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Ismail EA, Omolo CA, Gafar MA, Khan R, Nyandoro VO, Yakubu ES, Mackraj I, Tageldin A, Govender T. Novel peptide and hyaluronic acid coated biomimetic liposomes for targeting bacterial infections and sepsis. Int J Pharm 2024:124493. [PMID: 39048042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from an imbalanced immune response to severe infections. Despite advances in nanomedicines, effective treatments for sepsis are still lacking. Herein, vancomycin free base (VCM)-loaded dual functionalized biomimetic liposomes based on a novel TLR4-targeting peptide (P3) and hyaluronic acid (HA) (HA-P3-Lipo) were developed to enhance sepsis therapy. The nanocarrier revealed appropriate physicochemical parameters, good stability, and biocompatibility. The release of VCM from HA-P3-Lipo was found to be sustained with 76 % VCM released in 48 h. The biomimicry was elucidated by in silico tools and MST and results confirmed strong binding between the system and TLR4. Furthermore, HA-P3-Lipo revealed 2-fold enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus, sustained antibacterial activity against MRSA over 72 h and 5-fold better MRSA biofilm inhibition compared to bare VCM. Bacterial-killing kinetics and flow cytometry confirmed the superiority of HA-P3-Lipo in eliminating MRSA faster than VCM. The in vivo potential of the nanocarrier was elucidated in an MRSA-induced sepsis mice model, and the results confirmed the superiority of HA-P3-Lipo compared to free VCM in eliminating bacteria and down-regulating the proinflammatory markers. Therefore, HA-P3-Lipo exhibits potential as a promising novel multi-functional nanosystem against sepsis and could significantly contribute to the transformation of sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Ismail
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Calvin A Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; United States International University-Africa, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, P. O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Mohammed A Gafar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rene Khan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vincent O Nyandoro
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, Kabarak University, P.O BOX Private bag 20157, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Elliasu S Yakubu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abdelrahman Tageldin
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa.
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Roy R, Kumar D, Bhattacharya P, Borah A. Modulating the biosynthesis and TLR4-interaction of lipopolysaccharide as an approach to counter gut dysbiosis and Parkinson's disease: Role of phyto-compounds. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105803. [PMID: 38992819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of the world's second leading neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease (PD) is well known while its pathogenesis is still a topical issue to explore. Clinical and experimental reports suggest the prevalence of disturbed gut microflora in PD subjects, with an abundance of especially Gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from the outer cell layer of these bacteria interacts with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) present on the macrophages and it stimulates the downstream inflammatory cascade in both the gut and brain. Recent research also suggests a positive correlation between LPS, alpha-synuclein, and TLR4 levels, which indicates the contribution of a parallel LPS-alpha-synuclein-TLR4 axis in stimulating inflammation and neurodegeneration in the gut and brain, establishing a body-first type of PD. However, owing to the novelty of this paradigm, further investigation is mandatory. Modulating LPS biosynthesis and LPS-TLR4 interaction can ameliorate gut dysbiosis and PD. Several synthetic LpxC (UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase; LPS-synthesizing enzyme) inhibitors and TLR4 antagonists are reported to show beneficial effects including neuroprotection in PD models, however, are not devoid of side effects. Plant-derived compounds have been long documented for their benefits as nutraceuticals and thus to search for effective, safer, and multitarget therapeutics, the present study focused on summarizing the evidence reporting the potential of phyto-compounds as LpxC inhibitors and TLR4 antagonists. Studies demonstrating the dual potential of phyto-compounds as the modulators of LpxC and TLR4 have not yet been reported. Also, very few preliminary studies have reported LpxC inhibition by phyto-compounds. Nevertheless, remarkable neuroprotection along with TLR4 antagonism has been shown by curcumin and juglanin in PD models. The present review thus provides a wide look at the research progressed to date in discovering phyto-compounds that can serve as LpxC inhibitors and TLR4 antagonists. The study further recommends the need for expanding the search for potential candidates that can render dual protection by inhibiting both the biosynthesis and TLR4 interaction of LPS. Such multitarget therapeutic intervention is believed to bring fruitful yields in countering gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuron damage in PD patients through a single treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Roy
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Kim MJ, Choi EJ, Choi EJ. Evolving Paradigms in Sepsis Management: A Narrative Review. Cells 2024; 13:1172. [PMID: 39056754 PMCID: PMC11274781 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a condition characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection, significantly impacts global health, with mortality rates varying widely across regions. Traditional therapeutic strategies that target hyperinflammation and immunosuppression have largely failed to improve outcomes, underscoring the need for innovative approaches. This review examines the development of therapeutic agents for sepsis, with a focus on clinical trials addressing hyperinflammation and immunosuppression. It highlights the frequent failures of these trials, explores the underlying reasons, and outlines current research efforts aimed at bridging the gap between theoretical advancements and clinical applications. Although personalized medicine and phenotypic categorization present promising directions, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the complex pathogenesis of sepsis and developing targeted, effective therapies to enhance patient outcomes. By addressing the multifaceted nature of sepsis, future research can pave the way for more precise and individualized treatment strategies, ultimately improving the management and prognosis of sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Joo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Jung Choi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Duryugongwon-ro 17gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
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Merk D, Cox FF, Jakobs P, Prömel S, Altschmied J, Haendeler J. Dose-Dependent Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on the Endothelium-Sepsis versus Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Cellular Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:443. [PMID: 38671891 PMCID: PMC11047739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelium, the innermost cell layer of blood vessels, is not only a physical barrier between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues but has also essential functions in vascular homeostasis. Therefore, it is not surprising that endothelial dysfunction is associated with most cardiovascular diseases. The functionality of the endothelium is compromised by endotoxemia, the presence of bacterial endotoxins in the bloodstream with the main endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, this review will focus on the effects of LPS on the endothelium. Depending on the LPS concentration, the outcomes are either sepsis or, at lower concentrations, so-called low-dose or metabolic endotoxemia. Sepsis, a life-threatening condition evoked by hyperactivation of the immune response, includes breakdown of the endothelial barrier resulting in failure of multiple organs. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the endothelium might help pave the way to new therapeutic options in sepsis treatment to prevent endothelial leakage and fatal septic shock. Low-dose endotoxemia or metabolic endotoxemia results in chronic inflammation leading to endothelial cell senescence, which entails endothelial dysfunction and thus plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases. The identification of compounds counteracting senescence induction in endothelial cells might therefore help in delaying the onset or progression of age-related pathologies. Interestingly, two natural plant-derived substances, caffeine and curcumin, have shown potential in preventing endothelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Merk
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
| | - Fiona Frederike Cox
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Translational Pharmacology, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Jakobs
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
| | - Simone Prömel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
- Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, CARID, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.M.); (F.F.C.); (P.J.)
- Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, CARID, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Bartels YL, van Lent PLEM, van der Kraan PM, Blom AB, Bonger KM, van den Bosch MHJ. Inhibition of TLR4 signalling to dampen joint inflammation in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:608-618. [PMID: 37788083 PMCID: PMC10907820 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic low-grade inflammation, mainly involving the innate immune system, plays an important role in the development of OA. A receptor playing a key role in initiation of this inflammation is the pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the joint, various ligands for TLR4, many of which are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are present that can activate TLR4 signalling. This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators that cause joint damage. In this narrative review, we will first discuss the involvement of TLR4 ligands and signalling in OA. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of methods for inhibit, TLR4 signalling by RNA interference, neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibodies, small molecules and inhibitors targeting the TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Finally, we will focus on possible applications and challenges of these strategies in the dampening of inflammation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Bartels
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wang D, Zheng Y, Xie J, Yu W, Lu Z, Zhang W, Hu Y, Fu J, Sheng Q, Lv Z. Andrographolide inhibits the activation of spinal microglia and ameliorates mechanical allodynia. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:115-127. [PMID: 37979090 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide (Andro), a labdane diterpene, possesses anti-inflammatory properties and has been used to treat numerous inflammatory diseases. Novel findings revealed that Andro might be vital in regulating pain. However, the contribution of Andro to chronic inflammatory pain has yet to be determined, and its underlying mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we observed that Andro attenuated mechanical allodynia in inflammatory pain mice induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the right hind paws. This analgesic effect of Andro is mainly dependent on its inhibition of microglial overactivation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF and IL-1β) in lumbar spinal cords of inflammatory pain model mice. More importantly, our data in vivo and in vitro revealed a negative role for Andro in regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which might contribute to the inhibition of spinal microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines production, and the improvement of paw withdrawal thresholds in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain evoked by CFA. We further found the potential interaction of Andro with TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 heterodimer using molecular modeling, implying that TLR4 might be a potential target for Andro to exert an analgesic effect. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the modulation of spinal microglial activation by Andro might be substantially conducive to managing chronic pain triggered by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Yongjian Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Junjing Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital of Yuyao, Ningbo, 315402, China
| | - Zhongteng Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yanling Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jianyuan Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qing Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Xiao S, Zhang P, Zhang G, Li W, Lin H, Hu X. Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 activation by apigenin and chrysin via competition for sites and conformational changes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126415. [PMID: 37598817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is crucial for initiating and coordinating the immune response against infections, and is proved as a vital target for inflammatory diseases. Herein, TLR4 with sufficient amount and functional activity was generated by heterologous expression and used to investigate the mechanism of apigenin (Api)/chrysin (Chr) inhibition of TLR4 activation. The results demonstrated that Api/Chr exhibited a strong fluorescence quenching effect through a static quenching and a high binding affinity (Ka > 105 L·mol-1) with TLR4, indicating the potential of Api/Chr as a TLR4 inhibitor. Additionally, the binding of Api/Chr induced a loose and unstable conformation of TLR4 with evidence like the decreased hydrophobicity of the tryptophan microenvironment, decreased α-helix content and increased free sulfhydryl content, resulting in reduced stability of the TLR4. The computer simulations revealed that Api/Chr occupied the myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) binding region, preventing MD-2 from binding to TLR4. Furthermore, the accuracy of the binding site between Api/Chr and TLR4 was confirmed through genetic mutations. Overall, the mechanism by which Api/Chr inhibited TLR4 activation was elucidated at the macroscopic and molecular levels, providing the worthful information concerning the future therapeutic application of Api/Chr as a natural TLR4 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Guowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Haowen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Zou S, Jie H, Han X, Wang J. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis and sepsis-related acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110436. [PMID: 37688916 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap pathogenic microorganisms. NETs are involved in the inflammatory response and bacterial killing and clearance. However, their excessive activation can lead to an inflammatory storm in the body, which may damage tissues and cause organ dysfunction. Organ dysfunction is the main pathophysiological cause of sepsis and also a cause of the high mortality rate in sepsis. Acute lung injury caused by sepsis accounts for the highest proportion of organ damage in sepsis. NET formation can lead to the development of sepsis because by promoting the release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thereby accelerating acute lung injury. In this review, we describe the critical role of NETs in sepsis-associated acute lung injury and review the current knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyu Jie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinai Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Vallés PG, Gil Lorenzo AF, Garcia RD, Cacciamani V, Benardon ME, Costantino VV. Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021415. [PMID: 36674930 PMCID: PMC9864062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating pathologic condition, associated with considerable high morbidity and mortality. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in recent years, to this day no effective pharmacological therapies for its treatment exist. AKI is known to be connected with intrarenal and systemic inflammation. The innate immune system plays an important role as the first defense response mechanism to tissue injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a well-characterized pattern recognition receptor, and increasing evidence has shown that TLR4 mediated inflammatory response, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), which are the conserved microbial motifs, are sensed by these receptors. Endogenous molecules generated during tissue injury, and labeled as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), also activate pattern recognition receptors, thereby offering an understanding of sterile types of inflammation. Excessive, uncontrolled and/or sustained activation of TLR4, may lead to a chronic inflammatory state. In this review we describe the role of TLR4, its endogenous ligands and activation in the inflammatory response to ischemic/reperfusion-induced AKI and sepsis-associated AKI. The potential regeneration signaling patterns of TLR4 in acute kidney injury, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G. Vallés
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- IMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D. Garcia
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Valeria Cacciamani
- IMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Benardon
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Valeria Victoria Costantino
- IMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
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10
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Zhu Z, Rahman Z, Aamir M, Shah SZA, Hamid S, Bilawal A, Li S, Ishfaq M. Insight into TLR4 receptor inhibitory activity via QSAR for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia disease. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2057-2069. [PMID: 36712602 PMCID: PMC9833105 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is one of the most common pathogenic organisms causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections, lung injury, and even death in young children. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immunity by allowing the host to recognize pathogens invading the body. Previous studies demonstrated that TLR4 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of MP pneumonia. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen biologically active ingredients that target the TLR4 receptor pathway. We first used molecular docking to screen out the active compounds inhibiting the TLR4 pathway, and then used regression and classification machine learning algorithms to establish a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict the biological activity of the screened compounds. A total of 78 molecules were used in QSAR modelling, which were retrieved from the ChEMBL database. The QSAR models had acceptable correlation coefficients of R 2 on the training and testing dataset in the range of 0.96 to 0.91 and 0.93 to 0.76, respectively. The multiclass classification models showed accuracy on training and testing data within ranges of 1.0 to 0.70, 0.96 to 0.63, and log loss ranges from 0.27 to 8.63, respectively. In addition, molecular descriptors and fingerprints have been studied as structural elements involved in increased and decreased inhibitory activities. These results provide a quantitative analysis of QSAR and classification models applicable for high-throughput screening, as well as insights into the mechanisms of inhibition of TLR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Zhu
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggang 438000China+86 15972855212
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggang 438000China+86 15972855212
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggang 438000China+86 15972855212
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur-PakistanPakistan
| | - Sattar Hamid
- The University of Agriculture PeshawarKhyber Pakhtunkhwa25130Pakistan
| | - Akhunzada Bilawal
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Sihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou 311300China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal UniversityHuanggang 438000China+86 15972855212
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Liang H, Sathavarodom N, Colmenares C, Gelfond J, Espinoza SE, Ganapathy V, Musi N. Effect of acute TLR4 inhibition on insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e162291. [PMID: 36066991 PMCID: PMC9621129 DOI: 10.1172/jci162291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundStudies in cell cultures and rodents suggest that TLR4 is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, but direct data in humans are limited. We tested the hypothesis that pharmacologic blockade of TLR4 with the competitive inhibitor eritoran would improve insulin resistance in humans.MethodsIn protocol I, 10 lean, healthy individuals received the following 72-hour i.v. infusions in a randomized crossover design: saline (30 mL/h) plus vehicle; Intralipid (30 mL/h) plus vehicle; or Intralipid (30 mL/h) plus eritoran (12 mg i.v. every 12 hours). In protocol II, also a randomized crossover design, 9 nondiabetic individuals with obesity received eritoran or vehicle for 72 hours. The effect of eritoran was assessed with euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps.ResultsIn protocol I, lipid infusion significantly decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity (M value) by 14% and increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations, fasting plasma insulin (FPI) concentrations, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index by 7%, 22%, and 26%, respectively. Eritoran did not prevent lipid-induced alterations of these metabolic parameters. Eritoran also failed to improve any baseline metabolic parameters (M, FPG, FPI, HOMA-IR) in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance (protocol II).ConclusionsAcute TLR4 inhibition with eritoran did not protect against lipid-induced insulin resistance. Short-term eritoran administration also failed to improve obesity-associated insulin resistance. These data do not support a role for TLR4 in insulin resistance. Future studies with a different class of TLR4 inhibitors, longer drug exposure, and/or lipid-enhancing interventions richer in saturated fats may be needed to further clarify the role of TLR4 in metabolic dysfunction in humans.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02321111 and NCT02267317.FundingNIH grants R01DK080157, P30AG044271, P30AG013319, and UL1TR002645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Nattapol Sathavarodom
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia Colmenares
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Gelfond
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Department of Population Health Science, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sara E. Espinoza
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Vinutha Ganapathy
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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12
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Liu ZM, Yang MH, Yu K, Lian ZX, Deng SL. Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989664. [PMID: 36188605 PMCID: PMC9518217 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous epidemic worldwide which broke out in 2020. According to data analysis of the other coronavirus family, for instance severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), can provide experience for the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), have an indispensable function in identifying the invader even activate the innate immune system. It is possible for organism to activate different TLR pathways which leads to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and type Ⅰ interferon. As a component of non-specific immunity, TLRs pathway may participate in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, due to previous works have proved that TLRs are involved in the invasion and infection of SARS-CoV and MERS to varying degrees. Different TLR, such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 probably have a double-sided in COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is of great significance for a correctly acknowledging how TLR take part in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, which will be the development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
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13
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Ko CN, Zang S, Zhou Y, Zhong Z, Yang C. Nanocarriers for effective delivery: modulation of innate immunity for the management of infections and the associated complications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:380. [PMID: 35986268 PMCID: PMC9388998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells can recognize invading pathogens through recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The recognition of PAMPs by PRRs triggers immune defense mechanisms and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, sustained and overwhelming activation of immune system may disrupt immune homeostasis and contribute to inflammatory disorders. Immunomodulators targeting PRRs may be beneficial to treat infectious diseases and their associated complications. However, therapeutic performances of immunomodulators can be negatively affected by (1) high immune-mediated toxicity, (2) poor solubility and (3) bioactivity loss after long circulation. Recently, nanocarriers have emerged as a very promising tool to overcome these obstacles owning to their unique properties such as sustained circulation, desired bio-distribution, and preferred pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview on the strategies and applications of nanocarrier-assisted innate immune modulation for the management of infections and their associated complications. We first summarize examples of important innate immune modulators. The types of nanomaterials available for drug delivery, as well as their applications for the delivery of immunomodulatory drugs and vaccine adjuvants are also discussed.
