1
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Joshua PE, Yahaya J, Ekpo DE, Ogidigo JO, Odiba AS, Asomadu RO, Oka SA, Adeniyi OS. Modulation of immunological responses by aqueous extract of Datura stramonium L. seeds on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Wistar rats. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:50. [PMID: 36261807 PMCID: PMC9583546 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) is used traditionally in west Africa to treat asthma, epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, filariasis microbial infections and conjunctivitis. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of aqueous seed extract of D. stramonium L. (ASEDS) on Wistar rats. Methods Thirty Wistar albino rats (180–200 g) were randomized into 6 groups (n = 5). Group 1 received distilled water only. Rats in groups 2–6 were pretreated with 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) Cyclophosphamide orally for 27-days to induce immunosuppression. Thereafter, they received treatment orally for 28 days as follows: Group 2 (distilled water), group 3 (5 mg/kg b.w. Levamisole), groups 4–6 (60, 90 and 120 mg/kg b.w. ASEDS, respectively). HPLC was used to determine major compounds in ASEDS. The effects of ASEDS on immune cells, immunoglobulins A, G and M levels, lipoproteins, and antioxidant status of rats were evaluated. Results ASEDS indicated high content of Acutumine, Quinine, Catechin, Chlorogenic acid, Gallic acid, Quercetin, Vanillic acid, Luteolin, Formosanin C, Saponin, Cyanidin, Tannic acid, 3-Carene, Limonene and α-terpineol. Cyclophosphamide triggered significant (p < 0.05) reduction in total leucocyte count and differentials, IgA, IgG, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamins A, C and E levels of untreated rats. Administration of ASEDS led to significant (p < 0.05) improvement in immune cell counts, immunoglobulin synthesis, high-density lipoprotein concentration, and antioxidant status of rats in the treated groups. Conclusions The results obtained from the study showed the immunomodulatory activity of ASEDS, thereby indicating its potential in immunostimulatory drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria
| | - Junaidu Yahaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria.,Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Colleges of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Federal Republic of Nigeria
| | - Daniel Emmanuel Ekpo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria.
| | - Joyce Oloaigbe Ogidigo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria.,Bioresources Development Centre, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Federal Republic of Nigeria
| | - Arome Solomon Odiba
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Centre for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Rita Onyekachukwu Asomadu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria
| | - Samson Ayodeji Oka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Federal Republic of Nigeria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Colleges of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Federal Republic of Nigeria
| | - Olasupo Stephen Adeniyi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic and Allied Medical Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Federal Republic of Nigeria
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2
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Sheikine Y, Deodato B, Olofsson PS, Söderström LA, Lundberg AM, Bodin I, Rudling M, Theodorsson E, Hansson GK. Activation of VPAC1 receptors aggravates early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Changes in plasma lipoprotein profiles, particularly low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, are associated with several inflammatory and immune diseases, including atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, implying the potential link between HDL and immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that HDL possesses anti-inflammatory effects and has an important function in host defense as part of the innate immune system. In addition, HDL inhibits the ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate T cells. It is subsequently discovered that HDL or HDL-associated platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase can restore the emigratory process of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and thus result in resolution of inflammatory reactions in atherosclerotic plaques. Lipid rafts in plasma membrane are the key structure responsible for the immunomodulation effects of HDL, the remarkable ability of HDL to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses extends our understanding of its atheroprotective role, and provides new therapeutic approaches to atherosclerosis and other inflammatory conditions.
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4
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Mechanisms of disease: the evolving role of regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:531-40. [PMID: 18607396 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and related complications still represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. The mechanisms that govern the progression and destabilization of atheromatous lesions are multiple and complex. Despite their widespread use, lipid-lowering agents do not provide sufficient protection from future clinical cardiovascular-associated events. Interest in the role of immunity in atherosclerosis and support for this relationship has grown significantly over recent years. This paradigm, in which inflammation is an instrumental process in plaque development and rupture, is further supported by studies showing that immune subsets are operative in atherosclerosis. Regulatory T-cell subpopulations consist of lymphocytes--with several phenotypic markers--that share the ability to suppress, by various mechanisms, inflammatory responses. These regulatory T cells consist of subsets such as interleukin-10 secreting type I regulatory cells, type 3 effector T-helper cells that produce transforming growth factor-beta, as well as adaptive and natural CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. In this Review, I focus on the direct and indirect evidence for the involvement of regulatory T cells in atherogenesis in experimental models and in humans. The growing knowledge of the role of regulatory T cells could result in the future development of novel therapeutic modalities to attenuate atherosclerosis and stabilize vulnerable plaques.
