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Główka N, Malik J, Podgórski T, Stemplewski R, Maciaszek J, Ciążyńska J, Zawieja EE, Chmurzynska A, Nowaczyk PM, Durkalec-Michalski K. The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit - a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2301384. [PMID: 38226646 PMCID: PMC10795626 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine (CAF) ingestion improves performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent effect on discipline-specific performance and cognitive functions in CrossFit/High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute supplementation of three different doses of CAF and placebo (PLA) on specific performance, reaction time (RTime), postural stability (PStab), heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (BM)) and PLA in 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Fight Gone Bad test (FGB) as the exercise performance evaluation and biochemical analyses, HR and RPE monitoring, as well as the assessment of RTime and PStab, with regard to CYP1A2 (rs762551) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). RESULTS Supplementation of 6 mgCAF/kgBM induced clinically noticeable improvements in FGBTotal results, RTime and pre-exercise motor time. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between any CAF doses and PLA in FGBTotal, HRmax, HRmean, RPE, pre/post-exercise RTime, PStab variables or pyruvate concentrations. Lactate concentration was higher (p < 0.05) before and after exercise in all CAF doses than in PLA. There was no effect of CYP1A2 or ADORA2A SNPs on performance. CONCLUSIONS The dose-dependent effect of CAF supplementation appears to be limited to statistically nonsignificant but clinically considered changes on specific performance, RTime, PStab, RPE or HR. However, regarding practical CAF-induced performance implications in CrossFit/HIFT, 6 mgCAF/kgBM may be supposed as the most rational supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Malik
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Stemplewski
- Department of Digital Technologies in Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Janusz Maciaszek
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Julia Ciążyńska
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emilia E. Zawieja
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Snyder M, Brewer C, Taylor K. Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation Compared With Caffeine and a Placebo Does Not Improve Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Women. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:593-599. [PMID: 38608716 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the use of commercially available multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPS); however, there are inconsistencies regarding the efficacy of MIPS in resistance-trained women. PURPOSE To determine the effect of varying doses of MIPS compared with caffeine only (C) and a placebo (PL) on resistance-training performance in trained women. METHODS Ten women (21.5 [2.3] y) completed 1-repetition-maximum tests at baseline for leg press and bench press. A within-group, double-blind, and randomized design was used to assign supplement drinks (ie, PL, C, MIPS half scoop [MIPS-H], and MIPS full scoop [MIPS-F]). Repetitions to failure were assessed at 75% and 80% to 85% of 1-repetition maximum for bench and leg press, respectively. Total performance volume was calculated as load × sets × repetitions for each session. Data were analyzed using a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and reported as means and SDs. RESULTS There were no differences in repetitions to failure for bench press (PL: 14.4 [3.2] repetitions, C: 14.4 [2.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 14.2 [2.6] repetitions, MIPS-F: 15.1 [3.1] repetitions; P = .54) or leg press (PL: 13.9 [7.8] repetitions, C: 10.8 [5.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 13.1 [7.1] repetitions, MIPS-F: 12.4 [10.7] repetitions; P = .44). Furthermore, there were no differences in total performance volume across supplements for bench press (PL: 911.2 [212.8] kg, C: 910.7 [205.5] kg, MIPS-H: 913.6 [249.3] kg, MIPS-F: 951.6 [289.6] kg; P = .39) or leg press (PL: 4318.4 [1633.6] kg, C: 3730.0 [1032.5] kg, MIPS-H: 4223.0 [1630.0] kg, MIPS-F: 4085.5 [2098.3] kg; P = .34). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that caffeine and MIPS do not provide ergogenic benefits for resistance-trained women in delaying muscular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Snyder
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
| | - Christi Brewer
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
| | - Katrina Taylor
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
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Furtado ETF, Oliveira JPLDE, Pereira ISB, Veiga EP, Silva SFDA, Abreu WCDE. Short term creatine loading improves strength endurance even without changing maximal strength, RPE, fatigue index, blood lactate, and mode state. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230559. [PMID: 38747788 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Creatine is consumed by athletes to increase strength and gain muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of creatine supplementation on maximal strength and strength endurance. Twelve strength-trained men (25.2 ± 3.4 years) supplemented with 20 g Creatina + 10g maltodextrin or placebo (20g starch + 10g maltodextrin) for five days in randomized order. Maximal strength and strength endurance (4 sets 70% 1RM until concentric failure) were determined in the bench press. In addition, blood lactate, rate of perceived effort, fatigue index, and mood state were evaluated. All measurements were performed before and after the supplementation period. There were no significant changing in maximal strength, blood lactate, RPE, fatigue index, and mood state in either treatment. However, the creatine group performed more repetitions after the supplementation (Cr: Δ = +3.4 reps, p = 0.036, g = 0.53; PLA: Δ = +0.3reps, p = 0.414, g = 0.06), and higher total work (Cr: Δ = +199.5au, p = 0.038, g = 0.52; PLA: Δ = +26.7au, p = 0.402, g = 0.07). Creatine loading for five days allowed the subjects to perform more repetitions, resulting in greater total work, but failed to change the maximum strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Tadeu F Furtado
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo L DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela S B Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Elayne P Veiga
- Faculdade Presbiteriana Gammon, Educação Física, Praça Dr. Augusto Silva, 616, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandro F DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Educação Física, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson César DE Abreu
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise. Sports Med 2024; 54:303-321. [PMID: 37792272 PMCID: PMC10933212 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Parks JC, Joplin MCP, Marshall EM, Kearney SG, Humm SM, Kern MA, Pinzone AG, Erb EK, Smith TM, Kingsley JD. Effects of resistance exercise alone or with caffeine on hemodynamics, autonomic modulation and arterial stiffness in resistance-trained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2711-2721. [PMID: 37341819 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Both an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) and caffeine consumption can significantly alter hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness, which may correlate with adverse cardiovascular events. However, effects of an acute bout of RE and caffeine are unclear in resistance-trained women. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an acute bout of RE with repetitions to failure on squat and bench press, with or without caffeine, on performance, resting and recovery measures of hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, as well as arterial stiffness in resistance-trained women. METHODS Eleven women participated in a double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over design in which they consumed caffeine (4 mg/kg) or placebo at least 72 h apart. Sixty minutes following ingestion, participants performed two sets of 10 repetitions followed by a third set to failure on squat and bench press. Hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, and arterial stiffness were measured at rest, 60 min post-ingestion, and three minutes and 10 min following RE. RESULTS Data demonstrated caffeine has no additive effects on performance, hemodynamics, autonomic modulation, or arterial stiffness (p > 0.05) before or following an acute bout of RE in resistance-trained women compared to a placebo. CONCLUSIONS Resistance-trained women may not observe any alteration to RE performance on the squat and bench press in terms of repetitions to failure following caffeine ingestion. In addition, the data from the present study suggests that there may also not be any further negative effects on the cardiovasculature if caffeine is consumed prior to the RE bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Parks
- Kinesiology, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY, 13045, USA.
