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Banks NF, Rogers EM, Helwig NJ, Schwager LE, Alpers JP, Schulte SL, Trachta ER, Lockwood CM, Jenkins ND. Acute effects of commercial energy drink consumption on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2297988. [PMID: 38197606 PMCID: PMC10783828 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2297988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of a non-caloric energy drink (C4E) compared to a traditional sugar-containing energy drink (MED) and non-caloric placebo (PLA) on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety. Thirty healthy, physically active males (25 ± 4 y) completed three experimental visits under semi-fasted conditions (5-10 h) and in randomized order, during which they consumed C4E, MED, or PLA matched for volume, appearance, taste, and mouthfeel. One hour after drink consumption, participants completed a maximal, graded exercise test (GXT) with measurement of pulmonary gases, an isometric leg extension fatigue test (ISOFTG), and had their cardiac electrical activity (ECG), leg blood flow (LBF), and blood pressure (BP) measured throughout the visit. Neither MED nor C4E had an ergogenic effect on maximal oxygen consumption, time to exhaustion, or peak power during the GXT (p > 0.05). Compared to PLA, MED reduced fat oxidation (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) +0.030 ± 0.01; p = 0.026) during the GXT and did not influence ISOFTG performance. Compared to PLA, C4E did not alter RER (p = 0.94) and improved impulse during the ISOFTG (+0.658 ± 0.25 V·s; p = 0.032). Relative to MED, C4E did not significantly improve gas exchange threshold (p = 0.05-0.07). Both MED and C4E increased systolic BP at rest (+7.1 ± 1.2 mmHg; p < 0.001 and + 5.7 ± 1.0 mmHg; p < 0.001, respectively), C4E increased SBP post-GXT (+13.3 ± 3.8 mmHg; p < 0.001), and MED increased SBP during recovery (+3.2 ± 1.1 mmHg; p < 0.001). Neither MED nor C4E influenced ECG measures (p ≥ 0.08) or LBF (p = 0.37) compared to PLA. C4E may be more efficacious for improving performance in resistance-type tasks without altering fat oxidation under semi-fasted conditions during fatiguing exercise bouts, but promotes similar changes in BP and HR to MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nile F. Banks
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily M. Rogers
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nate J. Helwig
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura E. Schwager
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Justin P. Alpers
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sydni L. Schulte
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emma R. Trachta
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Iowa, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Tinsley GM, Kerksick CM, Gonzalez AM, Kreider RB, Arent SM, Jager R, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp T, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2171314. [PMID: 36862943 PMCID: PMC9987737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW-1]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW-1. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW-1 caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage's content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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de Sousa BRV, de Lima Tavares Toscano L, de Almeida Filho EJB, Sena KF, Costa MS, de Souza Cunha RC, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J, Heimfarth L, Marques ATB, da Silva DF, de Campos LFCC, Persuhn DC, Silva AS. Purple grape juice improves performance of recreational runners, but the effect is genotype dependent: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. GENES & NUTRITION 2022; 17:9. [PMID: 35655124 PMCID: PMC9164373 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-022-00710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background We examined the influence of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) Arg213Gly and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated α-Receptor (PPARα) 7G/C polymorphisms to a single dose of purple grape juice supplementation on time-to-exhaustion running test, redox balance and muscle damage in recreational runners. Methods Forty-seven male recreational runners performed a running test until exhaustion after supplementation with grape juice or a control drink. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), plasma nitrite (NO), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured pre and post exercise. Also, polymorphisms were analyzed in DNA extracted from the oral mucosa. Results Grape juice improved the time-to-exhaustion. When analyzed by genotype, the recreational runners with GG+CG genotypes of the SOD3 gene had greater time-to-exhaustion than the CC genotype, but was no different for the PAPRα gene. A slight difference was noted in TAC, since the CC genotype of the SOD3 gene showed higher TAC values in the post-exercise compared to the baseline and with pre-exercise, but these values did not increase compared to the CG+GG group, respectively. The SOD3 and PPARα genes were similar at all times for the other biochemical variables. Conclusion The ergogenic effect of grape juice was genotype-dependent for SOD3 Arg213Gly. However, biochemical redox balance markers did not explain this difference.
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Alansare AB, Hayman J, Lee JM, Seo MW, Yoo D, Jung HC. The Efficacy of a Calamansi-Containing Energy Drink on Running Performance and Recovery in NCAA Division I Middle-Distance Runners: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111023. [PMID: 34769545 PMCID: PMC8583630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a non-caffeinated energy drink (ED) that contained calamansi juice, glucose, and taurine on 3-km running performance and recovery. Eleven NCAA Division I middle-distance runners (20.8 ± 1.5 years old) were randomly assigned to consume either the ED or a placebo drink 60 min before 3-km running on a 400-m official track. Performance time and speed were recorded every 500-m interval. Recovery blood lactate concentration (BLC), systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline, 60-min after ingesting the drinks, and post-running measurements were performed at 1-min, 5-min, and 10-min. Repeated analysis of variance and paired t-test were applied to examine the effects of time, trials, and their interaction on performance and recovery. Statistical significance was set a priori at p < 0.05. No significant difference was observed in performance time and speed between trials (p < 0.05). No interaction effect was found on performance time, speed, recovery BLC, DBP, and HR (p < 0.05). However, an interaction effect for trial by time was observed on SBP (p = 0.01). Recovery SBP continues to decrease from 5-min to 10-min in the ED trial (∆ = -13.9 mmHg) and slightly increased in the placebo trial (∆ = 1.1 mmHg). This study suggests that acute consumption of a calamansi-containing ED can positively impact the SBP recovery but not running performance. Further studies are needed to examine the acute and chronic effects of this ED on exercise performance and recovery among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah B. Alansare
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, King Khalid Rd., Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Josh Hayman
- Athletic Department, Mercer University, 1501 Mercer University Dr., Macon, GA 31207, USA;
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17014, Korea;
| | - Myong-Won Seo
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA;
| | - Deoksu Yoo
- Department of Taekwondo, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17014, Korea;
| | - Hyun Chul Jung
- Department of Coaching, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17014, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-2734
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Jeffries O, Hill J, Patterson SD, Waldron M. Energy Drink Doses of Caffeine and Taurine Have a Null or Negative Effect on Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3475-3481. [PMID: 29065052 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Jeffries, O, Hill, J, Patterson, SD, and Waldron, M. Energy drink doses of caffeine and taurine have a null or negative effect on sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3475-3481, 2020-This study investigated the effects of caffeine and taurine coingestion on repeat-sprint cycling performance and associated physiological and perceptual responses. In a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measures study, 11 male subjects (age 21 ± 2 years; stature 178 ± 7 cm; body mass 80 ± 13 kg) completed 10 × 6-second sprints on a cycle ergometer, each separated by 24 seconds, one hour after ingesting: caffeine (80 mg) and taurine (1 g), equivalent to the amount observed in popular commercial energy drinks, or placebo (maltodextrin ∼1 g) in a gelatine capsule. Performance was measured on a cycle ergometer, whereas blood lactate concentration (B[la]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline (pre-exercise) and after sprints 5 and 10. Magnitude-based inferences revealed likely, trivial differences in peak power and unclear, trivial intersprint fatigue index after ingestion of the caffeine and taurine supplement. Intrasprint fatigue was greater in the caffeine and taurine condition at sprint 10 (likely, small) and possibly smaller in sprints 6-9. The caffeine and taurine supplement had a likely large effect on HR at baseline (effect size = 0.94) and increases in B[la] after sprints 5 (likely small) and 10 (possibly small). There was no effect of the supplement on RPE (unclear, trivial). Administration of caffeine and taurine at doses equivalent to commercial energy drinks did not improve repeat-sprint cycling performance and seemed to induce greater fatigue within selected sprints, particularly at the end of the trial. This undesirable performance effect occurs in parallel with increased HR and glycolytic metabolic bi-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jessica Hill