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14
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Kuang QX, Lei LR, Li QZ, Peng W, Wang YM, Dai YF, Wang D, Gu YC, Deng Y, Guo DL. Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fusaproliferin Analogues Guided by Transcriptome Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881182. [PMID: 37124719 PMCID: PMC10136769 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Excessive inflammation results in severe tissue damage as well as serious acute or chronic disorders, and extensive research has focused on finding new anti-inflammatory hit compounds with safety and efficacy profiles from natural products. As promising therapeutic entities for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, fusaproliferin and its analogs have attracted great interest. However, the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism is still poorly understood and deserves to be further investigated.Methods: For the estimation of the anti-inflammatory activity of fusaproliferin (1) and its analogs (2-4)in vitro and in vivo, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and zebrafish embryos were employed. Then, transcriptome analysis was applied to guide subsequent western blot analysis of critical proteins in related signaling pathways. Surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) combined with molecular docking analyses were finally applied to evaluate the affinity interactions between 1-4 and TLR4 and provide a possible interpretation of the downregulation of related signaling pathways.Results: 1-4 significantly attenuated the production of inflammatory messengers, including nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Transcriptome analyses based on RNA-seq indicated the ability of compound 1 to reverse LPS stimulation and the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) signaling pathways contribute to the anti-inflammatory process. Experimental verification at the protein level revealed that 1 can inhibit the activation of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK), degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), and phosphorylation of NF-κB and reduce nuclear translocation of NF-κB. 1 also decreased the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including p38, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). SPR assays and molecular docking results indicated that 1-4 exhibited affinity for the TLR4 protein with KD values of 23.5–29.3 μM.Conclusion: Fusaproliferin and its analogs can be hit compounds for the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Rong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Zhou Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wan Peng
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Dai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Deng, ; Da-Le Guo,
| | - Da-Le Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Deng, ; Da-Le Guo,
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15
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Zhang Y, Liang X, Bao X, Xiao W, Chen G. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitors: Current research and prospective. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Garcia-Vello P, Di Lorenzo F, Zucchetta D, Zamyatina A, De Castro C, Molinaro A. Lipopolysaccharide lipid A: A promising molecule for new immunity-based therapies and antibiotics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 230:107970. [PMID: 34454000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the main components of the external leaflet of the Gram-negative outer membrane and consist of three different moieties: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. The lipid A is a glucosamine disaccharide with different levels of acylation and phosphorylation, beside carrying, in certain cases, additional substituents on the sugar backbone. It is also the main immunostimulatory part of the LPS, as its recognition by the host immune system represents a fundamental event for detection of perilous microorganisms. Moreover, an uncontrolled immune response caused by a large amount of circulating LPS can lead to dramatic outcomes for human health, such as septic shock. The immunostimulant properties of an LPS incredibly vary depending on lipid A chemical structure, and for this reason, natural and synthetic variants of the lipid A are under study to develop new drugs that mimic or antagonise its natural effects. Here, we review past and recent findings on the lipid A as an antibiotic target and immune-therapeutic molecule, with a special attention on the crucial role of the chemical structure and its exploitation for conceiving novel strategies for treatment of several immune-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Zucchetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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17
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Lai HC, Lin TL, Chen TW, Kuo YL, Chang CJ, Wu TR, Shu CC, Tsai YH, Swift S, Lu CC. Gut microbiota modulates COPD pathogenesis: role of anti-inflammatory Parabacteroides goldsteinii lipopolysaccharide. Gut 2022; 71:309-321. [PMID: 33687943 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global disease characterised by chronic obstruction of lung airflow interfering with normal breathing. Although the microbiota of respiratory tract is established to be associated with COPD, the causality of gut microbiota in COPD development is not yet established. We aimed to address the connection between gut microbiota composition and lung COPD development, and characterise bacteria and their derived active components for COPD amelioration. DESIGN A murine cigarette smoking (CS)-based model of COPD and strategies evaluating causal effects of microbiota were performed. Gut microbiota structure was analysed, followed by isolation of target bacterium. Single cell RNA sequencing, together with sera metabolomics analyses were performed to identify host responsive molecules. Bacteria derived active component was isolated, followed by functional assays. RESULTS Gut microbiota composition significantly affects CS-induced COPD development, and faecal microbiota transplantation restores COPD pathogenesis. A commensal bacterium Parabacteroides goldsteinii was isolated and shown to ameliorate COPD. Reduction of intestinal inflammation and enhancement of cellular mitochondrial and ribosomal activities in colon, systematic restoration of aberrant host amino acids metabolism in sera, and inhibition of lung inflammations act as the important COPD ameliorative mechanisms. Besides, the lipopolysaccharide derived from P. goldsteinii is anti-inflammatory, and significantly ameliorates COPD by acting as an antagonist of toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota-lung COPD axis was connected. A potentially benefial bacterial strain and its functional component may be developed and used as alternative agents for COPD prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, XiaMen, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Kuo
- Biotools, Co, Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chang
- Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, XiaMen, China
| | - Tsung-Ru Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, XiaMen, China
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan .,Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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18
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Bae SJ, Jo Y, Cho MK, Jin JS, Kim JY, Shim J, Kim YH, Park JK, Ryu D, Lee HJ, Joo J, Ha KT. Identification and analysis of novel endometriosis biomarkers via integrative bioinformatics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:942368. [PMID: 36339397 PMCID: PMC9630743 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.942368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynecological disease prevalent in women of reproductive age, and it is characterized by the ectopic presence and growth of the eutopic endometrium. The pathophysiology and diagnostic biomarkers of endometriosis have not yet been comprehensively determined. To discover molecular markers and pathways underlying the pathogenesis of endometriosis, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three Gene Expression Omnibus microarray datasets (GSE11691, GSE23339, and GSE7305) and performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses. We also validated the identified genes via immunohistochemical analysis of tissues obtained from patients with endometriosis or healthy volunteers. A total of 118 DEGs (79 upregulated and 39 downregulated) were detected in each dataset with a lower (fold change) FC cutoff (log2|FC| > 1), and 17 DEGs (11 upregulated and six downregulated) with a higher FC cutoff (log2|FC| > 2). KEGG and GO functional analyses revealed enrichment of signaling pathways associated with inflammation, complement activation, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix in endometriotic tissues. Upregulation of seven genes (C7, CFH, FZD7, LY96, PDLIM3, PTGIS, and WISP2) out of 17 was validated via comparison with external gene sets, and protein expression of four genes (LY96, PDLIM3, PTGIS, and WISP2) was further analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Based on these results, we suggest that TLR4/NF-κB and Wnt/frizzled signaling pathways, as well as estrogen receptors, regulate the progression of endometriosis. These pathways may be therapeutic and diagnostic targets for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Bae
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Cho
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Jin
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyung Park
- Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jongkil Joo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jongkil Joo, ; Ki-Tae Ha,
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jongkil Joo, ; Ki-Tae Ha,
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Talepoor AG, Rastegari B, Kalani M, Doroudchi M. Decrease in the inflammatory cytokines of LPS-stimulated PBMCs of patients with atherosclerosis by a TLR-4 antagonist in the co-culture with HUVECs. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108295. [PMID: 34735917 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are among the players of inflammation during atherosclerosis. We assessed the effects of Eritoran, a TLR-4 antagonist, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of patients with high-stenosis (HS) (n = 6) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 6) co-cultured with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). LPS stimulation significantly increased the levels of IL-6 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005), TNF-α (P = 0.006 and P = 0.005), IL-2 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002), IFN-γ (P = 0.006 and P = 0.003), IL-17A (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003), IL-17F (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003), IL-5 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005), IL-13 (P = 0.006 and P = 0.005), IL-9 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.005) and IL-21 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005) in HUVECs co-cultured with HC and HS PBMCs as compared with un-stimulated co-culture condition, respectively. Eritoran treatment (50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL) significantly reduced the levels of LPS-induced IL-6 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.006; P = 0.007 and P = 0.007), TNF-α (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003; P = 0.007 and P = 0.005), IL-2 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005; P = 0.005 and P = 0.004), IFN-γ (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005; P = 0.005 and P = 0.004), IL-17A (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002; P = 0.005 and P = 0.002), IL-17F (P = 0.006 and P = 0.006; P = 0.005 and P = 0.005), IL-5 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.006; P = 0.007 and P = 0.007), IL-9 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.005; P = 0.005 and P = 0.005) and IL-21 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.007; P = 0.005 and P = 0.005) in stimulated HUVECs co-cultured with HC and HS PBMCs, compared to un-treated condition, respectively. Our results demonstrate that attenuating effect of Eritoran on the inflammatory responses to LPS is higher in PBMCs of patients with high stenosis, suggesting its potential role in ameliorating inflammatory conditions in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Rastegari
- Diagnostic Laboratory of Sciences and Technology Research Center, Paramedical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Trimebutine suppresses Toll-like receptor 2/4/7/8/9 signaling pathways in macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 711:109029. [PMID: 34517011 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the critical roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in the pathophysiology of various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, continuous efforts have been made to discover novel therapeutic inhibitors of TLRs and RAGE to treat inflammatory disorders. A recent study by our group has demonstrated that trimebutine, a spasmolytic drug, suppresses the high mobility group box 1‒RAGE signaling that is associated with triggering proinflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages. Our present work showed that trimebutine suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a stimulant of TLR4)-stimulated macrophages of RAGE-knockout mice. In addition, trimebutine suppresses the LPS-induced production of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Importantly, trimebutine suppresses IL-6 production induced by TLR2-and TLR7/8/9 stimulants. Furthermore, trimebutine greatly reduces mortality in a mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis. Studies exploring the action mechanism of trimebutine revealed that it inhibits the LPS-induced activation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), and the subsequent activations of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). These findings suggest that trimebutine exerts anti-inflammatory effects on TLR signaling by downregulating IRAK1‒ERK1/2‒JNK pathway and NF-κB activity, thereby indicating the therapeutic potential of trimebutine in inflammatory diseases. Therefore, trimebutine can be a novel anti-inflammatory drug-repositioning candidate and may provide an important scaffold for designing more effective dual anti-inflammatory drugs that target TLR/RAGE signaling.
