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Han J, Ho TW, Stine JM, Overton SN, Herberholz J, Ghodssi R. Simultaneous Dopamine and Serotonin Monitoring in Freely Moving Crayfish Using a Wireless Electrochemical Sensing System. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2346-2355. [PMID: 38713172 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) are neurotransmitters that regulate a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes. Monitoring of both neurotransmitters with real-time analysis offers important insight into the mechanisms that shape animal behavior. However, bioelectronic tools to simultaneously monitor DA and 5-HT interactive dynamics in freely moving animals are underdeveloped. This is mainly due to the limited sensor sensitivity with miniaturized electronics. Here, we present a semi-implantable electrochemical device achieved by integrating a multi-surface-modified carbon fiber microelectrode with a miniaturized potentiostat module to detect DA and 5-HT in vivo with high sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, carbon fiber microelectrodes were modified through electrochemical treatment and surface coatings to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and antifouling properties. A customized, lightweight potentiostat module was developed for untethered electrochemical measurements. Integrated with the microelectrode, the microsystem is compact (2.8 × 2.3 × 2.1 cm) to minimize its impacts on animal behavior and achieved simultaneous detection of DA and 5-HT with sensitivities of 48.4 and 133.0 nA/μM, respectively, within submicromolar ranges. The system was attached to the crayfish dorsal carapace, allowing electrode implantation into the heart of a crayfish to monitor DA and 5-HT dynamics, followed by drug injections. The semi-implantable biosensor system displayed a significant increase in oxidation peak currents after DA and 5-HT injections. The device successfully demonstrated the application for in vivo simultaneous monitoring of DA and 5-HT in the hemolymph (i.e., blood) of freely behaving crayfish underwater, yielding a valuable experimental tool to expand our understanding of the comodulation of DA and 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ta-Wen Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Justin M Stine
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sydney N Overton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jens Herberholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Jin L, Li X, Chen X, Chen X, Liu Y, Xu H, Wang Q, Tang Z. A study on puerarin in situ gel eye drops: Formulation optimization and pharmacokinetics on rabbits by microdialysis. Int J Pharm 2023:123176. [PMID: 37364779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin (PUE), an isoflavonoid isolated from Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi root, is a β-adrenergic receptor inhibitor used in treating glaucoma. The concentration range of gellan gum was determined based on the formulation viscosity and gelling capacity. PVP-K30 and gellan gum were used as variables, with the viscosity of formulation: STF = 40: 21, the 4 h permeation rate of rabbit isolated sclera, and 2 h in vitro release rate as response values. The JMP software was used to optimize the results, presenting that gellan gum was the main factor influencing viscosity. The in vitro release and permeation rate were primarily influenced by PVP-K30. The optimal prescription was 0.45% gellan gum and 6.0% PVP-K30. The in vitro release and permeation characteristics of puerarin in situ gel (PUE-ISG) were investigated using PUE solution as a control. The dialysis bag method results indicated that the release of the solution group leveled off after 4 h, while the PUE-ISG group had been continuously releasing. However, the cumulative release rates of the two were no longer significantly different at 10 h. The cumulative permeation rates of the ISG and solution groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05) in the rabbit isolated sclera. The apparent permeability Papp and steady-state flux Jss of PUE-ISG were 0.950 ± 0.059 cm·h-1 and 9.504 ± 0.587 mg·cm-2·h-1, respectively. A sensitive and stable HPLC-MS/MS analytical method for quantifying aqueous humor concentrations of PUE was validated. A microdialysis technique was successfully used in the aqueous humor pharmacokinetics study to sample aqueous humor from rabbit eye continuously. The results revealed that PUE-ISG significantly increased the drug concentration in the aqueous humor, with Cmax and AUC(0-t) 3.77 and 4.40 times higher than those of the solution group, respectively. Tmax was also significantly prolonged, indicating good prospects for clinical application. The developed PUE-ISG preparation has the characteristics of rapid drug release and sustained permeation, and increase the drug concentration in aqueous humor, with all inactive ingredients remaining within the maximum allowable limits recommended by the FDA guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiumin Li
- Dezhou Food and Drug Inspection Center, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinghao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haonan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Zhan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Lipari N, Centner A, Glinski J, Cohen S, Manfredsson FP, Bishop C. Characterizing the relationship between L-DOPA-induced-dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviors in a bilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105965. [PMID: 36526089 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease associated psychosis (PDAP) is a prevalent non-motor symptom (NMS) that significantly erodes patients' and caregivers' quality of life yet remains vastly understudied. One potential source of PDAP in late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) is the common dopamine (DA) replacement therapy for motor symptoms, Levodopa (L-DOPA). Given the high incidence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in later phases of PD, this study sought to characterize the relationship between PDAP and LID in a bilateral medial forebrain bundle 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA) lesion rat model. To assess PDAP in this model, prepulse inhibition (PPI), a well-validated assay of sensorimotor gating, was employed. First, we tested whether a bilateral lesion alone or after chronic L-DOPA treatment was sufficient to induce PPI dysfunction. Rats were also monitored for LID development, using the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) test, to examine PPI and LID associations. In experiment 2, Vilazodone (VZD), a serotonin transporter (SERT) blocker and 1A receptor (5-HT1A) partial agonist was administered to test its potential efficacy in reducing LID and PPI dysfunction. Once testing was complete, tissue was collected for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to examine the monoamine levels in motor and non-motor circuits. Results indicate that bilateral DA lesions produced motor deficits and that chronic L-DOPA induced moderate AIMs; importantly, rats that developed more severe AIMs were more likely to display sensorimotor gating dysfunction. In addition, VZD treatment dose-dependently reduced L-DOPA-induced AIMs without impairing L-DOPA efficacy, although VZD's effects on PPI were limited. Altogether, this project established the bilateral 6-OHDA lesion model accurately portrayed LID and PDAP-like behaviors, uncovered their potential relationship, and finally, demonstrated the utility of VZD for reducing LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lipari
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Centner
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - John Glinski
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Lachance GP, Boisselier É, Boukadoum M, Miled A. Towards an advanced neurotechnological system: colorimetric sensing with a novel grism-based spectrometer, functionalized gold nanoparticles and a heterogeneous embedded system. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210016. [PMID: 35658674 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter sensing in the brain is crucial for the understanding of neuro-degenerative diseases. Most modern methods for the purpose rely on bulky instruments or are disruptive to the neurotransmitter medium. In this work, we describe and evaluate the design of a novel, compact and non-invasive instrument for neurotransmitter detection based on the colorimetric sensing method. The instrument includes a grism-based spectrometer that measures the wavelength shift of gold nanoparticles that are functionalized with aptamers to act as neurotransmitter-specific markers. It also includes microfluidic and electronic subsystems for sample preparation and control, and processing of the obtained signal. The instrument is tested with gold nanoparticles and its performance is compared to that of a commercial instrument, showing that the designed prototype matches the commercial instrument in performance while being much smaller, and it can surpass it with further improvements. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced neurotechnologies: translating innovation for health and well-being'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel P Lachance
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, Québec Canada
| | - Élodie Boisselier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Université Laval, Québec Canada
| | - Mounir Boukadoum
- Department of Computer Science, Université du Québec À Montréal (UQÀM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amine Miled
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, Québec Canada
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Vickstrom CR, Snarrenberg ST, Friedman V, Liu QS. Application of optogenetics and in vivo imaging approaches for elucidating the neurobiology of addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:640-651. [PMID: 34145393 PMCID: PMC9190069 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiology of addiction has been an intense topic of investigation for more than 50 years. Over this time, technological innovation in methods for studying brain function rapidly progressed, leading to increasingly sophisticated experimental approaches. To understand how specific brain regions, cell types, and circuits are affected by drugs of abuse and drive behaviors characteristic of addiction, it is necessary both to observe and manipulate neural activity in addiction-related behavioral paradigms. In pursuit of this goal, there have been several key technological advancements in in vivo imaging and neural circuit modulation in recent years, which have shed light on the cellular and circuit mechanisms of addiction. Here we discuss some of these key technologies, including circuit modulation with optogenetics, in vivo imaging with miniaturized single-photon microscopy (miniscope) and fiber photometry, and how the application of these technologies has garnered novel insights into the neurobiology of addiction.