| | | | - Erica M Marshall
- Exercise Science, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA
| | - Sarah G Kearney
- Exercise Science, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, PA, 15601, USA
| | - Stacie M Humm
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Michelle A Kern
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Anthony G Pinzone
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Emily K Erb
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Therese M Smith
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - J Derek Kingsley
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
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Delleli S, Ouergui I, Messaoudi H, Ballmann CG, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Effects of caffeine consumption combined with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion and psychological aspects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292498. [PMID: 37871019 PMCID: PMC10593230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of caffeine (CAF) and music have been well documented when used separately, but their combined effects are not yet studied. Thus, the present study assessed the acute effects of combining a low dose of CAF with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and psychological responses during taekwondo-specific tasks in male elite athletes. In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design, male taekwondo athletes (n = 16; age: 18.25 ± 0.75 years) performed the taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), 10 s frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and the multiple version of FSKT (FSKT-mult) under the following conditions: 1) CAF without music (CAF+NoM), 2) placebo (PL) without music (PL+NoM), 3) CAF with music (CAF+M), 4) PL with music (PL+M), 5) no supplement with music (NoS+M) and no supplement without music (control). RPE, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and physical enjoyment (PACES) were determined after each test. Findings showed the CAF+M condition induced better performances than other conditions for TSAT, FSKT-10s, FSKT-mult, RPE, FAS and FS and PACES post FSKT-10s (all p<0.05). Moreover, CAF+M resulted in better responses than other conditions for PACES post TSAT (p<0.05) with the exception of CAF+NoM. Likewise, CAF+M condition induced better physical enjoyment than PL+NoM, NoS+M and PL+M conditions post FSKT-mult (p<0.05). Combining low dose of CAF with music during warm-up was an effective strategy that induced greater effects than their isolated use during taekwondo specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaheddine Delleli
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit, Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Messaoudi
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Lattari E, Vieira LAF, Santos LER, Jesus Abreu MA, Rodrigues GM, de Oliveira BRR, Machado S, Maranhão Neto GA, Santos TM. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With or Without Caffeine: Effects on Training Volume and Pain Perception. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:45-54. [PMID: 35025723 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1939251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of tDCS combined with caffeine intake on training volume and pain perception in the bench press in resistance-trained males. The correlation between training volume and pain perception was also assessed in all interventions. Methods: Sixteen healthy males (age = 25.2 ± 4.7 years, body mass = 82.8 ± 9.1 kg, and height = 178.3 ± 5.7 cm), advanced in RT, were randomized and counterbalanced for the following experimental conditions: Sham tDCS with placebo intake (Sham+Pla), Sham tDCS with caffeine intake (Sham+Caff), anodal tDCS with placebo intake (a-tDCS+Pla), and anodal tDCS with caffeine intake (a-tDCS+Caff). The caffeine or placebo ingestion (both with 5 mg.kg-1) occurred 40 minutes before the tDCS sessions. The tDCS was applied over the left DLPFC for 20 minutes, with a 2 mA current intensity. After the tDCS sessions, participants performed the bench press with an 80% of 1RM load, where training volume and pain perception were measured. Results: Training volume was higher in the 1st and 2nd sets in both a-tDCS+Caff and Sham+Caff conditions, compared to the Sham+Pla condition (P < .05). Both a-tDCS+Caff and a-tDCS+Pla showed an increased pain perception during the third set compared to the first set. Also, no correlation was found between the number of repetitions and pain perception in any condition (P > .05). Conclusion: This research revealed that caffeine intake alone could be used as an ergogenic aid during resistance training programs in resistance-trained males.
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López-Torres O, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Capel-Escoriza R, Fernández-Elías VE. Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010081. [PMID: 36615738 PMCID: PMC9823656 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intervention studies investigating the effects of ergogenic aids (EAs) on sports performance have been carried out in the male population. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects in the existing literature of EAs used by female athletes on performance. A literature research was conducted, and a descriptive analysis of the articles included in the systematic review was carried out. Meta-analyses could be performed on 32 of the included articles, evaluating performance in strength, sprint, and cardiovascular capacity. A random-effects model and the standardized mean differences (SMD) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. The results showed that caffeine helped to improve jumping performance, isometric strength values, and the number of repetitions until failure. Caffeine and sodium phosphate helped to improve sprint performance. Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine. No conclusive effects of beetroot juice, polyphenols, or creatine in improving aerobic performance were shown. In terms of anaerobic variables, both caffeine and sodium phosphate could help to improve repeated sprint ability. More studies are needed in female athletes that measure the effects of different EAs on sports performance, such as beetroot juice, beta-alanine or sodium phosphate, as the studies to date are scarce and there are many types of EA that need to be further considered in this population, such as creatine and taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Capel-Escoriza
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Raquel Wellness Instituto de Nutrición y Salud, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris RO, Tallis J. How Repeatable Is the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine? Limited Reproducibility of Acute Caffeine (3 mg.kg -1) Ingestion on Muscular Strength, Power, and Muscular Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204416. [PMID: 36297102 PMCID: PMC9611362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of 3 mg.kg−1 acute caffeine ingestion on muscular strength, power and strength endurance and the repeatability of potential ergogenic effects across multiple trials. Twenty-two university standard male rugby union players (20 ± 2 years) completed the study. Using a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced within-subject experimental design. Participants completed six experimental trials (three caffeine and three placebo) where force time characteristic of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jumps (DJ) were assessed followed by assessments of Chest Press (CP), Shoulder Press (SP), Squats (SQ), and Deadlifts (DL) Repetitions Until Failure (RTF at 70% 1 RM). ANOVA indicated that caffeine improved both the CMJ and DJ (p < 0.044) and increased RTF in all RTF assessments (p < 0.002). When individual caffeine trials were compared to corresponding placebo trials, effect sizes ranged from trivial-large favoring caffeine irrespective of a main effect of treatment being identified in the ANOVA. These results demonstrate for the first time that the performance enhancing effects of caffeine may not be repeatable between days, where our data uniquely indicates that this is in part attributable to between sessions variation in caffeine’s ergogenic potential.
