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Hjortebjerg R, Kristiansen MR, Brandslund I, Aa Olsen D, Stidsen JV, Nielsen JS, Frystyk J. Associations between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and insulin sensitivity, metformin, and mortality in persons with T2D. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 205:110977. [PMID: 37890435 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is low in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and possibly regulated by metformin. Counter-intuitively, high IGFBP-2 associates with mortality. We investigated the association between IGFBP-2, metformin-treatment, and indices of insulin sensitivity, and assessed IGFBP-2 in relation to prior comorbidity and mortality during five-year follow-up. METHODS The study included 859 treatment-naive and 558 metformin-treated persons enrolled in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in T2D and followed for 4.9 (3.9-5.9) years through national health registries. All proteins were determined in serum collected at enrollment. RESULTS Following adjustment for age, metformin-treated and treatment-naive persons has similar IGFBP-2 levels. Low IGFBP-2 level was associated with increased BMI, fasting glucose, and C-peptide. IGFBP-2 was higher in the 437 persons who had comorbidities at enrollment than in those with T2D only (343 (213;528) vs. 242 (169;378) ng/mL). During follow-up, 87 persons died, and IGFBP-2 predicted mortality with an unadjusted HR (95% CI) per doubling in IGFBP-2 concentration of 2.62 (2.04;3.37) and a HR of 2.21 (1.61;3.01) following full adjustment. CONCLUSIONS In T2D, high IGFBP-2 associates with low glucose and insulin secretion, is unaffected by metformin treatment, and associates with risk of prior comorbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Endocrine Research Unit, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Maja R Kristiansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2), Odense, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Dorte Aa Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jacob V Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Endocrine Research Unit, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2), Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Endocrine Research Unit, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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Xing W, Kesavan C, Pourteymoor S, Mohan S. Global and Conditional Disruption of the Igf-I Gene in Osteoblasts and/or Chondrocytes Unveils Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal Bone-Specific Effects of IGF-I in Bone. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1228. [PMID: 37759627 PMCID: PMC10525837 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the relative importance of IGF-I expression in various cell types for endochondral ossification, we quantified the trabecular bone at the secondary spongiosa and epiphysis of the distal femur in 8-12-week-old male mice with a global knockout of the Igf-I gene, as well as the conditional deletion of Igf-I in osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts/chondrocytes and their corresponding wild-type control littermates. The osteoblast-, chondrocyte-, and osteoblast/chondrocyte-specific Igf-I conditional knockout mice were generated by crossing Igf-I floxed mice with Cre transgenic mice in which Cre expression is under the control of either the Col1α2 or Col2α1 promoter. We found that the global disruption of Igf-I resulted in 80% and 70% reductions in bone size, defined as total volume, at the secondary spongiosa and epiphysis of the distal femur, respectively. The abrogation of Igf-I in Col1α2-producing osteoblasts but not Col2α1-producing chondrocytes decreased bone size by 25% at both the secondary spongiosa and epiphysis. In comparison, the deletion of the Igf-I globally or specifically in osteoblasts or chondrocytes reduced trabecular bone mass by 25%. In contrast, the universal deletion of Igf-I in all cells, but not the conditional disruption of Igf-I in osteoblasts and/or chondrocytes reduced trabecular bone mass in the epiphysis. The reduced trabecular bone mass at the secondary spongiosa in osteoblast- and/or chondrocyte-specific Igf-I conditional knockout mice is caused by the reduced trabecular number and increased trabecular separation. Immunohistochemistry studies found that the expression levels of chondrocyte (COL10, MMP13) and osteoblast (BSP) markers were less in the secondary spongiosa and the epiphyses in the global Igf-I deletion mice. Our data indicate that local and endocrine Igf-I act pleiotropically and in a cell type- and bone compartment-dependent manner in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; (W.X.); (C.K.); (S.P.)
- Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Kesavan
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; (W.X.); (C.K.); (S.P.)
- Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; (W.X.); (C.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; (W.X.); (C.K.); (S.P.)
- Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Brismar K, Hilding A, Ansurudeen I, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Östenson CG. Adiponectin, IGFBP-1 and -2 are independent predictors in forecasting prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1092307. [PMID: 36686443 PMCID: PMC9849561 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1092307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 are biomarkers of insulin sensitivity. IGFBP-1 reflects insulin sensitivity in the liver, adiponectin in adipose tissue and IGFBP-2 in both tissues. Here, we study the power of the biomarkers adiponectin, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and also included IGF-I and IGF-II, in predicting prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in men and women with normal oral glucose tolerance (NGT). Design Subjects with NGT (35-56 years) recruited during 1992-1998 were re-investigated 8-10 years later. In a nested case control study, subjects progressing to prediabetes (133 women, 164 men) or to T2D (55 women, 98 men) were compared with age and sex matched NGT controls (200 women and 277 men). Methods The evaluation included questionnaires, health status, anthropometry, biochemistry and oral glucose tolerance test. Results After adjustment, the lowest quartile of adiponectin, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 associated independently with future abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) in both genders in multivariate analyses. High IGFs predicted weakly AGT in women. In women, low IGFBP-2 was the strongest predictor for prediabetes (OR:7.5), and low adiponectin for T2D (OR:29.4). In men, low IGFBP-1 was the strongest predictor for both prediabetes (OR:13.4) and T2D (OR:14.9). When adiponectin, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 were combined, the ROC-AUC reached 0.87 for women and 0.79 for men, higher than for BMI alone. Conclusion Differences were observed comparing adipocyte- and hepatocyte-derived biomarkers in forecasting AGT in NGT subjects. In women the strongest predictor for T2D was adiponectin and in men IGFBP-1, and for prediabetes IGFBP-2 in women and IGFBP-1 in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Hilding
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ishrath Ansurudeen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), the Capital Region of Denmark and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kazemi M, Jarrett BY, Parry SA, Thalacker-Mercer AE, Hoeger KM, Spandorfer SD, Lujan ME. Osteosarcopenia in Reproductive-Aged Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Multicenter Case-Control Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5866600. [PMID: 32614948 PMCID: PMC7418445 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteosarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle and bone mass and/or function usually associated with aging) shares pathophysiological mechanisms with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the relationship between osteosarcopenia and PCOS remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We evaluated skeletal muscle index% (SMI% = [appendicular muscle mass/weight (kg)] × 100) and bone mineral density (BMD) in PCOS (hyperandrogenism + oligoamenorrhea), and contrasted these musculoskeletal markers against 3 reproductive phenotypes (i): HA (hyperandrogenism + eumenorrhea) (ii); OA (normoandrogenic + oligoamenorrhea) and (iii), controls (normoandrogenic + eumenorrhea). Endocrine predictors of SMI% and BMD were evaluated across the groups. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter case-control study of 203 women (18-48 years old) in New York State. RESULTS PCOS group exhibited reduced SMI% (mean [95% confidence interval (CI)]; 26.2% [25.1,27.3] vs 28.8% [27.7,29.8]), lower-extremity SMI% (57.6% [56.7,60.0] vs 62.5% [60.3,64.6]), and BMD (1.11 [1.08,1.14] vs 1.17 [1.14,1.20] g/cm2) compared to controls. PCOS group also had decreased upper (0.72 [0.70,0.74] vs 0.77 [0.75,0.79] g/cm2) and lower (1.13 [1.10,1.16] vs 1.19 [1.16,1.22] g/cm2) limb BMD compared to HA. Matsuda index was lower in PCOS vs controls and positively associated with SMI% in all groups (all Ps ≤ 0.05). Only controls showed associations between insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 and upper (r = 0.84) and lower (r = 0.72) limb BMD (all Ps < 0.01). Unlike in PCOS, IGF-binding protein 2 was associated with SMI% in controls (r = 0.45) and HA (r = 0.67), and with upper limb BMD (r = 0.98) in HA (all Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Women with PCOS exhibit early signs of osteosarcopenia when compared to controls likely attributed to disrupted insulin function. Understanding the degree of musculoskeletal deterioration in PCOS is critical for implementing targeted interventions that prevent and delay osteosarcopenia in this clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kazemi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Brittany Y Jarrett
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Stephen A Parry
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Anna E Thalacker-Mercer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Kathleen M Hoeger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven D Spandorfer
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, US
| | - Marla E Lujan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
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Frystyk J, Teran E, Gude MF, Bjerre M, Hjortebjerg R. Pregnancy-associated plasma proteins and Stanniocalcin-2 - Novel players controlling IGF-I physiology. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 53-54:101330. [PMID: 32693362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I extend well beyond those of a simple growth factor and impact such processes as insulin sensitivity, aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of IGF-I is tightly bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which renders IGF-I unable to stimulate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in vivo. This binding means that liberation of IGF-I from the IGFBPs is an important step controlling IGF-I action. In this context, IGFBP-cleaving enzymes appear to play a key role. Enzymatic cleavage of the IGFBPs markedly lowers their ligand affinity, and as a consequence, IGF-I becomes liberated and hence available for stimulation of the IGF-IR. Two of the best-characterized IGFBP-cleaving enzymes are pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and its paralog PAPP-A2. The two enzymes (often referred to as pappalysins) regulate the liberation of IGF-I in a highly controlled manner. PAPP-A is believed to act predominantly in tissues, serving to liberate IGF-I at the cell surface in close proximity to the IGF-IR. In keeping with this notion, mice lacking PAPP-A exhibit reduced body size, despite having normal circulating IGF-I concentrations. In contrast, human findings indicate that altered PAPP-A2 activity changes circulating IGF-I concentrations, although PAPP-A2 is also present in high concentrations in tissues. Thus, PAPP-A2 appears to impact circulating, as well as tissue, IGF-I activity. The enzymatic activity of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 was recently discovered to be regulated by the protein Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). By binding to the enzymatic sites of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, STC2 inhibits their activity. To date, the majority of findings demonstrating the ability of pappalysins and STC2 to regulate IGF-I action are from preclinical studies. However, clinical studies are now beginning to emerge. In this review, we will summarize our data on STC2, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in humans. These results indicate that pappalysins and STC2 constitute an important IGF-I activity-regulating system that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frystyk