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ZHOU Y, DING F, ZHANG GJ, TANG LN, LI YT. Micro-needle electrode for real-time monitoring of norepinephrine in rat central nervous system. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Turk AZ, Lotfi Marchoubeh M, Fritsch I, Maguire GA, SheikhBahaei S. Dopamine, vocalization, and astrocytes. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 219:104970. [PMID: 34098250 PMCID: PMC8260450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine, the main catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain, is predominately produced in the basal ganglia and released to various brain regions including the frontal cortex, midbrain and brainstem. Dopamine's effects are widespread and include modulation of a number of voluntary and innate behaviors. Vigilant regulation and modulation of dopamine levels throughout the brain is imperative for proper execution of motor behaviors, in particular speech and other types of vocalizations. While dopamine's role in motor circuitry is widely accepted, its unique function in normal and abnormal speech production is not fully understood. In this perspective, we first review the role of dopaminergic circuits in vocal production. We then discuss and propose the conceivable involvement of astrocytes, the numerous star-shaped glia cells of the brain, in the dopaminergic network modulating normal and abnormal vocal productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Z Turk
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701 AR, USA
| | - Ingrid Fritsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701 AR, USA
| | - Gerald A Maguire
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 92521 CA, USA
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahaei
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA.
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8
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Sarlo GL, Holton KF. Brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in human epilepsy: A review. Seizure 2021; 91:213-227. [PMID: 34233236 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between excitation and inhibition has been a longstanding proposed mechanism regarding ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. This imbalance is related to increased extracellular glutamate in the brain and/or reduction in GABA concentrations, leading to excitotoxicity, seizures, and cell death. This review aims to summarize the microdialysis and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) literature investigating glutamate and GABA concentrations in epilepsy patients, present limitations, and suggest future directions to help direct the search for novel epilepsy treatments. The majority of microdialysis studies demonstrated increased glutamate in epileptic regions either compared to control regions or to baseline levels; however, sample sizes were small, with some statistical comparisons missing. For the MRS research, two of six studies reported significant changes in glutamate levels compared to controls, though the results were mixed, with one reporting increased and the other reporting decreased glutamate levels. Eleven of 20 studies reported significant changes in Glx (glutamate + glutamine) or Glx ratios, with most reporting increased levels, except for a few epilepsy syndromes where reduced levels were reported. Few studies investigated GABA concentrations, with one microdialysis and four spectroscopy studies reporting increased GABA levels, and one study reporting decreased GABA in a different brain region. Based on this review, future research should account for medication use; include measurements of GABA, glutamate, and glutamine; use high-tesla strength MRI; and further evaluate the timing of microdialysis. Understanding the importance of brain glutamate and GABA levels in epilepsy may provide direction for future therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L Sarlo
- Department of Psychology, Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience Program, American University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington DC, United States; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington DC, United States.
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9
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Hemorphins-From Discovery to Functions and Pharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133879. [PMID: 34201982 PMCID: PMC8270332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last three decades, a variety of different studies on bioactive peptides that are opioid receptor ligands, have been carried out, with regard to their isolation and identification, as well as their molecular functions in living organisms. Thus, in this review, we would like to summarize the present state-of-the art concerning hemorphins, methodological aspects of their identification, and their potential role as therapeutic agents. We have collected and discussed articles describing hemorphins, from their discovery up until now, thus presenting a very wide spectrum of their characteristic and applications. One of the major assets of the present paper is a combination of analytical and pharmacological aspects of peptides described by a team who participated in the initial research on hemorphins. This review is, in part, focused on the analysis of endogenous opioid peptides in biological samples using advanced techniques, description of the identification of synthetic/endogenous hemorphins, their involvement in pharmacology, learning, pain and other function. Finally, the part regarding hemorphin analogues and their synthesis, has been added.
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Kouhi A, Pachipulusu V, Kapenstein T, Hu P, Epstein AL, Khawli LA. Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126442. [PMID: 34208575 PMCID: PMC8235515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.
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11
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Edvardsson CE, Vestlund J, Jerlhag E. A ghrelin receptor antagonist reduces the ability of ghrelin, alcohol or amphetamine to induce a dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and in nucleus accumbens shell in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174039. [PMID: 33737011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide ghrelin increases the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell via central ghrelin receptors, especially those located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The activity of the VTA dopamine neurons projecting to NAc shell, involves somatodendritic dopamine release within the VTA. However, the effects of ghrelin on the concomitant dopamine release in the VTA and NAc shell is unknown. It is further unknown whether addictive drugs, such as alcohol and amphetamine, enhance the dopamine levels in both these areas via ghrelin receptor dependent mechanisms. Thus, the effects of a ghrelin receptor antagonist, JMV2959, on the ability of i) central ghrelin ii) systemic alcohol or iii) systemic amphetamine to increase the dopamine release in the VTA and in the NAc shell in rats by using in vivo microdialysis was explored. We showed that systemic administration of JMV2959 blocks the ability of central ghrelin to increases dopamine release in the VTA and the NAc shell, and reduces the alcohol- and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in both these areas. Locomotor activity studies was then conducted in an attempt to correlate the ghrelin-induced dopamine release in the VTA to a behavioural outcome. These revealed that local infusion of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist into the VTA blocks the ability of central ghrelin to cause a locomotor stimulation in mice. Collectively, this study adds to the growing body of evidence indicating that ghrelin signalling modulates the ability of ghrelin, and addictive drugs, to activate the mesoaccumbal dopamine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Edvardsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jesper Vestlund
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Chen J, Cho KE, Skwarzynska D, Clancy S, Conley NJ, Clinton SM, Li X, Lin L, Zhu JJ. The Property-Based Practical Applications and Solutions of Genetically Encoded Acetylcholine and Monoamine Sensors. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2318-2328. [PMID: 33627325 PMCID: PMC7984589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1062-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory communication among various neurons and non-neuronal cells mediates myriad physiological and pathologic processes, yet defining regulatory and functional features of neuromodulatory transmission remains challenging because of limitations of available monitoring tools. Recently developed genetically encoded neuromodulatory transmitter sensors, when combined with superresolution and/or deconvolution microscopy, allow the first visualization of neuromodulatory transmission with nanoscale or microscale spatiotemporal resolution. In vitro and in vivo experiments have validated several high-performing sensors to have the qualities necessary for demarcating fundamental synaptic properties of neuromodulatory transmission, and initial analysis has unveiled unexpected fine control and precision of neuromodulation. These new findings underscore the importance of synaptic dynamics in synapse-, subcellular-, and circuit-specific neuromodulation, as well as the prospect of genetically encoded transmitter sensors in expanding our knowledge of various behaviors and diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, sleeping disorders, tumorigenesis, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Katriel E Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Daria Skwarzynska
