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Visagie JL, Aruwajoye GS, van der Sluis R. Pharmacokinetics of aspirin: evaluating shortcomings in the literature. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39092921 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2386368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspirin is known for its therapeutic benefits in preventing strokes and relieving pain. However, it is toxic to some individuals, and the biological mechanisms causing toxicity are unknown. Limited literature is available on the role of glycine conjugation as the principal pathway in aspirin detoxification. Previous studies have quantified this two-step enzyme reaction as a singular enzymatic process. Consequently, the individual contributions of these enzymes to the kinetics remain unclear. AREAS COVERED This review summarized the available information on the pharmacokinetics and detoxification of aspirin by the glycine conjugation pathway. Literature searches were conducted using Google Scholar and the academic journal databases accessible through the North-West University Library. Furthermore, the factors affecting interindividual variation in aspirin metabolism and what is known regarding aspirin toxicity were discussed. EXPERT OPINION The greatest drawback in understanding the pharmacokinetics of aspirin is the limited information available on the substrate preference of the xenobiotic ligase (ACSM) responsible for activating salicylate to salicyl-CoA. Furthermore, previous pharmacokinetic studies did not consider the contribution of other substrates from the diet or genetic variants, to the detoxification rate of glycine conjugation. Impaired glycine conjugation might contribute to adverse health effects seen in Reye's syndrome and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Lukas Visagie
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Kavaliauskas P, Grybaitė B, Sapijanskaite-Banevič B, Anusevičius K, Jonuškienė I, Stankevičienė R, Petraitienė R, Petraitis V, Grigalevičiūtė R, Meškinytė E, Stankevičius R, Mickevičius V. Identification of 3-((4-Hydroxyphenyl)amino)propanoic Acid Derivatives as Anticancer Candidates with Promising Antioxidant Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:3125. [PMID: 38999077 PMCID: PMC11243380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Various cancer-associated morbidities remain a growing global health challenge, resulting in a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide due to high mortality rates and a frequent lack of novel therapeutic options for advanced and localized disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cancer pathogenesis and response to chemotherapeutics; therefore, it is crucial to develop novel compounds with both antioxidant and anticancer activity. In this study, a series of previously reported 3-((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)propanoic acid derivatives (compounds 1-36) were evaluated for their anticancer and antioxidant activities. Compounds 12, 20-22, and 29 were able to reduce A549 cell viability by 50% and suppress A549 cell migration in vitro. These compounds also showed favorable cytotoxicity properties towards noncancerous Vero cells. The most promising candidate, compound 20, exhibited potent antioxidant properties in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. These results demonstrate that 3-((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)propanoic acid could be further explored as an attractive scaffold for the development of novel anticancer and antioxidant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Kavaliauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.P.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Birutė Grybaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Birute Sapijanskaite-Banevič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Kazimieras Anusevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Ilona Jonuškienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Rima Stankevičienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Rūta Petraitienė
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.P.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.P.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Ramunė Grigalevičiūtė
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Edita Meškinytė
- Center of Animal Production Research and Innovation, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Rolandas Stankevičius
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vytautas Mickevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (B.S.-B.); (K.A.); (I.J.); (R.S.); (V.M.)
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Jang Y, Moon JH, Jeon BK, Park HJ, Lee HJ, Lee DY. Comprehensive Evaluation System for Post-Metabolic Activity of Potential Thyroid-Disrupting Chemicals. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1351-1360. [PMID: 37415082 PMCID: PMC10619556 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2301.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that disturb hormonal homeostasis by binding to receptors. EDCs are metabolized through hepatic enzymes, causing altered transcriptional activities of hormone receptors, and thus necessitating the exploration of the potential endocrine-disrupting activities of EDC-derived metabolites. Accordingly, we have developed an integrative workflow for evaluating the post-metabolic activity of potential hazardous compounds. The system facilitates the identification of metabolites that exert hormonal disruption through the integrative application of an MS/MS similarity network and predictive biotransformation based on known hepatic enzymatic reactions. As proof-of-concept, the transcriptional activities of 13 chemicals were evaluated by applying the in vitro metabolic module (S9 fraction). Identified among the tested chemicals were three thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonistic compounds that showed increased transcriptional activities after phase I+II reactions (T3, 309.1 ± 17.3%; DITPA, 30.7 ± 1.8%; GC-1, 160.6 ± 8.6% to the corresponding parents). The metabolic profiles of these three compounds showed common biotransformation patterns, particularly in the phase II reactions (glucuronide conjugation, sulfation, GSH conjugation, and amino acid conjugation). Data-dependent exploration based on molecular network analysis of T3 profiles revealed that lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most enriched biotransformants. The subsequent subnetwork analysis proposed 14 additional features, including T4 in addition to 9 metabolized compounds that were annotated by prediction system based on possible hepatic enzymatic reaction. The other 10 THR agonistic negative compounds showed unique biotransformation patterns according to structural commonality, which corresponded to previous in vivo studies. Our evaluation system demonstrated highly predictive and accurate performance in determining the potential thyroid-disrupting activity of EDC-derived metabolites and for proposing novel biotransformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jeon
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Liu Z, Cai R, Chen YL, Zhuo X, He C, Zheng Q, He D, Shi Q, Jiao N. Direct Production of Bio-Recalcitrant Carboxyl-Rich Alicyclic Molecules Evidenced in a Bacterium-Induced Steroid Degradation Experiment. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0469322. [PMID: 36744924 PMCID: PMC10100752 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04693-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) are highly unsaturated compounds extensively distributed throughout aquatic environments and sediments. This molecular group is widely referred to as a major proxy of recalcitrant organic materials, but its direct biosynthesis remains unclear. Steroids are a typical anthropogenic contaminant and have been previously suggested to be precursors of CRAM; however, experimental evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Here, a steroid-degrading bacterium, Comamonas testosteroni ATCC 11996, was incubated in a liquid medium supplemented with testosterone (a typical steroid) as the sole carbon source for 90 days. Testosterone-induced metabolites (TIM) were extracted for molecular characterization and to examine the bioavailability during an additional 90-day incubation after inoculation with a natural coastal microbial assemblage. The results showed that 1,775 molecular formulas (MFs) were assigned to TIM using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, with 66.99% categorized as CRAM-like constituents. A large fraction of TIM was respired or transformed during the additional 90-day seawater incubation; nevertheless, 638 MFs of the TIM persisted or increased during incubation. Among the 638 MFs, 394 were commonly assigned in natural deep seawater samples (depths of 500 to 2,000 m) from the South China Sea. Compared to the catabolites of the well-established testosterone degradation pathway, we compiled a list of bio-refractory MFs and potential chemical structures, some of which shared structural homology with CRAM. These results demonstrated direct microbial production of bio-refractory CRAM from steroid hormones and indicated that some of the biogenic CRAM resisted microbial decomposition, potentially contributing to the aquatic refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. IMPORTANCE CRAM are an operationally defined DOM group comprising a complex mixture of carboxylated and fused alicyclic structures. This DOM group is majorly characterized as refractory DOM in the marine environment. However, the origins of the complex CRAM remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that testosterone (a typical steroid) could be transformed into bio-refractory CRAM by a single bacterial strain and observed that some of the CRAM highly resisted microbial degradation. Through molecular comparison and screening, potential chemical structures of steroid-induced CRAM were suggested. This study established the biological connection between steroids and bio-refractory CRAM, and it provides a novel perspective explaining the fate of terrestrial contaminants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ruanhong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiaocun Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science and the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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5