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Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163398. [PMID: 36014906 PMCID: PMC9414007 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on performances of simulated match, Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and cognitive function test of elite taekwondo athletes. Ten elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong volunteered to participate in two main trials in a randomized double-blinded crossover design. In each main trial, 1 h after consuming a drink with caffeine (CAF) or a placebo drink without caffeine (PLA), the participants completed two simulated taekwondo match sessions followed by the WAnT. The participants were instructed to complete three cognitive function tests, namely the Eriksen Flanker Test (EFT), Stroop Test, and Rapid Visual Information Processing Test, at baseline, before exercise, and immediately after the simulated matches. They were also required to wear functional near-infrared spectroscopy equipment during these tests. Before exercise, the reaction time in the EFT was shorter in the CAF trial than in the PLA trial (PLA: 494.9 ± 49.2 ms vs. CAF: 467.9 ± 38.0 ms, p = 0.035). In the WAnT, caffeine intake increased the peak power and mean power per unit of body weight (by approximately 13% and 6%, respectively, p = 0.018 & 0.042). The performance in the simulated matches was not affected by caffeine intake (p = 0.168). In conclusion, caffeine intake enhances anaerobic power and may improve certain cognitive functions of elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong. However, this may not be enough to improve the simulated match performance.
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris R, Grgic J, Tallis J. Can 3 mg·kg -1 of Caffeine Be Used as An Effective Nutritional Supplement to Enhance the Effects of Resistance Training in Rugby Union Players? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103367. [PMID: 34684368 PMCID: PMC8539282 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study uniquely examined the effect of 3 mg·kg−1 chronic caffeine consumption on training adaptations induced by 7-weeks resistance training and assessed the potential for habituation to caffeine’s ergogenicity. Thirty non-specifically resistance-trained university standard male rugby union players (age (years): 20 ± 2; height (cm): 181 ± 7; body mass (kg): 92 ± 17) completed the study), who were moderate habitual caffeine consumers (118 ± 110 mg), completed the study. Using a within-subject double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, the acute effects of caffeine intake on upper and lower limb maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric torque were measured using isokinetic dynamometry (IKD) prior to and immediately following a resistance training intervention. Participants were split into strength-matched groups and completed a resistance-training program for seven weeks, consuming either caffeine or a placebo before each session. Irrespective of group, acute caffeine consumption improved peak eccentric torque of the elbow extensors (p < 0.013), peak concentric torque of the elbow flexors (p < 0.005), total eccentric work of the elbow flexors (p < 0.003), total concentric work of the knee extensors (p < 0.001), and total concentric and eccentric work of the knee flexors (p < 0.046) following repeated maximal voluntary contractions. Many of these acute caffeine effects were still prevalent following chronic exposure to caffeine throughout the intervention. The training intervention resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body one-repetition maximum strength (p < 0.001). For the most part, the effect of the training intervention was equivalent in both the caffeine and placebo groups, despite a small but significant increase (p < 0.037) in the total work performed in the participants that consumed caffeine across the course of the intervention. These results infer that caffeine may be beneficial to evoke acute improvements in muscular strength, with acute effects prevalent following chronic exposure to the experimental dose. However, individuals that consumed caffeine during the intervention did not elicit superior post-intervention training- induced adaptations in muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Tamilio
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Michael J. Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Rhys Morris
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Confounding effects of caffeine on neuroplasticity induced by transcranial alternating current stimulation and paired associative stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1367-1379. [PMID: 33762129 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of caffeine, time of day, and alertness fluctuation on plasticity effects after transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or 25 ms paired associative stimulation (PAS25) in caffeine-naïve and caffeine-adapted subjects. METHODS In two randomised, double-blinded, cross-over or placebo-controlled (caffeine) studies, we measured sixty subjects in eight sessions (n = 30, Male: Female = 1:1 in each study). RESULTS We found caffeine increased motor cortex excitability in caffeine naïve subjects. The aftereffects in caffeine naïve subjects were enhanced and prolonged when combined with PAS 25. Caffeine also increased alertness and the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were reduced under light deprivation in caffeine consumers both with and without caffeine. In caffeine consumers, the time of day had no effect on tACS-induced plasticity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that caffeine should be avoided or controlled as confounding factor for brain stimulation protocols. It is also important to keep the brightness constant in all sessions and study groups should not be mixed with caffeine-naïve and caffeine consuming participants. SIGNIFICANCE Caffeine is one of the confounding factors in the plasticity induction studies and it induces different excitability effects in caffeine-naïve and caffeine-adapted subjects. This study was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov with these registration IDs: 1) NCT03720665 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=NCT03720665&term=&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= 2) NCT04011670 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT04011670&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=.
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Acute Effects of Caffeine Intake on Psychological Responses and High-Intensity Exercise Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020584. [PMID: 33445587 PMCID: PMC7827590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on: (i) psychological responses of subjective vitality and mood; (ii) performance through a Wingate test; and (iii) rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reported after a Wingate test. METHODS Fifteen male participants (22.60 ± 2.16 years) ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose) supplementation in two experimental sessions. After 60 min from supplement intake, participants fulfilled two questionnaires, which measured subjective vitality and mood state, respectively. Subsequently, participants' performance was assessed through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of RPE at general, muscular, or cardiovascular level. RESULTS Caffeine supplementation increased some components of mood, as assessed by profile of mood states (POMS) (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were followed by a greater maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Moreover, lower RPE, both at muscular and general levels were reported by participants after the Wingate test. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that caffeine supplementation exerts positive effects both in psychological and physical domains in trained subjects.