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Shaylyn Clancy
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Nicholas J Conley
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Tools for Modern Neurobiology Class of 2020, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Sarah M Clinton
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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13
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Lin L, Gupta S, Zheng WS, Si K, Zhu JJ. Genetically encoded sensors enable micro- and nano-scopic decoding of transmission in healthy and diseased brains. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:443-455. [PMID: 33277628 PMCID: PMC7850973 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural communication orchestrates a variety of behaviors, yet despite impressive effort, delineating transmission properties of neuromodulatory communication remains a daunting task due to limitations of available monitoring tools. Recently developed genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors, when combined with superresolution and deconvolution microscopic techniques, enable the first micro- and nano-scopic visualization of neuromodulatory transmission. Here we introduce this image analysis method by presenting its biophysical foundation, practical solutions, biological validation, and broad applicability. The presentation illustrates how the method resolves fundamental synaptic properties of neuromodulatory transmission, and the new data unveil unexpected fine control and precision of rodent and human neuromodulation. The findings raise the prospect of rapid advances in the understanding of neuromodulatory transmission essential for resolving the physiology or pathogenesis of various behaviors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Smriti Gupta
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - W. Sharon Zheng
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA ,grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XBiomedical Engineering Class of 2021, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Ke Si
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - J. Julius Zhu
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
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14
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Ratnam NM, Frederico SC, Gonzalez JA, Gilbert MR. Clinical correlates for immune checkpoint therapy: significance for CNS malignancies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdaa161. [PMID: 33506203 PMCID: PMC7813206 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. Most commonly, inhibitors of PD-1 and CTLA4 are used having received approval for the treatment of many cancers like melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, and leukemia. In contrast, to date, clinical studies conducted in patients with CNS malignancies have not demonstrated promising results. However, patients with CNS malignancies have several underlying factors such as treatment with supportive medications like corticosteroids and cancer therapies including radiation and chemotherapy that may negatively impact response to ICIs. Although many clinical trials have been conducted with ICIs, measures that reproducibly and reliably indicate that treatment has evoked an effective immune response have not been fully developed. In this article, we will review the history of ICI therapy and the correlative biology that has been performed in the clinical trials testing these therapies in different cancers. It is our aim to help provide an overview of the assays that may be used to gauge immunologic response. This may be particularly germane for CNS tumors, where there is currently a great need for predictive biomarkers that will allow for the selection of patients with the highest likelihood of responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita M Ratnam
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen C Frederico
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Javier A Gonzalez
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Spencer P, Jiang Y, Liu N, Han J, Li Y, Vodovoz S, Dumont AS, Wang X. Update: Microdialysis for Monitoring Cerebral Metabolic Dysfunction after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010100. [PMID: 33396652 PMCID: PMC7794715 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral metabolic dysfunction has been shown to extensively mediate the pathophysiology of brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The characterization of the alterations of metabolites in the brain can help elucidate pathophysiological changes occurring throughout SAH and the relationship between secondary brain injury and cerebral energy dysfunction after SAH. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) is a tool that can measure concentrations of multiple bioenergetics metabolites in brain interstitial fluid. This review aims to provide an update on the implication of CMD on the measurement of metabolic dysfunction in the brain after SAH. A literature review was conducted through a general PubMed search with the terms “Subarachnoid Hemorrhage AND Microdialysis” as well as a more targeted search using MeSh with the search terms “Subarachnoid hemorrhage AND Microdialysis AND Metabolism.” Both experimental and clinical papers were reviewed. CMD is a suitable tool that has been used for monitoring cerebral metabolic changes in various types of brain injury. Clinically, CMD data have shown the dramatic changes in cerebral metabolism after SAH, including glucose depletion, enhanced glycolysis, and suppressed oxidative phosphorylation. Experimental studies using CMD have demonstrated a similar pattern of cerebral metabolic dysfunction after SAH. The combination of CMD and other monitoring tools has also shown value in further dissecting and distinguishing alterations in different metabolic pathways after brain injury. Despite the lack of a standard procedure as well as the presence of limitations regarding CMD application and data interpretation for both clinical and experimental studies, emerging investigations have suggested that CMD is an effective way to monitor the changes of cerebral metabolic dysfunction after SAH in real-time, and alternatively, the combination of CMD and other monitoring tools might be able to further understand the relationship between cerebral metabolic dysfunction and brain injury after SAH, determine the severity of brain injury and predict the pathological progression and outcomes after SAH. More translational preclinical investigations and clinical validation may help to optimize CMD as a powerful tool in critical care and personalized medicine for patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (X.W.); Tel.: +504-988-9117 (Y.J.); +504-988-2646 (X.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoying Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (X.W.); Tel.: +504-988-9117 (Y.J.); +504-988-2646 (X.W.)
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16
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Jaquins-Gerstl A, Michael AC. Dexamethasone-Enhanced Microdialysis and Penetration Injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:602266. [PMID: 33364231 PMCID: PMC7752925 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis probes, electrochemical microsensors, and neural prosthetics are often used for in vivo monitoring, but these are invasive devices that are implanted directly into brain tissue. Although the selectivity, sensitivity, and temporal resolution of these devices have been characterized in detail, less attention has been paid to the impact of the trauma they inflict on the tissue or the effect of any such trauma on the outcome of the measurements they are used to perform. Factors affecting brain tissue reaction to the implanted devices include: the mechanical trauma during insertion, the foreign body response, implantation method, and physical properties of the device (size, shape, and surface characteristics. Modulation of the immune response is an important step toward making these devices with reliable long-term performance. Local release of anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone (DEX) are often used to mitigate the foreign body response. In this article microdialysis is used to locally deliver DEX to the surrounding brain tissue. This work discusses the immune response resulting from microdialysis probe implantation. We briefly review the principles of microdialysis and the applications of DEX with microdialysis in (i) neuronal devices, (ii) dopamine and fast scan cyclic voltammetry, (iii) the attenuation of microglial cells, (iv) macrophage polarization states, and (v) spreading depolarizations. The difficulties and complexities in these applications are herein discussed.
