1
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Petralla S, Panayotova M, Franchina E, Fricker G, Puris E. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:948. [PMID: 39065645 PMCID: PMC11279518 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacting the lives of millions of people worldwide. The formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plagues in the brain is the main pathological hallmark of AD. The Aβ deposits are formed due to the imbalance between the production and Aβ clearance in the brain and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this respect, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) plays a significant role by mediating both brain Aβ production and clearance. Due to its important role in AD pathogenesis, LRP1 is considered an attractive drug target for AD therapies. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis as well as recent findings on changes in LRP1 expression and function in AD. Finally, we discuss the advances in utilizing LRP1 as a drug target for AD treatments as well as future perspectives on LRP1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.P.); (M.P.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
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2
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Carstens G, Verbeek MM, Rohlwink UK, Figaji AA, te Brake L, van Laarhoven A. Metabolite transport across central nervous system barriers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1063-1077. [PMID: 38546534 PMCID: PMC11179608 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241241908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used to improve diagnostics and pathophysiological understanding of neurological diseases. Alterations in CSF metabolite levels can partly be attributed to changes in brain metabolism, but relevant transport processes influencing CSF metabolite concentrations should be considered. The entry of molecules including metabolites into the central nervous system (CNS), is tightly controlled by the blood-brain, blood-CSF, and blood-spinal cord barriers, where aquaporins and membrane-bound carrier proteins regulate influx and efflux via passive and active transport processes. This report therefore provides reference for future CSF metabolomic work, by providing a detailed summary of the current knowledge on the location and function of the involved transporters and routing of metabolites from blood to CSF and from CSF to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Carstens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony A Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindsey te Brake
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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3
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Rijmers J, Retmana IA, Bui V, Arguedas D, Lebre MC, Sparidans RW, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. ABCB1 attenuates brain exposure to the KRAS G12C inhibitor opnurasib whereas binding to mouse carboxylesterase 1c influences its plasma exposure. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116720. [PMID: 38733773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Opnurasib (JDQ443) is a newly developed oral KRASG12C inhibitor, with a binding mechanism distinct from the registered KRASG12C inhibitors sotorasib and adagrasib. Phase I and II clinical trials for opnurasib in NSCLC are ongoing. We evaluated the pharmacokinetic roles of the ABCB1 (P-gp/MDR1) and ABCG2 (BCRP) efflux and OATP1 influx transporters, and of the metabolizing enzymes CYP3A and CES1 in plasma and tissue disposition of oral opnurasib, using genetically modified cell lines and mouse models. In vitro, opnurasib was potently transported by human (h)ABCB1 and slightly by mouse (m)Abcg2. In Abcb1a/b- and Abcb1a/b;Abcg2-deficient mice, a significant ∼100-fold increase in brain-to-plasma ratios was observed. Brain penetration was unchanged in Abcg2-/- mice. ABCB1 activity in the blood-brain barrier may therefore potentially limit the efficacy of opnurasib against brain metastases. The Abcb1a/b transporter activity could be almost completely reversed by co-administration of elacridar, a dual ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor, increasing the brain penetration without any behavioral or postural signs of acute CNS-related toxicity. No significant pharmacokinetic roles of the OATP1 transporters were observed. Transgenic human CYP3A4 did not substantially affect the plasma exposure of opnurasib, indicating that opnurasib is likely not a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate. Interestingly, Ces1-/- mice showed a 4-fold lower opnurasib plasma exposure compared to wild-type mice, whereas no strong effect was seen on the tissue distribution. Plasma Ces1c therefore likely binds opnurasib, increasing its retention in plasma. The obtained pharmacokinetic insights may be useful for further optimization of the clinical efficacy and safety of opnurasib, and might reveal potential drug-drug interaction risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Rijmers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene A Retmana
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Viët Bui
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Davinia Arguedas
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Han T, Xu Y, Sun L, Hashimoto M, Wei J. Microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1241-1248. [PMID: 37905870 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in response to aging are considered to be indicators of brain aging; they have a great impact on the aging process and are the main risk factors for neurodegeneration. Reviewing the microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases will help understand the importance of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. This review describes the origin and function of microglia and focuses on the role of different states of the microglial response to aging and chronic inflammation on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and Parkinson's disease. This review also describes the potential benefits of treating neurodegenerative diseases by modulating changes in microglial states. Therefore, inducing a shift from the neurotoxic to neuroprotective microglial state in neurodegenerative diseases induced by aging and chronic inflammation holds promise for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Basic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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5
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Zahoor SM, Ishaq S, Ahmed T. Neurotoxic effects of metals on blood brain barrier impairment and possible therapeutic approaches. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 126:1-24. [PMID: 39029969 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to neurotoxic and heavy metals (Pb2+, As3+, Mn2+, Cd2+, etc) has increased over time and has shown to negatively affect brain health. Heavy metals can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in various ways including receptor or carrier-mediated transport, passive diffusion, or transport via gaps in the endothelial cells of the brain. In high concentrations, these metals have been shown to cause structural and functional impairment to the BBB, by inducing oxidative stress, ion dyshomeostasis, tight junction (TJ) loss, astrocyte/pericyte damage and interference of gap junctions. The structural and functional impairment of the BBB results in increased BBB permeability, which ultimately leads to accumulation of these heavy metals in the brain and their subsequent toxicity. As a result of these effects, heavy metals are correlated with various neurological disorders. The pathological effects of these heavy metals can be effectively mitigated via chelation. In addition, it is possible to treat the associated disorders by counteracting the molecular mechanisms associated with the brain and BBB impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Mehak Zahoor
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Ishaq
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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6
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Villa M, Wu J, Hansen S, Pahnke J. Emerging Role of ABC Transporters in Glia Cells in Health and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2024; 13:740. [PMID: 38727275 PMCID: PMC11083179 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a crucial role for the efflux of a wide range of substrates across different cellular membranes. In the central nervous system (CNS), ABC transporters have recently gathered significant attention due to their pivotal involvement in brain physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glial cells are fundamental for normal CNS function and engage with several ABC transporters in different ways. Here, we specifically highlight ABC transporters involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their implications in its metabolic regulation. We also show new aspects related to ABC transporter function found in less recognized diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding both their impact on the physiological regulation of the CNS and their roles in brain diseases holds promise for uncovering new therapeutic options. Further investigations and preclinical studies are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between glial ABC transporters and physiological brain functions, potentially leading to effective therapeutic interventions also for rare CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Villa
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefanie Hansen
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM)/Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia (LU), Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv IL-6997801, Israel
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7
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Zapata-Acevedo JF, Mantilla-Galindo A, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Blood-brain barrier biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:1-88. [PMID: 38797540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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8
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Henrio Marcellin DF, Huang J. Exploring Zika Virus Impact on Endothelial Permeability: Insights into Transcytosis Mechanisms and Vascular Leakage. Viruses 2024; 16:629. [PMID: 38675970 PMCID: PMC11054372 DOI: 10.3390/v16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating brain disease is challenging, and the Zika virus (ZIKV) presents a unique obstacle due to its neuroinvasive nature. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of ZIKV and explore how the virus interacts with the body's immune responses and the role of the protein Mfsd2a in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ZIKV neuroinvasion. ZIKV has emerged as a significant public health concern due to its association with severe neurological problems, including microcephaly and Gillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Understanding its journey through the brain-particularly its interaction with the placenta and BBB-is crucial. The placenta, which is designed to protect the fetus, becomes a pathway for ZIKV when infected. The BBB is composed of brain endothelial cells, acts as a second barrier, and protects the fetal brain. However, ZIKV finds ways to disrupt these barriers, leading to potential damage. This study explores the mechanisms by which ZIKV enters the CNS and highlights the role of transcytosis, which allows the virus to move through the cells without significantly disrupting the BBB. Although the exact mechanisms of transcytosis are unclear, research suggests that ZIKV may utilize this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
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9