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Castan S, Sherman A, Peng R, Zumstein MT, Wanek W, Hüffer T, Hofmann T. Uptake, Metabolism , and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:168-178. [PMID: 36576319 PMCID: PMC9835885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particle (TWP)-derived compounds may be of high concern to consumers when released in the root zone of edible plants. We exposed lettuce plants to the TWP-derived compounds diphenylguanidine (DPG), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), benzothiazole (BTZ), N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and its quinone transformation product (6PPD-q) at concentrations of 1 mg L-1 in hydroponic solutions over 14 days to analyze if they are taken up and metabolized by the plants. Assuming that TWP may be a long-term source of TWP-derived compounds to plants, we further investigated the effect of leaching from TWP on the concentration of leachate compounds in lettuce leaves by adding constantly leaching TWP to the hydroponic solutions. Concentrations in leaves, roots, and nutrient solution were quantified by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and metabolites in the leaves were identified by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates that TWP-derived compounds are readily taken up by lettuce with measured maximum leaf concentrations between ∼0.75 (6PPD) and 20 μg g-1 (HMMM). Although these compounds were metabolized in the plant, we identified several transformation products, most of which proved to be more stable in the lettuce leaves than the parent compounds. Furthermore, continuous leaching from TWP led to a resupply and replenishment of the metabolized compounds in the lettuce leaves. The stability of metabolized TWP-derived compounds with largely unknown toxicities is particularly concerning and is an important new aspect for the impact assessment of TWP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Castan
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Anya Sherman
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruoting Peng
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael T. Zumstein
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, 1030Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
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Clifford MN, King LJ, Kerimi A, Pereira-Caro MG, Williamson G. Metabolism of phenolics in coffee and plant-based foods by canonical pathways: an assessment of the role of fatty acid β-oxidation to generate biologically-active and -inactive intermediates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3326-3383. [PMID: 36226718 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ω-Phenyl-alkenoic acids are abundant in coffee, fruits, and vegetables. Along with ω-phenyl-alkanoic acids, they are produced from numerous dietary (poly)phenols and aromatic amino acids in vivo. This review addresses how phenyl-ring substitution and flux modulates their gut microbiota and endogenous β-oxidation. 3',5'-Dihydroxy-derivatives (from alkyl-resorcinols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins), and 4'-hydroxy-phenolic acids (from tyrosine, p-coumaric acid, naringenin) are β-oxidation substrates yielding benzoic acids. In contrast, 3',4',5'-tri-substituted-derivatives, 3',4'-dihydroxy-derivatives and 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-derivatives (from coffee, tea, cereals, many fruits and vegetables) are poor β-oxidation substrates with metabolism diverted via gut microbiota dehydroxylation, phenylvalerolactone formation and phase-2 conjugation, possibly a strategy to conserve limited pools of coenzyme A. 4'-Methoxy-derivatives (citrus fruits) or 3',4'-dimethoxy-derivatives (coffee) are susceptible to hepatic "reverse" hydrogenation suggesting incompatibility with enoyl-CoA-hydratase. Gut microbiota-produced 3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-derivatives (citrus fruits) and 3'-hydroxy-derivatives (numerous (poly)phenols) are excreted as the phenyl-hydracrylic acid β-oxidation intermediate suggesting incompatibility with hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, albeit with considerable inter-individual variation. Further investigation is required to explain inter-individual variation, factors determining the amino acid to which C6-C3 and C6-C1 metabolites are conjugated, the precise role(s) of l-carnitine, whether glycine might be limiting, and whether phenolic acid-modulation of β-oxidation explains how phenolic acids affect key metabolic conditions, such as fatty liver, carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Laurence J King
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Maria Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Instituto Andaluz de Investigacion y Formacion Agraria Pesquera Alimentaria y de la Produccion Ecologica, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Mitra K. Acyl Glucuronide and Coenzyme A Thioester Metabolites of Carboxylic Acid-Containing Drug Molecules: Layering Chemistry with Reactive Metabolism and Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1777-1788. [PMID: 36200746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation and CoA (coenzyme A) conjugation are common pathways for the elimination of carboxylic acid-containing drug molecules. In some instances, these biotransformations have been associated with toxicity (such as idiosyncratic hepatic injury, renal impairment, hemolytic anemia, gastrointestinal inflammation, and bladder cancer) attributed to, in part, the propensity of acyl glucuronides and acyl CoA thioesters to covalently modify biological macromolecules such as proteins and DNA. It is to be noted that, while acyl glucuronidation and CoA conjugation are indeed implicated in adverse effects, there are many safe drugs in the market that are cleared by these reactive pathways. It is therefore important that new molecular entities with carboxylic acid groups are evaluated for toxicity in a manner that is not unreasonably risk-averse. In the absence of truly predictable methods, therefore, the general approach is to apply a set of end points to generate a weight-of-evidence evaluation. In practice, the focus is to identify structural liabilities and provide structure-activity recommendations early in the program, at a stage where an attempt to improve reactive metabolism does not deoptimize other critical drug-quality criteria. This review will present a high-level overview of the chemistry of glucuronidation and CoA conjugation and provide a discussion of the possible mechanisms of adverse effects that have been associated with these pathways, as well as how such potential hazards are addressed while delivering a new chemical entity for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mitra
- Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Preclinical Sciences & Translational Safety, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Zhao D, Xie H, Gao L, Zhang J, Li Y, Mao G, Zhang H, Wang F, Lam SS, Song A. Detoxication and bioconversion of aflatoxin B 1 by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): A sustainable approach for valuable larval protein production from contaminated grain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113935. [PMID: 35999758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is a supplementary protein source for food and feed and represents a promising solution to manage grain contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this study, AFB1 present in different concentrations in wheat bran was treated and removed via bioconversion by yellow mealworm of different instars, with emphasis on the bioconversion performance and metabolism of AFB1. Upon application of wheat bran spiked with 100 μg/kg AFB1 to 5th-6th instar yellow mealworms, the conversion rate of AFB1 was up to 87.85 %. Low level of AFB1 (< 2 μg/kg) was accumulated in the larval bodies, and the survival rate, development and nutrition contents of yellow mealworm were not significantly affected. It was revealed that 1 kg of wheat bran contaminated with AFB1 increased the weight of yellow mealworms from 138 g to 469 g, containing approximately 103 g of protein. The bioconversion of AFB1 by yellow mealworms led to generation of 13 metabolites in the frass and 3 metabolites in the larvae. AFB1 was detoxicated and removed via phase I metabolism comprising reduction, dehydrogenation, hydration, demethylation, hydroxylation, decarbonylation and ketoreduction, followed by phase II metabolism involving conjugation of amino acid, glucoside and glutathione (GSH). The toxicity of AFB1 metabolites was deemed lower than that of AFB1 according to their structures. This study provides a sustainable approach and theoretical foundation on using yellow mealworms for cleaner grain contamination management and valuable larval protein production via bioconversion of food and feed contaminated by AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Guotao Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hongsen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Andong Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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9
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Norman BP, Davison AS, Hughes JH, Sutherland H, Wilson PJ, Berry NG, Hughes AT, Milan AM, Jarvis JC, Roberts NB, Ranganath LR, Bou-Gharios G, Gallagher JA. Metabolomic studies in the inborn error of metabolism alkaptonuria reveal new biotransformations in tyrosine metabolism. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1129-1142. [PMID: 35685462 PMCID: PMC9170613 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an inherited disorder of tyrosine metabolism caused by lack of active enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD). The primary consequence of HGD deficiency is increased circulating homogentisic acid (HGA), the main agent in the pathology of AKU disease. Here we report the first metabolomic analysis of AKU homozygous Hgd knockout (Hgd -/-) mice to model the wider metabolic effects of Hgd deletion and the implication for AKU in humans. Untargeted metabolic profiling was performed on urine from Hgd -/- AKU (n = 15) and Hgd +/- non-AKU control (n = 14) mice by liquid chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Experiment 1). The metabolites showing alteration in Hgd -/- were further investigated in AKU mice (n = 18) and patients from the UK National AKU Centre (n = 25) at baseline and after treatment with the HGA-lowering agent nitisinone (Experiment 2). A metabolic flux experiment was carried out after administration of 13C-labelled HGA to Hgd -/-(n = 4) and Hgd +/-(n = 4) mice (Experiment 3) to confirm direct association with HGA. Hgd -/- mice showed the expected increase in HGA, together with unexpected alterations in tyrosine, purine and TCA-cycle pathways. Metabolites with the greatest abundance increases in Hgd -/- were HGA and previously unreported sulfate and glucuronide HGA conjugates, these were decreased in mice and patients on nitisinone and shown to be products from HGA by the 13C-labelled HGA tracer. Our findings reveal that increased HGA in AKU undergoes further metabolism by mainly phase II biotransformations. The data advance our understanding of overall tyrosine metabolism, demonstrating how specific metabolic conditions can elucidate hitherto undiscovered pathways in biochemistry and metabolism.