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21
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Yahaya MAF, Bakar ARA, Stanslas J, Nordin N, Zainol M, Mehat MZ. Insights from molecular docking and molecular dynamics on the potential of vitexin as an antagonist candidate against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for microglial activation in neuroinflammation. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:38. [PMID: 34090414 PMCID: PMC8178909 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been identified to be the key player in most neurodegenerative diseases. If neuroinflammation is left to be unresolved, chronic neuroinflammation will be establish. Such situation is due to the overly-activated microglia which have the tendency to secrete an abundance amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the neuron microenvironment. The abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines will later cause toxic and death to neurons. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD-2 complex found on the cell surface of microglia is responsible for the attachment of LPS and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) downstream signalling pathway. Albeit vitexin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory property, however, little is known on its ability to bind at the binding site of TLR4/MD-2 complex of microglia as well as to be an antagonist for LPS. RESULTS The present study reveals that both vitexin and donepezil are able to bind at the close proximity of LPS binding site located at the TLR4/MD-2 complex with the binding energy of - 4.35 and - 9.14 kcal/mol, respectively. During molecular dynamic simulations, both vitexin and donepezil formed stable complex with TLR4/MD-2 throughout the 100 ns time length with the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of 2.5 Å and 4.0 Å, respectively. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) reveals that both compounds are stable. Interestingly, the radius of gyration (rGyr) for donepezil shows notable fluctuations when compare with vitexin. The MM-GBSA results showed that vitexin has higher binding energy in comparison with donepezil. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings suggest that vitexin is able to bind at the binding site of TLR4/MD-2 complex with more stability than donepezil throughout the course of 100 ns simulation. Hence, vitexin has the potential to be an antagonist candidate for LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A F Yahaya
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A R Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - J Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Nordin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Zainol
- Bioassay Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Centre (HMRC), Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institute of Health (NIH), Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Z Mehat
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Barker G, Leeuwenburgh C, Brusko T, Moldawer L, Reddy ST, Guirgis FW. Lipid and Lipoprotein Dysregulation in Sepsis: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights into Chronic Critical Illness. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1693. [PMID: 33920038 PMCID: PMC8071007 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-characterized roles in metabolism, lipids and lipoproteins have pleiotropic effects on the innate immune system. These undergo clinically relevant alterations during sepsis and acute inflammatory responses. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in regulating the immune response by clearing bacterial toxins, supporting corticosteroid release, decreasing platelet aggregation, inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis, reducing the monocyte inflammatory response, and inhibiting expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. It undergoes quantitative as well as qualitative changes which can be measured using the HDL inflammatory index (HII). Pro-inflammatory, or dysfunctional HDL (dysHDL) lacks the ability to perform these functions, and we have also found it to independently predict adverse outcomes and organ failure in sepsis. Another important class of lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) positively affect the escalation and resolution of inflammation in a temporal fashion. These undergo phenotypic changes in sepsis and differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors. Certain subsets of sepsis survivors go on to have perilous post-hospitalization courses where this inflammation continues in a low grade fashion. This is associated with immunosuppression in a syndrome of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS). The continuous release of tissue damage-related patterns and viral reactivation secondary to immunosuppression feed this chronic cycle of inflammation. Animal data indicate that dysregulation of endogenous lipids and SPMs play important roles in this process. Lipids and their associated pathways have been the target of many clinical trials in recent years which have not shown mortality benefit. These results are limited by patient heterogeneity and poor animal models. Considerations of sepsis phenotypes and novel biomarkers in future trials are important factors to be considered in future research. Further characterization of lipid dysregulation and chronic inflammation during sepsis will aid mortality risk stratification, detection of sepsis, and inform individualized pharmacologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Barker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Todd Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Lyle Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Faheem W. Guirgis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
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23
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Dwyer GK, Turnquist HR. Untangling Local Pro-Inflammatory, Reparative, and Regulatory Damage-Associated Molecular-Patterns (DAMPs) Pathways to Improve Transplant Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611910. [PMID: 33708206 PMCID: PMC7940545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental inflammatory responses after solid organ transplantation are initiated when immune cells sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released or exposed during transplant-associated processes, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), surgical trauma, and recipient conditioning. These inflammatory responses initiate and propagate anti-alloantigen (AlloAg) responses and targeting DAMPs and PAMPs, or the signaling cascades they activate, reduce alloimmunity, and contribute to improved outcomes after allogeneic solid organ transplantation in experimental studies. However, DAMPs have also been implicated in initiating essential anti-inflammatory and reparative functions of specific immune cells, particularly Treg and macrophages. Interestingly, DAMP signaling is also involved in local and systemic homeostasis. Herein, we describe the emerging literature defining how poor outcomes after transplantation may result, not from just an over-abundance of DAMP-driven inflammation, but instead an inadequate presence of a subset of DAMPs or related molecules needed to repair tissue successfully or re-establish tissue homeostasis. Adverse outcomes may also arise when these homeostatic or reparative signals become dysregulated or hijacked by alloreactive immune cells in transplant niches. A complete understanding of the critical pathways controlling tissue repair and homeostasis, and how alloimmune responses or transplant-related processes disrupt these will lead to new immunotherapeutics that can prevent or reverse the tissue pathology leading to lost grafts due to chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K Dwyer
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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24
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Zhou M, Wang Y, Lin X, Wan J, Wen C. Specific TLR4 Blocking Effect of a Novel 3,4-Dihydropyrimidinone Derivative. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:624059. [PMID: 33597886 PMCID: PMC7882735 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.624059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates both innate and adaptive immune responses, which plays an important protective role in self-defense mechanisms. Excessive or inappropriate TLR4 activation causes the development of many autoimmune diseases. Dihydropyrimidinone derivatives are medicinally important molecules with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory activity. The present study focused on novel synthesized 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone derivatives and evaluated their inhibitory effects on TLR4. Methods: A series of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone derivatives were recently synthesized and evaluated for their TLR4 inhibition activities and cytotoxic on HEK-BlueTM hTLR4 cells with the help of QUANTI-Blue assay and MTS assay. Selected compound 3 was analyzed for its molecular docking with TLR4 by using Autodock vina 1.1.2. Its effect on the TLR4 pathway related cytokines was also evaluated in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using real-time PCR, ELISA and western blot. Results: Five compounds were synthesized and characterized for effectiveness based on 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone. Compound 3 was found to be the potent hybrid among the synthesized compounds, with high TLR4 inhibition activities and low cytotoxic activities against HEK-BlueTM hTLR4 cells. Molecular docking analysis showed that two hydrogen bonds between compound 3 and residues Asp209(TLR4) and Asp99(MD-2) mainly contribute to the TLR4 inhibition. In addition, compound 3 suppressed LPS-induced of the mRNA expression of TLR4, IP-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12A, and IL-12B, the protein expression of pIRF3 and pNFκB and the secretion of IP-10, TNF-α in THP-1 cell line. Compound 3 also inhibited LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β but increased IP-10 at mRNA levels in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusion: Our study reveals compound 3, a novel 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone derivative, is a potential TLR4 antagonist, which opens up new research avenues for the development of promising therapeutic agents for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jieping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Tam JSY, Coller JK, Hughes PA, Prestidge CA, Bowen JM. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists as potential therapeutics for intestinal inflammation. Indian J Gastroenterol 2021; 40:5-21. [PMID: 33666891 PMCID: PMC7934812 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-020-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal inflammation is a hallmark of highly prevalent disorders, including cancer treatment-induced mucositis and ulcerative colitis. These disorders cause debilitating symptoms, have a significant impact on quality of life, and are poorly managed. The activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been proposed to have a major influence on the inflammatory signalling pathways of the intestinal tract. Inhibition of TLR4 has been postulated as an effective way to treat intestinal inflammation. However, there are a limited number of studies looking into the potential of TLR4 antagonism as a therapeutic approach for intestinal inflammation. This review surveyed available literature and reported on the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo effects of TLR4 antagonism on different models of intestinal inflammation. Of the studies reviewed, evidence suggests that there is indeed potential for TLR4 antagonists to treat inflammation, although only a limited number of studies have investigated treating intestinal inflammation with TLR4 antagonists directly. These results warrant further research into the effect of TLR4 antagonists in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Y. Tam
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Janet K. Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clive A. Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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26
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Narayanankutty A, Sasidharan A, Job JT. Targeting Toll like Receptors in Cancer: Role of TLR Natural and Synthetic Modulators. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5040-5053. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200720235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the
broad class pattern recognition receptors (PRR), involved in recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
(PAMPs) thereby inducing an immune response. Apart from these exogenous PAMPs, numerous endogenous
PAMPs are also ligands for various TLRs thereby activating the TLR dependent immune response, subsequently
leading to the onset of an inflammatory response. Prolonged activation of TLR by these endogenous
PAMPs leads to chronic inflammatory insults to the body and which in turn alters the proliferative patterns of the
cells, which ultimately leads to the development of cancer.