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Energy Drinks and Sports Performance, Cardiovascular Risk, and Genetic Associations; Future Prospects. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030715. [PMID: 33668219 PMCID: PMC7995988 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks (e.g., containing caffeine and taurine) has increased over the last decade among adolescents and athletes to enhance their cognitive level and improve intellectual and athletic performance. Numerous studies have shown that drinking moderate doses of such drinks produces beneficial effects, as they considerably boost the sporting performance of elite athletes in various sports, including both endurance and explosive events. However, apart from their ergogenic effects, the regular consumption of energy drinks also increases blood pressure and consequently incites problems such as hypertension, tachycardia, and nervousness, all of which can lead to cardiovascular disorders. A potential positive correlation between genetics and the moderate consumption of energy drinks and athletic performance has recently been reported; notwithstanding, a better understanding of the genetic variants involved in metabolism is a key area for future research to optimize the dose of energy drink consumed and obtain the maximal ergogenic effect in elite sports. The aim of this literature review, therefore, is to present the results of recent studies, classifying them according to the differences in the associations between energy drinks and: (i) Athletic performance; (ii) cardiovascular risk factors while practicing sports; and (iii) genetic associations and future prospects between the consumption of energy drinks and performance.
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Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, Arent SM, Antonio J, Stout JR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Goldstein ER, Kalman DS, Campbell BI. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33388079 PMCID: PMC7777221 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: 1. Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. 2. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. 3. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3-6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. 4. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. 5. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. 6. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. 7. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. 8. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. 9. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4-6 mg/kg, respectively. 10. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. 11. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 5326A, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | | | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC, 29208, USA
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erica R Goldstein
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Reis HH, Lima LM, Reis VE, Mota-Júnior RJ, Soares-Júnior DT, Sillero-Quintana M, Rasmussen HE, Carneiro-Júnior MA, Marins JB. Effects of conventional and sugar-free energy drinks intake in runners: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:928-934. [PMID: 33337109 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of two types of energy drinks (ED) intake in trained runners. METHODS A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted over 6 weeks. Participants and beverages were allocated by randomization. Twelve men 23±2.6 years, 177±3.4 cm, 74.4±5.5 kg, VO<inf>2max</inf>=59.8±5.5 mL·(kg.min)-1] ingested either a conventional energy drink containing carbohydrates and 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, (ED1), a sugar-free energy drink 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (ED2), or a carbohydrate-containing, decaffeinated placebo (PL) 40-minutes before an exercise protocol. Sprint time, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure (BP), heart rate and plasmatic glucose were evaluated during the experimental protocol. RESULTS Performance improved after consuming both ED (P<0.004 ED1 and P=0.001 ED2) with lower RPE (P<0.05 for ED1 and P<0.05 for ED2) compared to PL. Consumption of ED2 decreased RER values at 0-5 minutes and 40-45 minutes (P<0.001), and ED1 increased systolic BP (P<0.05) during exercise compared to PL. There were no differences in the evaluated parameters between EDs (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of conventional or sugar free ED represents a valid ergogenic strategy to improve acute performance with reduction of RPE. However, intake of a conventional ED warrants caution, mainly because the effects on systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton H Reis
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil -
| | - Luciana M Lima
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Victória E Reis
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Sports Department Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - João B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Hulton AT, Vitzel K, Doran DA, MacLaren DPM. Addition of Caffeine to a Carbohydrate Feeding Strategy Prior to Intermittent Exercise. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:603-609. [PMID: 32252101 DOI: 10.1055/a-1121-7817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ergogenic effect of caffeine is well established, although no investigations providing a high carbohydrate feeding strategy (pre-exercise meal=2 g/kg BM) co-ingested with caffeine exist for soccer. This investigation examines the effect of caffeine in addition to a pre-exercise carbohydrate meal and drink mid-way through a soccer simulation. Eight recreational soccer players completed an 85-minute soccer simulation followed by an exercise capacity test (Yo-yo Intermittent Endurance test level 2) on two occasions. Prior to exercise participants consumed a high carbohydrate meal, with placebo or 5 mg/kg BM-1 caffeine. No significant performance effect was identified (p=0.099) despite a 12.8% (109 m) improvement in exercise capacity following caffeine. Rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation did not differ between conditions and nor were differences apparent for plasma glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate (p>0.05). However, an increase in lactate was observed for caffeine (p=0.039). A significant condition effect on rating of perceived exertion was identified (p<0.001), with the overall mean for the protocol lowered to 11.7±0.9 au for caffeine compared to 12.8±1.3 au. Caffeine supplementation with a carbohydrate feeding strategy failed to affect metabolic and metabolite responses, although reductions in perception of exercise were observed. While a 12.8% increase in exercise capacity was noted the findings were not significant, possibly due to the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kaio Vitzel
- School of Heath Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dominic A Doran
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Don P M MacLaren
