstandard personal protective behaviors can be discovered and corrected, which can help health care workers standardize personal protection. The timely feedback from video surveillance can also offer psychologic support and encouragement promptly to ease psychologic pressure. Finally, this can ensure health care workers stay at a zero infection rate during patient treatment. CONCLUSIONS Personal protective equipment protocol supervised by wardens through a video monitoring process can be used as an effective complement to conventional mutual supervision methods and can help health care workers avoid Ebola infection during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Xi
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Nursing, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Nursing School of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Field Internal Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Nursing, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Ma
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Zahoor MA, Khurshid M, Qureshi R, Naz A, Shahid M. Cell culture-based viral vaccines: current status and future prospects. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture-based viral vaccines are used globally to immunize humans against infections. The cell culture is continuous process of developing substrates for the safe production of viral vaccines. However, increased global demand and strict safety rules for novel vaccines to control and eradicate viral diseases have forced researchers and manufacturers toward cell culture-based vaccines. The choice of cell substrate is a critical step that cannot be generalized for every vaccine formulation, therefore, manufacturers intend to optimize the required processes for particular applications. The recently established cell lines, innovative bioreactor concepts and cultivation schemes are necessary to increase the potential of vaccine production. In this review, we have focused on current cell culture-based viral vaccines and their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Qureshi
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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22
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Hisam A, Rana MN, Mahmood-Ur-Rahman. Knowledge and attitude regarding Ebola virus disease among medical students of Rawalpindi: A preventable threat not yet confronted. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32:1015-9. [PMID: 27648059 PMCID: PMC5017070 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.324.9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge and attitude regarding Ebola virus disease (EVD) among medical students of Rawalpindi. METHODS A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in a medical college of Rawalpindi from September 2014-November 2014. About 400 students were inducted with 77% (n=308) response rate. After taking informed verbal consent from students and administration, a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was circulated among students of third, fourth and final year MBBS as well as third and fourth year BDS. The data collected was entered and analyzed using SPSS 20. RESULTS The response rate was 77% (308/400). About 244 (79.2%) of students had heard about EVD before. One hundred and sixty four (53.2%) of the students correctly identified that no treatment is available for EVD as yet. Also 163 (52.9%) said that no vaccine was available against the virus either. Washing hands every time after touching a patient in clinics/wards was important for 151 (49.0%) while 223 (72.4%) claimed to use proper techniques to dispose off used injections. CONCLUSION Students have basic knowledge regarding EVD. However, there is deficient information regarding the diagnosis and precautionary measures required to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Hisam
- Dr. Aliya Hisam, MBBS, MPH, FCPS. Assistant Professor in Community Medicine Department, Army Medical College, Abid Majeed Road, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Nadeem Rana
- Mariam Nadeem Rana, MBBS Student, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood-Ur-Rahman
- Mahmood-Ur-Rahman, MBBS, DPH, MPH, MSc, FCPS. Professor & Head of Dept. Community Medicine Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Varkey JB, Ribner BS. Preparing for Serious Communicable Diseases in the United States: What the Ebola Virus Epidemic Has Taught Us. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0011-2016. [PMID: 27337477 PMCID: PMC4922497 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ei10-0011-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ending the West Africa Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak required an unprecedented international response. For the United States, participation in the international response to the West Africa EVD outbreak provided an opportunity to learn important lessons in four key domains critical to preparing for future outbreaks of EVD and other serious communicable diseases: (i) safe and effective patient care, (ii) the role of experimental therapeutics and vaccines, (iii) infection control, and (iv) hospital and community preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay B Varkey
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307