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Yazdi MK, Alavi MS, Roohbakhsh A. The role of ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in Alzheimer's disease: A review of the mechanisms. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:423-438. [PMID: 38275217 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis is essential for central nervous system function. Consequently, factors that affect cholesterol homeostasis are linked to neurological disorders and pathologies. Among them, ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) plays a significant role in atherosclerosis. However, its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear. There is inconsistent information regarding ABCG1's role in AD. It can increase or decrease amyloid β (Aβ) levels in animals' brains. Clinical studies show that ABCG1 is involved in AD patients' impairment of cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Lower Aβ levels in the CSF are correlated with ABCG1-mediated CEC dysfunction. ABCG1 modulates α-, β-, and γ-secretase activities in the plasma membrane and may affect Aβ production in the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM) cell compartment. Despite contradictory findings regarding ABCG1's role in AD, this review shows that ABCG1 has a role in Aβ generation via modulation of membrane secretases. It is, however, necessary to investigate the underlying mechanism(s). ABCG1 may also contribute to AD pathology through its role in apoptosis and oxidative stress. As a result, ABCG1 plays a role in AD and is a candidate for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbasi Yazdi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Puris E, Saveleva L, Auriola S, Gynther M, Kanninen KM, Fricker G. Sex-specific changes in protein expression of membrane transporters in the brain cortex of 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1365051. [PMID: 38572427 PMCID: PMC10989684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1365051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters playing an important role in the passage of drugs, metabolites and nutrients across the membranes of the brain cells have been shown to be involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about sex-specific changes in transporter protein expression at the brain in AD. Here, we investigated sex-specific alterations in protein expression of three ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and five solute carriers (SLC) transporters in the prefrontal cortex of a commonly used model of familial AD (FAD), 5xFAD mice. Sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based quantitative targeted absolute proteomic analysis was applied for absolute quantification of transporter protein expression. We compared the changes in transporter protein expressions in 7-month-old male and female 5xFAD mice versus sex-matched wild-type mice. The study revealed a significant sex-specific increase in protein expression of ABCC1 (p = 0.007) only in male 5xFAD mice as compared to sex-matched wild-type animals. In addition, the increased protein expression of glucose transporter 1 (p = 0.01), 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (p = 0.01) and long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 (p = 0.02) were found only in female 5xFAD mice as compared to sex-matched wild-type animals. Finally, protein expression of alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter 1 was upregulated in both male (p = 0.02) and female (p = 0.002) 5xFAD mice. The study provides important information about sex-specific changes in brain cortical transporter expression in 5xFAD mice, which will facilitate drug development of therapeutic strategies for AD targeting these transporters and drug delivery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Grullon JR, Koutsouras GW, Onwumere NF, Lehmann DF, Krishnamurthy S. Do P-glycoprotein Medications Alter the Risk of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Adults with Hydrocephalus? J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:371-377. [PMID: 37751442 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a disorder caused by excess fluid accumulation in the brain and results in brain damage with consequent cognitive and physical problems. This condition has no cure; the only treatment is brain surgery. Experimental data indicate that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus due to its function in clearing macromolecules from the brain. Numerous medications frequently used are classified as P-gp inducers or inhibitors, and comprehending their effects may aid in attaining improved patient outcomes. Therefore, in this single-center retrospective study, we examined the risk of the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement over 10 years among 4588 adult patients with hydrocephalus not exposed to any P-gp inhibitors/inducers or exclusively exposed to either P-gp inhibitors or inducers. Our analysis shows that patients exposed to P-gp inhibitors had a 3.2 times higher risk of requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery (P < .0001). In contrast, the relative risk was not significantly affected (P = .07) among those exposed to P-gp inducers. Our findings indicate the need for caution when prescribing P-gp inhibitors to patients with hydrocephalus. Additional studies using larger cohorts are required to confirm whether P-gp inducers in patients with hydrocephalus can mitigate the risk of ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Grullon
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George W Koutsouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nneka F Onwumere
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - David F Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Satish Krishnamurthy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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12
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Miciaccia M, Rizzo F, Centonze A, Cavallaro G, Contino M, Armenise D, Baldelli OM, Solidoro R, Ferorelli S, Scarcia P, Agrimi G, Zingales V, Cimetta E, Ronsisvalle S, Sipala FM, Polosa PL, Fortuna CG, Perrone MG, Scilimati A. Harmaline to Human Mitochondrial Caseinolytic Serine Protease Activation for Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:135. [PMID: 38276008 PMCID: PMC10821046 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), affecting children aged 4-7 years, is a rare, aggressive tumor that originates in the pons and then spreads to nearby tissue. DIPG is the leading cause of death for pediatric brain tumors due to its infiltrative nature and inoperability. Radiotherapy has only a palliative effect on stabilizing symptoms. In silico and preclinical studies identified ONC201 as a cytotoxic agent against some human cancer cell lines, including DIPG ones. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of the complex of the human mitochondrial caseinolytic serine protease type C (hClpP) and ONC201 (PDB ID: 6DL7) allowed hClpP to be identified as its main target. The hyperactivation of hClpP causes damage to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cell death. In some DIPG patients receiving ONC201, an acquired resistance was observed. In this context, a wide program was initiated to discover original scaffolds for new hClpP activators to treat ONC201-non-responding patients. Harmaline, a small molecule belonging to the chemical class of β-carboline, was identified through Fingerprints for Ligands and Proteins (FLAP), a structure-based virtual screening approach. Molecular dynamics simulations and a deep in vitro investigation showed interesting information on the interaction and activation of hClpP by harmaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Miciaccia
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Antonella Centonze
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Heterocyclic Compounds ModHet, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Domenico Armenise
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Olga Maria Baldelli
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Roberta Solidoro
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Savina Ferorelli
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Veronica Zingales
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Federica Maria Sipala
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Paola Loguercio Polosa
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Cosimo Gianluca Fortuna
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Heterocyclic Compounds ModHet, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
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13
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Gil M, Knetki-Wróblewska M, Niziński P, Strzemski M, Krawczyk P. Effectiveness of ALK inhibitors in treatment of CNS metastases in NSCLC patients. Ann Med 2023; 55:1018-1028. [PMID: 36896848 PMCID: PMC10795653 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2187077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastases to the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer constitute an extremely difficult clinical problem, and their occurrence is associated with a poor prognosis. Due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the action of proteins responsible for the transport of drugs, e.g. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the penetration of drugs into the CNS is insufficient. Until recently, the only method of CNS metastases treatment was radiotherapy and neurosurgery. The advancement of molecular biology allowed discover targets for molecularly targeted therapies. One of targets is abnormal anaplastic lymphoma kinase, which results from the rearrangement of the ALK gene in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ALK rearrangement occurs in only about 4.5% of NSCLC patients, but its presence favors brain metastases. The ALK inhibitors (ALKi) were modified to obtain molecules with high ability to penetrate into the CNS. This was achieved by modifying the structure of individual molecules, which became, inter alia, less substrates for P-gp. These modifications caused that less than 10% of patients experience progression in CNS during new ALK inhibitors treatment. This review summarizes the knowledge about the action of BBB, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ALKi, with particular emphasis on their ability to penetrate the CNS and the intracranial activity of individual drugs from different generations of ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gil
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Knetki-Wróblewska
- Department of Lung Cancer and Chest Tumors, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Harby SA, Khalil NA, El-Sayed NS, Thabet EH, Saleh SR, Fathelbab MH. Implications of BCRP modulation on PTZ-induced seizures in mice: Role of ko143 and metformin as adjuvants to lamotrigine. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2627-2636. [PMID: 37067582 PMCID: PMC10497685 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters' overexpression hinders antiepileptic drug brain entry. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a major BBB efflux transporter. In the present work, BCRP's role as a mechanism that might contribute to drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in a mouse model of acute seizures was studied with further assessment of the effect of its inhibition by ko143 and metformin (MET) on lamotrigine (LTG) bioavailability and efficacy. 42 male mice divided into 6 groups: G1: Normal control, G2: LTG-injected healthy mice: LTG 20 mg/kg i.p., G3: Acute seizures (A.S) mice: Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 50 mg/kg i.p., G4: LTG-treated A.S mice: LTG 20 mg/kg + PTZ 50 mg/kg i.p., G5: Ko143 + LTG treated A.S mice: Ko143 15 mg/kg i.p. before LTG + PTZ, G6: MET + LTG treated A.S mice: MET 200 mg/kg i.p. before LTG + PTZ. Seizures severity, serum, brain LTG, and brain BCRP were assessed. PTZ group experienced the highest seizure frequency and brain BCRP expression. Ko143 and MET groups showed a significant decrease in brain BCRP with subsequent improvement in brain LTG level and better seizure control. BCRP has a significant role in epilepsy resistance and its inhibition with ko143 or MET adds value to DRE management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar A Harby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nehal A Khalil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Norhan S El-Sayed
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Its Application (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar R Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Bioscreening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona Hassan Fathelbab
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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15
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Bai Y, Mi W, Meng X, Dong B, Jiang Y, Lu Y, Yu Y. Hydrogen alleviated cognitive impairment and blood‒brain barrier damage in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by regulating ABC efflux transporters in a PPARα-dependent manner. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:37. [PMID: 37474902 PMCID: PMC10360271 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) can protect against blood‒brain barrier (BBB) damage in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), but the mechanism is still unclear. We examined whether it is related to PPARα and its regulatory targets, ABC efflux transporters. After injection with DMSO/GW6471 (a PPARα inhibitor), the mice subjected to sham/caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery were treated with H2 for 60 min postoperation. Additionally, bEnd.3 cells were grown in DMSO/GW6471-containing or saline medium with LPS. In addition to the survival rates, cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze and fear conditioning tests. Brain tissues were stained with TUNEL and Nissl staining. Additionally, inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, and IL-1β) were evaluated with ELISA, and PPARα, ZO-1, occludin, VE-cadherin, P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 were detected using Western blotting. BBB destruction was assessed by brain water content and Evans blue (EB) extravasation. Finally, we found that H2 improved survival rates and brain dysfunction and decreased inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, H2 decreased water content in the brain and EB extravasation and increased ZO-1, occludin, VE-cadherin and ABC efflux transporters regulated by PPARα. Thus, we concluded that H2 decreases BBB permeability to protect against brain dysfunction in sepsis; this effect is mediated by PPARα and its regulation of ABC efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Wen Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Xiaoyin Meng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Beibei Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yuechun Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