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Chagué F, Georges M, Gudjoncik A, Hermerel T, Garet G, Israël J, Hager JP, Aviat P, Laurent Y, Gremeaux V, Cottin Y, Zeller M. Cardiovascular prevention and at-risk behaviours in a large population of amateur rugby players. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:1522-1530. [PMID: 30889980 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319837066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We aimed to investigate cardiovascular risk factors and health behaviours prospectively in a large population of French amateur rugby players. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was displayed to rugby players aged over 12 years enrolled in the 2014-2015 French amateur rugby championship from the Burgundy region (n = 5140). Questions addressed awareness on: (a) cardiovascular prevention; (b) tobacco, alcohol and highly caffeinated beverages consumption; and (c) adherence to prevention guidelines (ECG checks, training in basic life support, avoidance of sports practice during fever/infectious episodes). RESULTS Among the 640 participants who completed the questionnaires, most were male (90%) and were aged under 35 years (80%). Almost half had basic life support training (42%), but only a minority attended an ECG check-up before licensing (37%), and only a few were aware of the cardiovascular prevention information campaign (17%), similarly across the age groups. Surprisingly, playing rugby with fever was commonly reported (44%) and was even more frequent in young women (55%). A high number of respondents were current smokers (35%), of whom most reported consumption less than 2 hours before/after a rugby session. Alcohol drinkers were frequent (69%), of whom most (79%) drank alcohol less than 2 hours before/after a match. Highly caffeinated beverages consumption (34%) was high, particularly in younger players (39%). Half highly caffeinated beverages consumption was in the setting of a rugby session, even greater in women and mainly motivated by performance enhancement (34%). CONCLUSION Our findings from a representative regional cohort may help to identify targets for cardiovascular prevention through the development of educational programmes aiming to improve the knowledge and behaviour of amateur rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chagué
- 1 French Rugby Federation, France.,2 Cardiology Department, Dijon University Hospital, France
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Garet
- 5 Medical Board, French Rugby Federation, France
| | | | | | | | - Yves Laurent
- 2 Cardiology Department, Dijon University Hospital, France
| | | | - Yves Cottin
- 2 Cardiology Department, Dijon University Hospital, France
| | - Marianne Zeller
- 6 PEC2, EA 7460 UFR Sciences de Santé, University of Burgundy and Franche Comté, France
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11
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Goldman J, Zhu M, Pham TB, Milanaik R. Age restriction warning label efficacy and high school student consumption of highly-caffeinated products. Prev Med Rep 2018; 11:262-266. [PMID: 30109171 PMCID: PMC6080197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Age restriction warning labels (ARLs) are placed on highly-caffeinated food and drinks, such as Red Bull, to deter consumption by minors who are especially vulnerable to the risks of excessive caffeine consumption. Previous studies have shown that ARLs on media like TV programs and video games fail to discourage minors. However, it is unclear how ARLs on food and drink packages affect minors' purchasing behavior. High school students aged 14 to 17 years (n = 150, Mage = 15.2, 51% male) were asked to choose between seven novel product dyads (three food/drink dyads, two movie dyads, and two video game dyads); each dyad contained one product with an ARL and one without. Participants were then asked how ARLs and parental permissiveness of ARL products influenced their decision. Roughly half of the participants selected food and drink products with ARLs. Over two-thirds (69%) of the students reported that they were not discouraged by ARLs on highly caffeinated food and drinks. Participants reported their parents as significantly less permissive of age-restricted food and drink products than of age-restricted media merchandise (p < .01). Perceived parental permissiveness was not correlated with minors' perception of ARL or simulated product choice. Current ARLs on highly caffeinated food and drink items may be ineffective for adolescents and may actually increase product appeal. Pediatricians should educate patients and parents regarding the health risks of excessive caffeine consumption. Age restriction warning labels are displayed on highly caffeinated products. Warning labels failed to effectively deter minors from choosing marked products. Some minors stated warning labels encouraged their product choice. More research is needed to determine effective warning label wording for minors. Clinicians must warn teens against consumption of highly caffeinated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Goldman
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York, United States
| | - Meng'ou Zhu
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York, United States
| | - Tammy B Pham
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York, United States
| | - Ruth Milanaik
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York, United States
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12
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Peveler WW, Sanders GJ, Marczinski CA, Holmer B. Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:882-887. [PMID: 27386963 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peveler, WW, Sanders, GJ, Marczinski, CA, and Holmer, B. Effects of energy drinks on economy and cardiovascular measures. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 882-887, 2017-The use of energy drinks among athletes has risen greatly. Caffeine and taurine are the 2 primary performance enhancing ingredients found in energy drinks. The number of emergency department visits involving energy drinks doubled over the past 5 years. Reviews of the health complications have highlighted adverse cardiovascular events. The literature reveals that caffeine is known to moderately increase blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 different energy drinks on cardiovascular and performance measures. Fifteen recreational runners completed 5 trials. The first trial consisted of a graded exercise protocol. The 4 remaining trials consisted of 15-minute economy trials at a treadmill speed consistent with 70% of subject's V[Combining Dot Above]O2max. An hour before subjects ingested 1 of the 3 energy drinks or a placebo. HR, BP, V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during the 15-minute trial. Mean values for dependent measures were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials (163.87 ± 13.30, 166.47 ± 13.71, and 165.00 ± 15.23). There were no significant differences in diastolic BP and HR. There were no significant differences found in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE measures. Ingestion of energy drinks demonstrated no change in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE during the economy trials. The findings show no performance benefits under the conditions of this study. However, there does appear to be a significant increase in systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard W Peveler
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky
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13
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Al-Fares MN, Alsunni AA, Majeed F, Badar A. Effect of energy drink intake before exercise on indices of physical performance in untrained females. Saudi Med J 2016; 36:580-6. [PMID: 25935179 PMCID: PMC4436755 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.5.11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the effect of energy drink consumption before exercise on indices of physical performance in untrained females. Methods: This single blind placebo controlled experimental study was carried out at the Physiology Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from September 2011 to May 2012, on 32 healthy female students, in a crossover design. They were given either a standardized energy drink or the placebo 45 minutes before the exercise. Time to exhaustion and the stages of Bruce protocol achieved were noted. Heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, and blood lactate were recorded before and after the exercise. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was calculated by formula. Paired sample t-test was used for statistics. Results: The mean age was 19.93±0.8 years, mean height 156.40±3.83 cm, and the mean weight 51.73±3.65 kg. Time to exhaustion in the placebo group was 11.67±1.51 minutes and 11.41±1.56 in the energy drink group (p<0.157). The VO2max in the placebo group was 34.06±6.62, while it was 32.89±6.83 in the energy drink group (p<0.154). There were no significant differences between the placebo and the energy drinks groups in regards to heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lactate levels, before or after the exercise. However, there were significant differences before, immediately, and 30 minutes post exercise for all parameters between each group. Conclusion: The effects of energy drinks intake on physical performance during the exercise in our small sample does not significantly differ from placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiadah N Al-Fares
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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14