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Huang H, Konduru K, Solovena V, Zhou ZH, Kumari N, Takeda K, Nekhai S, Bavari S, Kaplan GG, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Therapeutic potential of the heme oxygenase-1 inducer hemin against Ebola virus infection. CURRENT TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 17:117-123. [PMID: 28133423 PMCID: PMC5267496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Promising drugs to treat Ebola virus (EBOV) infection are currently being developed, but so far none has shown efficacy in clinical trials. Drugs that can stimulate host innate defense responses may retard the progression of EBOV disease. We report here the dramatic effect of hemin, the natural inducer of the heme catabolic enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in the reduction of EBOV replication. Treatment of primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), Vero E6 cells, HeLa cells, and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF1) with hemin reduced EBOV infection by >90%, and showed minimal toxicity to infected cells. Inhibition of HO-1 enzymatic activity and silencing HO-1 expression prevented the hemin-mediated suppression of EBOV infection, suggesting an important role for induction of this intracellular mediator in restricting EBOV replication. The inverse correlation between hemin-induced HO-1 and EBOV replication provides a potentially useful therapeutic modality based on the stimulation of an innate cellular response against Ebola infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxia Huang
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Veronica Solovena
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Zhao-Hua Zhou
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Namita Kumari
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Singh G, Kumar A, Singh K, Kaur J. Retracted: Ebola virus: an introduction and its pathology. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:49-56. [PMID: 26558534 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola viruses are causative agent of a severe Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) in human and other primates. Transmission of EVD occurs through the contact of body fluids from infected persons or animals, making it one of the most epidemic diseases worldwide. Underestimating the Ebola virus has cost loss of precious human lives in recent years. Ebola virus outbreak in year 2014 created a history, affecting a larger population in a wide geographical region of African sub-continent. EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 70%. Ebola viruses are endemic in regions of Africa. Ebola viruses mainly target the hepatocytes, endothelial, and macrophage-rich lymphoid tissues and are characterized by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems. This impairment leads to multifocal necrosis and multi organ failure, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock. Currently, neither a specific treatment nor a vaccine licensed for use in humans is available. This review is focused on general characteristic of Ebola viruses, its pathogenesis, immunological response of host, and recent approaches for vaccine development against EVD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Vaccination is one of the cheapest health-care interventions that have saved more lives than any other drugs or therapies. Due to successful immunization programs we rarely hear about some of the common diseases of the early twentieth century including small pox and polio. Vaccination programs have also helped to increase food production notably poultry, cattle, and milk production due to lower incidence of infectious diseases in farm animals. Though vaccination programs have eradicated several diseases and increased the quality of life there are several diseases that have no effective vaccines. Currently there are no vaccines for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, as well as infectious diseases like tuberculosis, AIDS, and parasitic diseases including malaria. Abuse of antibiotics has resulted in the generation of several antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains; hence there is a need to develop novel vaccines for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Changes in climate is another concern for vaccinologists. Climate change could lead to generation of new strains of infectious microorganisms that would require development of novel vaccines. Use of conventional vaccination strategies to develop vaccines has severe limitations; hence innovative strategies are essential in the development of novel and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
| | - Rima Dilbarova
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.,College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Izawa K, Aceña JL, Wang J, Soloshonok VA, Liu H. Small-Molecule Therapeutics for Ebola Virus (EBOV) Disease Treatment. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Virion-associated phosphatidylethanolamine promotes TIM1-mediated infection by Ebola, dengue, and West Nile viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14682-7. [PMID: 26575624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508095112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors contribute to two crucial biological processes: apoptotic clearance and entry of many enveloped viruses. In both cases, they recognize PS exposed on the plasma membrane. Here we demonstrate that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is also a ligand for PS receptors and that this phospholipid mediates phagocytosis and viral entry. We show that a subset of PS receptors, including T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) mucin domain protein 1 (TIM1), efficiently bind PE. We further show that PE is present in the virions of flaviviruses and filoviruses, and that the PE-specific cyclic peptide lantibiotic agent Duramycin efficiently inhibits the entry of West Nile, dengue, and Ebola viruses. The inhibitory effect of Duramycin is specific: it inhibits TIM1-mediated, but not L-SIGN-mediated, virus infection, and it does so by blocking virus attachment to TIM1. We further demonstrate that PE is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, and promotes their phagocytic uptake by TIM1-expressing cells. Together, our data show that PE plays a key role in TIM1-mediated virus entry, suggest that disrupting PE association with PS receptors is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral strategy, and deepen our understanding of the process by which apoptotic cells are cleared.