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Key Words
- AKU, alkaptonuria
- AMRT, accurate mass/retention time
- Alkaptonuria
- Biotransformation
- CV, coefficient of variation
- FC, fold change
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- HGA, homogentisic acid
- HGD, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
- HPPD, hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase
- LC-QTOF-MS, liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- MSC, Molecular Structure Correlator
- Metabolism
- Metabolomics
- Mice
- PCA, principal component analysis
- QC, quality control
- RT, retention time
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Norman
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Andrew S Davison
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Juliette H Hughes
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Peter Jm Wilson
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Andrew T Hughes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Anna M Milan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Jonathan C Jarvis
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Norman B Roberts
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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10
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Steuer C, Quattrini D, Raeber J, Waser P, Steuer AE. Easy and convenient millimole-scale synthesis of new, potential biomarkers for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake - feasible for analytical laboratories. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1460-1470. [PMID: 35415886 PMCID: PMC9544675 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
New biomarkers indicating the abuse of drugs and alcohol are still of major interest for clinical and forensic sciences. The endogenous neurotransmitter and approved drug, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), is often illegally used for drug-facilitated crimes by spiking GHB into alcoholic beverages. Analytical detection windows of only 6 hours in blood and 12 hours in urine often too short to provide reliable proof of GHB ingestion. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed to prove exogenous GHB administration. Previously, amino-acid GHB conjugates were discovered in an untargeted metabolomics screening and fatty acid esters with GHB were recently discussed as promising biomarkers to enlarge the analytical detection time windows. However, the development of analytical methods is still slowed down since reference compounds for targeted screenings are still missing. In this paper, we describe simple procedures for the rapid synthesis and purification of amino acid-GHB conjugates as well as fatty acid esters, which can be adopted in analytical and clinical/forensic laboratories. Structural characterization data, together with IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, high resolution mass spectra (MS), and MS/MS spectra in positive and negative ionization mode are reported for all obtained GHB-conjugates and GHB-conjugate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Quattrini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justine Raeber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Waser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Steuer
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine (ZIFM), Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Contente ML, Annunziata F, Cannazza P, Donzella S, Pinna C, Romano D, Tamborini L, Barbosa FG, Molinari F, Pinto A. Biocatalytic Approaches for an Efficient and Sustainable Preparation of Polyphenols and Their Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13669-13681. [PMID: 34762407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many sectors of industry, such as food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, have increased their interest in polyphenols due to their beneficial properties. These molecules are widely found in Nature (plants) and can be obtained through direct extraction from vegetable matrices. Polyphenols introduced through the diet may be metabolized in the human body via different biotransformations leading to compounds having different bioactivities. In this context, enzyme-catalyzed reactions are the most suitable approach to produce modified polyphenols that not only can be studied for their bioactivity but also can be labeled as green, natural products. This review aims to give an overview of the potential of biocatalysis as a powerful tool for the modification of polyphenols to enhance their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, biological activity or modification of their physicochemical properties. The main polyphenol transformations occurring during their metabolism in the human body have been also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Letizia Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cannazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pinna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Geraldo Barbosa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Sciences Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE 60455-970, Brazil
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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12
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Venter G, van der Berg CL, van der Westhuizen FH, Erasmus E. Health Status Is Affected, and Phase I/II Biotransformation Activity Altered in Young Women Using Oral Contraceptives Containing Drospirenone/Ethinyl Estradiol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010607. [PMID: 34682353 PMCID: PMC8535641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has been associated with various adverse effects. Formulations containing drospirenone (DRSP) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) are generally regarded as milder COCs. Whether long term use of these pills indeed has a low health risk remains questionable. COC use may affect the biotransformation balance by increasing the toxic load or by interfering with the pharmacokinetics of other drugs. This may negatively impact overall health via the production of toxic biotransformation metabolites and induction of oxidative stress. Although individual enzymes involved in biotransformation are known to be regulated by COCs, the effect of COC use on the overall liver biotransformation efficiency has not been reported. Here, we evaluated the general subjective health status and overall liver biotransformation efficiency of healthy young women who were either long term chronic users of COCs containing DRSP/EE, or who were not using any hormonal products. COC users suffered from moderate to severe fatigue and reported more health-related symptoms. Furthermore, phase I (CYP1A2) activity was reduced whereas phase II conjugation reactions (glucuronide conjugation and glycine conjugation) were increased in COC users. Finally, serum peroxide levels were markedly elevated and antioxidant capacity of plasma was reduced in COC users. COCs containing DRSP/EE may, therefore, adversely affect health status and disturb the balance between phase I and II biotransformation reactions. These effects may be mediated by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Venter
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (E.E.); Tel.: +27-18-299-1867 (G.V.); +27-18-299-2305 (E.E.)
| | | | | | - Elardus Erasmus
- Correspondence: (G.V.); (E.E.); Tel.: +27-18-299-1867 (G.V.); +27-18-299-2305 (E.E.)
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13
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Functional Characterisation of Three Glycine N-Acyltransferase Variants and the Effect on Glycine Conjugation to Benzoyl-CoA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063129. [PMID: 33803916 PMCID: PMC8003330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycine conjugation pathway in humans is involved in the metabolism of natural substrates and the detoxification of xenobiotics. The interactions between the various substrates in this pathway and their competition for the pathway enzymes are currently unknown. The pathway consists of a mitochondrial xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid: coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (ACSM2B) and glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT). The catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity of both of these enzymes have not been thoroughly characterised. In this study, the level of evolutionary conservation of GLYAT missense variants and haplotypes were analysed. From these data, haplotype variants were selected (156Asn > Ser, [17Ser > Thr,156Asn > Ser] and [156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys]) in order to characterise the kinetic mechanism of the enzyme over a wide range of substrate concentrations. The 156Asn > Ser haplotype has the highest frequency and the highest relative enzyme activity in all populations studied, and hence was used as the reference in this study. Cooperative substrate binding was observed, and the kinetic data were fitted to a two-substrate Hill equation. The coding region of the GLYAT gene was found to be highly conserved and the rare 156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys variant negatively affected the relative enzyme activity. Even though the 156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys variant had a higher affinity for benzoyl-CoA (s0.5,benz = 61.2 µM), kcat was reduced to 9.8% of the most abundant haplotype 156Asn > Ser (s0.5,benz = 96.6 µM), while the activity of 17Ser > Thr,156Asn > Ser (s0.5,benz = 118 µM) was 73% of 156Asn > Ser. The in vitro kinetic analyses of the effect of the 156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys variant on human GLYAT enzyme activity indicated that individuals with this haplotype might have a decreased ability to metabolise benzoate when compared to individuals with the 156Asn > Ser variant. Furthermore, the accumulation of acyl-CoA intermediates can inhibit ACSM2B leading to a reduction in mitochondrial energy production.
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14
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Wang X, Gan J. Conjugation of Di- n-butyl Phthalate Metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana and Potential Deconjugation in Human Microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2381-2391. [PMID: 33496166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers, due to the widespread use of plastics, occur ubiquitously in the environment. The reuse of waste resources (e.g., treated wastewater, biosolids, animal waste) and other practices (e.g., plastic mulching) introduce phthalates into agroecosystems. As a detoxification mechanism, plants are known to convert phthalates to polar monophthalates after uptake, which are followed by further transformations, including conjugation with endogenous biomolecules. The objective of this study was 2-fold: to obtain a complete metabolic picture of the widely used di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) by using a suite of complementary techniques, including stable isotope labeling, 14C tracing, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and to determine if conjugates are deconjugated in human microsomes to release bioactive metabolites. In Arabidopsis thaliana cells, the primary initial metabolite of DnBP was mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MnBP was rapidly metabolized via hydroxylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, and malonylation to seven transformation products. One of the conjugates, MnBP-acyl-β-d-glucoside (MnBP-Glu), was incubated in human liver (HLM) and intestinal (HIM) microsomes and was found to undergo rapid transformations. Approximately 15% and 10% of MnBP-Glu were deconjugated to the free form MnBP in HIM and HLM, respectively. These findings highlight that phthalates, as diesters, are susceptible to hydrolysis to form monoesters that can be readily conjugated via a phase II metabolism in plants. Conjugates may be deconjugated to release bioactive compounds after human ingestion. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the dietary exposure of phthalates and other contaminants must consider plant metabolites, especially including conjugates, to better predict their potential environmental and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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15
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Koshiba S, Motoike IN, Saigusa D, Inoue J, Aoki Y, Tadaka S, Shirota M, Katsuoka F, Tamiya G, Minegishi N, Fuse N, Kinoshita K, Yamamoto M. Identification of critical genetic variants associated with metabolic phenotypes of the Japanese population. Commun Biol 2020; 3:662. [PMID: 33177615 PMCID: PMC7659008 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a metabolome genome-wide association study for the Japanese population in the prospective cohort study of Tohoku Medical Megabank. By combining whole-genome sequencing and nontarget metabolome analyses, we identified a large number of novel associations between genetic variants and plasma metabolites. Of the identified metabolite-associated genes, approximately half have already been shown to be involved in various diseases. We identified metabolite-associated genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, some of which are from intestinal microorganisms, indicating that the identified genetic variants also markedly influence the interaction between the host and symbiotic bacteria. We also identified five associations that appeared to be female-specific. A number of rare variants that influence metabolite levels were also found, and combinations of common and rare variants influenced the metabolite levels more profoundly. These results support our contention that metabolic phenotyping provides important insights into how genetic and environmental factors provoke human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seizo Koshiba
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
| | - Ikuko N Motoike
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jin Inoue
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shu Tadaka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Naoko Minegishi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Nobuo Fuse
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
- The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
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16
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Acyl glucuronide reactivity in perspective. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1639-1650. [PMID: 32681884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronidation is a common metabolic fate for acidic drugs and their metabolites and, because these metabolites are reactive, they have been linked to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug withdrawals. However, alternative routes of metabolism leading to reactive metabolites (e.g., oxidations and acyl-CoA thioesters) mean that unambiguous proof that acyl glucuronides are toxic is lacking. Here, we review the synthesis and reactivity of these metabolites, and describe the use of molecular modelling and in vitro and in vivo reactivity assessment of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Based on the emerging structure-dependent differences in reactivity and protein adduction methods for risk assessment for acyl glucuronide-forming acid drugs or drug candidates in drug discovery/development are suggested.