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Enrique Teran
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mette Faurholdt Gude
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Agerholm J, Hjortebjerg R, Espelund U, Rasmussen TR, Folkersen B, Bjerre M, Frystyk J. Development of a novel assay for IGFBP-2 complexed with IGF-I and-II in human serum. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 51:38-45. [PMID: 32035328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein 2 (IGFBP-2) was originally identified as an IGF-carrier, governing IGF half-life, tissue accessibility and biological effects. Later, IGFBP-2 was discovered to possess IGF-independent effects. IGFBP-2 circulates in several forms, as free protein, complexed with IGF-I or IGF-II, or as IGFBP-2 fragments. The various IGFBP-2 forms are all included when measuring serum IGFBP-2 concentrations by immunoassay (i.e., immunoreactive (ir-)IGFBP-2). In this study, we describe a novel method to measure the amount of IGF that circulates bound to IGFBP-2. METHOD IGFBP-2 was immunoprecipitated from human serum using magnetic beads, which were subsequently eluted by acidification. After neutralization, eluates were assayed for ir-IGFBP-2, IGF-I and IGF-II and compared to serum concentrations. This allowed measurement of IGFBP-2-compexed IGF-I and IGF-II, respectively. To test the method clinically, serum from 146 patients with lung cancer, 151 patients with non-cancer pulmonary diseases and 28 healthy controls were analyzed. RESULTS We immuno-precipitated 97 ± 3.3% of serum IGFBP-2 and recovered > 75% of IGFBP-2-complexed IGFs, with intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variations (CVs) averaging < 5% and < 13%, respectively. No co-precipitation with IGFBP-1, -3 or - 4 was detected. Serum levels of ir-IGFBP-2 (median [25;75%]) differed between groups (cancer patients vs. non-cancer patients vs. healthy controls): 342 [260;480] vs. 262 [189;388] vs. 190 [141;269] μg/l (p < .0001). In parallel with this, concentrations of IGF-II carried by IGFBP-2 averaged: 45.0 [33.3;52.5] vs. 34.2 [25.4;46.1] vs. 19.8 [14.1;26.0] μg/l (p < .0001), and concentrations of IGF-I 8.0 [5.2;11.8] vs. 5.4 [3.6;7.3] vs. 7.0 [3.8;13.0] μg/l (p < .0001). Thus, IGFBP-2 carried more IGF-II than IGF-I in all groups (p < .0001). When expressed relative to IGF-concentrations, IGFBP-2 carried 9.0 [5.3;15.5] % of the IGF-I and 4.8 [2.9;5.8] % of the IGF-II in serum from healthy subjects. Notably, in patients, IGFBP-2 carried relatively less IGF-I, but more IGF-II (p < .0001). CONCLUSION Using our novel assay, we demonstrate: that IGFBP-2 carries ≈10% of circulating IGF-I and ≈5% of circulating IGF-II in healthy subjects; that IGF-II is the primary ligand for IGFBP-2; and that IGFBP-2 carries even more IGF-II in patients than in healthy subjects. Thus, our assay may provide information on IGFBP-2 beyond what is achievable by simply measuring ir-IGFBP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Agerholm
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Ulrick Espelund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Torben Riis Rasmussen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Folkersen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark; The Research Unit for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5000, Denmark.
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Hjortebjerg R, Espelund U, Rasmussen TR, Folkersen B, Steiniche T, Georgsen JB, Oxvig C, Frystyk J. Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A2 Is Associated With Mortality in Patients With Lung Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32982990 PMCID: PMC7492290 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and its homolog PAPP-A2 are enzymes that modulate the availability and mitogenic activity of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). PAPP-A has been implicated in numerous cancers but reports on PAPP-A2 in malignancy are non-existent. In a prospective observational study of 689 patients under suspicion of lung cancer, we examined levels of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 and their relationship with mortality. Serum PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 concentrations were determined in pre-diagnostic blood samples using ELISA, and immunohistochemical staining of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 was performed in malignant tissue from five operable patients. A total of 144 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer, whereas the diagnosis was rejected in 545 subjects, who served as a control group. PAPP-A2 concentrations were higher in patients with lung cancer [median (IQR): 0.33 (0.21-0.56) ng/mL] than in controls [0.27 (0.17-0.39) ng/mL], p < 0.001, whereas PAPP-A levels did not differ. Presence of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 were confirmed in tumor specimens, and staining occurred in a heterogeneous pattern. Patients were observed for a median (range) of 7 (6; 8) years, during which 114 patients (79.2%) died. Patient mortality differed according to PAPP-A2 tertile (p < 0.001). PAPP-A2 was associated with mortality with an unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) per doubling in protein concentration of 1.30 (1.12; 1.53), p = 0.001. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, and BMI, PAPP-A2 remained predictive of the endpoint with a hazard ratio per doubling in protein concentration of 1.25 (1.05; 1.48), p = 0.013. Collectively, PAPP-A2, but not PAPP-A, is elevated in patients with lung cancer and associated with mortality. This novel role of PAPP-A2 in cancer warrants further functional studies as well as validation in external cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Rikke Hjortebjerg