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16
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Faucher Q, van der Made TK, De Lange E, Masereeuw R. Blood-brain barrier perturbations by uremic toxins: key contributors in chronic kidney disease-induced neurological disorders? Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 187:106462. [PMID: 37169097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is multifactorial and estimated to affect more than 840 million people worldwide constituting a major global health crisis. The number of patients will continue to rise mostly because of the ageing population and the increased prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. Patients with advanced stages display a loss of kidney function leading to an accumulation of, a.o. protein-bound uremic toxins that are poorly eliminated by renal replacement therapies. This systemic retention of toxic metabolites, known as the uremic syndrome, affects other organs. Indeed, neurological complications such as cognitive impairment, uremic encephalopathy, and anxiety have been reported in chronic kidney disease patients. Several factors are involved, including hemodynamic disorders and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. The BBB guarantees the exchange of solutes between the blood and the brain through a complex cellular organization and a diverse range of transport proteins. We hypothesize that the increased exposure of the brain to protein-bound uremic toxins is involved in BBB disruption and induces a perturbation in the activity of endothelial membrane transporters. This phenomenon could play a part in the evolution of neurological disorders driven by this kidney-brain crosstalk impairment. In this review, we present chronic kidney disease-induced neurological complications by focusing on the pathological relationship between the BBB and protein-bound uremic toxins. The importance of mechanistically delineating the impact of protein-bound uremic toxins on BBB integrity and membrane drug transporter expression and function in brain endothelial capillary cells is highlighted. Additionally, we put forward current knowledge gaps in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Faucher
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas K van der Made
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth De Lange
- Predictive Pharmacology group, Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, The Netherlands.
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Alnaqbi N, Mohammad MG, Hamoudi R, Mabondzo A, Harati R. Molecular Heterogeneity of the Brain Endothelium. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3462-3478. [PMID: 37185751 PMCID: PMC10136751 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is part of a neurovascular structure located in the brain's micro vessels, that is essential to maintain brain homeostasis, but prevents the brain uptake of most drugs. Because of its importance in neuro-pharmacotherapy, the BBB has been the subject of extensive research since its discovery over 100 years ago. Major advances in understanding the structure and function of the barrier have been made. Drugs are re-designed to cross the BBB. However, despite these efforts, overcoming the BBB efficiently to treat brain diseases safely remains challenging. The majority of BBB research studies focus on the BBB as a homogenous structure throughout the different brain regions. However, this simplification may lead to an inadequate understanding of the BBB function with significant therapeutic consequences. From this perspective, we analyzed the gene and protein expression profiles of the BBB in the micro vessels from the brains of mice that were isolated from two different brain regions, namely the cortex and the hippocampus. The expression profile of the inter-endothelial junctional protein (claudin-5), three ABC transporters (P-glycoprotein, Bcrp and Mrp-1), and three BBB receptors (lrp-1, TRF and GLUT-1) were analyzed. Our gene and protein analysis showed that the brain endothelium in the hippocampus exhibits different expression profiles compared to the brain cortex. Specifically, brain endothelial cells (BECs) of the hippocampus express higher gene levels of abcb1, abcg2, lrp1, and slc2a1 compared to the BECs of the cortex regions with a trend of increase for claudin-5, while BECs of the cortex express higher gene levels of abcc1 and trf compared to the hippocampus. At the protein levels, the P-gp expression was found to be significantly higher in the hippocampus compared to the cortex, while TRF was found to be up-regulated in the cortex. These data suggest that the structure and function of the BBB are not homogeneous, and imply that drugs are not delivered similarly among the different brain regions. Appreciation of the BBB heterogeneity by future research programs is thus critical for efficient drug delivery and the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Alnaqbi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad G Mohammad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Aloïse Mabondzo
- Department of Medicines and Healthcare Technologies, Paris-Saclay University, The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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18
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The role of the blood-brain barrier during neurological disease and infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:613-626. [PMID: 36929707 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
A healthy brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the endothelial cells that line brain capillaries. The BBB plays an extremely important role in supporting normal neuronal function by maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment and restricting pathogen and toxin entry to the brain. Dysfunction of this highly complex and regulated structure can be life threatening. BBB dysfunction is implicated in many neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and brain infections. Among other mechanisms, inflammation and/or flow disturbances are major causes of BBB dysfunction in neurological infections and diseases. In particular, in ischaemic stroke, both inflammation and flow disturbances contribute to BBB disruption, leading to devastating consequences. While a transient or minor disruption to the barrier function could be tolerated, chronic or a total breach of the barrier can result in irreversible brain damage. It is worth noting that timing and extent of BBB disruption play an important role in the process of any repair of brain damage and treatment strategies. This review evaluates and summarises some of the latest research on the role of the BBB during neurological disease and infection with a focus on the effects of inflammation and flow disturbances on the BBB. The BBB's crucial role in protecting the brain is also the bottleneck in central nervous system drug development. Therefore, innovative strategies to carry therapeutics across the BBB and novel models to screen drugs, and to study the complex, overlapping mechanisms of BBB disruption are urgently needed.
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19
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Goracci L, Nurisso A, Roussel E, Pérès B, Chaptal V, Falson P, Marminon C, Jose J, Le Borgne M, Boumendjel A. Inhibitors of ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance: Lead generation through computer-aided drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115070. [PMID: 36628850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), known also as ABCG2, plays a major role in multiple drug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells. Through this ABC transporter, cancer cells acquire the ability of resistance to structurally and functionally unrelated anticancer drugs. Nowadays, the design of ABCG2 inhibitors as potential agents to enhance the chemotherapy efficacy is an interesting strategy. In this context, we have used computer-aided drug design (CADD) based on available data of a large series of potent inhibitors from our groups as an approach in guiding the design of effective ABCG2 inhibitors. We report therein the results on the use of the FLAPpharm method to elucidate the pharmacophoric features of one of the ABCG2 binding sites involved in the regulation of the basal ATPase activity of the transporter. The predictivity of the model was evaluated by testing three predicted compounds which were found to induce high inhibitory activity of BCRP, in the nanomolar range for the best of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nurisso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emile Roussel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, LRB UMR 1039, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Basile Pérès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, UMR 5063, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Marminon
- Small Molecules for Biological Targets Team, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Jose
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Small Molecules for Biological Targets Team, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, LRB UMR 1039, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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20
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Hanafy AS, Steinlein P, Pitsch J, Silva MH, Vana N, Becker AJ, Graham ME, Schoch S, Lamprecht A, Dietrich D. Subcellular analysis of blood-brain barrier function by micro-impalement of vessels in acute brain slices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:481. [PMID: 36717572 PMCID: PMC9886996 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a tightly and actively regulated vascular barrier. Answering fundamental biological and translational questions about the BBB with currently available approaches is hampered by a trade-off between accessibility and biological validity. We report an approach combining micropipette-based local perfusion of capillaries in acute brain slices with multiphoton microscopy. Micro-perfusion offers control over the luminal solution and allows application of molecules and drug delivery systems, whereas the bath solution defines the extracellular milieu in the brain parenchyma. Here we show, that this combination allows monitoring of BBB transport at the cellular level, visualization of BBB permeation of cells and molecules in real-time and resolves subcellular details of the neurovascular unit. In combination with electrophysiology, it permits comparison of drug effects on neuronal activity following luminal versus parenchymal application. We further apply micro-perfusion to the human and mouse BBB of epileptic hippocampi highlighting its utility for translational research and analysis of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Steinlein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mariella Hurtado Silva
- Synapse Proteomics, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natascha Vana
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Evan Graham
- Synapse Proteomics, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Schurhoff N, Toborek M. Circadian rhythms in the blood-brain barrier: impact on neurological disorders and stress responses. Mol Brain 2023; 16:5. [PMID: 36635730 PMCID: PMC9835375 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-00997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption has become more prevalent in society due to the increase in shift work, sleep disruption, blue light exposure, and travel via different time zones. The circadian rhythm is a timed transcription-translation feedback loop with positive regulators, BMAL1 and CLOCK, that interact with negative regulators, CRY and PER, to regulate both the central and peripheral clocks. This review highlights the functions of the circadian rhythm, specifically in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), during both healthy and pathological states. The BBB is a highly selective dynamic interface composed of CNS endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and microglia that form the neurovascular unit (NVU). Circadian rhythms modulate BBB integrity through regulating oscillations of tight junction proteins, assisting in functions of the NVU, and modulating transporter functions. Circadian disruptions within the BBB have been observed in stress responses and several neurological disorders, including brain metastasis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Further understanding of these interactions may facilitate the development of improved treatment options and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Schurhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Suite 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33155, USA.