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Karayigit R, Naderi A, Akca F, da Cruz CJG, Sarshin A, Yasli BC, Ersoz G, Kaviani M. Effects of Different Doses of Caffeinated Coffee on Muscular Endurance, Cognitive Performance, and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Caffeine Naive Female Athletes. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010002. [PMID: 33374947 PMCID: PMC7821939 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is widely consumed among elite athletes for its well-known ergogenic properties, and its ability to increase exercise performance. However, studies to date have predominantly focused on the anhydrous form of caffeine in male participants. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeinated coffee ingestion on lower-upper body muscular endurance, cognitive performance, and heart rate variability (HRV) in female athletes. A total of 17 participants (mean ± standard deviation (SD): age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass = 64 ± 4 kg, height = 168 ± 3 cm) in a randomized cross-over design completed three testing sessions, following the ingestion of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (3COF), 6 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (6COF) provided from coffee or decaffeinated coffee (PLA) in 600 mL of hot water. The testing results included: (1) repetition number for muscular endurance performance; (2): reaction time and response accuracy for cognitive performance; (3): HRV parameters, such as standard deviation of normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), total power (TP), the ratio of low- and high-frequency powers (LF/HF), high-frequency power (HF), normalized HF (HFnu), low-frequency power (LF), and normalized LF (LFnu). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that 3COF (p = 0.024) and 6COF (p = 0.036) improved lower body muscular endurance in the first set as well as cognitive performance (p = 0.025, p = 0.035 in the post-test, respectively) compared to PLA. However, no differences were detected between trials for upper body muscular endurance (p = 0.07). Lastly, all HRV parameters did not change between trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, ingesting caffeinated coffee improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance, while not adversely affecting cardiac autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (R.K.); (F.A.); (G.E.)
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd 6915136111, Iran;
| | - Firat Akca
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (R.K.); (F.A.); (G.E.)
| | - Carlos Janssen Gomes da Cruz
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Amir Sarshin
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Karaj Branch 3149968111, Iran;
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Igdir 76000, Turkey;
| | - Gulfem Ersoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (R.K.); (F.A.); (G.E.)
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- Faculty of Pure & Applied Science, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-902-585-1884
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15
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Reis HH, Lima LM, Reis VE, Mota-Júnior RJ, Soares-Júnior DT, Sillero-Quintana M, Rasmussen HE, Carneiro-Júnior MA, Marins JB. Effects of conventional and sugar-free energy drinks intake in runners: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:928-934. [PMID: 33337109 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of two types of energy drinks (ED) intake in trained runners. METHODS A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted over 6 weeks. Participants and beverages were allocated by randomization. Twelve men 23±2.6 years, 177±3.4 cm, 74.4±5.5 kg, VO<inf>2max</inf>=59.8±5.5 mL·(kg.min)-1] ingested either a conventional energy drink containing carbohydrates and 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, (ED1), a sugar-free energy drink 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (ED2), or a carbohydrate-containing, decaffeinated placebo (PL) 40-minutes before an exercise protocol. Sprint time, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure (BP), heart rate and plasmatic glucose were evaluated during the experimental protocol. RESULTS Performance improved after consuming both ED (P<0.004 ED1 and P=0.001 ED2) with lower RPE (P<0.05 for ED1 and P<0.05 for ED2) compared to PL. Consumption of ED2 decreased RER values at 0-5 minutes and 40-45 minutes (P<0.001), and ED1 increased systolic BP (P<0.05) during exercise compared to PL. There were no differences in the evaluated parameters between EDs (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of conventional or sugar free ED represents a valid ergogenic strategy to improve acute performance with reduction of RPE. However, intake of a conventional ED warrants caution, mainly because the effects on systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton H Reis
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil -
| | - Luciana M Lima
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Victória E Reis
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Sports Department Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - João B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Filip-Stachnik A, Krzysztofik M, Kaszuba M, Leońska-Duniec A, Czarny W, Del Coso J, Wilk M. Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Maximal Strength and Strength Endurance in Healthy Recreationally Trained Women Habituated to Caffeine. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3813. [PMID: 33322129 PMCID: PMC7763627 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By using deceptive experimental designs, several investigations have observed that trained individuals may increase their performance when told they were given caffeine, when in fact they received a placebo (i.e., the placebo effect of caffeine). However, most of these investigations on the placebo effect of caffeine used individuals with low caffeine consumption or did not report habitual caffeine consumption, especially in studies analyzing resistance-based exercise. Hence, it is unknown if habitual caffeine consumers benefit from the placebo effect of caffeine on exercise performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the placebo effect of caffeine on maximal strength and strength-endurance performance during the bench press exercise (BP) in women with mild-moderate daily consumption of caffeine. METHODS Thirteen resistance-trained women (BP one-repetition maximum (1RM) = 40.0 ± 9.7 kg) habituated to caffeine (4.1 ± 1.7 mg/kg/day) completed a deceptive randomized experimental design with two experimental trials. On one occasion, participants were told that they would receive 6 mg/kg of caffeine but received a placebo (PLAC), and on other occasions, participants did not receive any substance and were told that this was a control situation (CONT). In each experimental trial, participants underwent a 1RM BP test and a strength-endurance test consisting of performing the maximal number of repetitions at 50% of their 1RM. RESULTS In comparison to CONT, PLAC did not enhance 1RM (40.0 ± 10.5 kg vs. 41.0 ± 9.5 kg, respectively; p = 0.10), nor did it enhance the number of repetitions (32.2 ± 5.1 vs. 31.8 ± 4.5; p = 0.66) or mean power (130 ± 34 vs. 121 ± 26; p = 0.08) in the strength-endurance test. CONCLUSION Informing participants that they were given caffeine, when in fact they received a placebo, did not modify any performance variable measured in this investigation. Thus, the use of the placebo effect of caffeine seemed an ineffective strategy to enhance muscle strength and strength endurance during the BP exercise in women with mild-moderate consumption of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Kaszuba
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Agata Leońska-Duniec
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
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Martins GL, Guilherme JPLF, Ferreira LHB, de Souza-Junior TP, Lancha AH. Caffeine and Exercise Performance: Possible Directions for Definitive Findings. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:574854. [PMID: 33345139 PMCID: PMC7739593 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.574854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most studied supplements in the world. Studies correlate its use to increased exercise performance in endurance activities, as well as its possible ergogenic effects for both intermittent and strength activities. Recent findings show that caffeine may increase or decrease exercise performance. These antagonist responses may occur even when using the same dosage and for individuals with the same characteristics, making it challenging to explain caffeine's impact and applicability. This review article provides an analytic look at studies involving the use of caffeine for human physical performance, and addresses factors that could influence the ergogenic effects of caffeine on different proposed activities. These factors subdivide into caffeine effects, daily habits, physiological factors, and genetic factors. Each variable has been focused on by discussions to research related to caffeine. A better understanding and control of these variables should be considered in future research into personalized nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loureiro Martins