| | - Ulrick Espelund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Folkersen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Song Z, Dai X, Yu H, Luo Q, Zhang H, Wu L. Increased Serum IGFBP-1 and Reduced Insulin Resistance After Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a 6-Month Follow-Up. Obes Surg 2019; 28:3165-3171. [PMID: 29693217 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure changes of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) following gastric bypass surgery. METHODS A total of 10 patients with T2D underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Patient height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured pre- and post-operatively at 6 months after surgery. Serum samples were collected at 6 months after surgery to determine fasting blood glucose, glycosylated Hb, fasting insulin, C-peptide, and 2-h postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Serum was collected at 3 days and 6 months after surgery and IGFBP-1 level determined using ELISA. Serum samples were also collected from 30 healthy weight subjects and 27 overweight control subjects. RESULTS Body weight, BMI, and waist circumference were significantly improved following RYGB surgery. Blood glucose, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were also significantly improved. Fasting C-peptide and 2-h postprandial C-peptide were non-significantly reduced. Serum IGFBP-1 significantly increased at 3 days and 6 months after RYGB surgery. Pre-operative serum IGFBP-1 was not significantly different from healthy weight subjects or overweight subjects. CONCLUSION Increased serum level of IGF-binding proteins after RYGB in 6 months is increased post-surgery compared with overweight and healthy weight controls. IGFBP-1 may serve as part of new supplementary criteria for surgical selection and for defining the success of RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Song
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Liangping Wu
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,UDM Medical Group, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Hjortebjerg R, Thomsen KL, Agnholt J, Frystyk J. The IGF system in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with prednisolone or infliximab: potential role of the stanniocalcin-2 / PAPP-A / IGFBP-4 axis. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:83. [PMID: 31159802 PMCID: PMC6547608 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) present with reduced serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Anti-inflammatory treatment with prednisolone or infliximab ameliorates symptoms and increases circulating IGF-I, but prednisolone induces catabolism, whereas infliximab may promote protein synthesis. Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as a novel inhibitor of the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which modulates IGF-I activity. PAPP-A can cleave IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), upon which IGF-I is liberated. We hypothesized that prednisolone and infliximab exert different effects on levels of STC2, PAPP-A, and IGFBP-4, thereby explaining the distinct metabolic effects of prednisolone and infliximab. Methods Thirty-eight patients with active IBD treated with either prednisolone (n = 17) or infliximab (n = 21) were examined before and after 7 days of treatment. Circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, PAPP-A, and STC2 were measured by immunoassays. Intact IGFBP-4 and two IGFBP-4 fragments were determined by a novel immunoassay. Bioactive IGF was assessed by cell-based IGF receptor activation assay. Concentrations of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 on day 0 and 7 were compared to healthy control subjects. Results Following seven days of prednisolone treatment, total and bioactive IGF-I were increased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Upon infliximab treatment, total IGF-I levels were augmented (p < 0.05), yet IGF bioactivity remained unaltered. Intact IGFBP-4 and the two IGFBP-4 fragments generated upon cleavage by PAPP-A were all decreased following treatment with either prednisolone or infliximab (all p < 0.05). PAPP-A levels were only increased by infliximab (p = 0.005), whereas the inhibitor STC2 did not respond to any of the treatments. Conclusion IGF-I and IGFBP-4 concentrations were markedly altered in patients with IBD and near-normalized with disease remission following treatment with prednisolone or infliximab. Thus, IGFBP-4 may modulate IGF bioavailability in IBD. The effect of immunosuppression did not appear to extend beyond the regulation of IGF and IGFBP-4, as neither PAPP-A nor STC2 were discernibly affected. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00955123. Date of registration: August 7, 2009 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Karen L Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Agnholt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Slater T, Haywood NJ, Matthews C, Cheema H, Wheatcroft SB. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and angiogenesis: from cancer to cardiovascular disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:28-35. [PMID: 30954375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a tightly regulated activity that is vital during embryonic development and for normal physiological repair processes and reproduction in healthy adults. Pathological angiogenesis is a driving force behind a variety of diseases including cancer and retinopathies, and inhibition of angiogenesis is a therapeutic option that has been the subject of much research, with several inhibitory agents now available for medical therapy. Conversely, therapeutic angiogenesis has been mooted as having significant potential in the treatment of ischemic conditions such as angina pectoris and peripheral arterial disease, but so far there has been less translation from lab to bedside. The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) are a family of seven proteins essential for the binding and transport of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF). It is being increasingly recognised that IGFBPs have a significant role beyond simply modulating IGF activity, with evidence of both IGF dependent and independent actions through a variety of mechanisms. Moreover, the action of the IGFBPs can be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the cell type and environment. Specifically the IGFBPs have been heavily implicated in angiogenesis, both pathological and physiological, and they have significant promise as targeted cell therapy agents for both pathological angiogenesis inhibition and therapeutic angiogenesis following ischemic injury. In this short review we will explore the current understanding of the individual impact of each IGFBP on angiogenesis, and the pathways through which these effects occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Slater
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Haywood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Connor Matthews
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Harneet Cheema
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
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11
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12