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Prins PJ, Goss FL, Nagle EF, Beals K, Robertson RJ, Lovalekar MT, Welton GL. Energy Drinks Improve Five-Kilometer Running Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2979-2990. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Souza DB, Del Coso J, Casonatto J, Polito MD. Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:13-27. [PMID: 27757591 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caffeine-containing energy drinks (EDs) are currently used as ergogenic aids to improve physical performance in a wide variety of sport disciplines. However, the outcomes of previous investigations on this topic are inconclusive due to methodological differences, especially, in the dosage of the active ingredients and the test used to assess performance. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to evaluate the effects of acute ED intake on physical performance. The search for references was conducted in the databases PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and SPORTDiscus until December 2015. RESULTS Thirty-four studies published between 1998 and 2015 were included in the analysis. Using a random-effects model, effect sizes (ES) were calculated as the standardized mean difference. Overall, ED ingestion improved physical performance in muscle strength and endurance (ES = 0.49; p < 0.001), endurance exercise tests (ES = 0.53; p < 0.001), jumping (ES = 0.29; p = 0.01) and sport-specific actions (ES = 0.51; p < 0.001), but not in sprinting (ES = 0.14; p = 0.06). The meta-regression demonstrated a significant association between taurine dosage (mg) and performance (slope = 0.0001; p = 0.04), but not between caffeine dosage (mg) and performance (slope = 0.0009; p = 0.21). CONCLUSION ED ingestion improved performance in muscle strength and endurance, endurance exercise tests, jumping and sport-specific actions. However, the improvement in performance was associated with taurine dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliano Casonatto
- Center of Life Sciences and Health, University of North Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcos D Polito
- Department of Physical Education, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil. .,Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, Londrina, PR, 86050-520, Brazil.
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16
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Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1793-807. [PMID: 24279396 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.708368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional ergogenic aids have been in use for a long time to enhance exercise and sports performance. Dietary components that exhibit ergogenic activity are numerous and their consumption is common and popular among athletes. They often come under scrutiny by legal authorities for their claimed benefits and safety concerns. Amino acid derivatives are propagated as being effective aids to enhance physical and mental performance in many ways, even though studies have pointed out that individuals who are deficient are more likely to benefit from dietary supplementation of amino acid derivatives than normal humans. In this review, some of the most common and widely used amino acids derivatives in sports and athletics namely creatine, tyrosine, carnitine, HMB, and taurine have been discussed for their effects on exercise performance, mental activity as well as body strength and composition. Creatine, carnitine, HMB, and taurine are reported to delay the onset of fatigue, improve exercise performance, and body strength. HMB helps in increasing fat-free mass and reduce exercise induced muscle injury. Taurine has been found to reduce oxidative stress during exercise and also act as an antihypertensive agent. Although, studies have not been able to find any favorable effect of tyrosine administration on exercise performance, it has been proved to be very effective in fighting stress, improving mood and cognitive performance particularly in sleep-deprived subjects. While available data from published studies and findings are equivocal about the efficacy of creatine, tyrosine, and HMB, more comprehensive researches on carnitine and taurine are necessary to provide evidence for the theoretical basis of their ergogenic role in nutritional modification and supplementation.
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17
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Pommerening MJ, Cardenas JC, Radwan ZA, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Hypercoagulability after energy drink consumption. J Surg Res 2015; 199:635-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Shearer J, Graham TE. Performance effects and metabolic consequences of caffeine and caffeinated energy drink consumption on glucose disposal. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:121-36. [PMID: 25293551 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review documents two opposing effects of caffeine and caffeine-containing energy drinks, i.e., their positive effects on athletic performance and their negative impacts on glucose tolerance in the sedentary state. Analysis of studies examining caffeine administration prior to performance-based exercise showed caffeine improved completion time by 3.6%. Similar analyses following consumption of caffeine-containing energy drinks yielded positive, but more varied, benefits, which were likely due to the diverse nature of the studies performed, the highly variable composition of the beverages consumed, and the range of caffeine doses administered. Conversely, analyses of studies administering caffeine prior to either an oral glucose tolerance test or insulin clamp showed a decline in whole-body glucose disposal of ~30%. The consequences of this resistance are unknown, but there may be implications for the development of a number of chronic diseases. Both caffeine-induced performance enhancement and insulin resistance converge with the primary actions of caffeine on skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG. Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:108-20. [PMID: 25293550 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are increasingly popular among athletes and others. Advertising for these products typically features images conjuring great muscle power and endurance; however, the scientific literature provides sparse evidence for an ergogenic role of energy drinks. Although the composition of energy drinks varies, most contain caffeine; carbohydrates, amino acids, herbs, and vitamins are other typical ingredients. This report analyzes the effects of energy drink ingredients on prolonged submaximal (endurance) exercise as well as on short-term strength and power (neuromuscular performance). It also analyzes the effects of energy drink ingredients on the fluid and electrolyte deficit during prolonged exercise. In several studies, energy drinks have been found to improve endurance performance, although the effects could be attributable to the caffeine and/or carbohydrate content. In contrast, fewer studies find an ergogenic effect of energy drinks on muscle strength and power. The existing data suggest that the caffeine dose given in studies of energy drinks is insufficient to enhance neuromuscular performance. Finally, it is unclear if energy drinks are the optimal vehicle to deliver caffeine when high doses are needed to improve neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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20
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Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M. [Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]. Presse Med 2015; 44:261-70. [PMID: 25622514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks designate "any product in the form of a drink or concentrated liquid containing a mixture of ingredients having the property to raise the level of energy and liveliness". Their introduction has raised many reluctance and reserves after numerous cardiovascular and neurological injuries among regular consumers. OBJECTIVE This article attempts to synthesize the existing literature on energy drinks. The review focuses to show that excessive energy drinks consumption cause many complications. METHODS The literature review was conducted from 2001 to 2014, using PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PsycInfo, using the following keywords alone or combined: energy drinks, caffeine, taurine, toxicity, dependence, complications. RESULTS Occasional or moderate consumption of these cans seem to present little risk to healthy adults. However, their repeated consumption in proportions that far exceed the recommendations for recommended use by the manufacturers, combined with the use of alcohol or illicit drugs consumption increases the risk of occurrence of somatic and psychiatric complications, especially among underage, and subjects with cardiovascular and neurological history. CONCLUSION Repeated consumption of energy drinks increases the risk of somatic and psychiatric complications. Further studies must be controlled to improve our understanding of other possible negative consequences on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Petit
- Cabinet médical Carnot, 26, avenue Carnot, 75017 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Bichat, service de psychiatrie, addictologie, et tabacologie, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Karila