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5
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Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM. Sphingolipid signalling in the cardiovascular system: good, bad or both? Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:292-302. [PMID: 18420192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are biologically active lipids that play important roles in various cellular processes and the sphingomyelin metabolites ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate can act as signalling molecules in most cell types. With the recent development of the immunosuppressant drug FTY720 (Fingolimod) which after phosphorylation in vivo acts as a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist, research on the role of sphingolipids in the immune and other organ systems was triggered enormously. Since it was reported that FTY720 induced a modest, but significant transient decrease in heart rate in animals and humans, the question was raised which pharmacological properties of drugs targeting sphingolipid signalling will affect cardiovascular function in vivo. The answer to this question will most likely also indicate what type of drug could be used to treat cardiovascular disease. The latter is becoming increasingly important because of the increasing population carrying characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is, amongst others, characterized by obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes. As such, individuals with this syndrome are at increased risk of heart disease. Now numerous studies have investigated sphingolipid effects in the cardiovascular system, can we speculate whether certain sphingolipids under specific conditions are good, bad or maybe both? In this review we will give a brief overview of the pathophysiological role of sphingolipids in cardiovascular disease. In addition, we will try to answer how drugs that target sphingolipid signalling will potentially influence cardiovascular function and whether these drugs would be useful to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Alewijnse
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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7
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Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L. Lymphocyte activation as a possible measure of atherosclerotic risk in patients with sleep apnea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1051:340-50. [PMID: 16126976 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a breathing disorder in sleep characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Investigating how this breathing disorder modulates immune responses may facilitate understanding one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis. T cells play a significant role in atherogenesis and plaque development via cytokine production and by directly contributing to vascular injury. Using flow cytometry and chromium release assays, we found that CD4 and CD8 T cells of OSA patients undergo phenotypic and functional changes and acquire cytotoxic capabilities. Thus, a shift in CD4 and CD8 T cells toward type 2 cytokine dominance with increased IL-4 expression was noted. IL-10 expression in T cells was negatively correlated with the severity of OSA, as determined by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), whereas TNF-alpha was positively correlated. CD8 T cells of OSA patients expressed a fourfold increase in TNF-alpha and CD40 ligand (CD40L), and exhibited an increased OSA severity-dependent cytotoxicity against endothelial cells. The percentage of CD4(+)CD28(null) and cytotoxicity of CD4 T lymphocytes were also significantly higher in OSA patients than in controls. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) treatment, which ameliorated the severity of OSA, significantly lowered TNF-alpha and CD40L expression, and decreased cytotoxicity in CD8 T cells. In conclusion, increased cytotoxicity and cytokine imbalance in CD4 and CD8 T cells may be involved in atherogenesis in OSA. Nasal CPAP treatment ameliorates some lymphocyte dysfunctions and thus may moderate some atherogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dyugovskaya
- Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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8
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that, in addition to conventional risk factors, acute and chronic infectious diseases increase the risk of stroke. Acute infection, mainly respiratory, and both bacterial and viral infection, represent temporarily active trigger factors for cerebral ischemia. Chronic infectious diseases that may increase the risk of stroke include periodontitis, chronic bronchitis and infections with microbial antigens, such as Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae. From observational studies, there is evidence that vaccination against influenza is associated with a reduced risk of stroke, myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality. This report provides an overview on the influence of infection on stroke risk and potential anti-infective strategies that may play a future role in stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin J Grau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstr. 79, 67063 Ludwigshafen a. Rh., Germany.
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9
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Zhou X, Robertson AKL, Hjerpe C, Hansson GK. Adoptive Transfer of CD4
+
T Cells Reactive to Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Aggravates Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:864-70. [PMID: 16456097 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000206122.61591.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Atherosclerosis is associated with immune responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The presence of activated macrophages and T cells in lesions suggests that cell-mediated immune reactions are taking place during the disease process. However, the role of specific immune responses has remained unclear. We have previously shown that transfer of CD4
+
T cells from apolipoprotein E knockout mice (apoE
−/−
) into immunodeficient apoE
−/−
scid/scid
mice accelerates disease.