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
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22
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Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. The Role of ABC Transporters in Skin Cells Exposed to UV Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:115. [PMID: 36613554 PMCID: PMC9820374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABC transporters are expressed in skin cells to protect them against harmful xenobiotics. Moreover, these transmembrane proteins have a number of additional functions that ensure skin homeostasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of specific ABC proteins in the skin, including multi-drug resistance transporters (MDR1/3), the transporter associated with antigen processing 1/2 (TAP1/2), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/2), and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Additionally, the effect of UV radiation on ABC transporters is shown. The exposure of skin cells to UV radiation often leads to increased activity of ABC transporters-as has been observed in the case of MDRs, TAPs, CFTR, and BCRP. A different effect of oxidative stress has been observed in the case of mitochondrial SURs. However, the limited data in the literature-as indicated in this article-highlights the limited number of experimental studies dealing with the role of ABC transporters in the physiology and pathophysiology of skin cells and the skin as a whole. At the same time, the importance of such knowledge in relation to the possibility of daily exposure to UV radiation and xenobiotics, used for both skin care and the treatment of its diseases, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics for Better Characterization of an In Vitro Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model Derived from Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243963. [PMID: 36552728 PMCID: PMC9776576 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on the use of endothelial cells derived from CD34+-hematopoietic stem cells and cultured with brain pericytes. The purpose of the present study was to provide information on the protein expression levels of the transporters, receptors, tight junction/adherence junction molecules, and transporter-associated molecules of human brain-like endothelial cells (hBLECs). The absolute protein expression levels were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative targeted absolute proteomics and compared with those from human brain microvessels (hBMVs). The protein levels of CD144, CD147, MRP4, Annexin A6 and caveolin-1 showed more than 3-fold abundance in hBLECs, those of MCT1, Connexin 43, TfR1, and claudin-5 showed less than 3-fold differences, and the protein levels of other drug efflux transporters and nutrient transporters were less represented in hBLECs than in hBMVs. It is noteworthy that BCRP was more expressed than MDR1 in hBLECs, as this was the case for hBMVs. These results suggest that transports mediated by MCT1, TfR1, and claudin-5-related tight junction function reflect the in vivo BBB situation. The present study provided a better characterization of hBLECs and clarified the equivalence of the transport characteristics between in vitro BBB models and in vivo BBB models using LC-MS/MS-based protein quantification.
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24
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Pawar B, Vasdev N, Gupta T, Mhatre M, More A, Anup N, Tekade RK. Current Update on Transcellular Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122719. [PMID: 36559214 PMCID: PMC9786068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes drug delivery to the brain more challenging. There are various mechanistic routes through which therapeutic molecules travel and deliver the drug across the BBB. Among all the routes, the transcellular route is widely explored to deliver therapeutics. Advances in nanotechnology have encouraged scientists to develop novel formulations for brain drug delivery. In this article, we have broadly discussed the BBB as a limitation for brain drug delivery and ways to solve it using novel techniques such as nanomedicine, nose-to-brain drug delivery, and peptide as a drug delivery carrier. In addition, the article will help to understand the different factors governing the permeability of the BBB, as well as various formulation-related factors and the body clearance of the drug delivered into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-796674550 or +91-7966745555; Fax: +91-7966745560
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25
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Faria P, Pacheco C, Moura RP, Sarmento B, Martins C. Multifunctional nanomedicine strategies to manage brain diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 13:1322-1342. [PMID: 36344871 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain diseases represent a substantial social and economic burden, currently affecting one in six individuals worldwide. Brain research has been focus of great attention in order to unravel the pathogenesis and complexity of brain diseases at the cellular, molecular, and microenvironmental levels. Due to the intrinsic nature of the brain, the presence of the highly restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the pathophysiology of most diseases, therapies can hardly be considered successful purely by the administration of one drug to a patient. Apart from improving pharmacokinetic parameters, tailoring biodistribution, and reducing the number of side effects, nanomedicines are able to actively co-target the therapeutics to the brain parenchyma and brain lesions, as well as to achieve the delivery of multiple cargos with therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic properties. Among other multivalent effects that can be personalized according to the disease needs, this represents a promising class of novel nanosystems, termed multifunctional nanomedicines. Herein, we review the principal mechanisms of therapeutic resistance of the most prevalent brain diseases, how to overcome this therapeutic resistance through the use of multifunctional nanomedicines that tackle multiple fronts of the disease microenvironment, and the promising therapeutic responses achieved by some of the most cutting-edge multifunctional nanomedicines reported in literature.