- AP-HP, hôpital Paul-Brousse, centre d'enseignement, de recherche et de traitement des addictions, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- AP-HP, hôpital Bichat, service de psychiatrie, addictologie, et tabacologie, 75018 Paris, France
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Kammerer M, Jaramillo JA, García A, Calderón JC, Valbuena LH. Effects of energy drink major bioactive compounds on the performance of young adults in fitness and cognitive tests: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:44. [PMID: 25389379 PMCID: PMC4226910 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of beverages containing caffeine and taurine before exercising has been associated with increased physical and psychological performances and has been promoted to support the emotional state and provide vitality to consumers. However, there are contradictory results on these issues, it is not clear the effect of every major compound in relation to the whole effect of the beverages and there is a lack in knowledge about their degree of safety for consumption. Methods This study used a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, crossover design. Fourteen male volunteer soldiers from the Colombian army performed different tests to measure their cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max and maximum heart rate), time to exhaustion, strength (isometric strength), power (vertical jump), concentration (Grid test) and memory (Digits test) after drinking 250 ml of one of the following beverages: one with 80 mg caffeine, one with 1000 mg taurine, one with 80 mg caffeine plus 1000 mg taurine, a commercial energy drink (Red Bull®) or a placebo drink. Subjects were caffeine-consumers that avoided caffeine during the day of evaluation. All beverages were matched in flavor and other organoleptic properties to the commercial one, were bottled in dark plastic bottles and were administered in identical conditions to the participants. Differences between treatments were assessed using repeated measures and analysis of variance. Results The mean ± SD values of VO2max, maximum heart rate, time to exhaustion, right handgrip strength, left handgrip strength, vertical jump, Grid test and Digits test were 61.3 ± 6.2 ml/kg.min, 196 ± 6.8 beats per min, 17 ± 1.2 min, 56.8 ± 6.6 kgf, 53.1 ± 5.9 kgf, 41.1 ± 3.8 cm, 19.9 ± 5.9 observed digits and 10.9 ± 3.1 remembered digits after drinking a placebo drink. Comparisons among the commercial drink, caffeine, taurine, caffeine plus taurine and placebo treatments did not show statistically differences in the results of the performed tests. No adverse effects were reported by the participants. Conclusion The consumption of caffeine (80 mg) and taurine (1000 mg) or their combination does not increase the physical and cognitive ability in young adults during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Kammerer
- Indeportes Antioquia and School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan C Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-Physis, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis H Valbuena
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory from Indeportes Antioquia and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-Physis, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Phillips MD, Rola KS, Christensen KV, Ross JW, Mitchell JB. Preexercise Energy Drink Consumption Does Not Improve Endurance Cycling Performance But Increases Lactate, Monocyte, and Interleukin-6 Response. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1443-53. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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An SM, Park JS, Kim SH. Effect of energy drink dose on exercise capacity, heart rate recovery and heart rate variability after high-intensity exercise. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:31-9. [PMID: 25566437 PMCID: PMC4241927 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of exercise capacity, heart rate recovery and heart rate variability after high-intensity exercise on caffeine concentration of energy drink. METHODS The volunteers for this study were 15 male university student. 15 subjects were taken basic physical examinations such as height, weight and BMI before the experiment. Primary tests were examined of VO2max per weight of each subjects by graded exercise test using Bruce protocol. Each of five subject was divided 3 groups (CON, ECGⅠ, ECGⅡ) by matched method based on weight and VO2max per weight what gained of primary test for minimize the differences of exercise capacity and ingestion of each groups. For the secondary tests, the groups of subjects were taken their materials before and after exercise as a blind test. After the ingestion, subjects were experimented on exercise test of VO2max 80% by treadmill until the all-out. Heart rate was measured by 1minute interval, and respiratory variables were analyzed VO2, VE, VT, RR and so on by automatic respiratory analyzer. And exercise exhaustion time was determined by stopwatch. Moreover, HRV was measured after exercise and recovery 3 min. RESULTS Among the intake groups, ECGⅡ was showed the longest of exercise exhaustion time more than CON group (p = .05). Result of heart rate during exercise according to intake groups, there was significant differences of each time (p < .001), however, not significant differences of each groups and group verse time (p > .05). Result of RPE during exercise according to intake groups, there was significant differences of each time (p < .001), however, not significant differences of each groups and group verse time (p > .05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, EDGⅡ showed the significant increase of exercise exhaustion time more than CON group (p=.05) and not significant differences in HR, RPE, RER, HRV, HRR, blood pressure (p > .05). Therefore, 2.5 mg/kg(-1) ingestion of energy drink might be positive effect to increase exercise performance capacity without side-effect in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min An
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Park
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Kim
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
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Nelson MT, Biltz GR, Dengel DR. Cardiovascular and ride time-to-exhaustion effects of an energy drink. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:2. [PMID: 24447726 PMCID: PMC3937107 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there are few studies on the cardiovascular and fatigue effects of commercially available energy drinks. This study investigated the effects of Monster energy drink (Monster Beverage Corporation, Corona, California), on resting heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), ride time-to-exhaustion, peak exercise HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and peak rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Methods The study used a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, crossover design. After an 8-hr fast, 15 subjects consumed Monster Energy Drink (ED standardized to 2.0 mg * kg-1 caffeine) or a flavor-matched placebo preexercise. Resting HR and HRV were determined. After an initial submaximal workload for 30 minutes, subjects completed 10 min at 80% ventilatory threshold (VT) and rode until volitional fatigue at 100% VT. Results Resting HR was significantly different (ED: 65+/-10 bpm vs. placebo: 58+/-8 bpm, p = 0.02), but resting HRV was not different between the energy drink and placebo trials. Ride time-to-exhaustion was not significantly different between trials (ED: 45.5+/- 9.8 vs. placebo: 43.8+/-9.3 min, p = 0.62). No difference in peak RPE (ED: 9.1 +/- 0.5 vs. placebo: 9.0 +/- 0.8, p = 1.00) nor peak HR (ED: 177 +/- 11 vs. placebo: 175 +/- 12, p = 0.73) was seen. The RER at 30% of VT was significantly different (ED: 0.94 +/- 0.06 vs. placebo: 0.91 +/- 0.05, p = 0.046), but no difference between the two conditions were seen at the other intensities. Conclusion Although preexercise ingestion of the energy drink does increase resting HR there was no alteration in HRV parameters. Ride time-to-exhaustion was not enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Nelson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Eckerson JM, Bull AJ, Baechle TR, Fischer CA, O’Brien DC, Moore GA, Yee JC, Pulverenti TS. Acute Ingestion of Sugar-Free Red Bull Energy Drink Has No Effect on Upper Body Strength and Muscular Endurance in Resistance Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827e14f2.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pettitt RW, Niemeyer JD, Sexton PJ, Lipetzky A, Murray SR. Do the Noncaffeine Ingredients of Energy Drinks Affect Metabolic Responses to Heavy Exercise? J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1994-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182736e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Eudy AE, Gordon LL, Hockaday BC, Lee DA, Lee V, Luu D, Martinez CA, Ambrose PJ. Efficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:577-88. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Eudy
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos A. Martinez