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Henrique Boiko Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tácito Pessoa de Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salatto RW, Arevalo JA, Brown LE, Wiersma LD, Coburn JW. Caffeine's Effects on an Upper-Body Resistance Exercise Workout. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1643-1648. [PMID: 29933355 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salatto, RW, Arevalo, JA, Brown, LE, Wiersma, LD, and Coburn, JW. Caffeine's effects on an upper-body resistance exercise workout. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1643-1648, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine on an upper-body resistance exercise workout. Fifteen men (mean ± SD: age, 23.1 ± 1.9 years; body mass, 89.1 ± 13.9 kg; height, 175 ± 6.1 cm) volunteered to come to the laboratory 3 times. During visit 1, 1-repetition maximum (RM) values were determined for the barbell bench press, incline barbell bench press, and dumbbell bench press exercises. For visit 2, subjects consumed either 800-mg caffeine or a placebo. Subjects then completed 3 sets to failure of each exercise using 80% of their 1RM. Visit 3 was the same as visit 2; however, participants consumed the opposite treatment as visit 2. Various perceptual measures were recorded before, during, and after the workouts. The results indicated that participants completed significantly more repetitions per set for the barbell bench press (4.80 ± 2.66) and incline barbell bench press (4.91 ± 2.29) in the caffeine condition compared with the placebo condition (4.42 ± 2.56 and 4.36 ± 2.11, respectively). Higher arousal scores were found in the caffeine condition. For vigor, participants reported higher scores with caffeine before warming up (caffeine = 10.20 ± 4.11, placebo = 6.20 ± 3.23) and mid workout (caffeine = 13.53 ± 2.29, placebo = 11.13 ± 2.79). These results suggest that caffeine has an ergogenic effect on strength workout performance due, at least in part, to positive effects on workout perception. Athletes and recreational lifters may want to consider the ingestion of caffeine before a resistance exercise workout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Salatto
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
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Pickering C, Grgic J. A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year. Nutrition 2020; 82:111046. [PMID: 33277148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance-enhancing effects demonstrated across a variety of sports and exercise types. As a result of these ergogenic properties, caffeine is widely used by athletes at all levels around both competition and training. Caffeine exerts its performance benefits through a variety of mechanisms, each of which may be of increased importance at a given stage of training or competition. Additionally, regular caffeine use may diminish the performance-enhancing effects of a subsequent dose of caffeine. Recently, interest in the concept of nutritional periodization has grown. Here we propose a framework for the periodization of caffeine through the sporting year, balancing its training and competition performance-enhancing effects, along with the need to mitigate any negative effects of habituation. Furthermore, the regular use of caffeine within training may support the development of positive beliefs toward caffeine by athletes-potentially serving to enhance future performance through placebo and expectancy mechanisms-as well as allowing for the optimization of individual athlete caffeine strategies. Although future work is required to validate some of the suggestions made, the framework proposed here represents a starting point for athletes to maximize caffeine's performance benefits across the sporting year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Norum M, Risvang LC, Bjørnsen T, Dimitriou L, Rønning PO, Bjørgen M, Raastad T. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2116-2129. [PMID: 32681596 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion on strength and power were investigated for the first time, in resistance-trained females during the early follicular phase utilizing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Fifteen females (29.8 ± 4.0 years, 63.8 ± 5.5 kg [mean ± SD]) ingested caffeine or placebo 60 minutes before completing a test battery separated by 72 hours. One-repetition maximum (1RM), repetitions to failure (RTF) at 60% of 1RM, was assessed in the squat and bench press. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were measured during isometric knee extensions, while utilizing interpolated twitch technique to measure voluntary muscle activation. Maximal power and jump height were assessed during countermovement jumps (CMJ). Caffeine metabolites were measured in plasma. Adverse effects were registered after each trial. Caffeine significantly improved squat (4.5 ± 1.9%, effect size [ES]: 0.25) and bench press 1RM (3.3 ± 1.4%, ES: 0.20), and squat (15.9 ± 17.9%, ES: 0.31) and bench press RTF (9.8 ± 13.6%, ES: 0.31), compared to placebo. MVC torque (4.6 ± 7.3%, ES: 0.26), CMJ height (7.6 ± 4.0%, ES: 0.50), and power (3.8 ± 2.2%, ES: 0.24) were also significantly increased with caffeine. There were no differences in RFD or muscle activation. Plasma [caffeine] was significantly increased throughout the protocol, and mild side effects of caffeine were experienced by only 3 participants. This study demonstrated that 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion enhanced maximal strength, power, and muscular endurance in resistance-trained and caffeine-habituated females during the early follicular phase, with few adverse effects. Female strength and power athletes may consider using this dose pre-competition and -training as an effective ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Norum
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Linn Christin Risvang
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Per Ola Rønning
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Bjørgen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Ferreira TT, da Silva JVF, Bueno NB. Effects of caffeine supplementation on muscle endurance, maximum strength, and perceived exertion in adults submitted to strength training: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2587-2600. [PMID: 32551869 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1781051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on muscle endurance, maximum strength, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in individuals undergoing strength training with external resistance exercises. A search of three databases (PubMed, LiLACS, and CENTRAL) and gray literature was carried out to find randomized controlled trials, with a double-blind design, which investigated the effects of caffeine supplementation in healthy adults. Meta-analyses of weighted mean differences (WMD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) between caffeine and placebo groups from individual studies were performed using a random-effects model. Nineteen studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. Only the bench press and the leg press exercises were assessed in a sufficient number of studies to be included in meta-analyses. In the bench press exercise, caffeine supplementation improved strength resistance (WMD 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33, 1.41) repetitions, P = 0.001; 15 studies), and maximum strength (WMD 2.01 (95% CI: 0.20, 3.80) kg, P = 0.02; 7 studies), but showed no effect in RPE (SMD -0.45 (95% CI: -1.40, 0.48), P = 0.34, 7 studies) In the leg press exercise, no significant improvement were observed in muscle endurance (WMD: 1.24 (95% CI: -0.21, 2.70) repetitions, P = 0.09, 8 studies), maximum strength (WMD 8.49 (95% CI: -11.91, 28.90) kg, P = 0.415, 3 studies), and in RPE (SMD -0.17 (95% CI: -1.62, 1.27), P = 0.812, 3 studies). Caffeine supplementation showed a significant ergogenic effect on muscle endurance and maximum strength in the bench press exercise. More investigations are needed to clarify the contradictions in its effects regarding lower-body exercises.