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Ohimain EI. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for Ebola virus disease. Virus Res 2015; 211:174-85. [PMID: 26596227 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus is one of the most dangerous microorganisms in the world causing hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a zoonotic infection, which emerges and re-emerges in human populations. The 2014 outbreak was caused by the Zaire strain, which has a kill rate of up to 90%, though 40% was recorded in the current outbreak. The 2014 outbreak is larger than all 20 outbreaks that have occurred since 1976, when the virus was first discovered. It is the first time that the virus was sustained in urban centers and spread beyond Africa into Europe and USA. Thus far, over 22,000 cases have been reported with about 50% mortality in one year. There are currently no approved therapeutics and preventive vaccines against Ebola virus disease (EVD). Responding to the devastating effe1cts of the 2014 outbreak and the potential risk of global spread, has spurred research for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. This review is therefore aimed at presenting the progress of vaccine development. Results showed that conventional inactivated vaccines produced from EBOV by heat, formalin or gamma irradiation appear to be ineffective. However, novel vaccines production techniques have emerged leading to the production of candidate vaccines that have been demonstrated to be effective in preclinical trials using small animal and non-human primates (NHP) models. Some of the promising vaccines have undergone phase 1 clinical trials, which demonstrated their safety and immunogenicity. Many of the candidate vaccines are vector based such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Rabies Virus (RABV), Adenovirus (Ad), Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV). Other platforms include virus like particle (VLP), DNA and subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Ige Ohimain
- Medical and Public Health Microbiology Research Unit, Biological Sciences Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
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Jain NK, Sahni N, Kumru OS, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Russell Middaugh C. Formulation and stabilization of recombinant protein based virus-like particle vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 93:42-55. [PMID: 25451136 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine formulation development has traditionally focused on improving antigen storage stability and compatibility with conventional adjuvants. More recently, it has also provided an opportunity to modify the interaction and presentation of an antigen/adjuvant to the immune system to better stimulate the desired immune responses for maximal efficacy. In the last decade, there has been a paradigm shift in vaccine antigen and formulation design involving an improved physical understanding of antigens and a better understanding of the immune system. In addition, the discovery of novel adjuvants and delivery systems promises to further improve the design of new, more effective vaccines. Here we describe some of the fundamental aspects of formulation design applicable to virus-like-particle based vaccine antigens (VLPs). Case studies are presented for commercially approved VLP vaccines as well as some investigational VLP vaccine candidates. An emphasis is placed on the biophysical analysis of vaccines to facilitate formulation and stabilization of these particulate antigens.
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Khan MA, Hossain MU, Rakib-Uz-Zaman SM, Morshed MN. Epitope-based peptide vaccine design and target site depiction against Ebola viruses: an immunoinformatics study. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:25-34. [PMID: 25857850 PMCID: PMC7169600 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ebola viruses (EBOVs) have been identified as an emerging threat in recent year as it causes severe haemorrhagic fever in human. Epitope‐based vaccine design for EBOVs remains a top priority because a mere progress has been made in this regard. Another reason is the lack of antiviral drug and licensed vaccine although there is a severe outbreak in Central Africa. In this study, we aimed to design an epitope‐based vaccine that can trigger a significant immune response as well as to prognosticate inhibitor that can bind with potential drug target sites using various immunoinformatics and docking simulation tools. The capacity to induce both humoral and cell‐mediated immunity by T cell and B cell was checked for the selected protein. The peptide region spanning 9 amino acids from 42 to 50 and the sequence TLASIGTAF were found as the most potential B and T cell epitopes, respectively. This peptide could interact with 12 HLAs and showed high population coverage up to 80.99%. Using molecular docking, the epitope was further appraised for binding against HLA molecules to verify the binding cleft interaction. In addition with this, the allergenicity of the epitopes was also evaluated. In the post‐therapeutic strategy, docking study of predicted 3D structure identified suitable therapeutic inhibitor against targeted protein. However, this computational epitope‐based peptide vaccine designing and target site prediction against EBOVs open up a new horizon which may be the prospective way in Ebola viruses research; the results require validation by in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khan
- Department of Science and Humanities, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Mirpur Cantonment, Bangladesh
| | - M U Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Bangladesh
| | - S M Rakib-Uz-Zaman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Life Science Faculty, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Kumargaon, Bangladesh
| | - M N Morshed
- Department of Science and Humanities, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Mirpur Cantonment, Bangladesh
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Oany AR, Sharmin T, Chowdhury AS, Jyoti TP, Hasan MA. Highly conserved regions in Ebola virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase may be act as a universal novel peptide vaccine target: a computational approach. In Silico Pharmacol 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 26820892 PMCID: PMC4529428 DOI: 10.1186/s40203-015-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ebola virus (EBOV) is such kind of virus which is responsible for 23,825 cases and 9675 deaths worldwide only in 2014 and with an average diseases fatality rate between 25 % and 90 %. Although, medical technology has tried to handle the problems, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics or vaccines available for the prevention, post exposure, or treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Methods In the present study, we used the immunoinformatics approach to design a potential epitope-based vaccine against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L of EBOV. BioEdit v7.2.3 sequence alignment editor, Jalview v2 and CLC Sequence Viewer v7.0.2 were used for the initial sequence analysis for securing the conservancy from the sequences. Later the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB-AR) was used for the identification of T-cell and B-cellepitopes associated with type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules analysis. Finally, the population coverage analysis was employed. Results The core epitope “FRYEFTAPF” was found to be the most potential one, with 100 % conservancy among all the strains of EBOV. It also interacted with both type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules and is considered as nonallergenic in nature. Finally, with impressive cumulative population coverage of 99.87 % for the both MHC-I and MHC-II class throughout the world population was found for the proposed epitope. Conclusion To end, the projected peptide gave us a solid stand to propose for vaccine consideration and that might be experimented for its potency in eliciting immunity through humoral and cell mediated immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40203-015-0011-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Rahman Oany
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Sharmin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Afrin Sultana Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Pervin Jyoti
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anayet Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.