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA
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Del Coso J, Ramírez JA, Muñoz G, Portillo J, Gonzalez-Millán C, Muñoz V, Barbero-Álvarez JC, Muñoz-Guerra J. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance of elite rugby players during a simulated match. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:368-74. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a caffeine-containing energy drink in enhancing rugby players' physical performance during a simulated match. A second purpose was to determine the urinary caffeine excretion derived from the energy drink intake. In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 26 elite rugby players (mean ± SD for age and body mass, 25 ± 2 y and 93 ± 15 kg) played 2 simulated rugby games (2 × 30 min) 60 min after ingesting (i) 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass in the form of an energy drink (Fure, ProEnergetics) or (ii) the same drink without caffeine (placebo). During the matches, the individual running distance and the instantaneous speed were measured, and the number of running actions above 20 km·h−1 (i.e., sprints) were determined, using global positioning system devices. The number of impacts above 5 g during the matches was determined by accelerometry. The ingestion of the energy drink, compared with the placebo, increased the total distance covered during the match (4749 ± 589 vs 5139 ± 475 m, p < 0.05), the running distance covered at more than 20 km·h−1 (184 ± 38 vs 208 ± 38 m, p < 0.05), and the number of sprints (10 ± 7 vs 12 ± 7, p < 0.05). The ingestion of the energy drink also resulted in a greater overall number of impacts (481 ± 352 vs 641 ± 366, p < 0.05) and a higher postexercise urine caffeine concentration (0.1 ± 0.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.9 μg·mL−1, p < 0.05). The use of an energy drink with a caffeine dose equivalent to 3 mg·kg−1 considerably enhanced the movement patterns of rugby players during a simulated match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid 28692, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Muñoz
- Doping Control Laboratory, Spanish Anti-Doping Agency, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Portillo
- Exercise Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Gonzalez-Millán
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid 28692, Spain
| | - Víctor Muñoz
- Exercise Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Duncan MJ, Smith M, Cook K, James RS. The acute effect of a caffeine-containing energy drink on mood state, readiness to invest effort, and resistance exercise to failure. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2858-65. [PMID: 22124354 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318241e124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of caffeine ingestion in enhancing aerobic performance is well established. The evidence for caffeine's effects on resistance exercise is mixed and has not fully examined the associated psychological and psychophysiological changes. This study examined acute effects of ingesting a caffeine-containing energy drink on repetitions to failure, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and the readiness to invest physical effort (RTIPE) and mental effort during resistance exercise to failure. Thirteen resistance-trained men took part in this double-blind, randomized cross-over experimental study whereby they ingested a caffeinated (179 mg) energy drink or placebo solution 60 minutes before completing a bout of resistance exercise comprising bench press, deadlift, prone row, and back squat exercise to failure at an intensity of 60% 1-repetition maximum. Experimental conditions were separated by at least 48 hours. Participants completed significantly greater repetitions to failure, irrespective of exercise, in the energy drink condition (p = 0.015). Rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher in the placebo condition (p = 0.02) and was significantly higher during lower-body exercises compared with upper-body exercises irrespective of the substance ingested (p = 0.0001). Readiness to invest mental effort was greater with the energy drink condition (p = 0.04), irrespective of time. A significant time × substance interaction (p = 0.036) for RTIPE indicated that RTIPE increased for both placebo and energy drink conditions preingestion to pre-exercise, but the magnitude of increase was greater with the energy drink condition compared with placebo. This resulted in higher RTIPE postexercise for the energy drink condition. These results suggest that acute ingestion of a caffeine-containing energy drink can enhance resistance exercise performance to failure and positively enhance psychophysiological factors related to exertion in trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duncan
- Department of Biomolecular and Sports Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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Burrows T, Pursey K, Neve M, Stanwell P. What are the health implications associated with the consumption of energy drinks? A systematic review. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:135-48. [PMID: 23452281 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest regarding the potential health effects of energy drink (ED) consumption. The aim of the present review was to investigate the existing evidence on health outcomes associated with ED consumption. Studies published between 1966 and February 2011 were retrieved and included if they met the following criteria: were randomized or pseudo randomized control trials; studied a human population; reported a health-related measure; and investigated a whole ED (as opposed to individual ingredients). Study quality was evaluated and data extracted using standardized tools. Fifteen studies were identified, the majority of which had less than 30 participants and included a short term of follow-up (range: 30 min-3 h). The following outcome measures were included: cardiorespiratory effects, physiological measures, pathological measures, and body composition. The mean dosage of ED was 390 mL (range: 250-750 mL). Commercial ED funding and/or study associations were identified in six studies. Studies investigating long-term consumption and follow-up were lacking. The findings from this review do not allow definitive dietary recommendations to be made regarding safe levels of ED consumption; caution should be exercised when consuming these drinks until further high-quality research is undertaken to substantiate findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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31
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Campbell B, Wilborn C, La Bounty P, Taylor L, Nelson MT, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Schmitz S, Collins R, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Kreider RB. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:1. [PMID: 23281794 PMCID: PMC3538552 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature on the safety and efficacy of the use of energy drinks (ED) or energy shots (ES). The ISSN has concluded the following. 1. Although ED and ES contain a number of nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrate and/or caffeine. 2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. 3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance. 4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in particular merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential effects on physical and mental performance. 5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote a small amount of additional fat loss. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. 6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load carbohydrates on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as the effects of caffeine and other stimulants on motor skill performance. 7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with parental approval after consideration of the amount of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients contained in the ED or ES and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. 8. Indiscriminant use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day is consumed, may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects. 9. Diabetics and individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should avoid use of ED and/or ES unless approved by their physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Campbell
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Dept. of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Colin Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Paul La Bounty
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Box 97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Mike T Nelson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of St.Thomas, St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | | | - Hector L Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, 44224, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen Schmitz