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26
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Faramarzi S, Kim MT, Volpe DA, Cross KP, Chakravarti S, Stavitskaya L. Development of QSAR models to predict blood-brain barrier permeability. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1040838. [PMID: 36339562 PMCID: PMC9633177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing drug permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is important when evaluating the abuse potential of new pharmaceuticals as well as developing novel therapeutics that target central nervous system disorders. One of the gold-standard in vivo methods for determining BBB permeability is rodent log BB; however, like most in vivo methods, it is time-consuming and expensive. In the present study, two statistical-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to predict BBB permeability of drugs based on their chemical structure. The in vivo BBB permeability data were harvested for 921 compounds from publicly available literature, non-proprietary drug approval packages, and University of Washington's Drug Interaction Database. The cross-validation performance statistics for the BBB models ranged from 82 to 85% in sensitivity and 80-83% in negative predictivity. Additionally, the performance of newly developed models was assessed using an external validation set comprised of 83 chemicals. Overall, performance of individual models ranged from 70 to 75% in sensitivity, 70-72% in negative predictivity, and 78-86% in coverage. The predictive performance was further improved to 93% in coverage by combining predictions across the two software programs. These new models can be rapidly deployed to predict blood brain barrier permeability of pharmaceutical candidates and reduce the use of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Faramarzi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Marlene T. Kim
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Donna A. Volpe
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Lidiya Stavitskaya
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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27
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Mohi-Ud-Din R, Mir RH, Mir PA, Banday N, Shah AJ, Sawhney G, Bhat MM, Batiha GE, Pottoo FH, Pottoo FH. Dysfunction of ABC Transporters at the Surface of BBB: Potential Implications in Intractable Epilepsy and Applications of Nanotechnology Enabled Drug Delivery. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:735-756. [PMID: 35980054 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220817115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting 70 million people globally. One of the fascinating attributes of brain microvasculature is the (BBB), which controls a chain of distinct features that securely regulate the molecules, ions, and cells movement between the blood and the parenchyma. The barrier's integrity is of paramount importance and essential for maintaining brain homeostasis, as it offers both physical and chemical barriers to counter pathogens and xenobiotics. Dysfunction of various transporters in the (BBB), mainly ATP binding cassette (ABC), is considered to play a vital role in hampering the availability of antiepileptic drugs into the brain. ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters constitute a most diverse protein superfamily, which plays an essential part in various biological processes, including cell homeostasis, cell signaling, uptake of nutrients, and drug metabolism. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in neuroprotection by out-flowing various internal and external toxic substances from the interior of a cell, thus decreasing their buildup inside the cell. In humans, forty-eight ABC transporters have been acknowledged and categorized into subfamilies A to G based on their phylogenetic analysis. ABC subfamilies B, C, and G, impart a vital role at the BBB in guarding the brain against the entrance of various xenobiotic and their buildup. The illnesses of the central nervous system have received a lot of attention lately Owing to the existence of the BBB, the penetration effectiveness of most CNS medicines into the brain parenchyma is very limited (BBB). In the development of neurological therapies, BBB crossing for medication delivery to the CNS continues to be a major barrier. Nanomaterials with BBB cross ability have indeed been extensively developed for the treatment of CNS diseases due to their advantageous properties. This review will focus on multiple possible factors like inflammation, oxidative stress, uncontrolled recurrent seizures, and genetic polymorphisms that result in the deregulation of ABC transporters in epilepsy and nanotechnology-enabled delivery across BBB in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Department of General Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190011, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Punjab-140301, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar-143002, Punjab, India
| | - Nazia Banday
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Jalil Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Gifty Sawhney
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Mudasir Maqbool Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Practice Division, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Servilha-Menezes G, Garcia-Cairasco N. A complex systems view on the current hypotheses of epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S8-S22. [PMID: 35253410 PMCID: PMC9340300 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy remains to this day as a highly prevalent condition affecting around one-third of patients with epilepsy, despite all the research and the development of several new antiseizure medications (ASMs) over the last decades. Epilepsies are multifactorial complex diseases, commonly associated with psychiatric, neurological, and somatic comorbidities. Thus, to solve the puzzling problem of pharmacoresistance, the diagnosis and modeling of epilepsy and comorbidities need to change toward a complex system approach. In this review, we have summarized the sequence of events for the definition of epilepsies and comorbidities, the search for mechanisms, and the major hypotheses of pharmacoresistance, drawing attention to some of the many converging aspects between the proposed mechanisms, their supporting evidence, and comorbidities-related alterations. The use of systems biology applied to epileptology may lead to the discovery of new targets and the development of new ASMs, as may advance our understanding of the epilepsies and their comorbidities, providing much deeper insight on multidrug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Saeed MEM, Boulos JC, Machel K, Andabili N, Marouni T, Roth W, Efferth T. Expression of the Stem Cell Marker ABCB5 in Normal and Tumor Tissues. In Vivo 2022; 36:1651-1666. [PMID: 35738589 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 5 (ABCB5) transporter plays a pivotal role in melanocyte progenitor cell fusion and has been identified as a tumor-initiating cell marker. In this study, we determined ABCB5 expression in normal tissues among various species, i.e., Homo sapiens, Mus musculus (mouse), Rattus norvegicus (rat), Sus scrofa domesticus (pig), Gallus gallus (chicken), Anser anser (goose), Poecilia reticulata (Guppy fish), and Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm), as well as 426 biopsies of different human tumor types (colorectal, cervical, endometrium, vaginal, nasopharyngeal, kidney, breast, colon, prostate, pancreas, lung, gallbladder, bladder, brain, liver, skin, small intestine, testis, tonsil, uterus, thyroid, stomach, esophagus, fallopian, parotid, and ovary). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemical staining, ABCB5 expression was detected and evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. RESULTS High ABCB5 expression was found in normal tissues in specialized cells with secretory and excretory functions, chorionic villi of the placenta, hepatocytes, and blood-tissue barrier sites in the brain and testis. Besides, heterogeneous expression of ABCB5 was also observed in many different tumor types derived from breast, endometrium, ovary, uterus, cervix, prostate, lung, brain, colon, liver, nasopharynx, and others. CONCLUSION The localization of ABCB5 in different normal tissues suggests that this protein has an excretory pumping role for physiological metabolites and xenobiotics. This physiological role highlighted its possible impact on the development of multidrug resistance in tumors. Further studies are required to establish the possible clinical significance of ABCB5 as a predictive marker for drug resistance and as a prognostic marker for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joelle C Boulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin Machel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nasim Andabili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thamail Marouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany;
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30
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Volpe DA, Joshi A, Arya V. Do differences in cell lines and methods used for calculation of IC 50 values influence categorisation of drugs as P-glycoprotein substrates and inhibitors? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:751-757. [PMID: 36218364 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2135040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro bidirectional assays are employed to determine whether a drug is a substrate and/or inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport. Differences between cell lines and calculation methods can lead to variations in the determination of efflux ratios (ER) and IC50 values used to classify a drug as a P-gp substrate and inhibitor, respectively.Information was collected from the literature on ER and IC50 values with digoxin as the probe substrate using different cell lines and inhibition calculation methods. Predictive performance was evaluated by comparing [Igut]/IC50 ratios versus reported in vivo results.For known P-gp substrates, 50% of the drugs had their highest ER value in MDCK-MDR1 cells while 81% had their lowest ER value in Caco-2 cells. For 30 drugs with inhibition data, lower mean IC50 values were often observed with the Caco-2 cells and calculations based on ER. Based on the cut-off criteria of [Igut]/IC50 ≥ 10, there were no significant differences in positive or negative predictive values based on either cell line or calculation method for the drugs.Within this limited dataset, differences between cell lines or IC50 calculation methods do not seem to impact the prediction of in vivo P-gp inhibitor classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna A Volpe
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Abhay Joshi
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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31
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Role of ABCA1 in Cardiovascular Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12061010. [PMID: 35743794 PMCID: PMC9225161 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have indicated that ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is one of the most important proteins that maintains cholesterol homeostasis. ABCA1 mediates nascent high-density lipoprotein biogenesis. Upon binding with apolipoprotein A-I, ABCA1 facilitates the efflux of excess intracellular cholesterol and phospholipids and controls the rate-limiting step of reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, ABCA1 interacts with the apolipoprotein receptor and suppresses inflammation through a series of signaling pathways. Thus, ABCA1 may prevent cardiovascular disease by inhibiting inflammation and maintaining lipid homeostasis. Several studies have indicated that post-transcriptional modifications play a critical role in the regulation of ABCA1 transportation and plasma membrane localization, which affects its biological function. Meanwhile, carriers of the loss-of-function ABCA1 gene are often accompanied by decreased expression of ABCA1 and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. We summarized the ABCA1 transcription regulation mechanism, mutations, post-translational modifications, and their roles in the development of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease.
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Pinto M, Silva V, Barreiro S, Silva R, Remião F, Borges F, Fernandes C. Brain drug delivery and neurodegenerative diseases: Polymeric PLGA-based nanoparticles as a forefront platform. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101658. [PMID: 35660114 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of effective drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) is a deadlock. Due to their complex etiology and high heterogeneity, progresses in the development of novel NDs therapies have been slow, raising social/economic and medical concerns. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine evolved exponentially in recent years and presented a panoply of tools projected to improve diagnosis and treatment. Drug-loaded nanosystems, particularly nanoparticles (NPs), were successfully used to address numerous drug glitches, such as efficacy, bioavailability and safety. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), mainly based on polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), have been already validated and approved for the treatment of cancer, neurologic dysfunctions and hormonal-related diseases. Despite promising no PNPs-based therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is available up to date. To stimulate the research in the area the studies performed so far with polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as well as the techniques aimed to improve PNPs BBB permeability and drug targeting were revised. Bearing in mind NDs pharmacological therapy landscape huge efforts must be done in finding new therapeutic solutions along with the translation of the most promising results to the clinic, which hopefully will converge in the development of effective drugs in a foreseeable future.
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Targeting Transporters for Drug Delivery to the Brain: Can We Do Better? Pharm Res 2022; 39:1415-1455. [PMID: 35359241 PMCID: PMC9246765 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Limited drug delivery to the brain is one of the major reasons for high failure rates of central nervous system (CNS) drug candidates. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) with its tight junctions, membrane transporters, receptors and metabolizing enzymes is a main player in drug delivery to the brain, restricting the entrance of the drugs and other xenobiotics. Current knowledge about the uptake transporters expressed at the BBB and brain parenchymal cells has been used for delivery of CNS drugs to the brain via targeting transporters. Although many transporter-utilizing (pro)drugs and nanocarriers have been developed to improve the uptake of drugs to the brain, their success rate of translation from preclinical development to humans is negligible. In the present review, we provide a systematic summary of the current progress in development of transporter-utilizing (pro)drugs and nanocarriers for delivery of drugs to the brain. In addition, we applied CNS pharmacokinetic concepts for evaluation of the limitations and gaps in investigation of the developed transporter-utilizing (pro)drugs and nanocarriers. Finally, we give recommendations for a rational development of transporter-utilizing drug delivery systems targeting the brain based on CNS pharmacokinetic principles.