Objectives:
The present review aims to provide a detailed outline of the differential roles of various TLRs in
cancer and the possible use of them as a therapeutic target.
Methods:
Data were collected from PubMed/Sciencedirect/Web of Science database and sorted; the latest literature
on TLRs was incorporated in the review.
Results:
Among the different TLRs, few are reported to be anti-neoplastic, which controls the cell growth and
multiplication in response to the endogenous signals. On the contrary, numerous studies have reported the procarcinogenic
potentials of TLRs. Hence, TLRs have emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment
of various types of cancers. Several molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and
natural products have shown promising anticancer potential by effectively modulating the TLR signalling.
Conclusion:
Toll-like receptors play vital roles in the process of carcinogenesis, hence TLR targeting is a promising
approach for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
| | | | - Joice T. Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala-673 008, India
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27
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Park H, Hong J, Yin Y, Joo Y, Kim Y, Shin J, Kwon HH, Shin N, Shin HJ, Beom J, Kim DW, Kim J. TAP2, a peptide antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4, attenuates pain and cartilage degradation in a monoiodoacetate-induced arthritis rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17451. [PMID: 33060735 PMCID: PMC7567100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Because inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA) is related to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling cascades, TLR4 is a reasonable target for developing therapeutics for OA. Thus, we investigated whether TAP2, a peptide antagonist of TLR4, reduces the monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritic pain and cartilage degradation in rats. TLR4 expression of human OA chondrocytes and synoviocytes and the knee joint tissue of MIA-induced arthritis were evaluated. MIA-induced arthritic model using Sprague–Dawley rats (6 week-old-male) were treated with TAP2, a TLR4 antagonist, and evaluated with behavioral test, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative PCR. TLR4 was highly expressed in the knee joints of patients with OA and the MIA-induced rat model. Further, a single intraarticular injection of TAP2 (25 nmol/rat) molecules targeting TLR4 on day 7 after MIA injection dramatically attenuated pain behavior for about 3 weeks and reduced cartilage loss in the knee joints and microglial activation in the spinal dorsal horns. Likewise, the mRNA levels of TNFα and IL-1β, reactive oxygen species, and the expression of MMP13 in the knee joints of TAP2-treated rats was significantly decreased by TAP2 treatment compared with the control. Moreover, interestingly, the duration of OA pain relief by TAP2 was much longer than that of chemical TLR4 antagonists, such as C34 and M62812. In conclusion, TAP2 could effectively attenuate MIA-induced arthritis in rats by blocking TLR4 and its successive inflammatory cytokines and MMP13. Therefore, TAP2 could be a prospective therapeutic to treat patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhua Yin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongbum Joo
- Department of Orthopedics, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmo Kim
- Department of Orthopedics, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Hee Kwon
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Beom
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107087. [PMID: 33075714 PMCID: PMC7550173 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis infects more than 48.9 million people world-wide, with 19.7 million deaths. Cytokine storm plays a significant role in sepsis, along with severe COVID-19. TLR signaling pathways plays a crucial role in generating the cytokine storm. Endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling are crucial to regulate cytokine storm.
Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions, which include multi-organ failure or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death of the patient. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by immune cells as well as non-immune cells, including neurons, which play a crucial role in generating cytokine storm. They recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, expressed by pathogens) and damage or death-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs; released and/expressed by damaged/killed host cells). Upon recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, TLRs activate downstream signaling pathways releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators [cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS or RNS)], which cause acute inflammation meant to control the pathogen and repair the damage. Induction of an exaggerated response due to genetic makeup of the host and/or persistence of the pathogen due to its evasion mechanisms may lead to severe systemic inflammatory condition called sepsis in response to the generation of cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. The activation of TLR-induced inflammatory response is hardwired to the induction of several negative feedback mechanisms that come into play to conclude the response and maintain immune homeostasis. This state-of-the-art review describes the importance of TLR signaling in the onset of the sepsis-associated cytokine storm and discusses various host-derived endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling pathways. The subject is very important as there is a vast array of genes and processes implicated in these negative feedback mechanisms. These molecules and mechanisms can be targeted for developing novel therapeutic drugs for cytokine storm-associated diseases, including sepsis, severe COVID-19, and other inflammatory diseases, where TLR-signaling plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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29
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Brandão SCS, Ramos JDOX, Dompieri LT, Godoi ETAM, Figueiredo JL, Sarinho ESC, Chelvanambi S, Aikawa M. Is Toll-like receptor 4 involved in the severity of COVID-19 pathology in patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 58:102-110. [PMID: 32988728 PMCID: PMC7505161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe form of COVID-19 is marked by an abnormal and exacerbated immunological host response favoring to a poor outcome in a significant number of patients, especially those with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The chronic inflammatory process found in these cardiometabolic comorbidities is marked by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are products of the Toll-Like receptors 4 (TLR4) pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 initially infects cells in the upper respiratory tract and, in some patients, spread very quickly, needing respiratory support and systemically, causing collateral damage in tissues. We hypothesize that this happens because the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts strongly with TLR4, causing an intensely exacerbated immune response in the host's lungs, culminating with the cytokine storm, accumulating secretions and hindering blood oxygenation, along with the immune system attacks the body, leading to multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristina Soares Brandão
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Nuclear Imaging Division, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - José Luiz Figueiredo
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Unit, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti Sarinho
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Iqubal A, Syed MA, Najmi AK, Azam F, Barreto GE, Iqubal MK, Ali J, Haque SE. Nano-engineered nerolidol loaded lipid carrier delivery system attenuates cyclophosphamide neurotoxicity - Probable role of NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113464. [PMID: 32941795 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most common etiology in various neurological disorders and responsible for multi-array neurotoxic manifestations such as neurodegeneration, neurotransmitters alteration and cognitive dysfunction. NR (Nerolidol) is a natural bioactive molecule which possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, but suffers from glitches of low solubility, low bioavailability and fast hepatic metabolism. In the current study, we fabricated nano-engineered lipid carrier of nerolidol (NR-NLC) for its effective delivery into the brain and explored its effect on neuroinflammation, neurotransmitters level and on dysfunctional behavioral attributes induced by CYC (cyclophosphamide). The binding affinity of nerolidol with NLRP3 and TLR-4 was performed which showed stong interaction between them. NR-NLC was prepared by the ultrasonication methods and particle size was determined by Zeta-sizer. Swiss Albino mice were divided into 5 groups (n = 6), assessed for behavioral dysfunction, and sacrificed on the fifteenth day following cyclophosphamide treatment. Brains were then removed and used for biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and fluorescence microscopic analysis. Biochemical analysis showed increased levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, acetylcholine esterase, BDNF, 5-HT and dopamine, and reduced levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, IL-10, along with significant behavioral dysfunction in cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Significant neuronal damage was also observed in the histological study. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1. Fluorescence microscopic analysis showed significant availability of NR-NLC in the hippocampus and cortex region. In contrast, treatment with NR-NLC effectively mitigated the aforementioned neurotoxic manifestation as compared to NR suspension. Our results showed potent neuroprotective effect of NR-NLC via modulation of oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 and neurotransmitter status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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31
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Oo TT, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Potential Roles of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2 on Neuroinflammation and Its Possible Interventions. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4825-4844. [PMID: 32803490 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the primary response by immune cells in the nervous system to protect against infection. Chronic and uncontrolled neuroinflammation triggers neuronal injury and neuronal death resulting in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, fine tuning of the immune response in the nervous system is now extensively considered as a potential therapeutic intervention for those diseases. The immune cells of the nervous system express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) together with myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) to protect against the pathogens. Over the last 10 years, antagonists targeting the functional domains of MD-2 have become attractive pharmacological intervention strategies in pre-clinical studies into neuroinflammation and its associated brain pathologies. This review aims to summarize and discuss the roles of TLR4-MD-2 signaling pathway activation in various models of neuroinflammation. This review article also highlights the studies reporting the effect of MD-2 antagonists on neuroinflammation in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thura Tun Oo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. .,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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32