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17
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Ye L, Orynbayev M, Zhu X, Lim EY, Dereddi RR, Agarwal A, Bergles DE, Bhat MA, Paukert M. Ethanol abolishes vigilance-dependent astroglia network activation in mice by inhibiting norepinephrine release. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6157. [PMID: 33268792 PMCID: PMC7710743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine adjusts sensory processing in cortical networks and gates plasticity enabling adaptive behavior. The actions of norepinephrine are profoundly altered by recreational drugs like ethanol, but the consequences of these changes on distinct targets such as astrocytes, which exhibit norepinephrine-dependent Ca2+ elevations during vigilance, are not well understood. Using in vivo two-photon imaging, we show that locomotion-induced Ca2+ elevations in mouse astroglia are profoundly inhibited by ethanol, an effect that can be reversed by enhancing norepinephrine release. Vigilance-dependent astroglial activation is abolished by deletion of α1A-adrenergic receptor from astroglia, indicating that norepinephrine acts directly on these ubiquitous glial cells. Ethanol reduces vigilance-dependent Ca2+ transients in noradrenergic terminals, but has little effect on astroglial responsiveness to norepinephrine, suggesting that ethanol suppresses their activation by inhibiting norepinephrine release. Since abolition of astroglia Ca2+ activation does not affect motor coordination, global suppression of astroglial networks may contribute to the cognitive effects of alcohol intoxication. The effects of norepinephrine on sensory processing in cortical networks are altered by recreational drugs like ethanol. The authors show that ethanol suppresses the activation of astrocytes by inhibiting norepinephrine release which may contribute to the cognitive effects of alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ye
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Murat Orynbayev
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Eunice Y Lim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ram R Dereddi
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manzoor A Bhat
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin Paukert
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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18
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Labouesse MA, Cola RB, Patriarchi T. GPCR-Based Dopamine Sensors-A Detailed Guide to Inform Sensor Choice for In vivo Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8048. [PMID: 33126757 PMCID: PMC7672611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dopamine (DA) encodes behavior depends on technologies that can reliably monitor DA release in freely-behaving animals. Recently, red and green genetically encoded sensors for DA (dLight, GRAB-DA) were developed and now provide the ability to track release dynamics at a subsecond resolution, with submicromolar affinity and high molecular specificity. Combined with rapid developments in in vivo imaging, these sensors have the potential to transform the field of DA sensing and DA-based drug discovery. When implementing these tools in the laboratory, it is important to consider there is not a 'one-size-fits-all' sensor. Sensor properties, most importantly their affinity and dynamic range, must be carefully chosen to match local DA levels. Molecular specificity, sensor kinetics, spectral properties, brightness, sensor scaffold and pharmacology can further influence sensor choice depending on the experimental question. In this review, we use DA as an example; we briefly summarize old and new techniques to monitor DA release, including DA biosensors. We then outline a map of DA heterogeneity across the brain and provide a guide for optimal sensor choice and implementation based on local DA levels and other experimental parameters. Altogether this review should act as a tool to guide DA sensor choice for end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Labouesse
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reto B. Cola
- Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Raman R, Rousseau EB, Wade M, Tong A, Cotler MJ, Kuang J, Lugo AA, Zhang E, Graybiel AM, White FM, Langer R, Cima MJ. Platform for micro-invasive membrane-free biochemical sampling of brain interstitial fluid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb0657. [PMID: 32978160 PMCID: PMC7518871 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurochemical dysregulation underlies many pathologies and can be monitored by measuring the composition of brain interstitial fluid (ISF). Existing in vivo tools for sampling ISF do not enable measuring large rare molecules, such as proteins and neuropeptides, and thus cannot generate a complete picture of the neurochemical connectome. Our micro-invasive platform, composed of a nanofluidic pump coupled to a membrane-free probe, enables sampling multiple neural biomarkers in parallel. This platform outperforms the state of the art in low-flow pumps by offering low volume control (single stroke volumes, <3 nl) and bidirectional fluid flow (<100 nl/min) with negligible dead volume (<30 nl) and has been validated in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in rodents. ISF samples (<1.5 μL) can be processed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These label-free liquid biopsies of the brain could yield a deeper understanding of the onset, mechanism, and progression of diverse neural pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin B Rousseau
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Wade
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allison Tong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Max J Cotler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenevieve Kuang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Aponte Lugo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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20
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Patriarchi T, Cho JR, Merten K, Marley A, Broussard GJ, Liang R, Williams J, Nimmerjahn A, von Zastrow M, Gradinaru V, Tian L. Imaging neuromodulators with high spatiotemporal resolution using genetically encoded indicators. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:3471-3505. [PMID: 31732722 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neural activity, from neuronal firing to neuromodulator release and signaling, underlie brain function and ultimately shape animal behavior. The recently developed and constantly growing toolbox of genetically encoded sensors for neural activity, including calcium, voltage, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator sensors, allows precise measurement of these signaling events with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we describe the engineering, characterization and application of our recently developed dLight1, a suite of genetically encoded dopamine (DA) sensors based on human inert DA receptors. dLight1 offers high molecular specificity, requisite affinity and kinetics and great sensitivity for measuring DA release in vivo. The detailed workflow described in this protocol can be used to systematically characterize and validate dLight1 in increasingly intact biological systems, from cultured cells to acute brain slices to behaving mice. For tool developers, we focus on characterizing five distinct properties of dLight1: dynamic range, affinity, molecular specificity, kinetics and interaction with endogenous signaling; for end users, we provide comprehensive step-by-step instructions for how to leverage fiber photometry and two-photon imaging to measure dLight1 transients in vivo. The instructions provided in this protocol are designed to help laboratory personnel with a broad range of experience (at the graduate or post-graduate level) to develop and utilize novel neuromodulator sensors in vivo, by using dLight1 as a benchmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Merten
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gerard Joey Broussard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ruqiang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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21
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Meller S, Brandt C, Theilmann W, Klein J, Löscher W. Commonalities and differences in extracellular levels of hippocampal acetylcholine and amino acid neurotransmitters during status epilepticus and subsequent epileptogenesis in two rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2019; 1712:109-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Marusich JA, Gay EA, Blough BE. Analysis of neurotransmitter levels in addiction-related brain regions during synthetic cathinone self-administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:903-914. [PMID: 30191259 PMCID: PMC6401347 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthetic cathinones are used as stimulants of abuse. Different stimulants may induce distinct rates of disease progression, yielding neurochemical changes that may vary across brain regions or neurotransmitter systems. OBJECTIVES This research sought to behaviorally and chemically differentiate stages of synthetic cathinone abuse through rodent self-administration and measurement of the neurotransmitter profile in multiple brain regions. METHODS Male rats were trained to self-administer α-PVP, mephedrone (4MMC), or saline. Half of each drug group stopped self-administering after autoshaping; the other half self-administered for another 21 days. Brain tissue from amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, PFC, striatum, and thalamus was profiled with electrochemical detection to assess neurotransmitter levels. RESULTS During autoshaping, the majority of infusions were delivered noncontingently. In the self-administration phase, rats responded more for α-PVP and 4MMC than for saline, demonstrating that both synthetic cathinones were reinforcing. Longer durations of exposure elevated 5-HIAA in hypothalamus, PFC, and hippocampus, indicating that learning may produce changes in addiction-related brain regions. Both synthetic cathinones decreased norepinephrine in hippocampus, while α-PVP decreased glutamate in hippocampus and PFC, and 4MMC decreased glutamate in thalamus. Furthermore, α-PVP increased dopaminergic metabolites in striatum, whereas 4MMC decreased serotonin in the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC. Interestingly, neither synthetic cathinone affected dopamine levels despite their functional effects on the dopaminergic system. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the neurotransmitter changes observed here suggest that synthetic cathinone use likely produces sequential neurochemical changes during the transition from use to abuse. Consequently, treatment need may differ depending on the progression of synthetic cathinone abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, 136 Hermann, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Elaine A Gay
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, 136 Hermann, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, 136 Hermann, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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23
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Saurina J, Sentellas S. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling in the field of drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:469-483. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1582638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Sentellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Thiollier T, Wu C, Porras G, Bezard E, Li Q, Zhang J, Contamin H. Microdialysis in awake macaque monkeys for central nervous system pharmacokinetics. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:314-321. [PMID: 30891581 PMCID: PMC6388052 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain bioavailability of novel small molecules developed to address central nervous system disease is classically documented through ex vivo or in vivo analyses conducted in rodent models. Data acquired in rodent models are, however, not easily transferrable to human as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles of the species are quite different. METHODS Using drugs selected for their differential transport across the blood-brain barrier, we here demonstrate the feasibility of brain microdialysis in normal vigil macaque monkey by measuring brain extracellular fluid bioavailability of carbamazepine, digoxin, oxycodone, and quinidine. RESULTS All drugs, but digoxin, were found in dialysate samples. Drugs that are substrate of P-glycoprotein show a difference of bioavailability or brain pharmacokinetic parameters between rodents and primates. CONCLUSION Data suggest that brain microdialysis in vigil macaque monkey, the species of choice for classic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics studies could help predicting human brain bioavailability of a small molecule depending on the protein involved in the efflux transport from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Thiollier
- CynbioseMarcy l'EtoileFrance
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Maladies NeurodégénérativesUMR 5293BordeauxFrance
- CNRSInstitut des Maladies NeurodégénérativesUMR 5293BordeauxFrance
| | - Caisheng Wu
- Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des Maladies NeurodégénérativesUMR 5293BordeauxFrance
- CNRSInstitut des Maladies NeurodégénérativesUMR 5293BordeauxFrance
- Motac NeuroscienceManchesterUK
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChina Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing CityPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Motac NeuroscienceManchesterUK
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChina Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing CityPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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25
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Noori HR, Mervin LH, Bokharaie V, Durmus Ö, Egenrieder L, Fritze S, Gruhlke B, Reinhardt G, Schabel HH, Staudenmaier S, Logothetis NK, Bender A, Spanagel R. Systemic neurotransmitter responses to clinically approved and experimental neuropsychiatric drugs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4699. [PMID: 30410047 PMCID: PMC6224407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are the third leading cause of global disease burden. Current pharmacological treatment for these disorders is inadequate, with often insufficient efficacy and undesirable side effects. One reason for this is that the links between molecular drug action and neurobehavioral drug effects are elusive. We use a big data approach from the neurotransmitter response patterns of 258 different neuropsychiatric drugs in rats to address this question. Data from experiments comprising 110,674 rats are presented in the Syphad database [ www.syphad.org ]. Chemoinformatics analyses of the neurotransmitter responses suggest a mismatch between the current classification of neuropsychiatric drugs and spatiotemporal neurostransmitter response patterns at the systems level. In contrast, predicted drug-target interactions reflect more appropriately brain region related neurotransmitter response. In conclusion the neurobiological mechanism of neuropsychiatric drugs are not well reflected by their current classification or their chemical similarity, but can be better captured by molecular drug-target interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA.