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Machado S, Sá Filho AS, Campos C, de Paula CC, Bernardes F, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Maranhão Neto GA, Lattari E. Can caffeine intake combined with aerobic exercise lead to improvement in attentional and psychomotor performance in trained individuals? IBRO Rep 2020; 8:76-81. [PMID: 32529114 PMCID: PMC7283292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation effect was found, suggesting distinct interaction mechanisms between attention and SRT (simple reaction time). The change in the SRT magnitude increased after 60 min from caffeine intake, and even more after exercise. The decrease in the SRT magnitude after caffeine intake and exercise suggests additional effects of caffeine on exercise.
To evaluate the acute effects of ingestion of 500 mg of caffeine in addition to aerobic exercise on the optimization of cognitive attention tasks and simple reaction time. Twenty men were randomly divided into two groups, caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA), and underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cognitive testing (D2SLK, D2GZ, D2F% and TRS). Then, both ingested 500 mg of caffeine or placebo (double blind), and after 60 min performed a 30-minute continuous exercise session at 70 % VO2Max. Cognitive tests were repeated immediately after exercise, and after 30 min. D2SLK, D2GZ, D2F% and TRS scores were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. The magnitude of the effect was established, and it was considered meaningful p = 0.05. CAF is able to alter D2SLK and also reduce D2F% (0.001 - moderate effect, 0.82) and improve the task after 30 min of exercise (p = 0.014 - moderate effect 0.95). The TRS showed significant gains for the CAF group compared to PLA (0.000 - high effect 1.76). Caffeine induces significant effects in attention and reaction time domains independent of the effect of aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Brazil
| | - Alberto Souza Sá Filho
- Department of Physical Education - University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, Goiás (GO), Brazil.,Department of Physical Education - Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Cavalcante de Paula
- Department of Cellular, Tissue and Developmental Biology at the Institute of Biomedical Science at the University of São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabyana Bernardes
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Geraldo A Maranhão Neto
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lattari
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University (PPGCAF/UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Brazil
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Acute Caffeine Supplementation Does Not Improve Performance in Trained CrossFit ® Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8040054. [PMID: 32340121 PMCID: PMC7240695 DOI: 10.3390/sports8040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine's ergogenic effects persist during various exercise modalities; however, information establishing its efficacy during CrossFit® protocols is limited. This study aimed to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on CrossFit® performance. Twenty CrossFit®-trained men (age = 26.7 ± 6.2 years, experience = 3.7 ± 2.9 years) were randomized in a double-blind, crossover design. Participants completed two sessions separated by a seven-day washout period, 60 min after consuming 5 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or a placebo. In each session, participants completed as many rounds as possible in 20 min of five pull-ups, 10 push-ups, and 15 air squats. CrossFit® performance was the total number of repetitions completed in 20 min. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare CrossFit® performance between caffeine and placebo conditions and to test for a potential learning effect between the first and second sessions. CrossFit® performance was not significantly different during the caffeine condition compared to the placebo (468.6 ± 114.7 vs. 466.7 ± 94.3 repetitions, p = 0.861). A significant learning effect was identified between the first and second sessions (452.4 ± 101 vs. 483.8 ± 106.5 repetitions, p = 0.001), with no significant effect of treatment order (p = 0.438). Caffeine's ergogenic effect were not present during the CrossFit® workout "Cindy"; however, future research should include familiarization sessions and examine other CrossFit® workouts in novice and women participants.
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Abstract
Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, demonstrated to enhance performance across a wide range of capacities through a variety of mechanisms. As such, it is frequently used by both athletes and non-athletes alike. As a result, caffeine ingestion is ubiquitous in modern society, with athletes typically being exposed to regular non-supplemental caffeine through a variety of sources. Previously, it has been suggested that regular caffeine use may lead to habituation and subsequently a reduction in the expected ergogenic effects, thereby blunting caffeine’s performance-enhancing impact during critical training and performance events. In order to mitigate this expected performance loss, some practitioners recommended a pre-competition withdrawal period to restore the optimal performance benefits of caffeine supplementation. However, at present the evidence base exploring both caffeine habituation and withdrawal strategies in athletes is surprisingly small. Accordingly, despite the prevalence of caffeine use within athletic populations, formulating evidence-led guidelines is difficult. Here, we review the available research regarding habitual caffeine use in athletes and seek to derive rational interpretations of what is currently known—and what else we need to know—regarding habitual caffeine use in athletes, and how athletes and performance staff may pragmatically approach these important, complex, and yet under-explored phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, UK.
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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Abstract
This paper aims to critically evaluate and thoroughly discuss the evidence on the topic of caffeine supplementation when performing resistance exercise, as well as provide practical guidelines for the ingestion of caffeine prior to resistance exercise. Based on the current evidence, it seems that caffeine increases both maximal strength and muscular endurance. Furthermore, power appears to be enhanced with caffeine supplementation, although this effect might, to a certain extent, be caffeine dose- and external load-dependent. A reduction in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) might contribute to the performance-enhancing effects of caffeine supplementation as some studies have observed decreases in RPE coupled with increases in performance following caffeine ingestion. However, the same does not seem to be the case for pain perception as there is evidence showing acute increases in resistance exercise performance without any significant effects of caffeine ingestion on pain perception. Some studies have reported that caffeine ingestion did not affect exercise-induced muscle damage, but that it might reduce perceived resistance exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness; however, this needs to be explored further. There is some evidence that caffeine ingestion, compared with a placebo, may lead to greater increases in the production of testosterone and cortisol following resistance exercise. However, given that the acute changes in hormone levels seem to be weakly correlated with hallmark adaptations to resistance exercise, such as hypertrophy and increased muscular strength, these findings are likely of questionable practical significance. Although not without contrasting findings, the available evidence suggests that caffeine ingestion can lead to acute increases in blood pressure (primarily systolic), and thus caution is needed regarding caffeine supplementation among individuals with high blood pressure. In the vast majority of studies, caffeine was administered in capsule or powder forms, and therefore the effects of alternative forms of caffeine, such as chewing gums or mouth rinses, on resistance exercise performance remain unclear. The emerging evidence suggests that coffee might be at least equally ergogenic as caffeine alone when the caffeine dose is matched. Doses in the range of 3-9 mg·kg-1 seem to be adequate for eliciting an ergogenic effect when administered 60 min pre-exercise. In general, caffeine seems to be safe when taken in the recommended doses. However, at doses as high as 9 mg·kg-1 or higher, side effects such as insomnia might be more pronounced. It remains unclear whether habituation reduces the ergogenic benefits of caffeine on resistance exercise as no evidence exists for this type of exercise. Caution is needed when extrapolating these conclusions to females as the vast majority of studies involved only male participants.