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Lin TL, Shu CC, Chen YM, Lu JJ, Wu TS, Lai WF, Tzeng CM, Lai HC, Lu CC. Like Cures Like: Pharmacological Activity of Anti-Inflammatory Lipopolysaccharides From Gut Microbiome. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32425790 PMCID: PMC7212368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome maintains local gut integrity and systemic host homeostasis, where optimal control of intestinal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activity may play an important role. LPS mainly produced from gut microbiota are a group of lipid-polysaccharide chemical complexes existing in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Traditionally, LPS mostly produced from Proteobacteria are well known for their ability in inducing strong inflammatory responses (proinflammatory LPS, abbreviated as P-LPS), leading to septic shock or even death in animals and humans. Although the basic structures and chemical properties of P-LPS derived from different bacterial species generally show similarity, subtle and differential immune activation activities are observed. On the other hand, frequently ignored, a group of LPS molecules mainly produced by certain microbiota bacteria such as Bacteroidetes show blunt or even antagonistic activity in initiating pro-inflammatory responses (anti-inflammatory LPS, abbreviated as A-LPS). In this review, besides the immune activation properties of P-LPS, we also focus on the description of anti-inflammatory effects of A-LPS, and their potential antagonistic mechanism. We address the possibility of using native or engineered A-LPS for immune modulation in prevention or even treatment of P-LPS induced chronic inflammation related diseases. Understanding the exquisite interactive relationship between structure-activity correlation of P- and A-LPS not only contributes to molecular understanding of immunomodulation and homeostasis, but also re-animates the development of novel LPS-based pharmacological strategy for prevention and therapy of chronic inflammation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Lai
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Meng Tzeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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33
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Hata Y, Kuwabara T, Mori K, Kan Y, Sato Y, Umemoto S, Fujimoto D, Kanki T, Nishiguchi Y, Yokoi H, Kakizoe Y, Izumi Y, Yanagita M, Mukoyama M. Ablation of Myeloid Cell MRP8 Ameliorates Nephrotoxic Serum-induced Glomerulonephritis by Affecting Macrophage Characterization through Intraglomerular Crosstalk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3056. [PMID: 32080297 PMCID: PMC7033179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and one of its endogenous ligands myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8 or S100A8), especially expressed in macrophages, play an important role in diabetic nephropathy and autoimmune disorders. However, detailed mechanisms and consequence of MRP8 expression remain unknown, partly due to embryonic lethality of MRP8 knockout mice. In this study, Myeloid lineage cell-specific MRP8 knockout mice were generated, and nephrotoxic serum-induced glomerulonephritis was developed. Mice with conditional ablation of MRP8 gene in myeloid cells exhibited less severe histological damage, proteinuria and inflammatory changes compared to control mice. Mechanism of MRP8 upregulation was investigated using cultured cells. Co-culture of macrophages with mesangial cells or mesangial cell-conditioned media, but not with proximal tubules, markedly upregulated MRP8 gene expression and inflammatory M1 phenotype in macrophages, which was attenuated in MRP8-deleted bone marrow-derived macrophages. Effects of MRP8 deletion was further studied in the context of macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle), which is critically involved in maintenance of M1 phenotype of macrophages. MRP8 ablation in myeloid cells suppressed the induction of Mincle expression on macrophages in glomerulonephritis. Thus, we propose that intraglomerular crosstalk between mesangial cells and macrophages plays a role in inflammatory changes in glomerulonephritis, and MRP8-dependent Mincle expression in macrophage may be involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hata
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Research, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Youngna Kan
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuro Umemoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kanki
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kakizoe
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Li LQ, Song AX, Yin JY, Siu KC, Wong WT, Wu JY. Anti-inflammation activity of exopolysaccharides produced by a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1 in cell and animal models. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:1042-1050. [PMID: 32035153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1. The EPS was isolated from the Cs-HK1 mycelial fermentation broth by ethanol precipitation and purified by deproteinization and dialysis. The EPS had a total sugar content of 74.8% and a maximum average molecular weight (MW) over 107 Da, and consisted mainly of glucose and mannose, and a small amount of galactose and ribose. In THP-1 and RAW264.7 cell cultures, EPS significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses of the cells including the release of NF-κB and several pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, TNF-α and IL-1β. In the murine model of LPS-induced acute intestinal injury, the oral administration of EPS to the animals effectively suppressed the expression of major inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and iNOS and alleviated the intestinal injury. The results suggest that the Cs-HK1 EPS has notable anti-inflammatory activity and can be a potential candidate for further development of new anti-septic therapeutics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-inflammation of an EPS from C. sinensis fungal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Qing Li
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ang-Xin Song
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ka-Chai Siu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) in Shenzhen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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35
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Stem Cell-Induced Inflammation in Cholesteatoma is Inhibited by the TLR4 Antagonist LPS-RS. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010199. [PMID: 31947538 PMCID: PMC7017370 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesteatoma is a severe non-cancerous lesion of the middle ear characterized by massive inflammation, tissue destruction, and an abnormal growth of keratinized squamous epithelium. We recently demonstrated the presence of pathogenic stem cells within cholesteatoma tissue, unfortunately their potential roles in regulating disease-specific chronic inflammation remain poorly understood. In the presented study, we utilized our established human in vitro cholesteatoma stem cell model for treatments with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and the TLR4-antagonist LPS from R. sphaeroides (LPS-RS) followed by qPCR, western blot, and immunocytochemistry. Middle ear cholesteatoma stem cells (ME-CSCs) showed a significantly increased expression of TLR4 accompanied by a significantly enhanced LPS-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression pattern of TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 compared to non-pathogenic control cells. LPS-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression in ME-CSCs was driven by an enhanced activity of NF-B p65 leading to a TNFα-mediated feed-forward-loop of pro-inflammatory NF-B target gene expression. Functional inactivation of TLR4 via the TLR4-antagonist LPS-RS blocked chronic inflammation in ME-CSCs, resulting in a nearly complete loss of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNFα expression. In summary, we determined that ME-CSCs mediate the inflammatory environment of cholesteatoma via TLR4-mediated NF-B-signaling, suggesting a distinct role of ME-CSCs as drivers of cholesteatoma progression and TLR4 on ME-CSCs as a therapeutic target.
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36
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McKernan DP. Pattern recognition receptors as potential drug targets in inflammatory disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:65-109. [PMID: 31997773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a key part of the innate immune system, the body's first line of defense against infection and tissue damage. This superfamily of receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) and RIG-like receptors (RLRs) are responsible for initiation of the inflammatory response by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses or fungi) during infection or in molecules released following tissue damage during acute or chronic disease states (such as sepsis or arthritis). These receptors are widely expressed and located on the cell surface, in intracellular compartments or in the cytoplasm can detect a single or subset of molecules including lipoproteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. In response, they initiate an intracellular signaling cascade that culminates in the synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines and vasoactive molecules. These steps are necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis and remove potentially dangerous pathogens. However, during extreme or acute responses or during chronic disease, this can be damaging and even lead to death. Therefore, it is thought that targeting such receptors may offer a therapeutic approach in chronic inflammatory diseases or in cases of acute infection leading to sepsis. Herein, the current knowledge on the molecular biology of PRRs is reviewed along with their association with inflammatory and infectious diseases. Finally, the testing of therapeutic compounds and their future merit as targets is discussed.
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37
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Key residues in TLR4-MD2 tetramer formation identified by free energy simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007228. [PMID: 31609969 PMCID: PMC6812856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and inducing the release of the effector molecules of the immune system. The dysregulation of the TLR system may cause various autoimmune diseases and septic shock. A series of molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations were performed to investigate the ligand-free, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-bound, and neoseptin3-bound (TLR4-MD2)2 tetramers. Compared to earlier simulations done by others, our simulations showed that TLR4 structure was well maintained with stable interfaces. Free energy decomposition by molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method suggests critical roles that two hydrophobic clusters I85-L87-P88 and I124-L125-P127 of MD2, together with LPS and neoseptin3, may play in TLR4 activation. We propose that 1) direct contacts between TLR4 convex surface and LPS and neoseptin3 at the region around L442 significantly increase the binding and 2) binding of LPS and neoseptin3 in the central hydrophobic cavity of MD2 triggers burial of F126 and exposure of I85-L87-P88 that facilitate formation of (TLR4-MD2)2 tetramer and activation of TLR4 system.