Methods and Results—
To test whether this effect is dependent on specific disease-associated antigens, purified CD4
+
T cells from oxLDL-immunized mice were transferred into apoE
−/−
scid/scid
mice. CD4
+
T cells from mice immunized with a nonrelevant antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and naïve CD4
+
T cells were used as controls. After 12 weeks, all mice that received T cells had larger lesions than untouched apoE
−/−
scid/scid
controls. However, mice receiving CD4
+
T cells from oxLDL immunized mice had substantially accelerated lesion progression compared with those receiving naive or KLH-primed T cells. Circulating levels of interferon-γ were increased in proportion to the acceleration of atherosclerosis.
Conclusion—
These data show that adoptive transfer of purified CD4+ T cells from oxLDL-immunized mice accelerates atherosclerosis. They support the notion that Th1 cellular immunity is proatherogenic and identify oxLDL as a culprit autoantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Tang J, Kozaki K, Farr AG, Martin PJ, Lindahl P, Betsholtz C, Raines EW. The absence of platelet-derived growth factor-B in circulating cells promotes immune and inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis-prone ApoE-/- mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:901-12. [PMID: 16127167 PMCID: PMC1698743 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the progression of inflammatory-fibrotic lesions of atherosclerosis. Although platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B has been investigated as a stimulant of smooth muscle cells in vascular diseases, its effects on the immune response during disease have not been evaluated in vivo. We used hematopoietic chimeras generated after lethal irradiation of ApoE-/- recipients to test the role of PDGF in atherosclerosis. Monocyte accumulation in early atherosclerotic lesions increased 1.9-fold in ApoE-/-/PDGF-B-/- chimeras. Lymphocytes from null chimeras showed a 1.6- to 2.0-fold increase in the number of activated CD4(+) T cells and a 2.5-fold elevation of interferon-gamma-secreting CD4(+) T cells on ex vivo challenge with modified low-density lipoprotein. Splenocyte transcript levels were also altered with a twofold decrease in interleukin-10 and 1.7- and 3.0-fold increases in interleukin-18 and CCR 5, respectively. These cellular and molecular changes were consistent with a shift to a proinflammatory phenotype in null chimeras. Our data also demonstrated for the first time the presence of a recently discovered family of negative regulators of innate and adaptive immunity, the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), in developing atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, our studies identify two independent negative immune regulatory pathways-PDGF-B and SOCS-that may help limit lesion expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tang
- Department of Pathology, University Of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA
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11
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Madjid M, Awan I, Ali M, Frazier L, Casscells W. Influenza and atherosclerosis: vaccination for cardiovascular disease prevention. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:91-6. [PMID: 15709912 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In both animal and human studies, strong prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory effects have been observed after influenza infection. Influenza is an important trigger for acute coronary syndromes, and it has been shown that in the US it may cause up to 90,000 deaths per year simply by triggering fatal myocardial infarctions. Multiple case-control and cohort studies have shown that the influenza vaccine has a marked protective effect against cardiovascular events, decreasing the incidence of these events by 20 - 70% in the settings of primary and secondary prevention. Although influenza vaccination is an extremely cost-effective method of cardiovascular protection and is recommended for all patients with cardiac diseases, it is largely underused in these patients. Therefore, increased efforts should be directed towards educating physicians and patients about the benefits of influenza vaccination in patients with coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Madjid
- Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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Tenger C, Sundborger A, Jawien J, Zhou X. IL-18 Accelerates Atherosclerosis Accompanied by Elevation of IFN-γ and CXCL16 Expression Independently of T Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:791-6. [PMID: 15604417 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000153516.02782.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proatherogenic effect of IL-18 is shown to be dependent on IFN-gamma production. It is believed that activated T cells play a proatherogenic role through secretion of IFN-gamma. However, recent studies in vitro have shown that macrophages, NK cells, and even vascular smooth muscle cells may also secrete IFN-gamma after stimulation by cytokines like IL-18. We therefore investigated whether cells other than activated T cells can play a proatherogenic role via IFN-gamma secretion under the stimulation of IL-18 in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS SCID/apoE knockout mice were injected intraperitoneally with either IL-18 or phosphate-buffered saline 3 times per week for 7 weeks. Our results show that administration of IL-18 leads to 3-fold larger lesions and 2-fold higher circulating IFN-gamma despite the absence of T cells. In addition, increased IFN-gamma, accompanied by elevation of the scavenger receptor/chemokine CXCL16, was observed in both lesions and spleens. Furthermore, our findings revealed that macrophages, NK cells, and vascular cells were the source of IFN-gamma under the stimulation of IL-18 in the absence of T cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that the proatherogenic effect of IL-18 can occur in the absence of T cells and that IFN-gamma secreted by macrophages, NK cells, and vascular cells is sufficient for the disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/immunology
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokine CXCL6
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/immunology