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Hjortebjerg R. IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:7-22. [PMID: 29864720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a modulator of the IGF system, exerting both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on IGF-induced cellular growth. IGFBP-4 is the principal substrate for the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Through IGF-dependent cleavage of IGFBP-4 in the vicinity of the IGF receptor, PAPP-A is able to increase IGF bioavailability and stimulate IGF-mediated growth. Recently, the stanniocalcins (STCs) were identified as novel inhibitors of PAPP-A proteolytic activity, hereby adding additional members to the seemingly endless list of proteins belonging to the IGF family. Our understanding of these proteins has advanced throughout recent years, and there is evidence to suggest that the role of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in defining the relationship between total IGF and IGF bioactivity can be linked to a number of pathological conditions. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical findings on the IGFBP-4/PAPP-A/STC axis as a regulator of IGF activity and examines the conundrum surrounding extrapolation of circulating concentrations to tissue action of these proteins. The primary focus will be on the biological significance of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and in pathophysiology with emphasis on metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Finally, the review assesses current new trajectories of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
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13
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Kineman RD, del Rio-Moreno M, Sarmento-Cabral A. 40 YEARS of IGF1: Understanding the tissue-specific roles of IGF1/IGF1R in regulating metabolism using the Cre/loxP system. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T187-T198. [PMID: 29743295 PMCID: PMC7721256 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is important in supporting growth and regulating metabolism. The IGF1 found in the circulation is primarily produced by the liver hepatocytes, but healthy mature hepatocytes do not express appreciable levels of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Therefore, the metabolic actions of IGF1 are thought to be mediated via extra-hepatocyte actions. Given the structural and functional homology between IGF1/IGF1R and insulin receptor (INSR) signaling, and the fact that IGF1, IGF1R and INSR are expressed in most tissues of the body, it is difficult to separate out the tissue-specific contributions of IGF1/IGF1R in maintaining whole body metabolic function. To circumvent this problem, over the last 20 years, investigators have taken advantage of the Cre/loxP system to manipulate IGF1/IGF1R in a tissue-dependent, and more recently, an age-dependent fashion. These studies have revealed that IGF1/IGF1R can alter extra-hepatocyte function to regulate hormonal inputs to the liver and/or alter tissue-specific carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to alter nutrient flux to liver, where these actions are not mutually exclusive, but serve to integrate the function of all tissues to support the metabolic needs of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Suite 6215, MP 191, 820 S Damen Ave. Chicago, IL 60612
- Corresponding author: Rhonda D Kineman, . University of Illinois at Chicago, Medicine, 1819 W. Polk St., MC 640, Chicago, IL, USA 60612
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,1819 W Polk St. M/C 646 Chicago, IL, 60612
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Hjortebjerg R, Berryman DE, Comisford R, List EO, Oxvig C, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Kopchick JJ. Depot-specific and GH-dependent regulation of IGF binding protein-4, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, and stanniocalcin-2 in murine adipose tissue. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 39:54-61. [PMID: 29398370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I action through proteolytic cleavage of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as an inhibitor of PAPP-A. Most members of the IGF system are expressed in adipose tissue (AT), but there is a relative paucity of information on the distribution of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 in different AT depots. Since IGF-I expression in AT is highly GH-dependent, we used bovine GH transgenic (bGH) and GH receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice to investigate AT depot-specific expression patterns of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2, and whether the regulation is GH-dependent. METHODS Seven-month-old male bGH, GHR-/- and wild type (WT) control mice were used. Body composition was determined, and subcutaneous, epididymal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots were collected. RNA expression of Igfbp4, Pappa, and Stc2 was assessed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and IGFBP-4 protein by Western blotting. RESULTS Igfbp4, Pappa, and Stc2 RNA levels were differentially expressed in an AT depot-dependent manner in WT mice. Igfbp4 RNA levels were significantly higher in all white AT depots than in BAT. Pappa was most highly expressed in the mesenteric depot: levels were 7.5-fold higher in mesenteric than in subcutaneous AT (p < .001). Although intraabdominal in origin, epididymal and retroperitoneal Pappa expression levels were 69% and 68% lower, respectively, as compared to mesenteric levels (p < .001). Stc2 RNA expression was significantly higher in all intraabdominal white AT as compared to subcutaneous AT and BAT; levels in epididymal, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric were all more than three-fold higher than in subcutaneous AT (p < .001) and 12-fold higher than in BAT (p < .001). Gene expression patterns in bGH and GHR-/- mice mimicked those in WT mice, suggesting that GH does not affect the transcription of the STC2-PAPP-A-IGFBP-4-axis in AT. However, proteins levels of intact IGFBP-4 were significantly increased in bGH mice and decreased in GHR-/- mice, whereas the PAPP-A-generated IGFBP-4 fragment level was unaltered. CONCLUSION Expression of Igfbp4, Pappa, and Stc2 differ between AT depots and is generally higher in white AT than in BAT. The transcription appears to occur in a GH-independent manner, whereas IGFBP-4 protein levels are highly influenced by altered GH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Ross Comisford
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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15