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De Salles Painelli V, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. Comment on: “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”. Sports Med 2020; 50:1211-1218. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wilk M, Filip A, Krzysztofik M, Gepfert M, Zajac A, Del Coso J. Acute Caffeine Intake Enhances Mean Power Output and Bar Velocity during the Bench Press Throw in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine. Nutrients 2020; 12:E406. [PMID: 32033103 PMCID: PMC7071256 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on power output and bar velocity during an explosive bench press throw in athletes habituated to caffeine. METHODS Twelve resistance trained individuals habituated to caffeine ingestion participated in a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed three identical experimental sessions 60 min after the intake of a placebo, 3, and 6 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine. In each experimental session, the participants performed 5 sets of 2 repetitions of the bench press throw (with a load equivalent to 30% repetition maximum (RM), measured in a familiarization trial) on a Smith machine, while bar velocity and power output were registered with a rotatory encoder. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo, the intake of caffeine increased mean bar velocity during 5 sets of the bench press throw (1.37 ± 0.05 vs. 1.41 ± 0.05 and 1.41 ± 0.06 m/s for placebo, 3, and 6 mg/kg/b.m., respectively; p < 0.01), as well as mean power output (545 ± 117 vs. 562 ± 118 and 560 ± 107 W; p < 0.01). However, caffeine was not effective at increasing peak velocity (p = 0.09) nor peak power output (p = 0.07) during the explosive exercise. CONCLUSION The acute doses of caffeine before resistance exercise may increase mean power output and mean bar velocity during the bench press throw training session in a group of habitual caffeine users. Thus, caffeine prior to ballistic exercises enhances performance during a power-specific resistance training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Filip
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Mariola Gepfert
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
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Jodra P, Lago-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, López-Samanes A, Pérez-López A, Veiga-Herreros P, San Juan AF, Domínguez R. Effects of caffeine supplementation on physical performance and mood dimensions in elite and trained-recreational athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31900166 PMCID: PMC6942320 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine supplementation (CAFF) has an established ergogenic effect on physical performance and the psychological response to exercise. However, few studies have compared the response to CAFF intake among athletes of different competition level. This study compares the acute effects of CAFF on anaerobic performance, mood and perceived effort in elite and moderately-trained recreational athletes. METHODS Participants for this randomized, controlled, crossover study were 8 elite athletes (in the senior boxing national team) and 10 trained-recreational athletes. Under two experimental conditions, CAFF supplementation (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PLAC), the athletes completed a Wingate test. Subjective exertion during the test was recorded as the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) both at the general level (RPEgeneral) and at the levels muscular (RPEmuscular) and cardiorespiratory (RPEcardio). Before the Wingate test, participants completed the questionnaires Profiles of Moods States (POMS) and Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). RESULTS In response to CAFF intake, improvements were noted in Wpeak (11.22 ± 0.65 vs 10.70 ± 0.84; p = 0.003; [Formula: see text] =0.44), Wavg (8.75 ± 0.55 vs 8.41 0.46; p = 0.001; [Formula: see text] =0.53) and time taken to reach Wpeak (7.56 ± 1.58 vs 9.11 ± 1.53; p < 0.001; [Formula: see text] =0.57) both in the elite and trained-recreational athletes. However, only the elite athletes showed significant increases in tension (+ 325%), vigor (+ 31%) and SVS (+ 28%) scores after the intake of CAFF compared to levels recorded under the condition PLAC (p < 0.05). Similarly, levels of vigor after consuming CAFF were significantly higher in the elite than the trained-recreational athletes (+ 5.8%). CONCLUSIONS CAFF supplementation improved anaerobic performance in both the elite and recreational athletes. However, the ergogenic effect of CAFF on several mood dimensions and subjective vitality was greater in the elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Jodra
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A. J. Sánchez-Oliver
- Department of Human Motricity and Sports Performance, Faculty of Education Sciences, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - A. López-Samanes
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Pérez-López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Veiga-Herreros
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. F. San Juan
- Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences – INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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Beaumont C, Ferrara PMM, Strohacker K. Measurements of Acute Affective Responses to Resistance Exercise: A Narrative Review. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Cesareo KR, Mason JR, Saracino PG, Morrissey MC, Ormsbee MJ. The effects of a caffeine-like supplement, TeaCrine®, on muscular strength, endurance and power performance in resistance-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:47. [PMID: 31660991 PMCID: PMC6816173 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TeaCrine® is the synthetic version to naturally occurring theacrine (1, 3, 7, 9-tetramethyluric acid) found in the leaves of Camellia kucha tea plants. A few studies have examined the effects of TeaCrine® on cognitive perception, but no research exists examining its effects on resistance exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of TeaCrine®, a caffeine-like compound, on maximal muscular strength, endurance, and power performance in resistance-trained men. Methods Twelve resistance-trained men participated in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over designed study. Each participant performed one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, 1RM squat, bench press repetitions to failure (RTF) at 70% 1RM, squat RTF at 70% 1RM, and 2-km rowing time trial 90 min after consumption of: (1) Caffeine 300 mg (CAFF300); (2) TeaCrine® 300 mg (TEA300); (3) TeaCrine® + Caffeine (COMBO; 150 mg/150 mg); (4) Placebo 300 mg (PLA). Power and velocity were measured using a TENDO Power Analyzer. Visual analogue scales for energy, focus, motivation to exercise, and fatigue were administered at baseline and 90 min post-treatment ingestion (pre-workout). Rating of perceived exertion was assessed after bench press RTF and squat RTF. Results There were no differences between groups for 1RM, RTF, and power in the bench press and squat exercises. Only CAFF300 resulted in significant increases in perceived energy and motivation to exercise vs. TEA300 and PLA (Energy: + 9.8%, 95% confidence interval [3.3–16.4%], p < 0.01; + 15.3%, 95% CI [2.2–28.5%], p < 0.02; Motivation to exercise: + 8.9%, 95% CI [0.2–17.6%], p = 0.04, + 14.8%, 95% CI [4.7–24.8%], p < 0.01, respectively) and increased focus (+ 9.6%, 95% CI [2.1–17.1%], p = 0.01) vs. TEA300, but there were no significant differences between CAFF300 and COMBO (Energy + 3.9% [− 6.9–14.7%], Focus + 2.5% [− 6.3–11.3%], Motivation to exercise + 0.5% [− 11.6–12.6%]; p > 0.05). Conclusion Neither TEA300, CAFF300, COMBO, or PLA (when consumed 90 min pre-exercise) improved muscular strength, power, or endurance performance in resistance-trained men. Only CAFF300 improved measures of focus, energy, and motivation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Cesareo