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34
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Wasielewska JM, White AR. "Focused Ultrasound-mediated Drug Delivery in Humans - a Path Towards Translation in Neurodegenerative Diseases". Pharm Res 2022; 39:427-439. [PMID: 35257286 PMCID: PMC8986691 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a major protective function in preventing the entry of harmful molecules into the brain, but is simultaneously limiting the delivery of drugs, restricting their potential clinical application in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent preclinical evidence demonstrates that following application of focused ultrasound with microbubbles (FUS+MB), the BBB becomes reversibly accessible to compounds that normally are brain-impermeable, suggesting FUS+MB as a promising new platform for delivery of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system. As a step towards translation, small cohort clinical studies were performed demonstrating safe BBB opening in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients following FUS+MB, however improved drug delivery has not yet been achieved in human. Simultaneously, rapid progress in the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) modeling technology allowed for development of novel Alzheimer's disease patient-derived BBB in vitro model that reacts to FUS+MB with BBB opening and can be used to answer fundamental questions of human BBB responses to FUS+MB in health and disease. This review summarizes key features of the BBB that contribute to limited drug delivery, recapitulates recent advances in the FUS+MB mediated human BBB opening in vivo and in vitro in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, and highlights potential strategies for fast-track translation of the FUS+MB to improve bioavailability of drugs to the human brain. With safe and effective application, this innovative FUS+MB technology may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases leading to improved clinical outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wasielewska
- Cell & Molecular Biology Department, Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Anthony R White
- Cell & Molecular Biology Department, Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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35
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Shan Y, Cen Y, Zhang Y, Tan R, Zhao J, Nie Z, Zhang J, Yu S. Acyclovir Brain Disposition: Interactions with P-gp, Bcrp, Mrp2, and Oat3 at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:279-289. [PMID: 35112329 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Acyclovir is effective in treating herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions between acyclovir and the efflux pumps P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2), and organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). METHODS Acyclovir concentrations in the blood and brain were evaluated by microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Acyclovir pharmacokinetic parameters, including the area under the unbound blood concentration-time curve (AUCu,blood), the area under the unbound brain concentration-time curve (AUCu,brain), and the ratio of AUCu,brain to AUCu,blood (Kp.uu.brain), were evaluated in the presence and absence of elacridar (P-gp/Bcrp inhibitor, 7.5 mg/kg), tariquidar (P-gp/Bcrp inhibitor, 7.5 mg/kg), MK571 (Mrp2 inhibitor, 7.5 mg/kg), cyclosporine (P-gp/Bcrp/Mrp2 inhibitor, 25 mg/kg), and probenecid (Oat3 inhibitor, 50 mg/kg). RESULTS The average AUCu,blood, AUCu,brain, and Kp.uu.brain in rats who received acyclovir (25 mg/kg, intravenous) alone were 1377.7 min · μg/ml, 435.4 min · μg/ml, and 31.6%, respectively. Probenecid drastically increased the AUCu,blood of acyclovir 1.73-fold, whereas coadministration with elacridar, tariquidar, MK571, and cyclosporine did not alter the blood pharmacokinetic parameters of acyclovir. Elacridar, tariquidar, MK571, cyclosporine, and probenecid significantly increased the AUCu,brain of acyclovir 1.51-, 1.54-, 1.47-, 1.95-, and 2.34-fold, respectively. Additionally, the Kp.uu.brain of acyclovir markedly increased 1.48-, 1.63-, 1.39-, 1.90-, and 1.35-fold following elacridar, tariquidar, MK571, cyclosporine, and probenecid administration, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that P-gp, Bcrp, Mrp2, and Oat3 inhibition increased the penetration of acyclovir across the BBB, supporting the hypothesis that these efflux pumps restrict the distribution of acyclovir in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Shan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Characteristic Medical Centre of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Cen
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruishu Tan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiatang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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Manley PW, Huth F, Moussaoui S, Schoepfer J. A kinase inhibitor which specifically targets the ABL myristate pocket (STAMP), but unlike asciminib crosses the blood–brain barrier. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zarekiani P, Nogueira Pinto H, Hol EM, Bugiani M, de Vries HE. The neurovascular unit in leukodystrophies: towards solving the puzzle. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:18. [PMID: 35227276 PMCID: PMC8887016 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a highly organized multicellular system localized in the brain, formed by neuronal, glial (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and vascular (endothelial cells and pericytes) cells. The blood-brain barrier, a complex and dynamic endothelial cell barrier in the brain microvasculature that separates the blood from the brain parenchyma, is a component of the NVU. In a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, dysfunctions of the NVU occurs. There is, however, a lack of knowledge regarding the NVU function in leukodystrophies, which are rare monogenic disorders that primarily affect the white matter. Since leukodystrophies are rare diseases, human brain tissue availability is scarce and representative animal models that significantly recapitulate the disease are difficult to develop. The introduction of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) now makes it possible to surpass these limitations while maintaining the ability to work in a biologically relevant human context and safeguarding the genetic background of the patient. This review aims to provide further insights into the NVU functioning in leukodystrophies, with a special focus on iPSC-derived models that can be used to dissect neurovascular pathophysiology in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parand Zarekiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrique Nogueira Pinto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kalinina A, Gnyra C, Tang V, Xue Y, Lagace DC. Isolation of the side population from neurogenic niches enriches for endothelial cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0250752. [PMID: 35045082 PMCID: PMC8769340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In stem cell research, DNA-binding dyes offer the ability to purify live stem cells using flow cytometry as they form a low-fluorescence side population due to the activity of ABC transporters. Adult neural stem cells exist within the lateral ventricle and dentate gyrus of the adult brain yet the ability of DNA-binding dyes to identify these adult stem cells as side populations remains untested. The following experiments utilize the efflux of a DNA-binding dye, Vyrbant DyeCycle Violet (DCV), to isolate bona fide side populations in the mouse dentate gyrus and subventricular zone (SVZ), and test their sensitivity to ABC transporter inhibitors. A distinct side population was found in both the adult lateral ventricle and dentate gyrus using DCV fluorescence and forward scatter instead of the conventional dual fluorescence approach. These side populations responded strongly to inhibition with the ABC transporter antagonists, verapamil and fumitremorgin C. The majority of the cells residing in the side populations of dentate gyrus and SVZ were characterized by their expression of CD31. Additionally, at least 90% of all CD31+ cells found in the dentate gyrus and SVZ were negative for the hematopoietic marker CD45, leading to the hypothesis that the CD31+ cells in the side population were endothelial cells. These findings, therefore, suggest that the side population analysis provides an efficient method to purify CD31-expressing endothelial cells, but not adult neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kalinina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Catherine Gnyra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vera Tang
- University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yingben Xue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Diane C. Lagace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Giri R, Sharma RK. Analysis of protein association networks regulating the neuroactive metabolites production in Lactobacillus species. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 154:109978. [PMID: 34968825 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human population is intensively suffering from mental disorders and stress. Microbial metabolites may alter the brain activity, which seems to be an effective approach in the treatment of psychological distress. Earlier, microbial neuroactive metabolites such as trimethylamine, imidazolone propionate and taurine have been shown to alter the brain activity. In the present study proteins regulating their production and activity were explored in Lactobacillus species with the help of STRING (11.5) as a bioinformatic tool. Dataset network of urocanate hydratase, glycine radical enzyme and taurine ABC transporter protein (ATP-dependent transporter) have been identified in Lactobacillus nodensis, Lactobacillus vini and Lactobacillus paraplantarum strains. Further, cluster analysis of network resulted with groups of homologous proteins that most likely related to reductive monocarboxylic acid cycle, pyruvate fermentation to acetate IV and L-histidine degradation I pathway. The findings emphasize on the use and evaluation of selected Lactobacillus strains as psychoactive bacteria for the prevention and treatment of certain neurological and neurophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Giri
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India.