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Jensen RB, Thankamony A, Holst KK, Janssen JAMJL, Juul A, Dunger D, Poulsen P, Scheike T. Genetic influence on the associations between IGF-I and glucose metabolism in a cohort of elderly twins. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:153-161. [PMID: 29208737 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF-I may be a marker of later metabolic and cardiovascular disease. The interactions between IGF-I and glucose metabolism are multifactorial, and there is potential confounding from several secondary effects. In this study, we examined the interaction between IGF-I and glucose metabolism in a large cohort of clinically well-characterized elderly twins. DESIGN A total of 303 twin pairs of the same gender (606 twins) were included in the study; 125 monozygotic and 178 dizygotic twin pairs. METHODS A clinical examination including a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and anthropometric measurements was performed. RESULTS The heritability estimates were high for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 (h2: 0.65 (95% CI: 0.55-0.74) and 0.71 (0.48-0.94), respectively) and for insulin secretion (h2 = 0.56, P < 0.0001), whereas the heritability estimates for insulin sensitivity were low (h2 = 0.14, P = 0.11). In a multiple regression analysis (adjusting for age, gender and twin status), there was a negative association between IGF-I and insulin sensitivity (B: -0.13, SE 0.03, P < 0.0001) and IGF-I and disposition index (B: -0.05, SE 0.02, P < 0.001) in the entire cohort of 606 twins. The associations between IGF-I and both DI and HOMA-S did not differ between the DZ and MZ twins. Forty-five twin pairs were discordant for T2D, but the discordant twins had similar concentrations of IGF-I or IGFBP-3. CONCLUSIONS There was a high heritability for IGF-I and IGFBP-3, but a low heritability for insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in a group of elderly twins. In addition, we found a strong negative relationship between IGF-I and insulin sensitivity, which did not seem to be strongly genetically determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Beck Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Pediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Klaus K Holst
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Dunger
- Department of Pediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Thomas Scheike
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Hoeflich A, David R, Hjortebjerg R. Current IGFBP-Related Biomarker Research in Cardiovascular Disease-We Need More Structural and Functional Information in Clinical Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 30061864 PMCID: PMC6054974 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the world and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system has multiple functions for the pathological conditions of atherosclerosis. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are widely investigated as biomarkers for pathological disorders, including those of the heart. At the tissue level, IGFBP-1 to -6 decrease bioactivity of IGF-I and -II due to their high affinity IGF-binding sites. By contrast, in the circulation, the IGFBPs increase biological half-life of the IGFs and may therefore be regarded as positive regulators of IGF-effects. The IGFBPs may also exert IGF-independent functions inside or outside the cell. Importantly, the circulating IGFBP-concentrations are regulated by trophic, metabolic, and reproductive hormones. In a multitude of studies of healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart diseases, various significant associations between circulating IGFBP-levels and defined parameters have been reported. However, the complex hormonal and conditional control of IGFBPs may explain the lack of clear associations between IGFBPs and parameters of cardiac failure in broader studies including larger populations. Furthermore, the IGFBPs are subject to posttranslational modifications and proteolytic degradation by proteases, upon which the IGFs are released. In this review, we emphasize that, with the exception of IGFBP-4 and in sharp contrast to the preclinical studies, virtually all clinical studies do not have structural or functional information on their biomarker. The use of analytical systems with no discriminatory potential toward intact vs. fragmented IGFBPs represents a major issue in IGFBP-related biomarker research and an important focus point for the future. Overall, measurements of selected IGFBPs or more complex IGFBP-signatures of the family of IGFBPs have potential to identify pathophysiological alterations in the heart or patients with high cardiovascular risk, particularly if defined cohorts are to be assessed. However, a more thorough understanding of the dynamic IGF-IGFBP system as well as its proteases and protease inhibitors in both normal physiology and in cardiovascular diseases is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoeflich
- Department of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Andreas Hoeflich
| | - Robert David
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Rikke Hjortebjerg
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17
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Espelund US, Bjerre M, Hjortebjerg R, Rasmussen TR, Lundby A, Hoeflich A, Folkersen BH, Oxvig C, Frystyk J. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Bioactivity, Stanniocalcin-2, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A, and IGF-Binding Protein-4 in Pleural Fluid and Serum From Patients With Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3526-3534. [PMID: 28911149 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system are primarily produced in the liver and secreted into the circulation, but they are also produced, recruited, and activated locally in tissues. OBJECTIVE To compare activity and concentrations of IGF system components in pleural fluid and blood. DESIGN Pathological pleural fluid, secondary to lung cancer or nonmalignant disease, and matching blood samples were collected from 24 patients ages 66.7 to 81.9 years. METHODS IGF-related proteins and cytokine levels were measured by immunoassays or immunoblotting. Bioactive IGF was measured by an IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation assay. RESULTS Total IGF-1 concentration did not differ between the compartments, but concentrations of free IGF-1 and bioactive IGF were more than threefold higher in pleural fluid than in corresponding serum samples (P = 0.0004), regardless of etiology. Median pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were increased 47-fold and 143-fold, respectively, in pleural fluid compared with plasma (P < 0.0001). PAPP-A and IL-6 concentrations correlated positively (r = 0.46; P = 0.02). In pleural fluid, levels of PAPP-A-generated IGF binding protein-4 fragments correlated inversely with that of stanniocalcin-2 (r ≤ -0.42; P ≤ 0.05), a PAPP-A inhibitor; such correlations were absent in plasma. CONCLUSION Pathological pleural fluid is characterized by increased in vitro IGF bioactivity and elevated concentrations of PAPP-A, an IGF-activating proteinase. Thus, the tissue activity of the IGF system may differ substantially from that of the circulating IGF system. The correlation between IL-6 and PAPP-A indicates that inflammation plays a role in promoting local tissue IGF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrick Skipper Espelund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben Riis Rasmussen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Lundby