- Neuronal Convergence Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lewis H Mervin
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Vahid Bokharaie
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Özlem Durmus
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lisamon Egenrieder
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Fritze
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Britta Gruhlke
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Giulia Reinhardt
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Hendrik Schabel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Staudenmaier
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nikos K Logothetis
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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Ngernsutivorakul T, White TS, Kennedy RT. Microfabricated Probes for Studying Brain Chemistry: A Review. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1128-1142. [PMID: 29405568 PMCID: PMC6996029 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probe techniques for monitoring in vivo chemistry (e.g., electrochemical sensors and microdialysis sampling probes) have significantly contributed to a better understanding of neurotransmission in correlation to behaviors and neurological disorders. Microfabrication allows construction of neural probes with high reproducibility, scalability, design flexibility, and multiplexed features. This technology has translated well into fabricating miniaturized neurochemical probes for electrochemical detection and sampling. Microfabricated electrochemical probes provide a better control of spatial resolution with multisite detection on a single compact platform. This development allows the observation of heterogeneity of neurochemical activity precisely within the brain region. Microfabricated sampling probes are starting to emerge that enable chemical measurements at high spatial resolution and potential for reducing tissue damage. Recent advancement in analytical methods also facilitates neurochemical monitoring at high temporal resolution. Furthermore, a positive feature of microfabricated probes is that they can be feasibly built with other sensing and stimulating platforms including optogenetics. Such integrated probes will empower researchers to precisely elucidate brain function and develop novel treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. White
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 3003E, NCRC Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Microdialysis and its use in behavioural studies: Focus on acetylcholine. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 300:206-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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In Vivo Observation of Structural Changes in Neocortical Catecholaminergic Projections in Response to Drugs of Abuse. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0071-17. [PMID: 29445765 PMCID: PMC5810039 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0071-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catecholaminergic (dopamine and norepinephrine) projections to the cortex play an important role in cognitive functions and dysfunctions including learning, addiction, and mental disorders. While dynamics of glutamatergic synapses have been well studied in such contexts, little is known regarding catecholaminergic projections, owing to lack of robust methods. Here we report a system to monitor catecholaminergic projections in vivo over the timeframes that such events occur. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression driven by tyrosine hydroxylase promoter in a transgenic mouse line enabled us to perform two-photon imaging of cortical catecholaminergic projections through a cranial window. Repetitive imaging of the same axons over 24 h revealed the highly dynamic nature of catecholaminergic boutons. Surprisingly, administration of single high dose methamphetamine (MAP) induced a transient increase in bouton volumes. This new method opens avenues for longitudinal in vivo evaluation of structural changes at single release sites of catecholamines in association with physiology and pathology of cortical functions.
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Zestos AG, Kennedy RT. Microdialysis Coupled with LC-MS/MS for In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1284-1293. [PMID: 28660399 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a powerful sampling technique used to monitor small molecules in vivo. Despite the many applications of microdialysis sampling, it is limited by the method of analyzing the resulting samples. An emerging technique for analysis of microdialysis samples is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This technique is highly versatile, allowing multiplexed analysis of neurotransmitters, metabolites, and neuropeptides. Using LC-MS/MS for polar neurotransmitters is hampered by weak retention reverse phase LC columns. Several derivatization reagents have been utilized to enhance separation and resolution of neurochemicals in dialysate samples including benzoyl chloride (BzCl), dansyl chloride, formaldehyde, ethylchloroformate, and propionic anhydride. BzCl reacts with amine and phenol groups so that many neurotransmitters can be labeled. Besides improving separation on reverse phase columns, this reagent also increases sensitivity. It is available in a heavy form so that it can be used to make stable-isotope labeled internal standard for improved quantification. Using BzCl with LC-MS/MS has allowed for measuring as many as 70 neurochemicals in a single assay. With slightly different conditions, LC-MS/MS has also been used for monitoring endocannabinoids. LC-MS/MS is also useful for neuropeptide assay because it allows for highly sensitive, sequence specific measurement of most peptides. These advances have allowed for multiplexed neurotransmitter measurements in behavioral, circuit analysis, and drug effect studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 2301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA.,Department of Chemistry, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20016, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 2301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA.