- Medical Surveillance and Risk Management, Shire HGT, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | | | - Doug S Kalman
- Miami Research Associates, Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, 6141 Sunset Drive - Suite 301, Miami, FL, 33143, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843-4243, USA
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Eckerson JM, Bull AJ, Baechle TR, Fischer CA, O’Brien DC, Moore GA, Yee JC, Pulverenti TS. Acute Ingestion of Sugar-free Red Bull Energy Drink has no Effect on Upper Body Strength and Muscular Endurance in Resistance Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 27:2248-54. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827e14f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division; US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM); Natick; Massachusetts; USA
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34
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Del Coso J, Salinero JJ, González-Millán C, Abián-Vicén J, Pérez-González B. Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance: a repeated measures design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:21. [PMID: 22569090 PMCID: PMC3461468 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy drinks have become the most used caffeine-containing beverages in the sport setting. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two doses of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance during upper- and lower-body power-load tests. Methods In a randomized order, twelve active participants ingested 1 and 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight using a commercially available energy drink (Fure®, ProEnergetics) or the same drink without caffeine (placebo; 0 mg/kg). After sixty minutes, resting metabolic rate, heart rate and blood pressure were determined. Then, half-squat and bench-press power production with loads from 10 to 100% of 1 repetition maximum was determined using a rotator encoder. Results In comparison to the placebo, the ingestion of the caffeinated drink increased mean arterial pressure (82 ± 7 < 88 ± 8 ≈ 90 ± 6 mmHg for 0 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg of caffeine, respectively; P < 0.05) and heart rate (57 ± 7 < 59 ± 8 < 62 ± 8 beats/min, respectively; P < 0.05) at rest in a dose response manner, though it did not affect resting metabolic rate. While the ingestion of 1 mg/kg of caffeine did not affect maximal power during the power-load tests with respect to the placebo, 3 mg/kg increased maximal power in the half-squat (2554 ± 167 ≈ 2549 ± 161 < 2726 ± 167 W, respectively; P < 0.05) and bench-press actions (349 ± 34 ≈ 358 ± 35 < 375 ± 33 W, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusions A caffeine dose of at least 3 mg/kg in the form of an energy drink is necessary to significantly improve half-squat and bench-press maximal muscle power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Spain.
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35
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Err H, Wiwanitkit V. Tonic drink and poor glycemic control: a forgotten issue. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-011-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Calabrò RS, Italiano D, Gervasi G, Bramanti P. Single tonic-clonic seizure after energy drink abuse. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 23:384-5. [PMID: 22370117 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks are soft beverages especially marketed for adolescents in order to obtain a heightened sense of awareness. Concerns about the safety of these drinks are raised based on our observation of potentially serious adverse effects. Caffeine and taurine are psychoactive agents highly present in energy drinks, which may lead to modification of neurotransmission. We herein report the case of a 20-year-old man presenting with a generalized epileptic seizure after energy drink consumption.
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37
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Del Coso J, Muñoz-Fernández VE, Muñoz G, Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Hamouti N, Barbero JC, Muñoz-Guerra J. Effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on simulated soccer performance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31380. [PMID: 22348079 PMCID: PMC3279366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on soccer performance during a simulated game. A second purpose was to assess the post-exercise urine caffeine concentration derived from the energy drink intake. Methodology/Principal Findings Nineteen semiprofessional soccer players ingested 630±52 mL of a commercially available energy drink (sugar-free Red Bull®) to provide 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass, or a decaffeinated control drink (0 mg/kg). After sixty minutes they performed a 15-s maximal jump test, a repeated sprint test (7×30 m; 30 s of active recovery) and played a simulated soccer game. Individual running distance and speed during the game were measured using global positioning satellite (GPS) devices. In comparison to the control drink, the ingestion of the energy drink increased mean jump height in the jump test (34.7±4.7 v 35.8±5.5 cm; P<0.05), mean running speed during the sprint test (25.6±2.1 v 26.3±1.8 km · h−1; P<0.05) and total distance covered at a speed higher than 13 km · h−1 during the game (1205±289 v 1436±326 m; P<0.05). In addition, the energy drink increased the number of sprints during the whole game (30±10 v 24±8; P<0.05). Post-exercise urine caffeine concentration was higher after the energy drink than after the control drink (4.1±1.0 v 0.1±0.1 µg · mL−1; P<0.05). Conclusions/significance A caffeine-containing energy drink in a dose equivalent to 3 mg/kg increased the ability to repeatedly sprint and the distance covered at high intensity during a simulated soccer game. In addition, the caffeinated energy drink increased jump height which may represent a meaningful improvement for headers or when players are competing for a ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Effects of red bull energy drink on repeated sprint performance in women athletes. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1803-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Bigard AX. [Risks of energy drinks in youths]. Arch Pediatr 2011; 17:1625-31. [PMID: 20926266 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The market value for energy drinks is continually growing and the annual worldwide energy drink consumption is increasing. However, issues related to energy drink ingredients and the potential for adverse health consequences remain to be elucidated. This aim of the present paper is to review the current knowledge on putative adverse effects of energy drinks, especially in youths. There are many energy drink brands in the worldwide market, even if only few brands are available in France. Although the energy drink content varies, these beverages often contain taurine, caffeine, vitamins B and carbohydrates. These drinks vary widely in both caffeine content (80 to 141 mg per can) and caffeine concentration. Except caffeine, the effects of energy drink ingredients on physical and cognitive performances remain controversial. Researchers identified moderate positive effects of energy drinks on performances, whereas others found contrary results. The adverse effects of energy drink can be related to either the toxicity of ingredients or specific situations in which energy drinks are used such as ingestion in combination with alcohol. Although the issue of taurine-induced toxic encephalopathy has been addressed, it is likely that the risk of taurine toxicity after energy drink consumption remains low. However, whether the prolonged use of energy drinks providing more than 3g taurine daily remains to be examined in the future. The consumption of energy drinks may increase the risk for caffeine overdose and toxicity in children and teenagers. The practice of consuming great amounts of energy drink with alcohol is considered by many teenagers and students a primary locus to socialize and to meet people. This pattern of energy drink consumption explains the enhanced risk of both caffeine and alcohol toxicity in youths. Twenty five to 40% of young people report consumption of energy drink with alcohol while partying. Consumption of energy drinks with alcohol during heavy episodic drinking is at risk of serious injury, sexual assault, drunk driving, and death. However, even after adjusting for alcohol consumption, students who consume alcohol mixed with energy drinks had dramatically higher rates of serious alcohol-related consequences. It has been reported that the subjective perceptions of some symptoms of alcohol intoxication are less intense after the combined ingestion of the alcohol plus energy drink; however, these effects are not detected in objective measures of motor coordination and visual reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-X Bigard
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, 24, avenue des Maquis-du-Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche cedex, France.