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Bazi Alahri M, Arshadizadeh R, Raeisi M, Khatami M, Sadat Sajadi M, Kamal Abdelbasset W, Akhmadeev R, Iravani S. Theranostic applications of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-based materials in brain disorders: Recent advances and challenges. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Prolonged sub-lethal exposure to galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) promotes the metastatic potential of glioblastoma tumor spheroids. Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:219-230. [PMID: 34687775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Galaxolide and tonalide are well-known polycyclic musks whose intensive use without limitations in numerous cleaning, hygiene, and personal care products has resulted in widespread direct human exposure via absorption, inhalation, and oral ingestion. Latest data shows that long-term, low-dose exposure to toxic chemicals can induce unpredictable harmful effects in a variety of living systems, however, interactions between synthetic musks and brain tumours remain largely unexplored. Glioblastoma (GB) accounts for nearly half of all tumours of the central nervous system and is characterized by very poor prognosis. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the potential effect of long-term (20-generation) single and combined application of galaxolide and tonalide at sub-lethal doses (5-2.5 u M) on the angiogenesis, invasion, and migration of human U87 cells or tumour spheroids, and (2) to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Random amplified polymorphic DNA assays revealed significant DNA damage and increased total mutation load in galaxolide- and/or tonalide-treated U87 cells. In those same groups, we also detected remarkable tumour spheroid invasion and up-regulation of both HIF1-α/VEGF/MMP9 and IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signals, known to have important roles in hypoxia-related angiogenesis and/or proliferation. Prolonged musk treatment further altered angio-miRNA expression in a manner consistent with poor prognosis in GB. We also detected significant over-expression of the genes Slug, Snail, ZEB1, and Vimentin, which are biomarkers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. In addition, matrigel, transwell, and wound healing assays clearly showed that long-term sub-lethal exposure to galaxolide and/or tonalide induced invasion and migration proposing a high metastatic potential. Our results suggest that assessing expression of HIF-1a, VEGF, STAT3, and the miR-17-92 cluster in biopsy samples of GB patients who have a history of possible long-term exposure to galaxolide or tonalide could be beneficial for deciding a therapy regime. Additionally, we recommend that extensively-used hygiene and cleaning materials be selected from synthetic musk-free products, especially when used in palliative care processes for GB patients.
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Regulation of P-glycoprotein by miR-27a-3p at the Brain Endothelial Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1470-1479. [PMID: 34695419 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1) is one of the most clinically relevant ABC transporters, highly enriched at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with a broad substrate spectrum including therapeutic drugs and metabolic waste products. Altered P-gp transport function has been implicated in multi-drug resistance and in the pathogenesis and progression of neurological diseases. Recent studies have shown that P-gp expression is modulated by micro-RNAs in peripheral organs. Particularly, miR-27a-3p has been shown to play a critical role in the regulation of P-gp in multi-drug resistant cancer cells. In brain disorders, altered levels of miR-27a-3p were reported in several diseases associated with alterations in P-gp expression at the BBB. However, effect of altered miR-27a-3p expression on P-gp expression at the BBB remains to be determined. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-27a-3p in the regulation of P-gp expression and activity at the brain endothelium. Levels of miR-27a-3p were modulated by mimic and inhibitor transfection in an in-vitro model of human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells. Effect of miR-27a-3p modulation on P-gp expression and activity was examined and the underlying regulatory mechanisms explored. Our results showed that transfection of hCMEC/D3 cells with miR-27a-3p mimic induces expression and activity of P-gp while miR-27a-3p inhibition exerted opposite effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR-27a-3p regulates P-gp by mediating Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3ß) inhibition and activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. These findings shed light on miR-27a-3p/GSK3ß/ß-catenin as a novel axis that could be exploited to modulate P-gp efflux activity at the brain endothelium and help improving CNS diseases treatment or brain protection.
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Stokum JA, Shim B, Huang W, Kane M, Smith JA, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. A large portion of the astrocyte proteome is dedicated to perivascular endfeet, including critical components of the electron transport chain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2546-2560. [PMID: 33818185 PMCID: PMC8504955 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211004182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The perivascular astrocyte endfoot is a specialized and diffusion-limited subcellular compartment that fully ensheathes the cerebral vasculature. Despite their ubiquitous presence, a detailed understanding of endfoot physiology remains elusive, in part due to a limited understanding of the proteins that distinguish the endfoot from the greater astrocyte body. Here, we developed a technique to isolate astrocyte endfeet from brain tissue, which was used to study the endfoot proteome in comparison to the astrocyte somata. In our approach, brain microvessels, which retain their endfoot processes, were isolated from mouse brain and dissociated, whereupon endfeet were recovered using an antibody-based column astrocyte isolation kit. Our findings expand the known set of proteins enriched at the endfoot from 10 to 516, which comprised more than 1/5th of the entire detected astrocyte proteome. Numerous critical electron transport chain proteins were expressed only at the endfeet, while enzymes involved in glycogen storage were distributed to the somata, indicating subcellular metabolic compartmentalization. The endfoot proteome also included numerous proteins that, while known to have important contributions to blood-brain barrier function, were not previously known to localize to the endfoot. Our findings highlight the importance of the endfoot and suggest new routes of investigation into endfoot function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bosung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse A Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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ATP-binding cassette transporters and neurodegenerative diseases. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:1013-1024. [PMID: 34415015 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the largest groups of transporter families in humans. ABC transporters mediate the translocation of a diverse range of substrates across cellular membranes, including amino acids, nucleosides, lipids, sugars and xenobiotics. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of brain diseases that detrimentally affect neurons and other brain cells and are usually associated with deposits of pathogenic proteins in the brain. Major neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ABC transporters are highly expressed in the brain and have been implicated in a number of pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases. This review outlines the current understanding of the role of ABC transporters in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on some of the most important pathways, and also suggests future directions for research in this field.
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García-Varela L, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Custodia A, Moraga-Amaro R, Colabufo NA, Aguiar P, Sobrino T, Dierckx RA, van Waarde A, Elsinga PH, Luurtsema G. In Vivo Induction of P-Glycoprotein Function can be Measured with [ 18F]MC225 and PET. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3073-3085. [PMID: 34228458 PMCID: PMC8383301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux pump located at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that contributes to the protection of the central nervous system by transporting neurotoxic compounds out of the brain. A decline in P-gp function has been related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. P-gp inducers can increase the P-gp function and are considered as potential candidates for the treatment of such disorders. The P-gp inducer MC111 increased P-gp expression and function in SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma and colo-320 cells, respectively. Our study aims to evaluate the P-gp inducing effect of MC111 in the whole brain in vivo, using the P-gp tracer [18F]MC225 and positron emission tomography (PET). Eighteen Wistar rats were treated with either vehicle solution, 4.5 mg/kg of MC111 (low-dose group), or 6 mg/kg of MC111 (high-dose group). Animals underwent a 60 min dynamic PET scan with arterial-blood sampling, 24 h after treatment with the inducer. Data were analyzed using the 1-tissue-compartment model and metabolite-corrected plasma as the input function. Model parameters such as the influx constant (K1) and volume of distribution (VT) were calculated, which reflect the in vivo P-gp function. P-gp and pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) expression levels of the whole brain were assessed using western blot. The administration of MC111 decreased K1 and VT of [18F]MC225 in the whole brain and all of the selected brain regions. In the high-dose group, whole-brain K1 was decreased by 34% (K1-high-dose = 0.20 ± 0.02 vs K1-control = 0.30 ± 0.02; p < 0.001) and in the low-dose group by 7% (K1-low-dose = 0.28 ± 0.02 vs K1-control = 0.30 ± 0.02; p = 0.42) compared to controls. Whole-brain VT was decreased by 25% in the high-dose group (VT-high-dose = 5.92 ± 0.41 vs VT-control = 7.82 ± 0.38; p < 0.001) and by 6% in the low-dose group (VT-low-dose = 7.35 ± 0.38 vs VT-control = 7.82 ± 0.37; p = 0.38) compared to controls. k2 values did not vary after treatment. The treatment did not affect the metabolism of [18F]MC225. Western blot studies using the whole-brain tissue did not detect changes in the P-gp expression, however, preliminary results using isolated brain capillaries found an increasing trend up to 37% in treated rats. The decrease in K1 and VT values after treatment with the inducer indicates an increase in the P-gp functionality at the BBB of treated rats. Moreover, preliminary results using brain endothelial cells also sustained the increase in the P-gp expression. In conclusion, the results verify that MC111 induces P-gp expression and function at the BBB in rats. An increasing trend regarding the P-gp expression levels is found using western blot and an increased P-gp function is confirmed with [18F]MC225 and PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Varela
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Clinical
Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health
Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía Custodia
- Clinical
Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health
Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola A. Colabufo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università
degli Studi di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pablo Aguiar
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Clinical University
Hospital, IDIS Health Research Institute, 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical
Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health
Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O.