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Janeba Z. Development of Small-Molecule Antivirals for Ebola. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1175-94. [PMID: 26172225 PMCID: PMC7168439 DOI: 10.1002/med.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus species. Although a significant progress has recently been made in understanding of Ebola virus biology and pathogenesis, development of effective anti-Ebola treatments has not been very productive, compared to other areas of antiviral research (e.g., HIV and HCV infections). No approved vaccine or medicine is available for Ebola but several are currently under development. This review summarises attempts in identification, evaluation, and development of small-molecule candidates for treatment of Ebola viral disease, including the most promising experimental drugs brincidofovir (CMX001), BCX4430, and favipiravir (T-705).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebola virus, are associated with outbreaks of severe febrile illness with high fatality rates in humans. The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa is by far the largest outbreak in history and the first to spread to highly populated urban areas. The potential for such an epidemic to spread beyond Africa through international travel has raised concern in the world community as well as in American and international health agencies. This article presents background information, personal and public protective strategies, and treatment recommendations for emergency physicians.
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Martínez-Romero C, García-Sastre A. Against the clock towards new Ebola virus therapies. Virus Res 2015; 209:4-10. [PMID: 26057711 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the end of 2013, West Africa has been suffering the largest Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in recorded history. The lack of health care infrastructure in the affected countries, as well as a concentration of infected cases in the most populated areas allowed the virus to spread with no control during the first months of the outbreak. With no specific treatment available to combat EBOV infection and its associated disease, an extraordinary worldwide effort was made to confront the severity of the situation and to establish new therapeutic strategies that would lead to better and faster control and eradicate the outbreak. In the last two years, several candidate therapies and potential vaccines against EBOV have arisen and human clinical trials are ongoing, in hopes of starting their deployment in the affected countries. This article reviews the current candidate therapies against EBOV, their stage of development and future prospects in battling EBOV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Wells C, Yamin D, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Wenzel N, Gaffney SG, Townsend JP, Meyers LA, Fallah M, Nyenswah TG, Altice FL, Atkins KE, Galvani AP. Harnessing case isolation and ring vaccination to control Ebola. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003794. [PMID: 26024528 PMCID: PMC4449200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a devastating Ebola outbreak in West Africa continues, non-pharmaceutical control measures including contact tracing, quarantine, and case isolation are being implemented. In addition, public health agencies are scaling up efforts to test and deploy candidate vaccines. Given the experimental nature and limited initial supplies of vaccines, a mass vaccination campaign might not be feasible. However, ring vaccination of likely case contacts could provide an effective alternative in distributing the vaccine. To evaluate ring vaccination as a strategy for eliminating Ebola, we developed a pair approximation model of Ebola transmission, parameterized by confirmed incidence data from June 2014 to January 2015 in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Our results suggest that if a combined intervention of case isolation and ring vaccination had been initiated in the early fall of 2014, up to an additional 126 cases in Liberia and 560 cases in Sierra Leone could have been averted beyond case isolation alone. The marginal benefit of ring vaccination is predicted to be greatest in settings where there are more contacts per individual, greater clustering among individuals, when contact tracing has low efficacy or vaccination confers post-exposure protection. In such settings, ring vaccination can avert up to an additional 8% of Ebola cases. Accordingly, ring vaccination is predicted to offer a moderately beneficial supplement to ongoing non-pharmaceutical Ebola control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Wells
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Dan Yamin
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Natasha Wenzel
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Stephen G. Gaffney
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Lauren Ancel Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America,
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America,
| | - Mosoka Fallah
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia,
| | | | - Frederick L. Altice
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
| | - Katherine E. Atkins
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison P. Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America,