- Interleukin-18/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Tenger
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Mehta TA, Greenman J, Ettelaie C, Venkatasubramaniam A, Chetter IC, McCollum PT. Heat Shock Proteins in Vascular Disease—A Review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29:395-402. [PMID: 15749041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is growing evidence that heat shock proteins (HSPs), a family of stress-inducible proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Here, we systematically review the evidence behind this notion. METHODS A detailed literature search and extensive bibliographic review of literature relating to HSPs and atherosclerotic vascular disease. RESULTS Atherosclerotic vascular disease is classified into four main areas of presentation: carotid, coronary, aortic and peripheral vascular disease, for consideration in this review. In each of these vascular diseases, the evidence linking HSPs and atherosclerosis is outlined in a systematic manner. Current evidence suggests that components of the immune system may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with HSPs acting as auto-antigens in the immune response. HSPs are detected in atherosclerotic lesions and antibodies to HSPs are increased in patients with vascular disease; the rise often correlating with the severity of atherosclerosis. The levels of anti-HSP antibodies have been shown to be independent predictors of risk and have prognostic value. CONCLUSION There is a strong link between heat shock protein expression and the principal manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. A better understanding of this involvement could lead to the development of new and improved treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mehta
- Academic Surgical Unit, University of Hull, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK.
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14
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Mallat Z, Tedgui A. Immunomodulation to combat atherosclerosis: the potential role of immune regulatory cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1387-93. [PMID: 15335306 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.9.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall that carries an important socio-economic burden. The available data strongly suggest that both innate and adaptive immuno-inflammatory mechanisms are the major determinants of plaque complications (called instability). Therefore, most of the important advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis came from studies that aimed at the elucidation of the critical components involved in the modulation of the immuno-inflammatory response in experimental models of atherosclerosis. As the T helper (Th)1-driven immune response has been consistently shown to promote atherosclerosis, the general belief is that immunomodulation through Th2 may be suitable to halt the disease process. Here, a novel view of the immuno-inflammatory response in atherosclerosis is presented, in which the natural and/or adaptive regulatory responses modulate both Th1 and Th2 responses, and play a central role in counteracting disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U541, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la chapelle, 75010 Paris, France.
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15
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Zhou X, Robertson AKL, Rudling M, Parini P, Hansson GK. Lesion Development and Response to Immunization Reveal a Complex Role for CD4 in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2005; 96:427-34. [PMID: 15662027 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000156889.22364.f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease, bearing many of the characteristics of a chronic inflammatory process. Both cellular and humoral immune responses may be involved in the disease development. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is suggested to be an autoantigen in atherosclerosis. A protective effect against atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in animals immunized with oxLDL. Such a protection is associated with elevation of T cell–dependent IgG antibodies against oxLDL. In addition, it has been shown that immunization with Freund adjuvant alone also confers protection against development of atherosclerosis. We therefore hypothesized that CD4+ T cells are critical in the development of atherosclerosis and that they are involved in protective immune reactions after immunization. The development of atherosclerosis was studied in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE KO) mice and CD4/apoE double knockout (dKO) mice that were immunized with either oxLDL in Freund adjuvant or adjuvant alone, or left untreated. Our results show that (1) the absence of CD4+ cells in apoE KO mice leads to reduced atherosclerosis, indicating that CD4+ cells constitute a major proatherogenic cell population, and (2) the atheroprotective effect of LDL immunization does not depend on CD4+ cells, whereas (3) the atheroprotective effect of adjuvant injection is CD4-dependent. These findings demonstrate complex roles of immune cell-cell interactions in the regulation of the atherosclerotic process and point to several possible targets in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/blood
- Aortic Diseases/etiology
- Aortic Diseases/immunology
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/blood
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Arteriosclerosis/immunology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cholesterol/blood
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology
- Freund's Adjuvant/therapeutic use
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/immunology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/therapeutic use
- Malondialdehyde/analogs & derivatives
- Malondialdehyde/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- Triglycerides/blood
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vasculitis/blood
- Vasculitis/complications
- Vasculitis/immunology
- Vasculitis/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhou
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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