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38
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Behavioral effects of toll-like receptor-4 antagonist 'eritoran' in an experimental model of depression: role of prefrontal and hippocampal neurogenesis and γ-aminobutyric acid/glutamate balance. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:413-425. [PMID: 29561292 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the disease of the modern era. The lack of response to the available antidepressants, which were developed on the basis of the monoaminergic deficit hypothesis of depression, has encouraged scientists to think about new mechanisms explaining the pathogenesis of depression. In this context, the inflammatory theory has emerged to clarify many aspects of depression that the previous theories have failed to explain. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has a regulatory role in the brain's immune response to stress, and its activation is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of depression. In this study, we tested eritoran (ERI), a TLR-4 receptor-4 antagonist, as a potential antidepressant. We investigated the effect of long-term administration of ERI in three different doses on behavioral changes, hippocampal and prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurogenesis, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glutamate balance in male Wistar rats exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Long-term administration of ERI ameliorated CRS-induced depressive-like symptoms and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity alongside reducing levels of hippocampal and PFC inflammatory cytokines, restoring GABA and glutamate balance, and enhancing PFC and hippocampal neurogenesis, by increasing BDNF gene and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. The results demonstrate an antidepressant-like activity of ERI in Wistar rats exposed to CRS, which may be largely mediated by its ability to reduce neuroinflammation, increase BDNF, and restore GABA/glutamate balance in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to characterize the mechanism of the antidepressant effect of ERI.
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39
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Liu Z, Chen L, Yu P, Zhang Y, Fang B, Wu C, Luo W, Chen X, Li C, Liang G. Discovery of 3-(Indol-5-yl)-indazole Derivatives as Novel Myeloid Differentiation Protein 2/Toll-like Receptor 4 Antagonists for Treatment of Acute Lung Injury. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5453-5469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengtian Yu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xianxin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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40
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Yuan FH, Chen YL, Zhao Y, Liu ZM, Nan CC, Zheng BL, Liu XY, Chen XY. microRNA-30a inhibits the liver cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by targeting SOCS-1 in rats with sepsis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17839-17853. [PMID: 30972748 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response that may be induced by trauma, infection, surgery, and burns. With the aim of discovering novel treatment targets for sepsis, this current study was conducted to investigate the effect and potential mechanism by which microRNA-30a (miR-30a) controls sepsis-induced liver cell proliferation and apoptosis. Rat models of sepsis were established by applying the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method to simulate sepsis models. The binding site between miR-30a and suppressor of cytokine signaling protein 1 (SOCS-1) was determined by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The gain-of-and-loss-of-function experiments were applied to analyze the effects of miR-30a and SOCS-1 on liver cell proliferation and apoptosis of the established sepsis rat models. The expression of miR-30a, SOCS-1, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and the extent of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation were all determined. Sepsis led to an elevation of miR-30a and also a decline of SOCS-1 in the liver cells. SOCS-1 was negatively regulated by miR-30a. Upregulated miR-30a and downregulated SOCS-1 increased the expression of JAK2, STAT3, Bax, TLR4, and HMGB1 as well as the extent of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation whereas impeding the expression of SOCS-1 and Bcl-2. More important, either miR-30a elevation or SOCS-1 silencing suppressed liver cell proliferation and also promoted apoptosis. On the contrary, the inhibition of miR-30a exhibited the opposite effects. Altogether, we come to the conclusion that miR-30a inhibited the liver cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis by targeting and negatively regulating SOCS-1 via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in rats with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Lian Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Mi Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Nan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao-Lin Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yin Chen
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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41
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Syk: a new target for attenuation of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammatory responses. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:203-211. [PMID: 30820719 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of gastric mucosal inflammatory response to H. pylori relies primarily on the extent of its key endotoxin, LPS, engagement of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the initiation of signal transduction events converging on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB complex (IKK) cascades. These cascades, in turn, exert their control over the assembly of transcription factors, NFκB and AP1, implicated in the induction of the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proinflammatory genes. The LPS-induced TLR4 activation and the ensuing phosphorylation of its intracellular tyrosine domain by Src-family kinases not only leads to recruitment to the cytoplasmic domain of TLR4 of adaptor molecules directly involved in propagation of the signaling cascades converging on MAPK and IKK, but also provides a propitious docking site for a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), the activation of which apparently leads to upregulation in the expression of proinflammatory genes. Here, we review the pathways engaged by H. pylori in the recruitment and interaction of Syk with TLR4 in gastric mucosa, and discuss the cascades involved in Syk-mediated amplification in proinflammatory signaling. We focus, moreover, on the potential role of drugs targeting Syk and TLR4 in the treatment of H. pylori-related gastric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronislaw L Slomiany
- Research Center, C855, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA.
| | - Amalia Slomiany
- Research Center, C855, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA
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42
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Tamada K, Nakajima S, Ogawa N, Inada M, Shibasaki H, Sato A, Takasawa R, Yoshimori A, Suzuki Y, Watanabe N, Oyama T, Abe H, Inoue S, Abe T, Yokomizo T, Tanuma S. Papaverine identified as an inhibitor of high mobility group box 1/receptor for advanced glycation end-products interaction suppresses high mobility group box 1-mediated inflammatory responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:665-670. [PMID: 30826057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is secreted from immune and dying cells during cellular infection and injury, and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) appears to be critical for acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Here we designed a unique cyclic β-hairpin peptide (Pepb2), which mimics the predicted RAGE-binding domain of HMGB1. Pepb2 competitively inhibited HMGB1/RAGE interaction. We then identified papaverine as a Pepb2 mimetic by in silico 3D-structural similarity screening from the DrugBank library. Papaverine was found to directly inhibit HMGB1/RAGE interaction. It also suppressed the HMGB1-mediated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, in mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, papaverine attenuated mortality in cecal ligation puncture-induced sepsis model mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that papaverine could become a useful therapeutic against HMGB1/RAGE-mediated sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Tamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakajima
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ogawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mana Inada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takasawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimori
- Institute for Theoretical Medicine, Inc., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan; Department of the Education and the Research Support Center, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Nobuo Watanabe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0084, Japan
| | - Hideaki Abe
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0084, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takehiko Abe
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0084, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - S Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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43
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Ochando J, Ordikhani F, Boros P, Jordan S. The innate immune response to allotransplants: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:350-356. [PMID: 30804476 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical trauma and ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) are unavoidable aspects of any solid organ transplant procedure. They trigger a multifactorial antigen-independent inflammatory process that profoundly affects both the early and long-term outcomes of the transplanted organ. The injury associated with donor organ procurement, storage, and engraftment triggers innate immune activation that inevitably results in cell death, which may occur in many different forms. Dying cells in donor grafts release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which alert recipient innate cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), through the activation of the complement cascade and toll-like receptors (TLRs). The long-term effect of inflammation on innate immune cells is associated with changes in cellular metabolism that skew the cells towards aerobic glycolysis, resulting in innate immune cell activation and inflammatory cytokine production. The different roles of proinflammatory cytokines in innate immune activation have been described, and these cytokines also stimulate optimal T-cell expansion during allograft rejection. Therefore, early innate immune events after organ transplantation determine the fate of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we summarize the contributions of innate immunity to allograft rejection and discuss recent studies and emerging concepts in the targeted delivery of therapeutics to modulate the innate immune system to enhance allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Farideh Ordikhani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Boros
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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44
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Gao W, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Sun L, Wang L, Wang K, Lu HY, Bao A, Turvey SE, Li Q, Yang H. Size-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of a peptide-gold nanoparticle hybrid in vitro and in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:203-217. [PMID: 30597258 PMCID: PMC8960115 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition of critically-ill patients, characterized by overwhelming inflammatory responses in the lung. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the excessive activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in this detrimental lung inflammation. Recently, we developed a unique class of peptide-gold nanoparticle (GNP) hybrids that act as potent nano-inhibitors of TLR4 signaling by modulating the process of endosomal acidification. In this study, we aimed to identify the key physiochemical factors that could further strengthen the anti-inflammatory activity of these nano-inhibitors, including the nanoparticle size, the density of peptides coating the nanoparticle surface, as well as the number of the effective amino acid phenylalanine (F) residues in the peptide sequence. Among these factors, we found that the nanoparticle size could significantly affect the TLR4 inhibition. Specifically, the peptide-GNP hybrids with a GNP core of 20 nm (P12(G20)) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity on TLR4 activation and its downstream cytokine production among those with a GNP core of 13 nm (P12(G13)) and 5 nm (P12(G5)) in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. This size-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of the hybrid P12 was also observed in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model of ALI. It was found that P12(G20) was superior to P12(G13) in prolonging the survival of mice experiencing lethal LPS challenge, decreasing the acute lung inflammation, and alleviating diffuse alveolar damage in the lungs. Interestingly, P12(G20) could also promote long-term tolerance to endotoxin. Detailed mechanistic studies demonstrated that when compared to the smaller P12(G13), the larger P12(G20) had higher cellular uptake and a stronger endosomal pH buffering capacity, contributing to its enhanced therapeutic effects on reducing TLR4 activation in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this study suggests that nanoparticle size is one key factor determining the anti-inflammatory potency of the peptide-GNP hybrids, and the hybrid P12 may serve as a promising, novel class of nanotherapeutics for modulating TLR signaling to treat ALI/ARDS. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have developed a new class of nanoparticle-based inhibitors (i.e., peptide-GNP hybrids) targeting TLR4 signaling in macrophages. Through evidence-based engineering of the nanoparticle size, surface peptide ligand density and effective amino acid (phenylalanine, F) chain length, we identified a peptide-GNP hybrid, P12(G20), with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, P12(G20) was more potent in reducing inflammation in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages and in a LPS-induced ALI mouse model. More interestingly, P12(G20) facilitated long-term protection against lethal LPS challenge in vivo and induced endotoxin tolerance in vitro. We anticipate that these new hybrids would serve as the next generation anti-inflammatory nano-therapeutics for the treatment of ALI/ARDS or other acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Henry Y Lu
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Aihua Bao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shool of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China.