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Matua GA, Van der Wal DM, Locsin RC. Ebolavirus and Haemorrhagic Syndrome. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e171-e176. [PMID: 26052448 PMCID: PMC4450778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus is a highly virulent, single-stranded ribonucleic acid virus which affects both humans and apes and has fast become one of the world's most feared pathogens. The virus induces acute fever and death, with haemorrhagic syndrome occurring in up to 90% of patients. The known species within the genus Ebolavirus are Bundibugyo, Sudan, Zaïre, Reston and Taï Forest. Although endemic in Africa, Ebola has caused worldwide anxiety due to media hype and concerns about its international spread, including through bioterrorism. The high fatality rate is attributed to unavailability of a standard treatment regimen or vaccine. The disease is frightening since it is characterised by rapid immune suppression and systemic inflammatory response, causing multi-organ and system failure, shock and often death. Currently, disease management is largely supportive, with containment efforts geared towards mitigating the spread of the virus. This review describes the classification, morphology, infective process, natural ecology, transmission, epidemic patterns, diagnosis, clinical features and immunology of Ebola, including management and epidemic containment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Matua
- Department of Fundamentals & Administration, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Dirk M. Van der Wal
- Department of Health Studies, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rozzano C. Locsin
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Shrivastava SR, Shrivastava PS, Ramasamy J. Ebola disease: an international public health emergency. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ayithan N, Bradfute SB, Anthony SM, Stuthman KS, Bavari S, Bray M, Ozato K. Virus-like particles activate type I interferon pathways to facilitate post-exposure protection against Ebola virus infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118345. [PMID: 25719445 PMCID: PMC4342244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic disease with high fatality. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising vaccine candidate against EBOV. We recently showed that VLPs protect mice from lethal EBOV infection when given before or after viral infection. To elucidate pathways through which VLPs confer post-exposure protection, we investigated the role of type I interferon (IFN) signaling. We found that VLPs lead to accelerated induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) in liver and spleen of wild type mice, but not in Ifnar-/- mice. Accordingly, EBOV infected Ifnar-/- mice, unlike wild type mice succumbed to death even after VLP treatment. The ISGs induced in wild type mice included anti-viral proteins and negative feedback factors known to restrict viral replication and excessive inflammatory responses. Importantly, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression was much higher in WT mice without VLPs than mice treated with VLPs. In EBOV infected Ifnar-/- mice, however, uninhibited viral replication and elevated proinflammatory factor expression ensued, irrespective of VLP treatment, supporting the view that type I IFN signaling helps to limit viral replication and attenuate inflammatory responses. Further analyses showed that VLP protection requires the transcription factor, IRF8 known to amplify type I IFN signaling in dendritic cells and macrophages, the probable sites of initial EBOV infection. Together, this study indicates that VLPs afford post-exposure protection by promoting expeditious initiation of type I IFN signaling in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Ayithan
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Steven B. Bradfute
- United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Anthony
- United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Stuthman
- United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Mike Bray
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Choi WY, Hong KJ, Hong JE, Lee WJ. Progress of vaccine and drug development for Ebola preparedness. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:11-6. [PMID: 25648233 PMCID: PMC4313103 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea was reported in March 2014 by World Health Organization (WHO), the outbreak has continued through the year and the total number of 19,065 patients was reported as the confirmed or suspected in the EVD-affected countries. Among the cases, 7,388 patients were reported death by 19 December. Currently, available therapeutics to treat the infected patients or vaccines to prevent people from infection is not developed yet while viral diagnostic methods were already developed and firmly established in a lot of countries as a first step for the preparedness of Ebola outbreak. Some potential therapeutic materials including ZMapp were supplied and the treated people got over the EVD. Several candidates of vaccines also were investigated their efficacy in animal models by National Institute of Health (NIH) and Department of Defense, and they are processing of clinical tests in West Africa aiming to finish the development by the 2015. Vaccine and therapeutic development is essential to stop the EVD outbreak in West Africa, also to protect the world from the risk which can be generated by potential spread of Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Young Choi
- Division of Arboviruses, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Joo Eun Hong
- Division of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