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Abstract
Exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. This trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. Initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. Subsequently, energy beverages (EBs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by "weekend warriors" and those seeking an edge in an endurance event. Long-term exposure to the various components of EBs may result in significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, and the safety of EBs has not been fully established. For this review, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 through May 2010, using the following keywords: energy beverage, energy drink, power drink, exercise, caffeine, red bull, bitter orange, glucose, ginseng, guarana, and taurine. Evidence regarding the effects of EBs is summarized, and practical recommendations are made to help in answering the patient who asks, "Is it safe for me to drink an energy beverage when I exercise?"
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Higgins
- Division of Cardiology, Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, and Memorial Hermann Sports Medicine Institute, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77026-1967, USA.
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41
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Pennington N, Johnson M, Delaney E, Blankenship MB. Energy drinks: a new health hazard for adolescents. J Sch Nurs 2010; 26:352-9. [PMID: 20538866 DOI: 10.1177/1059840510374188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new hazard for adolescents is the negative health effects of energy drink consumption. Adolescents are consuming these types of drinks at an alarming amount and rate. Specific effects that have been reported by adolescents include jitteriness, nervousness, dizziness, the inability to focus, difficulty concentrating, gastrointestinal upset, and insomnia. Health care providers report that they have seen the following effects from the consumption of energy drinks: dehydration, accelerated heart rates, anxiety, seizures, acute mania, and strokes. This article is a comprehensive literature review on the health effects of energy drinks. Findings from this article indicate the need for educational intervention to inform adolescents of the consequences of consuming these popular drinks. School nurses are in a unique position to teach adolescents about the side effects and possible health issues that can occur when energy drinks are consumed.
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Walsh AL, Gonzalez AM, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Hoffman JR. Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:14. [PMID: 20398312 PMCID: PMC2861014 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a commercially available energy drink on time to exhaustion during treadmill exercise. In addition, subjective measures of energy, focus, and fatigue were examined METHODS Fifteen subjects (9 men and 6 women; 20.9 +/- 1.0 y; 172.1 +/- 9.1 cm; 71.0 +/- 9.4 kg; 16.9 +/- 9.7% body fat) underwent two testing sessions administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Subjects reported to the laboratory in a 3-hr post-absorptive state and were provided either the supplement (SUP; commercially marketed as Amino Impact) or placebo (P). During each laboratory visit subjects performed a treadmill run (70% VO2 max) to exhaustion. Mean VO2 was measured during each endurance exercise protocol. Subjects were required to complete visual analog scales for subjective measures of energy, focus and fatigue at the onset of exercise (PRE), 10-mins into their run (EX10) and immediately post-exercise (IP). RESULTS Time to exhaustion was significantly greater (p = 0.012) during SUP than P. Subjects consuming the supplement were able to run 12.5% longer than during the placebo treatment. Subjects consuming SUP reported significantly greater focus (p = 0.031), energy (p = 0.016), and less fatigue (p = 0.005) at PRE. Significant differences between groups were seen at EX10 for focus (p = 0.026) and energy (p = 0.004), but not fatigue (p = 0.123). No differences were seen at IP for either focus (p = 0.215), energy (p = 0.717) or fatigue (p = 0.430). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that the supplement Amino Impact can significantly increase time to exhaustion during a moderate intensity endurance run and improve subjective feelings of focus, energy and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Kang
- The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, USA
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43
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Ballard SL, Wellborn-Kim JJ, Clauson KA. Effects of commercial energy drink consumption on athletic performance and body composition. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2010; 38:107-17. [PMID: 20424408 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2010.04.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks are frequently marketed to individuals interested in athletics and an active lifestyle. From 2001 to 2008, estimates of energy drink use in adolescent to middle-aged populations ranged from 24% to 56%. Most energy drinks feature caffeine and a combination of other components, including taurine, sucrose, guarana, ginseng, niacin, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. This article examines the evidence for 2 commonly purported uses of energy drinks: athletic performance enhancement and weight loss. Observed ergogenic benefits of energy drinks are likely attributable to caffeine and glucose content. There is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of energy drinks on weight loss, although some data suggest that combining energy drink use with exercise may enhance body fat reduction. As with any pharmacologically active substance, energy drinks are associated with adverse effects. Combining energy drinks with alcohol exacerbates safety concerns and is an increasingly common practice contributing to toxic jock identity among college-aged male athletes. Practitioners should monitor identified populations likely to consume these loosely regulated beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Ballard
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, West Palm Beach, FL 33328, USA
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