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Prokai L, Fryčák P, Nguyen V, Forster MJ. Mass spectrometric analysis of carisoprodol and meprobamate in rat brain microdialysates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:900-907. [PMID: 27747995 PMCID: PMC5315026 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the evaluation of several mass spectrometry-based methods for the determination of carisoprodol and meprobamate in samples obtained from the rat brain by in vivo intracranial microdialyis. Among the techniques that aspire to perform analyses without chromatographic separation and thereby increase throughput, chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization and the use of an atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe fell short of requirements because of insufficient detection sensitivity and hard ionization, respectively. Although direct analysis in real time provided the required soft ionization, shortcomings of a tandem mass spectrometry-based assay also included inadequate detection sensitivity and, in addition, poor quantitative reproducibility. Therefore, liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine carisoprodol and meprobamate from artificial cerebrospinal fluid as the medium. No desalting and/or extraction of the samples was necessary. The assay, combined with in vivo sampling via intracranial microdialyis, afforded time-resolved concentration profiles for the drug and its major metabolite from the nucleus accumbens region of the brain in rats after systemic administration of carisoprodol. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Prokai
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
| | - Petr Fryčák
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Present address: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Forster
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Kim M, Kim DH, Lee YS, Jang CG, Yang CH, Lee S. Changes in dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in brain microdialysates from rats following exposure to new psychoactive drugs. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Jiang S, Liang Z, Hao L, Li L. Investigation of signaling molecules and metabolites found in crustacean hemolymph via in vivo microdialysis using a multifaceted mass spectrometric platform. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1031-8. [PMID: 26691021 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters (NTs) are endogenous signaling molecules that play an important role in regulating various physiological processes in animals. Detection of these chemical messengers is often challenging due to their low concentration levels and fast degradation rate in vitro. In order to address these challenges, herein we employed in vivo microdialysis (MD) sampling to study NTs in the crustacean model Cancer borealis. Multifaceted separation tools, such as CE and ion mobility mass spectrometry (MS) were utilized in this work. Small molecules were separated by different mechanisms and detected by MALDI mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI). Performance of this separation-based MSI platform was also compared to LC-ESI-MS. By utilizing both MALDI and ESI-MS, a total of 208 small molecule NTs and metabolites were identified, of which 39 were identified as signaling molecules secreted in vivo. In addition, the inherent property of sub microscale sample consumption using CE enables shorter time of MD sample collection. Temporal resolution of MD was improved by approximately tenfold compared to LC-ESI-MS, indicating the significant advantage of applying separation-assisted MALDI-MS imaging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhidan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Lee WH, Ngernsutivorakul T, Mabrouk OS, Wong JMT, Dugan CE, Pappas SS, Yoon HJ, Kennedy RT. Microfabrication and in Vivo Performance of a Microdialysis Probe with Embedded Membrane. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1230-7. [PMID: 26727611 PMCID: PMC5111822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis sampling is an essential tool for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Conventional dialysis probes are over 220 μm in diameter and have limited flexibility in design because they are made by assembly using preformed membranes. The probe size constrains spatial resolution and governs the amount of tissue damaged caused by probe insertion. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a method to microfabricate probes in Si that are 45 μm thick × 180 μm wide. The probes contain a buried, U-shaped channel that is 30 μm deep × 60 μm wide and terminates in ports for external connection. A 4 mm length of the probe is covered with a 5 μm thick nanoporous membrane. The membrane was microfabricated by deep reactive ion etching through a porous aluminum oxide layer. The microfabricated probe has cross-sectional area that is 79% less than that of the smallest conventional microdialysis probes. The probes yield 2-20% relative recovery at 100 nL/min perfusion rate for a variety of small molecules. The probe was successfully tested in vivo by sampling from the striatum of live rats. Fractions were collected at 20 min intervals (2 μL) before and after an intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg amphetamine. Analysis of fractions by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed reliable detection of 14 neurochemicals, including dopamine and acetylcholine, at basal conditions. Amphetamine evoked a 43-fold rise in dopamine, a result nearly identical to a conventional dialysis probe in the same animal. The microfabricated probes have potential for sampling with higher spatial resolution and less tissue disruption than conventional probes. It may also be possible to add functionality to the probes by integrating other components, such as electrodes, optics, and additional channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Thitaphat Ngernsutivorakul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Omar S Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jenny-Marie T Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Colleen E Dugan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan , 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5316, United States
| | - Hyeun Joong Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Bergstrom HC, Darvesh AS, Berger SP. Inducible Nitric Oxide Inhibitors Block NMDA Antagonist-Stimulated Motoric Behaviors and Medial Prefrontal Cortical Glutamate Efflux. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:292. [PMID: 26696891 PMCID: PMC4678197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in the motoric and glutamate releasing action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonist stimulants. Earlier studies utilized neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (nNOS) for studying the neurobehavioral effects of non-competitive NMDA-antagonist stimulants such as dizocilpine (MK-801) and phencyclidine (PCP). This study explores the role of the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (iNOS) aminoguanidine (AG) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in NMDA-antagonist induced motoric behavior and prefrontal cortical glutamate efflux. Adult male rats were administered a dose range of AG, EGCG, or vehicle prior to receiving NMDA antagonists MK-801, PCP, or a conventional psychostimulant (cocaine) and tested for motoric behavior in an open arena. Glutamate in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was measured using in vivo microdialysis after a combination of AG or EGCG prior to MK-801. Acute administration of AG or EGCG dose-dependently attenuated the locomotor and ataxic properties of MK-801 and PCP. Both AG and EGCG were unable to block the motoric effects of cocaine, indicating the acute pharmacologic action of AG and EGCG is specific to NMDA antagonism and not generalizable to all stimulant class drugs. AG and EGCG normalized MK-801-stimulated mPFC glutamate efflux. These data demonstrate that AG and EGCG attenuates NMDA antagonist-stimulated motoric behavior and cortical glutamate efflux. Our results suggest that EGCG-like polyphenol nutraceuticals (contained in “green tea” and chocolate) may be clinically useful in protecting against the adverse behavioral dissociative and cortical glutamate stimulating effects of NMDA antagonists. Medications that interfere with NMDA antagonists such as MK-801 and PCP have been proposed as treatments for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadley C Bergstrom
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie NY, USA
| | - Altaf S Darvesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown OH, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown OH, USA
| | - S P Berger
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland OR, USA
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Inoue K, Miyazaki Y, Unno K, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Toyo'oka T. Stable isotope dilution HILIC-MS/MS method for accurate quantification of glutamic acid, glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, GABA and theanine in mouse brain tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:55-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Laboratory of Clinical and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yasuto Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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Progressive dopaminergic alterations and mitochondrial abnormalities in LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 78:172-95. [PMID: 25836420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene represent the most common genetic cause of late onset Parkinson's disease. The physiological and pathological roles of LRRK2 are yet to be fully determined but evidence points towards LRRK2 mutations causing a gain in kinase function, impacting on neuronal maintenance, vesicular dynamics and neurotransmitter release. To explore the role of physiological levels of mutant LRRK2, we created knock-in (KI) mice harboring the most common LRRK2 mutation G2019S in their own genome. We have performed comprehensive dopaminergic, behavioral and neuropathological analyses in this model up to 24months of age. We find elevated kinase activity in the brain of both heterozygous and homozygous mice. Although normal at 6months, by 12months of age, basal and pharmacologically induced extracellular release of dopamine is impaired in both heterozygous and homozygous mice, corroborating previous findings in transgenic models over-expressing mutant LRRK2. Via in vivo microdialysis measurement of basal and drug-evoked extracellular release of dopamine and its metabolites, our findings indicate that exocytotic release from the vesicular pool is impaired. Furthermore, profound mitochondrial abnormalities are evident in the striatum of older homozygous G2019S KI mice, which are consistent with mitochondrial fission arrest. We anticipate that this G2019S mouse line will be a useful pre-clinical model for further evaluation of early mechanistic events in LRRK2 pathogenesis and for second-hit approaches to model disease progression.