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Choi JH, Schafer SC, Freiberg AN, Croyle MA. Bolstering Components of the Immune Response Compromised by Prior Exposure to Adenovirus: Guided Formulation Development for a Nasal Ebola Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2697-711. [PMID: 25549696 PMCID: PMC4525322 DOI: 10.1021/mp5006454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
severity and longevity of the current Ebola outbreak highlight
the need for a fast-acting yet long-lasting vaccine for at-risk populations
(medical personnel and rural villagers) where repeated prime-boost
regimens are not feasible. While recombinant adenovirus (rAd)-based
vaccines have conferred full protection against multiple strains of
Ebola after a single immunization, their efficacy is impaired by pre-existing
immunity (PEI) to adenovirus. To address this important issue, a panel
of formulations was evaluated by an in vitro assay
for their ability to protect rAd from neutralization. An amphiphilic
polymer (F16, FW ∼39,000) significantly improved transgene
expression in the presence of anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies (NAB)
at concentrations of 5 times the 50% neutralizing dose (ND50). In vivo performance of rAd in F16 was compared
with unformulated virus, virus modified with poly(ethylene) glycol
(PEG), and virus incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) polymeric beads. Histochemical analysis of
lung tissue revealed that F16 promoted strong levels of transgene
expression in naive mice and those that were exposed to adenovirus
in the nasal cavity 28 days prior to immunization. Multiparameter
flow cytometry revealed that F16 induced significantly more polyfunctional
antigen-specific CD8+ T cells simultaneously producing
IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α than other test formulations. These
effects were not compromised by PEI. Data from formulations that provided
partial protection from challenge consistently identified specific
immunological requirements necessary for protection. This approach
may be useful for development of formulations for other vaccine platforms
that also employ ubiquitous pathogens as carriers like the influenza
virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huk Choi
- †Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephen C Schafer
- †Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- ‡Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Maria A Croyle
- †Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,§Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Sobarzo A, Eskira Y, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Stonier SW, Ochayon DE, Fedida-Metula S, Balinandi S, Kislev Y, Tali N, Lewis EC, Lutwama JJ, Dye JM, Yavelsky V, Lobel L. Immune memory to Sudan virus: comparison between two separate disease outbreaks. Viruses 2015; 7:37-51. [PMID: 25569078 PMCID: PMC4306827 DOI: 10.3390/v7010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery from ebolavirus infection in humans is associated with the development of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. According to recent studies, individuals that did not survive infection with ebolaviruses appear to have lacked a robust adaptive immune response and the expression of several early innate response markers. However, a comprehensive protective immune profile has yet to be described. Here, we examine cellular memory immune responses among survivors of two separate Ebolavirus outbreaks (EVDs) due to Sudan virus (SUDV) infection in Uganda—Gulu 2000–2001 and Kibaale 2012. Freshly collected blood samples were stimulated with inactivated SUDV, as well as with recombinant SUDV or Ebola virus (EBOV) GP (GP1–649). In addition, ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization assays were performed to determine anti-SUDV IgG titers and neutralization capacity. Cytokine expression was measured in whole blood cultures in response to SUDV and SUDV GP stimulation in both survivor pools, demonstrating recall responses that indicate immune memory. Cytokine responses between groups were similar but had distinct differences. Neutralizing, SUDV-specific IgG activity against irradiated SUDV and SUDV recombinant proteins were detected in both survivor cohorts. Furthermore, humoral and cell-mediated crossreactivity to EBOV and EBOV recombinant GP1–649 was observed in both cohorts. In conclusion, immune responses in both groups of survivors demonstrate persistent recognition of relevant antigens, albeit larger cohorts are required in order to reach greater statistical significance. The differing cytokine responses between Gulu and Kibaale outbreak survivors suggests that each outbreak may not yield identical memory responses and promotes the merits of studying the immune responses among outbreaks of the same virus. Finally, our demonstration of cross-reactive immune recognition suggests that there is potential for developing cross-protective vaccines for ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sobarzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Yael Eskira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division-U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- Virology Division-U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division-U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - David E Ochayon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Steven Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe P.O Box 49, Uganda.
| | - Yaara Kislev
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Neta Tali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Eli C Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe P.O Box 49, Uganda.