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17
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Flasch M, Bueschl C, Woelflingseder L, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Adam G, Schuhmacher R, Marko D, Warth B. Stable Isotope-Assisted Metabolomics for Deciphering Xenobiotic Metabolism in Mammalian Cell Culture. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:970-981. [PMID: 32167285 PMCID: PMC7171601 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Xenobiotics are ubiquitous in the environment and modified
in the human body by phase I and II metabolism. Liquid chromatography
coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to
investigate these biotransformation products. We present a workflow
based on stable isotope-assisted metabolomics and the bioinformatics
tool MetExtract II for deciphering xenobiotic metabolites produced
by human cells. Its potential was demonstrated by the investigation
of the metabolism of deoxynivalenol (DON), an abundant food contaminant,
in a liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and a model for colon carcinoma
(HT29). Detected known metabolites included DON-3-sulfate, DON-10-sulfonate
2, and DON-10-glutathione as well as DON-cysteine. Conjugation with
amino acids and an antibiotic was confirmed for the first time. The
approach allows the untargeted elucidation of human xenobiotic products
in tissue culture. It may be applied to other fields of research including
drug metabolism, personalized medicine, exposome research, and systems
biology to better understand the relevance of in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi E. Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Fu Q, Fedrizzi D, Kosfeld V, Schlechtriem C, Ganz V, Derrer S, Rentsch D, Hollender J. Biotransformation Changes Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Diclofenac in Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4400-4408. [PMID: 32036646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation plays a crucial role in regulating the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of organic compounds in organisms but is, in general, poorly understood for emerging contaminants. Here, we have used diclofenac as a model compound to study the impact of biotransformation on the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity in two keystone aquatic invertebrates: Gammarus pulex and Hyalella azteca. In both species, diclofenac was transformed into several oxidation products and conjugates, including two novel products, that is, diclofenac taurine conjugate (DCF-M403) and unexpected diclofenac methyl ester (DCF-M310.03). The ratios of biotransformation products to parent compound were 12-17 for DCF-M403 and 0.01-0.7 for DCF-M310.03 after 24 h exposure. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of diclofenac were 0.5 and 3.2 L kgww-1 in H. azteca and G. pulex, respectively, whereas BCFs of DCF-M310.03 was 164.5 and 104.7 L kgww-1, respectively, representing a 25- to 110-fold increase. Acute toxicity of DCF-M310.03 was also higher than the parent compound in both species, which correlated well with the increased bioconcentration potential. The LC50 of diclofenac in H. azteca was 216 mg L-1, while that of metabolite DCF-M310.03 was reduced to only 0.53 mg L-1, representing a 430-fold increase in acute toxicity compared to diclofenac. DCF-M403 is less toxic than its parent compound toward H. azteca, which may be linked to its slightly lower hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the transformation of diclofenac to its methyl ester derivative was explored in crude invertebrate extracts spiked with an S-adenosylmethionine cofactor, revealing possible catalysis by an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent carboxylic acid methyltransferase. Methylation of diclofenac was further detected in fish hepatocytes and human urine, indicating a broader relevance. Therefore, potentially methylated metabolites of polar contaminants should be considered for a comprehensive risk assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Davide Fedrizzi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kosfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V) 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlechtriem
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V) 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Ganz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Derrer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Fu Q, Rösch A, Fedrizzi D, Vignet C, Hollender J. Bioaccumulation, Biotransformation, and Synergistic Effects of Binary Fungicide Mixtures in Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pulex: How Different/Similar are the Two Species? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13491-13500. [PMID: 30298730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are consistently exposed to a mixture of micropollutants that can bioaccumulate, undergo biotransformation, and may exert mixture effects. However, little is known on the underlying mechanisms and species-specificity. Herein we investigated bioaccumulation, biotransformation and synergistic effects of azole (i.e., prochloraz) and strobilurin (i.e., azoxystrobin) fungicides in the two aquatic invertebrate species, Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pulex. Bioaccumulation of azoxystrobin was similar, whereas bioaccumulation of prochloraz was slightly different in the two species but was still significantly below the REACH criteria for bioaccumulative substances. Similar biotransformation patterns were observed in both species, and only a few unique biotransformation reactions were detected in H. azteca such as malonyl-glucose and taurine conjugation. Toxicokinetic modeling additionally indicated that biotransformation is a more important elimination pathway in H. azteca. In mixtures, no-observed-adverse-effect levels of prochloraz decreased the LC50s of azoxystrobin in both species which correlated well with increased internal azoxystrobin concentrations. This synergistic effect is partly due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases by prochloraz which subsequently triggered the reduced biotransformation of azoxystrobin (lower by five folds in H. azteca). The largely similar responses in both species suggest that the easier-to-cultivate H. azteca is a promising representative of invertebrates for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rösch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Davide Fedrizzi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , 1871 Frederiksberg C , Denmark
| | - Caroline Vignet
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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Sun J, Chen Q, Qian Z, Zheng Y, Yu S, Zhang A. Plant Uptake and Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Carrot: In Vitro Enzymatic Direct Conjugation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4328-4335. [PMID: 29656645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants can extensively uptake organic contaminants from soil and subsequently transform them into various products. Those compounds containing hydroxyl may undergo direct conjugation with endogenous biomolecules in plants, and potentially be preserved as conjugates, thus enabling overlooked risk via consumptions of food crops. In this study, we evaluated the uptake and metabolism of 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by both carrot cells and whole plant. DBP was completely removed from cell cultures with a half-life of 10.8 h. Four saccharide conjugates, three amino acid conjugates, and one phase I metabolite were identified via ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. The dibromophenol glucopyranoside (glucose conjugate) was quantitated by synthesized standard and accounted for 9.3% of the initial spiked DBP at the end of incubation. The activity of glycosyltransferase was positively related to the production of 2,4-dibromophenol glucopyranoside ( p = 0.02, R2 = 0.86), implying the role of enzymatic catalysis involved in phase II metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Qiong Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Zhuxiu Qian
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Shuai Yu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
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21
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Godinho ALA, Martins IL, Nunes J, Charneira C, Grilo J, Silva DM, Pereira SA, Soto K, Oliveira MC, Marques MM, Jacob CC, Antunes AMM. High resolution mass spectrometry-based methodologies for identification of Etravirine bioactivation to reactive metabolites: In vitro and in vivo approaches. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:70-82. [PMID: 29592839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug bioactivation to reactive metabolites capable of covalent adduct formation with bionucleophiles is a major cause of drug-induced adverse reactions. Therefore, elucidation of reactive metabolites is essential to unravel the toxicity mechanisms induced by drugs and thereby identify patient subgroups at higher risk. Etravirine (ETR) was the first second-generation Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) to be approved, as a therapeutic option for HIV-infected patients who developed resistance to the first-generation NNRTIs. Additionally, ETR came into market aiming to overcome some adverse effects associated with the previously used efavirenz (neurotoxicity) and nevirapine (hepatotoxicity) therapies. Nonetheless, post-marketing reports of severe ETR-induced skin rash and hypersensitivity reactions have prompted the U.S. FDA to issue a safety alert on ETR. Taking into consideration that ETR usage may increase in the near future, due to the possible use of the drug for coinfection with malaria and HIV, the development of reliable prognostic tools for early risk/benefit estimations is urgent. In the current study, high resolution mass spectrometry-based methodologies were integrated with MS3 experiments for the identification of reactive ETR metabolites/adducts: 1) in vitro incubation of the drug with human and rat liver S9 fractions in the presence of Phase I and II co-factors, including glutathione, as a trapping bionucleophile; and 2) in vivo, using urine samples from HIV-infected patients on ETR therapy. We obtained evidence for multiple bioactivation pathways leading to the formation of covalent adducts with glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. These results suggest that similar reactions may occur with cysteine residues of proteins, supporting a role for ETR bioactivation in the onset of the toxic effects elicited by the drug. Additionally, ETR metabolites stemming from amine oxidation, with potential toxicological significance, were identified in vitro and in vivo. Also noteworthy is the fact that new metabolic conjugation pathways of glucuronide metabolites were demonstrated for the first time, raising questions about their potential toxicological implications. In conclusion, these results represent not only a contribution towards the elucidation of new metabolic pathways of drugs in general but also an important step towards the elucidation of potentially toxic ETR pathways, whose understanding may be crucial for reliable risk/benefit estimations of ETR-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L A Godinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês L Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Grilo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo M Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Karina Soto
- Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca E.P.E., IC 19, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina C Jacob