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Nagel J, Greco S, Parsons CG, Flik G, Tober C, Klein KU, Danysz W. Brain concentrations of mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP in relation to receptor occupancy--Comparison to MPEP. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:624-30. [PMID: 25933979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To verify relation between brain free levels, receptor occupancy in vivo and in vitro affinity at the target for mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) MTEP. METHODS We evaluated plasma and brain extra-cellular fluid (ECF) concentration of MTEP at behaviourally active dose (5mg/kg) using in vivo microdialysis. These values were compared it to the affinity in vitro (receptor binding and FLIPR) and to receptor occupancy in vivo. Another, related substance, MPEP was used for comparison. RESULTS MTEP and MPEP respectively inhibited mGluR5 receptors function in vitro with an affinity of 25.4 and 12.3 nM respectively. Accordingly peak ECF (extracellular fluid) levels were 1.3 and 0.14 μM, and peak total plasma levels were 7-11 and 2.6 μM. The ED50 for in vivo receptor occupancy was for both agents in the range of 0.8-0.7 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS At behaviourally active dose MTEP produced complete mGluR5 receptor occupancy but over 50 times higher ECF concentrations than affinity for mGluR5 receptor in vitro. This difference is seems lower for other mGluR5 NAM compounds such as MPEP. A possibly explanation could be different distribution in body compartments of both agents leading to errors of estimation with the microdialysis technique or different pharmacological activity at the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Nagel
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sergio Greco
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Flik
- Brains On-Line B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands
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Meng T, Yuan S, Zheng Z, Liu T, Lin L. Effects of endogenous melatonin on glutamate and GABA rhythms in the striatum of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Neuroscience 2014; 286:308-15. [PMID: 25499317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a time-dependent increase in melatonin (MLT) and decrease in dopamine (DA) in striatal dialysate 3 weeks after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioning in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and medial forebrain bundle (MFB). This study aimed to investigate dynamic and circadian variations in DA, MLT, glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in striatal dialysates in the same 6-OHDA animal model. These neurotransmitters were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three weeks following 6-OHDA lesioning, there was a significant increase in extracellular Glu (156%) and decrease in GABA (15%) and DA (85%) in the lesioned striatum. These changes continued over time. Concomitantly, MLT was increased by 107% in the lesioned striatal dialysates after 4 weeks, and continued to increase gradually over time. Six weeks post-treatment, levels of MLT secretion at 12 time points were higher, and the peak time of MLT secretion was earlier, in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats compared with vehicle-treated rats. In addition, significant variations in extracellular levels of Glu and GABA between day and night were observed in vehicle-treated rat striatum. However, no circadian variations were observed in the striatum of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Six weeks post-treatment, MLT levels correlated well with Glu and GABA levels at corresponding time-points in the striatum ipsilateral to the injected side in both groups, and increased MLT levels also correlated well with changes in Glu and GABA in the striatum in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. These data suggest that 6-OHDA lesioning affects the endogenous productions of DA, MLT, Glu and GABA, and changes the MLT secretion pattern. Augmented striatal MLT levels and advanced MLT secretion pattern caused by unilateral intracerebral injection of 6-OHDA may influence the variations in Glu and GABA between day and night.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meng
- Research Center of Neurobiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - S Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Z Zheng
- Research Center of Neurobiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - T Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - L Lin
- Research Center of Neurobiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Anderzhanova E, Wotjak CT. Brain microdialysis and its applications in experimental neurochemistry. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 354:27-39. [PMID: 24022232 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Microdialysis is one of the most powerful neurochemistry techniques, which allows the monitoring of changes in the extracellular content of endogenous and exogenous substances in the brain of living animals. The strength as well as wide applicability of this experimental approach are based on the bulk theory of brain neurotransmission. This methodological review introduces basic principles of chemical neurotransmission and emphasizes the difference in neurotransmission types.Clear understanding of their significance and degree of engagement in regulation of physiological processes is an ultimate prerequisite not only for choosing an appropriate method of monitoring for interneuronal communication via chemical messengers but also for accurate data interpretation. The focus on the processes of synthesis/metabolism, receptor interaction/neuronal signaling or the behavioral relevance of neurochemical events sculpts the experiment design. Brain microdialysis is an important method for examining changes in the content of any substances, irrespective of their origin, in living animals. This article compares contemporary approaches and techniques that are used for monitoring neurotransmission (including in vivo brain microdialysis, voltammetric methods, etc). We highlight practical aspects of microdialysis experiments in particular to those researchers who are seeking to increase the repertoire of their experimental techniques with brain microdialysis.
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Ishiwata T. Role of serotonergic system in thermoregulation in rats. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.3.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martinez RC, Hamani C, de Carvalho MC, de Oliveira AR, Alho E, Navarro J, dos Santos Ghilardi MG, Bor-Seng-Shu E, Heinsen H, Otoch JP, Brandão ML, Barbosa ER, Teixeira MJ, Fonoff ET. Intraoperative dopamine release during globus pallidus internus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:2027-32. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel C.R. Martinez
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain; Hospital Sirio-Libanes São Paulo Brazil
- University of São Paulo and Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC); Campus USP Ribeirao Preto Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Discipline of Surgical Technique; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo; LIM 26 HC-FMUSP São Paulo Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Ribeiro de Oliveira
- University of São Paulo and Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC); Campus USP Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alho
- Labor für Morphologische Hirnforschung (Laboratory for Morphological Brain Research); Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Jessie Navarro
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela dos Santos Ghilardi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Edson Bor-Seng-Shu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Labor für Morphologische Hirnforschung (Laboratory for Morphological Brain Research); Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - José Pinhata Otoch
- Department of Surgery, Discipline of Surgical Technique; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo; LIM 26 HC-FMUSP São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcus Lira Brandão
- University of São Paulo and Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior (INeC); Campus USP Ribeirao Preto Brazil
| | - Egberto Reis Barbosa
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Discipline of Surgical Technique; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo; LIM 26 HC-FMUSP São Paulo Brazil
| | - Erich Talamoni Fonoff
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery; Institute of Psychiatry; University of São Paulo School of Medicine; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Discipline of Surgical Technique; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo; LIM 26 HC-FMUSP São Paulo Brazil
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Palmer AM, Alavijeh MS. Overview of experimental models of the blood-brain barrier in CNS drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 62:7.15.1-7.15.30. [PMID: 24510719 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0715s62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and metabolic entity that isolates the brain from the systemic circulation. The barrier consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that contain egress transporters and catabolic enzymes. To cross the BBB, a drug must possess the appropriate physicochemical properties to achieve a sufficient time-concentration profile in brain interstitial fluid (ISF). In this overview, we review techniques to measure BBB permeation, which is evidenced by the free concentration of compound in brain ISF over time. We consider a number of measurement techniques, including in vivo microdialysis and brain receptor occupancy following perfusion. Consideration is also given to the endothelial and nonendothelial cell systems used to assess both the BBB permeation of a test compound and its interactions with egress transporters, and computer models employed for predicting passive permeation and the probability of interactions with BBB transporters.