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division-U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Li H, Ying T, Yu F, Lu L, Jiang S. Development of therapeutics for treatment of Ebola virus infection. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:109-17. [PMID: 25498866 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus infection can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD). Patients usually show severe symptoms, and the fatality rate can reach up to 90%. No licensed medicine is available. In this review, development of therapeutics for treatment of Ebola virus infection and EVD will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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44
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Tosh PK, Sampathkumar P. What clinicians should know about the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:1710-7. [PMID: 25467644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing Ebola outbreak that began in Guinea in February 2014 has spread to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, and the United States and has become the largest Ebola outbreak in recorded history. It is important for frontline medical providers to understand key aspects of Ebola virus disease (EVD) to quickly recognize an imported case, provide appropriate medical care, and prevent transmission. Furthermore, an understanding of the clinical presentation, clinical course, transmission, and prevention of EVD can help reduce anxiety about the disease and allow health care providers to calmly and confidently provide medical care to patients suspected of having EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish K Tosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Chippaux JP. Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa: the beginnings of a tragic saga. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:44. [PMID: 25320574 PMCID: PMC4197285 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurring in West Africa since the end of 2013 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. This review aims to describe the 27 manifestations of Ebola virus that arose after its discovery in 1976. It provides an update on research on the ecology of Ebola viruses, modes of contamination and human transmission of the disease that are mainly linked to close contact with an infected animal or a patient suffering from the disease. The recommendations to contain the epidemic and challenges to achieve it are reminded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- />UMR 216, Mother and Child Facing Tropical Diseases, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cotonou, Bénin
- />Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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46
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Hoenen T, Feldmann H. Reverse genetics systems as tools for the development of novel therapies against filoviruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1253-63. [PMID: 25169588 PMCID: PMC11014685 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.948848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with case fatality rates of up to 90%, for which no antivirals are currently available. Their categorization as biosafety level 4 agents restricts work with infectious viruses to a few maximum containment laboratories worldwide, which constitutes a significant obstacle for the development of countermeasures. Reverse genetics facilitates the generation of recombinant filoviruses, including reporter-expressing viruses, which have been increasingly used for drug screening and development in recent years. Further, reverse-genetics based lifecycle modeling systems allow modeling of the filovirus lifecycle without the need for a maximum containment laboratory and have recently been optimized for use in high-throughput assays. The availability of these reverse genetics-based tools will significantly improve our ability to find novel antivirals against filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Virology, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Virology, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Hoenen T, Watt A, Mora A, Feldmann H. Modeling the lifecycle of Ebola virus under biosafety level 2 conditions with virus-like particles containing tetracistronic minigenomes. J Vis Exp 2014:52381. [PMID: 25285674 DOI: 10.3791/52381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates, with case fatality rates as high as 90%. There are no approved vaccines or specific treatments for the disease caused by these viruses, and work with infectious Ebola viruses is restricted to biosafety level 4 laboratories, significantly limiting the research on these viruses. Lifecycle modeling systems model the virus lifecycle under biosafety level 2 conditions; however, until recently such systems have been limited to either individual aspects of the virus lifecycle, or a single infectious cycle. Tetracistronic minigenomes, which consist of Ebola virus non-coding regions, a reporter gene, and three Ebola virus genes involved in morphogenesis, budding, and entry (VP40, GP1,2, and VP24), can be used to produce replication and transcription-competent virus-like particles (trVLPs) containing these minigenomes. These trVLPs can continuously infect cells expressing the Ebola virus proteins responsible for genome replication and transcription, allowing us to safely model multiple infectious cycles under biosafety level 2 conditions. Importantly, the viral components of this systems are solely derived from Ebola virus and not from other viruses (as is, for example, the case in systems using pseudotyped viruses), and VP40, GP1,2 and VP24 are not overexpressed in this system, making it ideally suited for studying morphogenesis, budding and entry, although other aspects of the virus lifecycle such as genome replication and transcription can also be modeled with this system. Therefore, the tetracistronic trVLP assay represents the most comprehensive lifecycle modeling system available for Ebola viruses, and has tremendous potential for use in investigating the biology of Ebola viruses in future. Here, we provide detailed information on the use of this system, as well as on expected results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health;
| | - Ari Watt
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Anita Mora
- Research Technology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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48