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Kumar Dubey A, Kumar N, Ranjan R, Gautam A, Pande V, Sanyal I, Mallick S. Application of glycine reduces arsenic accumulation and toxicity in Oryza sativa L. by reducing the expression of silicon transporter genes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:410-417. [PMID: 29101885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was intended to investigate the role of amino acid glycine in detoxification of As in Oryza sativa L. The growth parameters such as, shoot length and fresh weight were decreased during As(III) and As(V) toxicity. However, the application of glycine recovered the growth parameters against As stress. The application of glycine reduced the As accumulation in all the treatments, and it was more effective against As(III) treatment and reduced the accumulation by 68% in root and 71% in shoot. Similarly, the translocation of As from root to shoot, was higher against As(III) and As(V) treatments, whereas, reduced upon glycine application. The translocation of Fe and Na was also affected by As, which was lower under As(III) and As(V) treatments. However, the application of glycine significantly enhanced the translocation of Fe and Na in the shoot. Besides, the expression of lower silicon transporters i.e. Lsi-1 and Lsi-2 was observed to be significantly suppressed in the root with the application of glycine against As treatment. Similarly, the expression of three GRX and two GST gene isoforms were found to be significantly increased with glycine application. Simultaneously, the activities of antioxidant enzymes i.e. l-arginine dependent NOS, SOD, NTR and GRX were found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of glycine. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes coincided with the decreased level of TBARS and H2O2 in rice seedlings. Overall, the results suggested that the application of glycine reduces As accumulation through suppressing the gene expression of lower silicon transporters and ameliorates As toxicity by enhancing antioxidants defense mechanism in rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Dubey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital 263136, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ruma Ranjan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital 263136, India
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Camilleri P, Buch A, Soldo B, Hutt AJ. The influence of physicochemical properties on the reactivity and stability of acyl glucuronides. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:958-972. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1384967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshay Buch
- Aerpio Therapeutics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Brandi Soldo
- Aerpio Therapeutics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Andrew J. Hutt
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, UK
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24
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van der Sluis R, Ungerer V, Nortje C, A van Dijk A, Erasmus E. New insights into the catalytic mechanism of human glycine N-acyltransferase. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28759163 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Even though the glycine conjugation pathway was one of the first metabolic pathways to be discovered, this pathway remains very poorly characterized. The bi-substrate kinetic parameters of a recombinant human glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT, E.C. 2.3.1.13) were determined using the traditional colorimetric method and a newly developed HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Previous studies analyzing the kinetic parameters of GLYAT, indicated a random Bi-Bi and/or ping-pong mechanism. In this study, the hippuric acid concentrations produced by the GLYAT enzyme reaction were analyzed using the allosteric sigmoidal enzyme kinetic module. Analyses of the initial rate (v) against substrate concentration plots, produced a sigmoidal curve (substrate activation) when the benzoyl-CoA concentrations was kept constant, whereas the plot with glycine concentrations kept constant, passed through a maximum (substrate inhibition). Thus, human GLYAT exhibits mechanistic kinetic cooperativity as described by the Ferdinand enzyme mechanism rather than the previously assumed Michaelis-Menten reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Vida Ungerer
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Carla Nortje
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Alberdina A van Dijk
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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25
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Fu Q, Zhang J, Borchardt D, Schlenk D, Gan J. Direct Conjugation of Emerging Contaminants in Arabidopsis: Indication for an Overlooked Risk in Plants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6071-6081. [PMID: 28502169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural use of treated wastewater, biosolids, and animal wastes introduces a multitude of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) into the soil-plant system. The potential for food crops to accumulate CECs depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which at present is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the metabolism of naproxen and ibuprofen, two of the most-used human drugs from the Profen family, in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and the Arabidopsis plant. The complementary use of high-resolution mass spectrometry and 14C labeling allowed the characterization of both free and conjugated metabolites, as well as nonextractable residues. Naproxen and ibuprofen, in their parent form, were conjugated quickly and directly with glutamic acid and glutamine, and further with peptides, in A. thaliana cells. For example, after 120 h, the metabolites of naproxen accounted for >90% of the extractable chemical mass, while the intact parent itself was negligible. The structures of glutamate and glutamine conjugates were confirmed using synthesized standards and further verified in whole plants. Amino acid conjugates may easily deconjugate, releasing the parent molecule. This finding highlights the possibility that the bioactivity of such CECs may be effectively preserved through direct conjugation, a previously overlooked risk. Many other CECs are also carboxylic acids, such as the profens. Therefore, direct conjugation may be a common route for plant metabolism of these CECs, making it imperative to consider conjugates when assessing their risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiles of urinary organic acids in healthy captive cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1049-1050:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Fu Q, Ye Q, Zhang J, Richards J, Borchardt D, Gan J. Diclofenac in Arabidopsis cells: Rapid formation of conjugates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:383-392. [PMID: 28012668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are continuously introduced into the soil-plant system, through practices such as agronomic use of reclaimed water and biosolids containing these trace contaminants. Plants may accumulate PPCPs from soil, serving as a conduit for human exposure. Metabolism likely controls the final accumulation of PPCPs in plants, but is in general poorly understood for emerging contaminants. In this study, we used diclofenac as a model compound, and employed 14C tracing, and time-of-flight (TOF) and triple quadruple (QqQ) mass spectrometers to unravel its metabolism pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. We further validated the primary metabolites in Arabidopsis seedlings. Diclofenac was quickly taken up into A. thaliana cells. Phase I metabolism involved hydroxylation and successive oxidation and cyclization reactions. However, Phase I metabolites did not accumulate appreciably; they were instead rapidly conjugated with sulfate, glucose, and glutamic acid through Phase II metabolism. In particular, diclofenac parent was directly conjugated with glutamic acid, with acyl-glutamatyl-diclofenac accounting for >70% of the extractable metabolites after 120-h incubation. In addition, at the end of incubation, >40% of the spiked diclofenac was in the non-extractable form, suggesting extensive sequestration into cell matter. The rapid formation of non-extractable residue and dominance of diclofenac-glutamate conjugate uncover previously unknown metabolism pathways for diclofenac. In particular, the rapid conjugation of parent highlights the need to consider conjugates of emerging contaminants in higher plants, and their biological activity and human health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jaben Richards
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Dan Borchardt
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Soumeh EA, Hedemann MS, Poulsen HD, Corrent E, van Milgen J, Nørgaard JV. Nontargeted LC-MS Metabolomics Approach for Metabolic Profiling of Plasma and Urine from Pigs Fed Branched Chain Amino Acids for Maximum Growth Performance. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4195-4207. [PMID: 27704848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic response in plasma and urine of pigs when feeding an optimum level of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) for best growth performance is unknown. The objective of the current study was to identify the metabolic phenotype associated with the BCAAs intake level that could be linked to the animal growth performance. Three dose-response studies were carried out to collect blood and urine samples from pigs fed increasing levels of Ile, Val, or Leu followed by a nontargeted LC-MS approach to characterize the metabolic profile of biofluids when dietary BCAAs are optimum for animal growth. Results showed that concentrations of plasma hypoxanthine and tyrosine (Tyr) were higher while concentrations of glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid were lower when the dietary Ile was optimum. Plasma 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid and creatine were lower when dietary Leu was optimum. The optimum dietary Leu resulted in increased urinary excretion of ascorbic acid and choline and relatively decreased excretion of 2-aminoadipic acid, acetyl-dl-valine, Ile, 2-methylbutyrylglycine, and Tyr. In conclusion, plasma glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid were discriminating metabolites to the optimum dietary Ile. The optimum dietary Leu was associated with reduced plasma creatine and urinary 2-aminoadipic acid and elevated urinary excretion of ascorbic acid and choline. The optimum dietary Val had a less pronounced metabolic response reflected in plasma or urine than other BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Soumeh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette S Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne D Poulsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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29
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Tailor A, Waddington JC, Meng X, Park BK. Mass Spectrometric and Functional Aspects of Drug–Protein Conjugation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1912-1935. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Tailor
- MRC Center
for Drug Safety
Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Waddington
- MRC Center
for Drug Safety
Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Center
for Drug Safety
Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Center
for Drug Safety
Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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30