- Safety and GI Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, G9.S.17, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Hjortebjerg R, Laugesen E, Høyem P, Oxvig C, Stausbøl-Grøn B, Knudsen ST, Kim WY, Poulsen PL, Hansen TK, Bjerre M, Frystyk J. The IGF system in patients with type 2 diabetes: associations with markers of cardiovascular target organ damage. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:521-531. [PMID: 28179448 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perturbations in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system may contribute to the accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD) that occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it remains unknown whether the IGF system is also involved in the development of early, subclinical CVD. We characterised the IGF system in T2D patients and matched controls and examined the associations with markers of subclinical target organ damage. METHODS The study included 99 patients with recently diagnosed T2D and 99 age- and sex-matched controls. IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 to -4 were measured by immunoassays, as were pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and the PAPP-A-generated N-terminal (NT) and C-terminal (CT) IGFBP-4 fragments, which are novel CVD risk markers. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) and carotid artery remodelling were determined by MRI. RESULTS After multivariate adjustments, patients with T2D had lower concentrations of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-4, NT- and CT-IGFBP-4, when compared with controls. IGFBP-2 was inversely correlated to PWV in all subjects in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05), and IGFBP-3 was inversely associated with severity of WMLs (P < 0.05). The NT-IGFBP-4 fragment was associated with the degree of carotid artery remodelling among all subjects (regression coefficient (95% CI): 2.95 (0.70, 5.16), P = 0.011). Levels of NT- and CT-IGFBP-4 were reduced in T2D patients receiving metformin compared to those in controls and patients not receiving metformin. CONCLUSIONS Even in recently diagnosed and well-controlled T2D patients, IGF protein levels are altered and associated with CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Department of Clinical MedicineMedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes AcademyOdense, Denmark
| | - Esben Laugesen
- The Danish Diabetes AcademyOdense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille Høyem
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsFaculty of Science & Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren T Knudsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Won Y Kim
- Department of RadiologySection of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per L Poulsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels K Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Department of Clinical MedicineMedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical MedicineMedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Hjortebjerg R, Berryman DE, Comisford R, Frank SJ, List EO, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Kopchick JJ. Insulin, IGF-1, and GH Receptors Are Altered in an Adipose Tissue Depot-Specific Manner in Male Mice With Modified GH Action. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1406-1418. [PMID: 28323915 PMCID: PMC5460824 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a determinant of glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue (AT) function. Using 7-month-old transgenic mice expressing the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene and growth hormone receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice, we examined whether changes in GH action affect glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance and AT expression of proteins involved in the interrelated signaling pathways of GH, insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin. Furthermore, we searched for AT depot-specific differences in control mice. Glycated hemoglobin levels were reduced in bGH and GHR-/- mice, and bGH mice displayed impaired gluconeogenesis as judged by pyruvate tolerance testing. Serum IGF-1 was elevated by 90% in bGH mice, whereas IGF-1 and insulin were reduced by 97% and 61% in GHR-/- mice, respectively. Igf1 RNA was increased in subcutaneous, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots in bGH mice (mean increase ± standard error of the mean in all five depots, 153% ± 27%) and decreased in all depots in GHR-/- mice (mean decrease, 62% ± 4%). IGF-1 receptor expression was decreased in all AT depots of bGH mice (mean decrease, 49% ± 6%) and increased in all AT depots of GHR-/- mice (mean increase, 94% ± 8%). Insulin receptor expression was reduced in retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and BAT depots in bGH mice (mean decrease in all depots, 56% ± 4%) and augmented in subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and BAT depots in GHR-/- mice (mean increase: 51% ± 1%). Collectively, our findings indicate a role for GH in influencing hormone signaling in AT in a depot-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Ross Comisford
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Stuart J. Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35924
- Medical Service, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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Hjortebjerg R, Lindberg S, Pedersen S, Mogelvang R, Jensen JS, Oxvig C, Frystyk J, Bjerre M. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 Fragments Provide Incremental Prognostic Information on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005358. [PMID: 28314798 PMCID: PMC5524039 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragments of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4) are potential new biomarkers for cardiac risk assessment. The fragments are generated on specific cleavage by pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, which exerts proatherogenic activity. This study investigated the prognostic value of IGFBP-4 fragments in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS We prospectively included 656 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention from September 2006 to December 2008. Blood samples were drawn before percutaneous coronary intervention, and levels of intact IGFBP-4 and N-terminal and C-terminal IGFBP-4 fragments were measured by specific assays. End points were 5-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and the combined end point of major adverse cardiac events. Prognostic potential was evaluated on top of a clinical model in terms of discrimination, calibration, and reclassification analysis. During follow-up, 166 patients experienced a major adverse cardiac event and 136 patients died, of whom 69 died from cardiovascular causes. Both IGFBP-4 fragments were associated with all end points (P<0.001). After multivariable adjustments, both N-terminal and C-terminal IGFBP-4 fragment levels remained associated with all end points, including cardiovascular mortality with hazard ratios per doubling in protein concentration of 2.54 (95% CI 1.59-4.07; P<0.001) and 2.07 (95% CI 1.41-3.04; P<0.001), respectively. Incorporation of IGFBP-4 fragments into a clinical model with 15 risk factors improved C-statistics and model calibration and provided incremental prognostic contribution, as assessed by net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-4 fragments are associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and major adverse cardiac events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Lindberg
- Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mogelvang
- Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan S Jensen
- Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Christians JK, Bath AK, Amiri N. Pappa2 deletion alters IGFBPs but has little effect on glucose disposal or adiposity. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:232-239. [PMID: 26164771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and their actions are modulated by proteases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an IGFBP-5 protease, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), on glucose metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. DESIGN Postnatal growth, circulating IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 levels, and glucose tolerance were measured in Pappa2 deletion mice and littermate controls on a chow diet. Males were subsequently fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to measure weight gain and adiposity, as well as glucose tolerance in response to a metabolic challenge. RESULTS Circulating IGFBP-5 levels were ~2-fold higher in mice with no functional PAPP-A2 than in littermate controls, as expected. In contrast, circulating IGFBP-3 levels were reduced by ~15-fold, and total IGF-I levels were ~60% higher in Pappa2 deletion mice. There was no effect of Pappa2 deletion on fasting blood glucose levels or glucose clearance after intraperitoneal injection of 2g glucose/kg body weight in mice on a chow diet. In males on a high-fat diet, there was no difference between genotypes in weight gain or adiposity, adjusting for differences in initial body weight, or in fasting blood glucose or insulin levels, or in glucose clearance. CONCLUSIONS Despite a dramatic disruption of the balance between circulating IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and -5, we found no effects of Pappa2 deletion on glucose metabolism, weight gain or adiposity on a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Amrit K Bath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Neilab Amiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Nguyen KH, Mishra S, Nyomba BLG. In vitro differentiation of mouse brown preadipocytes is enhanced by IGFBP-3 expression and reduced by IGFBP-3 silencing. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2083-92. [PMID: 26333724 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White adipocyte metabolism is regulated by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3, but its effect on brown adipocytes is not known. This study investigated whether IGFBP-3 influences the proliferation and differentiation of brown preadipocytes in primary culture. METHODS In vitro growth and differentiation of brown preadipocytes from wild-type mice, transgenic mice overexpressing human IGFBP-3 (PGKBP3), or its non-IGF-binding Gly56/Gly80/Gly81-mutant (PGKmutBP3), and wild-type brown preadipocytes transfected with IGFBP-3 siRNA were studied by us. In addition to IGF-I and IGFBP-3 expression, brown preadipocyte growth and differentiation were assessed by antiproliferating cell nuclear antigen, oil red O, brown fat gene expression, and phosphorylation states of Akt and ERK. RESULTS Akt phosphorylation and IGF-I expression were paralleled by initial growth and differentiation and were slower for PGKBP3 brown preadipocytes than PGKmutBP3 and wild-type preadipocytes. Terminal adipocyte differentiation as assessed by lipid accumulation coincided with ERK inhibition and was greatest in PGKmutBP3 cells, followed by PGKBP3 cells and then wild-type cells, whereas adipocyte differentiation was poor after IGFBP-3 siRNA treatment. Thermogenic genes were increased by IGFBP-3 overexpression, but lower in differentiated PGKmutBP3 than PGKBP3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Brown adipocyte growth and differentiation in vitro were affected by the manipulation of IGFBP-3 expression, suggesting that IGFBP-3 is a factor regulating brown adipocyte fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoa Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Suresh Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Reyer A, Schindler N, Ohde D, Walz C, Kunze M, Tuchscherer A, Wirthgen E, Brenmoehl J, Hoeflich A. The RGD sequence present in IGFBP-2 is required for reduced glucose clearance after oral glucose administration in female transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E409-17. [PMID: 26105006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00168.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) affects both growth and metabolism. Whereas negative growth effects are primarily due to negative interference with IGF-I, the mechanisms for metabolic interference of IGFBP-2 are less clear. As we demonstrate, overexpression of IGFBP-2 in transgenic mice is correlated with a decelerated clearance of blood glucose after oral administration. IGFBP-2 carries an integrin-binding domain (RGD motif), which has been shown to also mediate IGF-independent effects. We thus asked if higher serum levels of IGFBP-2 without an intact RGD motif would also partially block blood glucose clearance after oral glucose application. In fact, transgenic mice overexpressing mutated IGFBP-2 with higher levels of IGFBP-2 carrying an RGE motif instead of an RGD were not characterized by decelerated glucose clearance. Impaired glucose tolerance was correlated with lower levels of GLUT4 present in plasma membranes isolated from muscle tissues after glucose challenge. At the same time, activation of TBC1D1 was depressed in mice overexpressing wild-type but not mutated IGFBP-2. Although we do not have reason to assume altered activation of IGF-I receptor or PDK1/Akt activation in both models, we have identified increased levels of integrin-linked kinase and focal adhesion kinase dependent on the presence of the RGD motif. From our results we conclude that impaired glucose clearance in female IGFBP-2 transgenic mice is dependent on the presence of the RGD motif and that translocation of GLUT4 in the muscle may be regulated by IGFBP-2 via RGD-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reyer
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nancy Schindler
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Ohde
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Martin Kunze
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute for Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; and
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; Ligandis GbR, Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany;
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