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Ansari AA. Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus infection. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:1-9. [PMID: 25260583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There has clearly been a deluge of international press coverage of the recent outbreak of Ebolavirus in Africa and is partly related to the "fear factor" that comes across when one is confronted with the fact that once infected, not only is the speed of death in a majority of cases rapid but also the images of the cause of death such as bleeding from various orifices gruesome and frightening. The fact that it leads to infection and death of health care providers (10% during the current epidemic) and the visualization of protective gear worn by these individuals to contain such infection adds to this "fear factor". Finally, there is a clear perceived notion that such an agent can be utilized as a bioterrorism agent that adds to the apprehension. Thus, in efforts to gain an objective view of the growing threat Ebolavirus poses to the general public, it is important to provide some basic understanding for the lethality of Ebolavirus infection that is highlighted in Fig. 1. This virus infection first appears to disable the immune system (the very system needed to fight the infection) and subsequently disables the vascular system that leads to blood leakage (hemorrhage), hypotension, drop in blood pressure, followed by shock and death. The virus appears to sequentially infect dendritic cells disabling the interferon system (one of the major host anti-viral immune systems) then macrophages (that trigger the formation of blood clots, release of inflammatory proteins and nitric oxide damaging the lining of blood vessels leading to blood leakage) and finally endothelial cells that contribute to blood leakage. The virus also affects organs such as the liver (that dysregulates the formation of coagulation proteins), the adrenal gland (that destroys the ability of the patient to synthesize steroids and leads to circulation failure and disabling of regulators of blood pressure) and the gastro-intestinal tract (leading to diarrhea). The ability of the virus to disable such major mechanisms in the body facilitates the ability of the virus to replicate in an uncontrolled fashion leading to the rapidity by which the virus can cause lethality. Various laboratories have been working on defining such mechanisms utilizing in vitro culture systems, a variety of animal models including inbred strains of normal and select gene knock out mice, guinea pigs and nonhuman primates that have led to a better understanding of the potential mechanisms involved. There have also been some major advances made in the identification of therapies from the very simple (major supportive type of therapy), to the identification of a number of highly effective chemotherapeutic agents, a variety of highly effective preventive (demonstrating 100% effectiveness in nonhuman primate models) recombinant formulations (adenovirus based, VSV-based, rabies virus based), therapeutic candidate vaccines (cocktail of monoclonal antibodies such as ZMAPP) and alternate approaches (RNAi-based such as TKM-Ebola and antisense based such as AVI-7537) that show great promise and at an unprecedented rate of discovery that speaks well for the scientific research community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Levine MM, Tapia M, Hill AV, Sow SO. How the current West African Ebola virus disease epidemic is altering views on the need for vaccines and is galvanizing a global effort to field-test leading candidate vaccines. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:504-7. [PMID: 25225675 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Milagritos Tapia
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Adrian V Hill
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samba O Sow
- Le Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako
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50
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Kindrachuk J, Wahl-Jensen V, Safronetz D, Trost B, Hoenen T, Arsenault R, Feldmann F, Traynor D, Postnikova E, Kusalik A, Napper S, Blaney JE, Feldmann H, Jahrling PB. Ebola virus modulates transforming growth factor β signaling and cellular markers of mesenchyme-like transition in hepatocytes. J Virol 2014; 88:9877-92. [PMID: 24942569 PMCID: PMC4136307 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01410-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates, with a median case fatality rate of 78.4%. Although EBOV is considered a public health concern, there is a relative paucity of information regarding the modulation of the functional host response during infection. We employed temporal kinome analysis to investigate the relative early, intermediate, and late host kinome responses to EBOV infection in human hepatocytes. Pathway overrepresentation analysis and functional network analysis of kinome data revealed that transforming growth factor (TGF-β)-mediated signaling responses were temporally modulated in response to EBOV infection. Upregulation of TGF-β signaling in the kinome data sets correlated with the upregulation of TGF-β secretion from EBOV-infected cells. Kinase inhibitors targeting TGF-β signaling, or additional cell receptors and downstream signaling pathway intermediates identified from our kinome analysis, also inhibited EBOV replication. Further, the inhibition of select cell signaling intermediates identified from our kinome analysis provided partial protection in a lethal model of EBOV infection. To gain perspective on the cellular consequence of TGF-β signaling modulation during EBOV infection, we assessed cellular markers associated with upregulation of TGF-β signaling. We observed upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9, N-cadherin, and fibronectin expression with concomitant reductions in the expression of E-cadherin and claudin-1, responses that are standard characteristics of an epithelium-to-mesenchyme-like transition. Additionally, we identified phosphorylation events downstream of TGF-β that may contribute to this process. From these observations, we propose a model for a broader role of TGF-β-mediated signaling responses in the pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease. IMPORTANCE Ebola virus (EBOV), formerly Zaire ebolavirus, causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates and is the most lethal Ebola virus species, with case fatality rates of up to 90%. Although EBOV is considered a worldwide concern, many questions remain regarding EBOV molecular pathogenesis. As it is appreciated that many cellular processes are regulated through kinase-mediated phosphorylation events, we employed temporal kinome analysis to investigate the functional responses of human hepatocytes to EBOV infection. Administration of kinase inhibitors targeting signaling pathway intermediates identified in our kinome analysis inhibited viral replication in vitro and reduced EBOV pathogenesis in vivo. Further analysis of our data also demonstrated that EBOV infection modulated TGF-β-mediated signaling responses and promoted "mesenchyme-like" phenotypic changes. Taken together, these results demonstrated that EBOV infection specifically modulates TGF-β-mediated signaling responses in epithelial cells and may have broader implications in EBOV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kindrachuk
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl-Jensen
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Brett Trost
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ryan Arsenault
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Dawn Traynor
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E Blaney
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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