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Gan J, Ma S, Zhang D. Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:473-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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van der Sluis R, Erasmus E. Xenobiotic/medium chain fatty acid: CoA ligase - a critical review on its role in fatty acid metabolism and the detoxification of benzoic acid and aspirin. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1169-79. [PMID: 27351777 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1206888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of fatty acids by the acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) is the vital first step in fatty acid metabolism. The enzymatic and physiological characterization of the human xenobiotic/medium chain fatty acid: CoA ligases (ACSMs) has been severely neglected even though xenobiotics, such as benzoate and salicylate, are detoxified through this pathway. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on the nomenclature and substrate specificity of the human ACSM ligases; the biochemical and enzymatic characterization of ACSM1 and ACSM2B; the high sequence homology of the ACSM2 genes (ACSM2A and ACSM2B) as well as what is currently known regarding disease association studies. EXPERT OPINION Several discrepancies exist in the current literature that should be taken note of. For example, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported to be associated with aspirin metabolism and multiple risk factors of metabolic syndrome are incorrect. Kinetic data on the substrate specificity of the human ACSM ligases are non-existent and currently no data exist on the influence of SNPs on the enzyme activity of these ligases. One of the biggest obstacles currently in the field is that glycine conjugation is continuously studied as a one-step process, which means that key regulatory factors of the two individual steps remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- a Centre for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- a Centre for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Shirakawa K, Wang L, Man N, Maksimoska J, Sorum AW, Lim HW, Lee IS, Shimazu T, Newman JC, Schröder S, Ott M, Marmorstein R, Meier J, Nimer S, Verdin E. Salicylate, diflunisal and their metabolites inhibit CBP/p300 and exhibit anticancer activity. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27244239 PMCID: PMC4931907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are potent and widely used anti-inflammatory drugs. They are thought to exert their therapeutic effects through multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenases, modulation of NF-κB activity, and direct activation of AMPK. However, the full spectrum of their activities is incompletely understood. Here we show that salicylate specifically inhibits CBP and p300 lysine acetyltransferase activity in vitro by direct competition with acetyl-Coenzyme A at the catalytic site. We used a chemical structure-similarity search to identify another anti-inflammatory drug, diflunisal, that inhibits p300 more potently than salicylate. At concentrations attainable in human plasma after oral administration, both salicylate and diflunisal blocked the acetylation of lysine residues on histone and non-histone proteins in cells. Finally, we found that diflunisal suppressed the growth of p300-dependent leukemia cell lines expressing AML1-ETO fusion protein in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism of action for salicylate and derivative drugs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11156.001 People have been using a chemical called salicylate, which was once extracted from willow tree bark, as medicine for pain, fever and inflammation since ancient Greece. Aspirin is derived from salicylate but is a more potent drug. Aspirin exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by shutting down the activity of proteins that would otherwise boost inflammation. Aspirin achieves this by releasing a chemical marker, called an acetyl group, to be added to these proteins via a process known as protein acetylation. However, salicylate cannot trigger protein acetylation and so it was not clear how it reduces inflammation. An anti-diabetes drug that is converted into salicylate in the body reduces inflammation by inhibiting a protein called NF-κB. In 2001, a group of researchers reported that NF-κB becomes active when an enzyme called p300 adds an acetyl group to it. This raised the question: does salicylate reduce inflammation by blocking, instead of triggering, protein acetylation. Now, Shirakawa et al. – who include a researcher involved in the 2001 study – show that salicylate does indeed block the activity of the p300 enzyme. Shirakawa et al. then searched a database looking for drugs that have salicylate as part of their molecular structure. The search led to a drug called diflunisal, which was even more effective at blocking p300 in laboratory tests. Some cancers, including a blood cancer, rely on p300 to grow; diflunisal was shown to stop this kind of cancer cell from growing, both in the laboratory and in mice. Together, the experiments suggest that salicylate and drugs that share some of its structure might represent useful treatments for certain cancers, as well as other diseases that involve the p300 enzyme. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11156.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shirakawa
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lan Wang
- University of Miami, Gables, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, United States
| | - Na Man
- University of Miami, Gables, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, United States
| | - Jasna Maksimoska
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Alexander W Sorum
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Hyung W Lim
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Intelly S Lee
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tadahiro Shimazu
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - John C Newman
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sebastian Schröder
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jordan Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Stephen Nimer
- University of Miami, Gables, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, United States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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Takahashi RH, Ma S, Yue Q, Kim-Kang H, Yi Y, Ly J, Boggs JW, Fettes A, McClory A, Deng Y, Hop CECA, Khojasteh SC, Choo EF. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of cobimetinib, an oral MEK inhibitor, in rats and dogs. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:50-65. [PMID: 27055783 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of cobimetinib, an allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2, was characterized in mass balance studies following single oral administration of radiolabeled (14C) cobimetinib to Sprague-Dawley rats (30 mg/kg) and Beagle dogs (5 mg/kg). 2. The oral dose of cobimetinib was well absorbed (81% and 71% in rats and dogs, respectively). The maximal plasma concentrations for cobimetinib and total radioactivity were reached at 2-3 h post-dose. Drug-derived radioactivity was fully recovered (∼90% of the administered dose) with the majority eliminated in feces via biliary excretion (78% of the dose for rats and 65% for dogs). The recoveries were nearly complete after the first 48 h following dosing. 3. The metabolic profiles indicated extensive metabolism of cobimetinib prior to its elimination. For rats, the predominant metabolic pathway was hydroxylation at the aromatic core. Lower exposures for cobimetinib and total radioactivity were observed in male rats compared with female rats, which was consistent to in vitro higher clearance of cobimetinib for male rats. For dogs, sequential oxidative reactions occurred at the aliphatic portion of the molecule. Though rat metabolism was well-predicted in vitro with liver microsomes, dog metabolism was not. 4. Rats and dogs were exposed to the two major human circulating Phase II metabolites, which provided relevant metabolite safety assessment. In general, the extensive sequential oxidative metabolism in dogs, and not the aromatic hydroxylation in rats, was more indicative of the metabolism of cobimetinib in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Takahashi
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Shuguang Ma
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Qin Yue
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Yijun Yi
- b XenoBiotic Laboratories, Inc , Plainsboro , NJ , USA
| | - Justin Ly
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jason W Boggs
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Alec Fettes
- c Pharma Technical Development, Process Research & Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel , Switzerland , and
| | - Andrew McClory
- d Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Yuzhong Deng
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Edna F Choo
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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Nortje C, van der Sluis R, van Dijk AA, Erasmus E. The Use ofp-Aminobenzoic Acid as a Probe Substance for the Targeted Profiling of Glycine Conjugation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 30:136-47. [PMID: 26484797 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nortje
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
| | - Alberdina Aike van Dijk
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
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35
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van der Sluis R, Badenhorst CPS, Erasmus E, van Dyk E, van der Westhuizen FH, van Dijk AA. Conservation of the coding regions of the glycine N-acyltransferase gene further suggests that glycine conjugation is an essential detoxification pathway. Gene 2015; 571:126-34. [PMID: 26149650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thorough investigation of the glycine conjugation pathway has been neglected. No defect of the glycine conjugation pathway has been reported and this could reflect the essential role of glycine conjugation in hepatic metabolism. Therefore, we hypothesised that genetic variation in the open reading frame (ORF) of the GLYAT gene should be low and that deleterious alleles would be found at low frequencies. This hypothesis was investigated by analysing the genetic variation of the human GLYAT ORF using data available in public databases. We also sequenced the GLYAT ORF of a small cohort of South African Afrikaner Caucasian individuals. In total, data from 1537 individuals was analysed. The two most prominent GLYAT haplotypes in all populations analysed, were S156 (70%) and T17S156 (20%). The S156C199 and S156H131 haplotypes, which have a negative effect on the enzyme activity of a recombinant human GLYAT, were detected at very low frequencies. In the Afrikaner Caucasian cohort a novel Q61L SNP occurring at a high frequency (12%) was detected. The results of this study indicated that the GLYAT ORF is highly conserved and supported the hypothesis that the glycine conjugation pathway is an essential detoxification pathway. These findings emphasise the importance of future investigations to determine the in vivo capacity of the glycine conjugation pathway for the detoxification of benzoate and other xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Etresia van Dyk
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | | | - Alberdina A van Dijk
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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The simultaneous detection and quantification of p-aminobenzoic acid and its phase 2 biotransformation metabolites in human urine using LC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1211-24. [PMID: 26045002 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) can be used as a probe substance to investigate glycine conjugation, a reaction of phase 2 biotransformation. Methodology/Results: An LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of PABA and its metabolites from human urine was developed and validated. The metabolites can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy directly from human urine samples after ingestion of 550 mg PABA. Conclusion: The developed LC–MS/MS assay is to our knowledge the first method available for the simultaneous quantification of PABA and its glycine conjugation metabolites in human urine and provides important quantitative data for studies of this phase 2 biotransformation pathway.