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45
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Eslami M, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Ghasemi Y. Computational approach to suggest a new multi-target-directed ligand as a potential medication for Alzheimer’s disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4825-4839. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1564701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Eslami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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46
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Borio A, Holgado A, Garate JA, Beyaert R, Heine H, Zamyatina A. Disaccharide-Based Anionic Amphiphiles as Potent Inhibitors of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2317-2331. [PMID: 30276970 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances made in the last decade in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of sepsis and in the development of clinically relevant therapies, sepsis remains the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units with increasing incidence worldwide. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-a transmembrane pattern-recognition receptor responsible for propagating the immediate immune response to Gram-negative bacterial infection-plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and chronic inflammation-related disorders. TLR4 is complexed with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensing protein myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) which represents a preferred target for establishing new anti-inflammatory treatment strategies. Herein we report the development, facile synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel disaccharide-based TLR4⋅MD-2 antagonists with potent anti-endotoxic activity at micromolar concentrations. A series of synthetic anionic glycolipids entailing amide-linked β-ketoacyl lipid residues was prepared in a straightforward manner by using a single orthogonally protected nonreducing diglucosamine scaffold. Suppression of the LPS-induced release of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor was monitored and confirmed in human immune cells (MNC and THP1) and mouse macrophages. Structure-activity relationship studies and molecular dynamics simulations revealed the structural basis for the high-affinity interaction between anionic glycolipids and MD-2, and highlighted two compounds as leads for the development of potential anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Borio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aurora Holgado
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jose Antonio Garate
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL), Parkallee 22, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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47
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Xiong Y, Gao W, Xia F, Sun Y, Sun L, Wang L, Ben S, Turvey SE, Yang H, Li Q. Peptide-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids as Promising Anti-Inflammatory Nanotherapeutics for Acute Lung Injury: In Vivo Efficacy, Biodistribution, and Clearance. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800510. [PMID: 30101578 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown great promises in various biomedical applications. Although GNPs exhibit excellent therapeutic efficacy in in vitro and in vivo in numerous studies, there still exists significant biosafety concerns, mainly for their nonbiodegradability and tendency to be trapped in the liver and spleen. To tackle this problem, hexapeptides are utilized to modify the GNP surface to not only impart them with potent anti-inflammatory activity, but also facilitate their rapid clearance in vivo. Previously, a unique class of peptide-GNP hybrids that potently inhibit multiple TLR signaling pathways in macrophages was identified; in this work, it is further demonstrated that these hybrids, after intratracheal instillation, are capable of effectively reducing lung inflammation and injury by decreasing neutrophil infiltration and increasing the number of regulatory T cells in the lung in a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. More importantly, these hybrids can be effectively excreted 26 h post-administration with only 8.49 ± 0.70% of them remaining in the body, primarily in the lung and intestine and less than 0.03% accumulated in the liver and spleen. This work provides strong evidences that properly designed peptide-GNP hybrids can serve as the next generation of effective and safe anti-inflammatory nanotherapeutics to treat ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineChanghai HospitalSecond Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineMedicine, 85 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Shanghai 200052 China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Laboratory MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Suqin Ben
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research InstituteDepartment of PediatricsFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineChanghai HospitalSecond Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University Shanghai 200120 China
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Wu G, Xu G, Chen DW, Gao WX, Xiong JQ, Shen HY, Gao YQ. Hypoxia Exacerbates Inflammatory Acute Lung Injury via the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1667. [PMID: 30083155 PMCID: PMC6064949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by non-cardiogenic diffuse alveolar damage and often leads to a lethal consequence, particularly when hypoxia coexists. The treatment of ALI remains a challenge: pulmonary inflammation and hypoxia both contribute to its onset and progression and no effective prevention approach is available. Here, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of hypoxia interaction with inflammation in ALI and to evaluate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)—the crucial modulator in hypoxia—as a potential therapeutic target against ALI. First, we developed a novel ALI rat model induced by a combined low-dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with acute hypoxia. Second, we used gene microarray analysis to evaluate the inflammatory profiles of bronchi alveolar lavage fluid cells of ALI rats. Third, we employed an alveolar macrophage cell line, NR8383 as an in vitro system together with a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist TAK-242, to verify our in vivo findings from ALI animals. Finally, we tested the therapeutic effects of HIF-1α augmentation against inflammation and hypoxia in ALI. We demonstrated that (i) LPS upregulated inflammatory genes, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in the alveolar macrophages of ALI rats, which were further enhanced when ALI combined with hypoxia; (ii) hypoxia exposure could further enhance the upregulation of alveolar macrophageal TLR4 that was noticed in LPS-induced inflammatory ALI, conversely, TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 could suppress the macrophageal expression of TLR4 and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, suggesting that the TLR4 signaling pathway as a central link between inflammation and hypoxia in ALI; (iii) manipulation of HIF-1α in vitro could suppress TLR4 expression induced by combined LPS and hypoxia, via suppressing promoter activity of the TLR4 gene; (iv) preconditioning augmentation of HIF-1α in vivo by HIF hydroxylase inhibitor, DMOG excreted protection against inflammatory, and hypoxic processes in ALI. Together, we see that hypoxia can exacerbate inflammation in ALI via the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway in alveolar macrophages and predispose impairment of the alveolar-capillary barrier in the development of ALI. Targeting HIF-1α can suppress TLR4 expression and macrophageal inflammation, suggesting the potential therapeutic and preventative value of HIF-1α/TLR4 crosstalk pathway in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - De-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Gao
- College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Qiong Xiong
- Intensive Care Unit, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Shen
- Robert Stone Dow Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
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The Central Role of the Inflammatory Response in Understanding the Heterogeneity of Sepsis-3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5086516. [PMID: 29977913 PMCID: PMC6011097 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5086516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In sepsis-3, in contrast with sepsis-1, the definition "systemic inflammatory response" has been replaced with "dysregulated host response", and "systemic inflammatory response syndrome" (SIRS) has been replaced with "sequential organ failure assessment" (SOFA). Although the definition of sepsis has changed, the debate regarding its nature is ongoing. What are the fundamental processes controlling sepsis-induced inflammation, immunosuppression, or organ failure? In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of sepsis-3 and address the central role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of sepsis. An unbalanced pro- and anti-inflammatory response, inflammatory resolution disorder, and persistent inflammation play important roles in the acute and/or chronic phases of sepsis. Moreover, powerful links exist between inflammation and other host responses (such as the neuroendocrine response, coagulation, and immunosuppression). We suggest that a comprehensive evaluation of the role of the inflammatory response will improve our understanding of the heterogeneity of sepsis.
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50
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Caputi V, Giron MC. Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061689. [PMID: 29882798 PMCID: PMC6032048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by α-synucleinopathy, which involves all districts of the brain-gut axis, including the central, autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The highly bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut is markedly influenced by the microbiome through integrated immunological, neuroendocrine and neurological processes. The gut microbiota and its relevant metabolites interact with the host via a series of biochemical and functional inputs, thereby affecting host homeostasis and health. Indeed, a dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis in PD might lie at the basis of gastrointestinal dysfunctions which predominantly emerge many years prior to the diagnosis, corroborating the theory that the pathological process is spread from the gut to the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs primarily found in microorganisms and a dysregulation in their signaling may be implicated in α-synucleinopathy, such as PD. An overstimulation of the innate immune system due to gut dysbiosis and/or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, together with higher intestinal barrier permeability, may provoke local and systemic inflammation as well as enteric neuroglial activation, ultimately triggering the development of alpha-synuclein pathology. In this review, we provide the current knowledge regarding the relationship between the microbiota-gut⁻brain axis and TLRs in PD. A better understanding of the dialogue sustained by the microbiota-gut-brain axis and innate immunity via TLR signaling should bring interesting insights in the pathophysiology of PD and provide novel dietary and/or therapeutic measures aimed at shaping the gut microbiota composition, improving the intestinal epithelial barrier function and balancing the innate immune response in PD patients, in order to influence the early phases of the following neurodegenerative cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caputi
- Pharmacology Building, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12YT20 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Pharmacology Building, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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