Box 30001, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hao X, Wang B, Chen J, Wang B, Xu J, Pan J, Ma L. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of multidrug resistance-associated genes of Pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) for nematicides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 177:104902. [PMID: 34301363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Pinewood nematode, PWN) is the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) which caused serious threat to pine forests in the world, especially in East Asia and Western Europe. At present, the control of PWD mainly rely on the massive use of pesticide despite the damage to human health and environmental safety. Developing novel drug targets is the optimized strategy for developing new method to control PWN. In this study, four multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) genes containing highly conserved MRP-associated domains were cloned from PWN. The expression patterns of the four Bx-mrps under three different nematicides treatments were studied by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and the function of the four genes in multidrug resistance were also validated by RNA interference (RNAi). Results showed that the expression of Bx-mrp1, Bx-mrp2, Bx-mrp3, and Bx-mrp4 were significantly increased when exposed to different nematicides, wherein, Bx-mrp4 exposed by 4.0 mg/mL of matrine own the highest expression level. The mortality rates of Bx-mrps silenced nematodes revealed significant increase(P < 0.05)under matrine, avermectin, and emamectin benzoate exposure. Specially, Bx-mrp4 exposed with 4.0 mg/mL matrine for 24 h own the highest mortality increase by 18.34%. After RNAi of Bx-mrps, feeding ability of the nematodes were also significantly decreased. These results demonstrate that Bx-mrps were linked to the detoxification process and feeding behavior of PWN. Silencing of Bx-mrps can lead to increased sensitivity of PWN to nematicides and decrease its feeding ability. Bx-mrps are potential new PWN control targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Buyong Wang
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Key laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Pest Monitoring and Warning, General Station of Forest and Grassland Pest Management, General Station of Forest and Grassland Pest Management, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110034, China..
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Garcia-Varela L, Attia K, Sembrano JC, Jacquet O, Antunes IF, Kwizera C, Visser TJ, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, Luurtsema G. A new approach to produce [ 18F]MC225 via one-step synthesis, a PET radiotracer for measuring P-gp function. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:24. [PMID: 34264435 PMCID: PMC8282851 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background [18F]MC225 is a radiotracer for imaging P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function at the blood-brain barrier. The P-gp function can be altered due to different factors, for instance, decreased P-gp function has been described in patients with Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s Disease. The current applied radiosynthesis of [18F]MC225 involves 2 steps, including the distillation of the [18F] fluoroethylbromide intermediate. To develop a more robust synthetic procedure, it is of interest to produce the radiotracer via a 1-step synthesis. The present study describes a new synthetic approach to produce [18F]MC225 via direct 18F-fluorination. Moreover, we also provide the appropriate conditions for the automation of the synthesis. A mesylate precursor was synthesized via a multi-step synthetic route and used for the radiolabeling. The nucleophilic substitution of the mesylate group by [18F] Fluoride was automated in two different synthesis modules: IBA Synthera and Eckert and Ziegler PharmTracer (E&Z). Results The mesylate precursor was synthesized in 7 steps starting with 5-hydroxy-1-tetralone (commercially available) in practical yields. The stability of the precursor was improved via mesylate salt formation method. The radiolabeling was done by adding the mesylate precursor dissolved in DMF to the dried [18F]KF/K2.2.2 complex and heating at 140 °C for 30 min. Quality control by UPLC confirmed the production of [18F]MC225 with a molar activity (Am) higher than 100 GBq/micromole. The synthesis time in Synthera was 106 min and the product was obtained with a radiochemical purity higher than 95% and RCY of 6.5%, while the production in E&Z lasted 120 min and the product had a lower radiochemical purity (91%) and RCY (3.8%). Conclusions [18F]MC225 was successfully produced via a 1-step reaction. The procedure is suitable for automation using commercially available synthesis modules. The automation of the radiosynthesis in the Synthera module allows the production of the [18F]MC225 by a reliable and simple method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Garcia-Varela
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Khaled Attia
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747, AT, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kwizera
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ton J Visser
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747, AT, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Zolotoff C, Bertoletti L, Gozal D, Mismetti V, Flandrin P, Roche F, Perek N. Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Hypercoagulability, and the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143099. [PMID: 34300265 PMCID: PMC8304023 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is recognized as an independent risk factor for vascular diseases that are mediated by a multitude of mechanistic pathophysiological cascades including procoagulant factors. The pro-coagulant state contributes to the development of blood clots and to the increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Such alteration of BBB may alter brain function and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. We aim to provide a narrative review of the relationship between the hypercoagulable state, observed in OSA and characterized by increased coagulation factor activity, as well as platelet activation, and the underlying neural dysfunction, as related to disruption of the BBB. We aim to provide a critical overview of the existing evidence about the effect of OSA on the coagulation balance (characterized by increased coagulation factor activity and platelet activation) as on the BBB. Then, we will present the emerging data on the effect of BBB disruption on the risk of underlying neural dysfunction. Finally, we will discuss the potential of OSA therapy on the coagulation balance and the improvement of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zolotoff
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-477-421-452
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique, CHU Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, MU Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - Valentine Mismetti
- Service de Pneumologie et d’Oncologie Thoracique, CHU Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France;
| | - Pascale Flandrin
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France;
| | - Frédéric Roche
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
- Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l’Exercice, Centre VISAS, CHU Saint Etienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; (L.B.); (F.R.); (N.P.)
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Head-to-head comparison of (R)-[ 11C]verapamil and [ 18F]MC225 in non-human primates, tracers for measuring P-glycoprotein function. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4307-4317. [PMID: 34117508 PMCID: PMC8566421 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function is altered in several brain disorders; thus, it is of interest to monitor the P-gp function in vivo using PET. (R)-[11C]verapamil is considered the gold standard tracer to measure the P-gp function; however, it presents some drawbacks that limit its use. New P-gp tracers have been developed with improved properties, such as [18F]MC225. This study compares the characteristics of (R)-[11C]verapamil and [18F]MC225 in the same subjects. Methods Three non-human primates underwent 4 PET scans: 2 with (R)-[11C]verapamil and 2 with [18F]MC225, at baseline and after P-gp inhibition. The 30-min PET data were analyzed using 1-Tissue Compartment Model (1-TCM) and metabolite-corrected plasma as input function. Tracer kinetic parameters at baseline and after inhibition were compared. Regional differences and simplified methods to quantify the P-gp function were also assessed. Results At baseline, [18F]MC225 VT values were higher, and k2 values were lower than those of (R)-[11C]verapamil, whereas K1 values were not significantly different. After inhibition, VT values of the 2 tracers were similar; however, (R)-[11C]verapamil K1 and k2 values were higher than those of [18F]MC225. Significant regional differences between tracers were found at baseline, which disappeared after inhibition. The positive slope of the SUV-TAC was positively correlated to the K1 and VT of both tracers. Conclusion [18F]MC225 and (R)-[11C]verapamil show comparable sensitivity to measure the P-gp function in non-human primates. Moreover, this study highlights the 30-min VT as the best parameter to measure decreases in the P-gp function with both tracers. [18F]MC225 may become the first radiofluorinated tracer able to measure decreases and increases in the P-gp function due to its higher baseline VT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05411-2.
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: Role of Neuroinflammation. A Literature Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050663. [PMID: 34069567 PMCID: PMC8161227 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurring spontaneous seizures. Drug resistance appears in 30% of patients and it can lead to premature death, brain damage or a reduced quality of life. The purpose of the study was to analyze the drug resistance mechanisms, especially neuroinflammation, in the epileptogenesis. The information bases of biomedical literature Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and SciVerse were used. To obtain full-text documents, electronic resources of PubMed Central and Research Gate were used. The article examines the recent research of the mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy and discusses the hypotheses of drug resistance development (genetic, epigenetic, target hypothesis, etc.). Drug-resistant epilepsy is associated with neuroinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes. Neuroinflammation causes immune, pathophysiological, biochemical and psychological consequences. Focal or systemic unregulated inflammatory processes lead to the formation of aberrant neural connections and hyperexcitable neural networks. Inflammatory mediators affect the endothelium of cerebral vessels, destroy contacts between endothelial cells and induce abnormal angiogenesis (the formation of “leaky” vessels), thereby affecting the blood–brain barrier permeability. Thus, the analysis of pro-inflammatory and other components of epileptogenesis can contribute to the further development of the therapeutic treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy.
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