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Darnell M, Breitholtz K, Isin EM, Jurva U, Weidolf L. Significantly Different Covalent Binding of Oxidative Metabolites, Acyl Glucuronides, and S-Acyl CoA Conjugates Formed from Xenobiotic Carboxylic Acids in Human Liver Microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:886-96. [PMID: 25803559 DOI: 10.1021/tx500514z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic carboxylic acids may be metabolized to oxidative metabolites, acyl glucuronides, and/or S-acyl-CoA thioesters (CoA conjugates) in vitro, e.g., in hepatocytes, and in vivo. These metabolites can potentially be reactive species and bind covalently to tissue proteins and are generally considered to mediate adverse drug reactions in humans. Acyl glucuronide metabolites have been the focus of reactive metabolite research for decades, whereas drug-CoA conjugates, which have been shown to be up to 40-70 times more reactive, have been given much less attention. In an attempt to dissect the contribution of different pathways to covalent binding, we utilized human liver microsomes supplemented with NADPH, uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), or CoA to evaluate the reactivity of each metabolite separately. Seven carboxylic acid drugs were included in this study. While ibuprofen and tolmetin are still on the market, ibufenac, fenclozic acid, tienilic acid, suprofen, and zomepirac were stopped before their launch or withdrawn. The reactivities of the CoA conjugates of ibuprofen, ibufenac, fenclozic acid, and tolmetin were higher compared to those of their corresponding oxidative metabolites and acyl glucuronides, as measured by the level of covalent binding to human liver microsomal proteins. The highest covalent binding was observed for ibuprofenyl-CoA and ibufenacyl-CoA, to levels of 1000 and 8600 pmol drug eq/mg protein, respectively. In contrast and in agreement with the proposed P450-mediated toxicity for these drug molecules, the reactivities of oxidative metabolites of suprofen and tienilic acid were higher compared to the reactivities of their conjugated metabolites, with NADPH-dependent covalent binding of 250 pmol drug eq/mg protein for both drugs. The seven drugs all formed UDPGA-dependent acyl glucuronides, but none of these resulted in covalent binding. This study shows that, unlike studies with hepatocytes or in vivo, human liver microsomes provide an opportunity to investigate the reactivity of individual metabolites.
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Badenhorst CPS, Erasmus E, van der Sluis R, Nortje C, van Dijk AA. A new perspective on the importance of glycine conjugation in the metabolism of aromatic acids. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:343-61. [PMID: 24754494 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.908903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A number of endogenous and xenobiotic organic acids are conjugated to glycine, in animals ranging from mosquitoes to humans. Glycine conjugation has generally been assumed to be a detoxification mechanism, increasing the water solubility of organic acids in order to facilitate urinary excretion. However, the recently proposed glycine deportation hypothesis states that the role of the amino acid conjugations, including glycine conjugation, is to regulate systemic levels of amino acids that are also utilized as neurotransmitters in the central nervous systems of animals. This hypothesis is based on the observation that, compared to glucuronidation, glycine conjugation does not significantly increase the water solubility of aromatic acids. In this review it will be argued that the major role of glycine conjugation is to dispose of the end products of phenylpropionate metabolism. Furthermore, glucuronidation, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, would not be ideal for the detoxification of free benzoate, which has been shown to accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix. Glycine conjugation, however, prevents accumulation of benzoic acid in the mitochondrial matrix by forming hippurate, a less lipophilic conjugate that can be more readily transported out of the mitochondria. Finally, it will be explained that the glycine conjugation of benzoate, a commonly used preservative, exacerbates the dietary deficiency of glycine in humans. Because the resulting shortage of glycine can negatively influence brain neurochemistry and the synthesis of collagen, nucleic acids, porphyrins, and other important metabolites, the risks of using benzoate as a preservative should not be underestimated.
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Metabonomic analysis of quercetin against the toxicity of chronic exposure to low-level dichlorvos in rats via ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225:230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Hunt MC, Tillander V, Alexson SEH. Regulation of peroxisomal lipid metabolism: the role of acyl-CoA and coenzyme A metabolizing enzymes. Biochimie 2014; 98:45-55. [PMID: 24389458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are nearly ubiquitous organelles involved in a number of metabolic pathways that vary between organisms and tissues. A common metabolic function in mammals is the partial degradation of various (di)carboxylic acids via α- and β-oxidation. While only a small number of enzymes catalyze the reactions of β-oxidation, numerous auxiliary enzymes have been identified to be involved in uptake of fatty acids and cofactors required for β-oxidation, regulation of β-oxidation and transport of metabolites across the membrane. These proteins include membrane transporters/channels, acyl-CoA thioesterases, acyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases, carnitine acyltransferases and nudix hydrolases. Here we review the current view of the role of these auxiliary enzymes in peroxisomal lipid metabolism and propose that they function in concert to provide a means to regulate fatty acid metabolism and transport of products across the peroxisomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Hunt
- Dublin Institute of Technology, College of Sciences & Health, School of Biological Sciences, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Veronika Tillander
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Expression, purification, and characterization of mouse glycine N-acyltransferase in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 97:23-8. [PMID: 24576660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) is a phase II metabolic detoxification enzyme for exogenous (xenobiotic) and endogenous carboxylic acids; consisting of fatty acids, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid. GLYAT catalyzes the formation of hippurate (N-benzoylglycine) from the corresponding glycine and benzoyl-CoA. Herein, we report the successful expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant mouse GLYAT (mGLYAT). A 34kDa mGLYAT protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by nickel affinity chromatography to a final yield of 2.5mg/L culture. Characterization for both amino donors and amino acceptors were completed, with glycine serving as the best amino donor substrate, (kcat/Km)app=(5.2±0.20)×10(2)M(-1)s(-1), and benzoyl-CoA serving as the best the amino acceptor substrate, (kcat/Km)app=(4.5±0.27)×10(5)M(-1)s(-1). Our data demonstrate that mGLYAT will catalyzed the chain length specific (C2-C6) formation of N-acylglycines. The steady-state kinetic constants determined for recombinant mGLYAT for the substrates benzoyl-CoA and glycine, were shown to be consistent with other reported species (rat, human, bovine, ovine, and rhesus monkey). The successful recombinant expression and purification of mGLYAT can lead to solve unanswered questions associated with this enzyme, consisting of what is the chemical mechanism and what catalytic residues are essential for the how this phase II metabolic detoxification enzyme conjugates glycine to xenobiotic and endogenous carboxylic acids.