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Walker MD, Dinelle K, Kornelsen R, Lee A, Farrer MJ, Stoessl AJ, Sossi V. Measuring dopaminergic function in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat: a comparison of PET and microdialysis. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:69. [PMID: 24088510 PMCID: PMC3875899 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [18 F]fluorodopa (FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) allows assessment of levodopa (LDOPA) metabolism and is widely used to study Parkinson's disease. We examined how [18 F]FDOPA PET-derived kinetic parameters relate the dopamine (DA) and DA metabolite content of extracellular fluid measured by microdialysis to aid in the interpretation of data from both techniques. METHODS [18 F]FDOPA PET imaging and microdialysis measurements were performed in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats (n = 8) and normal control rats (n = 3). Microdialysis testing included baseline measurements and measurements following acute administration of LDOPA. PET imaging was also performed using [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), which is a ligand for the vesicular monoamine transporter marker and allowed assessment of denervation severity. RESULTS The different methods provided highly correlated data. Lesioned rats had reduced DA metabolite concentrations ipsilateral to the lesion (p < 0.05 compared to controls), with the concentration being correlated with FDOPA's effective distribution volume ratio (EDVR; r = 0.86, p < 0.01) and DTBZ's binding potential (BPND; r = 0.89, p < 0.01). The DA metabolite concentration in the contralateral striatum of severely (>80%) lesioned rats was lower (p < 0.05) than that of less severely lesioned rats (<80%) and was correlated with the ipsilateral PET measures (r = 0.89, p < 0.01 for BPND) but not with the contralateral PET measures. EDVR and BPND in the contralateral striatum were not different from controls and were not correlated with the denervation severity. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated strong correlations between the PET and microdialysis measures can aid in the interpretation of [18 F]FDOPA-derived kinetic parameters and help compare results from different studies. The contralateral striatum was affected by the lesioning and so cannot always serve as an unaffected control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine Dinelle
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Rick Kornelsen
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Anna Lee
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Kennedy RT. Emerging trends in in vivo neurochemical monitoring by microdialysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:860-7. [PMID: 23856056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mapping chemical dynamics in the brain of live subjects is a challenging but highly rewarding goal because it allows neurotransmitter fluctuations to be related to behavior, drug effects, and disease states. A popular method for such measurements is microdialysis sampling coupled to analytical measurements. This method has become well-established for monitoring low molecular weight neurotransmitters, metabolites, and drugs, especially in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies. Recent technological developments which improve the temporal and spatial resolution of the methods will enable it to be used for studying behavior and small brain nuclei. Better assays allow monitoring more neurotransmitters simultaneously. Extension to analysis of aggregating proteins like amyloid β is proving extremely useful for uncovering the roles of these molecules and how they contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kennedy
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Petri D, Pum M, Vesper J, Huston JP, Schnitzler A. GABAA-receptor activation in the subthalamic nucleus compensates behavioral asymmetries in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:58-67. [PMID: 23727148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Modulation of STN activity (by lesions, pharmacological or electrical stimulation) has been shown to improve motor parameters in PD patients and in animal models of PD. In an attempt to characterize the neurochemical bases for such antiparkinsonian action, we address specific neurotransmitter systems via local pharmacological manipulation of the STN in hemiparkinsonian rats. Here, we have focused on the GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors in the STN. In animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal tract, we administered either the selective GABAA-agonist muscimol (0.5 μg and 1.0 μg), the non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine; 2.5 μg), or vehicle (0.25 μl) into the STN. The effects of GABAergic and glutamatergic modulation of the STN on motor parameters were assessed by gauging rotational behavior and locomotion. Application of muscimol ipsilateral to the side of dopamine-depletion influenced turning behavior in a dose-dependent fashion, with the low dose re-adjusting turning behavior to a non-biased distribution, and the high dose evoking contraversive turning. The administration of MK-801 did not have such effects. These findings give evidence for the involvement of GABAergic activation in the STN in the compensation of motor asymmetries in the hemiparkinsonian rat, whereas N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonism was ineffective in this model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petri
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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A review of the abuse potential assessment of atomoxetine: a nonstimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:189-200. [PMID: 23397050 PMCID: PMC3579642 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has for many years relied on psychostimulants, particularly various formulations of amphetamines and methylphenidate. These are central nervous system stimulants and are scheduled because of their abuse potential. Atomoxetine (atomoxetine hydrochloride; Strattera®) was approved in 2002 for treatment of ADHD, and was the first nonstimulant medication approved for this disorder. It was classified as an unscheduled medication indicating a low potential for abuse. However, the abuse potential of atomoxetine has not been reviewed. OBJECTIVES In this article, we review the evidence regarding abuse potential of atomoxetine, a selective inhibitor of the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter, which is unscheduled/unrestricted in all countries where it is approved. METHODS Results from receptor binding, in vitro electrophysiology, in vivo microdialysis, preclinical behavioral, and human laboratory studies have been reviewed. RESULTS Atomoxetine has no appreciable affinity for, or action at, central receptors through which drugs of abuse typically act, i.e., dopamine transporters, GABA(A) receptors, and opioid μ receptors. In behavioral experiments in rodents, atomoxetine does not increase locomotor activity, and in drug discrimination studies, its profile is similar to that of drugs without abuse potential. Atomoxetine does not serve as a reinforcer in monkey self-administration studies, and human laboratory studies suggest that atomoxetine does not induce subjective effects indicative of abuse. CONCLUSION Neurochemical, preclinical, and early clinical studies predicted and supported a lack of abuse potential of atomoxetine, which is consistent with the clinical trial and postmarketing spontaneous event data in the past 10 years.
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Onifer SM, Quintero JE, Gerhardt GA. Cutaneous and electrically evoked glutamate signaling in the adult rat somatosensory system. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 208:146-54. [PMID: 22627377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate neurotransmission plays critical roles in normal central nervous system (CNS) function, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurotrauma. We determined whether glutamate signaling could be evoked within the anesthetized normal adult rat CNS with clinically relevant peripheral stimulation and recorded (at >1Hz) with glutamate-sensitive, ceramic microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Basal glutamate levels and both forelimb cutaneous and electrical stimulation-evoked glutamate release were measured within the cuneate nucleus, a relay of the mammalian dorsal columns somatosensory system. The MEAs with triangular, sharp-point tips were more effective at tissue penetration than the flat, blunt tips. Basal glutamate levels of 2.1±4.4μM (mean±SD, n=10 animals) were detected from 150μm to 1200μm below the brainstem dorsal surface. Cutaneous evoked glutamate signals showed an amplitude of 1.1±1.1μM and a duration of 7.3±6.5s (26 signals, n=6). Electrically evoked signals, like cutaneous ones, were both rapid and slowly rising. Electrically evoked signals, especially those evoked by stimulation trains, were more reproducible and had an amplitude of 1.2±1.4μM, duration of 19.4±17.3s, and latency from stimulus onset of 21.3±21.5s (25 signals, n=4). In contrast to cutaneous stimulation, glutamate signals evoked by electrical stimulation had longer durations and were recorded primarily in the middle and ventral cuneate nuclei. Importantly, both cutaneous and electrical stimulation of the contralateral forelimb and hindlimbs did not evoke glutamate signaling. With the use of MEAs, these results show, for the first time, somatosensory-pathway specific changes in glutamate levels during peripheral cutaneous and electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Onifer
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Mao P, Meshul CK, Thuillier P, Goldberg NRS, Reddy PH. CART peptide is a potential endogenous antioxidant and preferentially localized in mitochondria. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29343. [PMID: 22235287 PMCID: PMC3250433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional neuropeptide Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) is secreted from hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland and pancreas. It also can be found in circulatory system. This feature suggests a general role for CART in different cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that CART protects mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cellular proteins and lipids against the oxidative action of hydrogen peroxide, a widely used oxidant. Using cis-parinaric acid as a sensitive reporting probe for peroxidation in membranes, and a lipid-soluble azo initiator of peroxyl radicals, 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) we found that CART is an antioxidant. Furthermore, we found that CART localized to mitochondria in cultured cells and mouse brain neuronal cells. More importantly, pretreatment with CART by systemic injection protects against a mouse oxidative stress model, which mimics the main features of Parkinson's disease. Given the unique molecular structure and biological features of CART, we conclude that CART is an antioxidant peptide (or antioxidant hormone). We further propose that it may have strong therapeutic properties for human diseases in which oxidative stress is strongly involved such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- The Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.
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