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Khojasteh SC, Yue Q, Ma S, Castanedo G, Chen JZ, Lyssikatos J, Mulder T, Takahashi R, Ly J, Messick K, Jia W, Liu L, Hop CECA, Wong H. Investigations into the Mechanisms of Pyridine Ring Cleavage in Vismodegib. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:343-51. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Pickup K, Wills J, Rodrigues A, Jones HB, Page C, Martin S, Sarda S, Wilson I. The metabolic fate of [14C]-fenclozic acid in the hepatic reductase null (HRN) mouse. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:164-73. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.866299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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44
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Darnell M, Weidolf L. Metabolism of xenobiotic carboxylic acids: focus on coenzyme A conjugation, reactivity, and interference with lipid metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1139-55. [PMID: 23790050 DOI: 10.1021/tx400183y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While xenobiotic carboxylic acids (XCAs) have been studied extensively with respect to their enzymatic conversion to potentially reactive acyl glucuronides with implications to drug induced hepatotoxicity, the formation of xenobiotic-S-acyl-CoA thioesters (xenobiotic-CoAs) have been much less studied in spite of data indicating that such conjugates may be equally or more reactive than the corresponding acyl glucuronides. This review addresses enzymes and cell organelles involved in the formation of xenobiotic-CoAs, the reactivity of such conjugates toward biological macromolecules, and in vitro and in vivo methodology to assess consequences of such reactivity. Further, the propensity of xenobiotic-CoAs to interfere with endogenous lipid metabolism, e.g., inhibition of β-oxidation or depletion of the CoA or carnitine pools, adds to the complexity of the potential contribution of XCAs to hepatotoxicity by a number of mechanisms in addition to those in common with the corresponding acyl glucuronides. On the basis of our review of the literature on xenobiotic-CoA conjugates, there appear to be a number of gaps in our understanding of the bioactivation of XCA both with respect to the mechanisms involved and the experimental approaches to distinguish between the role of acyl glucuronides and xenobiotic-CoA conjugates. These aspects are focused upon and described in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Darnell
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölnda l, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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45
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Malmquist LMV, Christensen JH, Selck H. Effects of Nereis diversicolor on the transformation of 1-methylpyrene and pyrene: transformation efficiency and identification of phase I and II products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5383-5392. [PMID: 23611659 DOI: 10.1021/es400809p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of nonsubstituted and alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the benthic invertebrate Nereis diversicolor was compared in this study. Pyrene and 1-methylpyrene were used as model compounds for nonsubstituted and alkyl-substituted PAHs, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of metabolites and parent compounds in worm tissue, water, and sediment were performed. Transformation of 1-methylpyrene generated the benzylic hydroxylated phase I product, 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid that comprised 90% of the total metabolites of 1-methylpyrene, and was mainly found in water extracts. We tentatively identified 1-methylpyrene glucuronides and 1-carbonylpyrene glycine as phase II metabolites not previously reported in literature. Pyrene was biotransformed to 1-hydroxypyrene, pyrene-1-sulfate, pyrene-1-glucuronide, and pyrene glucoside sulfate, with pyrene-1-glucuronide as the most prominent metabolite. Transformation of 1-methylpyrene (21% transformed) was more than 3 times as efficient as pyrene transformation (5.6% transformed). Because crude oils contain larger amounts of C₁-C₄-substituted PAHs than nonsubstituted PAHs, the rapid and efficient transformation of sediment-associated 1-methylpyrene may result in a high exposure of water-living organisms to metabolites of alkyl-substituted PAHs, whose toxicities are unknown. This study demonstrates the need to consider fate and effects of substituted PAHs and their metabolites in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus M V Malmquist
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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46
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Badenhorst CPS, van der Sluis R, Erasmus E, van Dijk AA. Glycine conjugation: importance in metabolism, the role of glycine N-acyltransferase, and factors that influence interindividual variation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1139-53. [PMID: 23650932 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.796929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycine conjugation of mitochondrial acyl-CoAs, catalyzed by glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT, E.C. 2.3.1.13), is an important metabolic pathway responsible for maintaining adequate levels of free coenzyme A (CoASH). However, because of the small number of pharmaceutical drugs that are conjugated to glycine, the pathway has not yet been characterized in detail. Here, we review the causes and possible consequences of interindividual variation in the glycine conjugation pathway. AREAS COVERED The authors review the importance of CoASH in metabolism, formation and toxicity of xenobiotic acyl-CoAs, and mechanisms for restoring levels of CoASH. They focus on GLYAT, glycine conjugation, how genetic variation in the GLYAT gene could influence glycine conjugation, and the emerging roles of glycine metabolism in cancer and musculoskeletal development. EXPERT OPINION The substrate selectivity of GLYAT and its variants needs to be further characterized, as organic acids can be toxic if the corresponding acyl-CoA is not a substrate for glycine conjugation. GLYAT activity affects mitochondrial ATP production, glycine availability, CoASH availability, and the toxicity of various organic acids. Therefore, variation in the glycine conjugation pathway could influence liver cancer, musculoskeletal development, and mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Rodrigues AVM, Rollison HE, Martin S, Sarda S, Schulz-Utermoehl T, Stahl S, Gustafsson F, Eakins J, Kenna JG, Wilson ID. In vitro exploration of potential mechanisms of toxicity of the human hepatotoxic drug fenclozic acid. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1569-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Johnson CH, Slanař O, Krausz KW, Kang DW, Patterson AD, Kim JH, Luecke H, Gonzalez FJ, Idle JR. Novel metabolites and roles for α-tocopherol in humans and mice discovered by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:818-30. [PMID: 22952181 PMCID: PMC3441109 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.042929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contradictory results from clinical trials that examined the role of vitamin E in chronic disease could be a consequence of interindividual variation, caused by factors such as xenobiotic use. Cometabolism of vitamin E with other pharmaceutical products could affect the bioavailability of the drug. Thus, it is necessary to understand fully the metabolic routes and biological endpoints of vitamin E. OBJECTIVE The objective was to uncover novel metabolites and roles of vitamin E in humans and mouse models. DESIGN Human volunteers (n = 10) were fed almonds for 7 d and then an α-tocopherol dietary supplement for 14 d. Urine and serum samples were collected before and after dosing. C57BL/6 mice (n = 10) were also fed α-tocopherol-deficient and -enriched diets for 14 d. Urine, serum, and feces were collected before and after dosing, and liver samples were collected after euthanization. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis tools were used to analyze the samples. RESULTS Three novel urinary metabolites of α-tocopherol were discovered in humans and mice: α-carboxyethylhydroxychroman (α-CEHC) glycine, α-CEHC glycine glucuronide, and α-CEHC taurine. Another urinary metabolite, α-CEHC glutamine, was discovered in mice after α-CEHC gavage. Increases in liver fatty acids and decreases in serum and liver cholesterol were observed in mice fed the α-tocopherol-enriched diet. CONCLUSION Novel metabolites and metabolic pathways of vitamin E were identified by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and will aid in understanding the disposition and roles of vitamin E in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Johnson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Waluk DP, Sucharski F, Sipos L, Silberring J, Hunt MC. Reversible lysine acetylation regulates activity of human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2): implications for production of glycine-conjugated signaling molecules. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16158-67. [PMID: 22408254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a major post-translational modification of proteins and regulates many physiological processes such as metabolism, cell migration, aging, and inflammation. Proteomic studies have identified numerous lysine-acetylated proteins in human and mouse models (Kim, S. C., Sprung, R., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Ball, H., Pei, J., Cheng, T., Kho, Y., Xiao, H., Xiao, L., Grishin, N. V., White, M., Yang, X. J., and Zhao, Y. (2006) Mol. Cell 23, 607-618). One family of proteins identified in this study was the murine glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) enzymes, which are acetylated on lysine 19. Lysine 19 is a conserved residue in human glycine N-acyltransferase-like 2 (hGLYATL2) and in several other species, showing that this residue may be important for enzyme function. Mutation of lysine 19 in recombinant hGLYATL2 to glutamine (K19Q) and arginine (K19R) resulted in a 50-80% lower production of N-oleoyl glycine and N-arachidonoylglycine, indicating that lysine 19 is important for enzyme function. LC/MS/MS confirmed that Lys-19 is not acetylated in wild-type hGLYATL2, indicating that Lys-19 requires to be deacetylated for full activity. The hGLYATL2 enzyme conjugates medium- and long-chain saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA esters to glycine, resulting in the production of N-oleoyl glycine and also N-arachidonoyl glycine. N-Oleoyl glycine and N-arachidonoyl glycine are structurally and functionally related to endocannabinoids and have been identified as signaling molecules that regulate functions like the perception of pain and body temperature and also have anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, acetylation of lysine(s) in hGLYATL2 regulates the enzyme activity, thus linking post-translational modification of proteins with the production of biological signaling molecules, the N-acyl glycines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik P Waluk
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Toxicology, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Genetic polymorphisms affecting drug metabolism: recent advances and clinical aspects. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 63:137-67. [PMID: 22776641 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Though current knowledge of pharmacogenetic factors relevant to drug metabolism is fairly comprehensive and this should facilitate translation to the clinic, there are a number of gaps in knowledge. Recent studies using both conventional and novel approaches have added to our knowledge of pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. Genome-wide association studies have provided new insights into the major contribution of cytochromes P450 to response to therapeutic agents such as coumarin anticoagulants and clopidogrel as well as to caffeine and nicotine. Recent advances in understanding of factors affecting gene expression, both regulation by transcription factors and by microRNA and epigenetic factors, have added to understanding of variation in expression of genes such as CYP3A4 and CYP2E1. The implementation of testing for pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in prescription of selected anticancer drugs and cardiovascular agents is considered in detail, with current controversies and barriers to implementation of pharmacogenetic testing assessed. Though genotyping for thiopurine methyltransferase is now common prior to prescription of thiopurines, genotyping for other pharmacogenetic polymorphisms prior to drug prescription remains uncommon. However, it seems likely that it will become more widespread as both increased evidence that certain pharmacogenetic tests are valuable and cost-effective and more accessible genotyping methods become available.
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