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.,The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, 44515, USA
| | - Justin R Mason
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.,Deparment of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Patrick G Saracino
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Margaret C Morrissey
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.,Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 60268, USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Abstract
Research suggests that caffeine can enhance measures of muscular strength in the upper and lower extremities, although the literature is somewhat equivocal. Little is known on whether or not caffeine will improve maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), a surrogate measure of inspiratory muscle strength. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a moderate dose of caffeine on inspiratory muscle function. Fifteen (8 male, 7 female) healthy adults (mean ± SD: age = 24.3 ± 6.4 years; height = 1.75 ± 0.11 m; body mass = 78.8 ± 16.5 kg) volunteered to participate in the study which used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. During the initial visit, baseline data was collected and participants were familiarized with inspiratory muscle measurements. For the second and third visits, participants ingested either a 5 mg kg-1 dose of caffeine (CAF) or placebo capsule (PL). After one hour, they completed at least 12 maximal inspiratory manoeuvres with 1 min rest between each attempt. MIP, maximal inspiratory peak pressure (PP), and maximal rate of pressure development (MRPD) were recorded. The CAF trial resulted in significantly higher MIP (154.7 ± 35.8 vs. 146.6 ± 37.6 cmH2O; p = 0.02) and PP (165.8 ± 36.8 vs. 158.3 cmH2O; p = 0.01) compared to the PL condition. No significant difference was observed in MRPD (p = 0.18). MIP and PP improved after ingestion of caffeine compared to the placebo condition. The findings from the study further establish caffeine's potential ergogenic benefit on measures of muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton R Nicks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - Ellen H Martin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA, USA
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Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Filip A, Zajac A, Del Coso J. The Effects of High Doses of Caffeine on Maximal Strength and Muscular Endurance in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1912. [PMID: 31443220 PMCID: PMC6722777 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main goal of this study was to assess the acute effects of the intake of 9 and 11 mg/kg/ body mass (b.m.) of caffeine (CAF) on maximal strength and muscle endurance in athletes habituated to caffeine. METHODS The study included 16 healthy strength-trained male athletes (age = 24.2 ± 4.2 years, body mass = 79.5 ± 8.5 kg, body mass index (BMI) = 24.5 ± 1.9, bench press 1RM = 118.3 ± 14.5 kg). All participants were habitual caffeine consumers (4.9 ± 1.1 mg/kg/b.m., 411 ± 136 mg of caffeine per day). This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design, where each participant performed three experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC) or 9 mg/kg/b.m. (CAF-9) and 11 mg/kg/b.m. (CAF-11) of caffeine. In each experimental session, participants underwent a 1RM strength test and a muscle endurance test in the bench press exercise at 50% 1RM while power output and bar velocity were measured in each test. RESULTS A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between PLAC, CAF-9, and CAF-11 groups in peak velocity (PV) (p = 0.04). Post-hoc tests showed a significant decrease for PV (p = 0.04) in the CAF-11 compared to the PLAC group. No other changes were found in the 1RM or muscle endurance tests with the ingestion of caffeine. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that high acute doses of CAF (9 and 11 mg/kg/b.m.) did not improve muscle strength nor muscle endurance in athletes habituated to this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filip
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain
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Lattari E, Vieira LAF, Oliveira BRR, Unal G, Bikson M, de Mello Pedreiro RC, Marques Neto SR, Machado S, Maranhão-Neto GA. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength and Perceived Exertion. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1237-1243. [PMID: 30908367 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lattari, E, Vieira, LAF, Oliveira, BRR, Unal, G, Bikson, M, de Mello Pedreiro, RC, Marques Neto, SR, Machado, S, and Maranhão-Neto, GA. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with caffeine intake on muscular strength and perceived exertion. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1237-1243, 2019-The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) associated with caffeine intake on muscular strength and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Fifteen healthy young males recreationally trained (age: 25.3 ± 3.2 years, body mass: 78.0 ± 6.9 kg, height: 174.1 ± 6.1 cm) were recruited. The experimental conditions started with the administration of caffeine (Caff) or placebo (Pla) 1 hour before starting the anodal tDCS (a-tDCS or sham). There was an intake of 5 mg·kg of Caff or 5 mg·kg of Pla. After the intake, a-tDCS or sham was applied in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with intensity of 2 mA and 20 minutes of duration. The experimental conditions were defined as Sham + Pla, a-tDCS + Pla, Sham + Caff, and a-tDCS + Caff. After the conditions, muscular strength and RPE were verified. Muscular strength was determined by volume load performed in bench press exercise. Muscular strength in Sham + Pla condition was lower compared with all others conditions (p < 0.05). The RPE in the Sham + Pla was greater compared with a-tDCS + Caff (p < 0.05). Muscular strength was greater in all experimental conditions, and a-tDCS + Caff had lower RPE compared with placebo. When very little gains in muscle strength are expected, both caffeine and tDCS were effective in increasing muscle strength. Besides, the improvement in RPE of the caffeine associated with a-tDCS could prove advantageous in participants experienced in strength training. In fact, coaches and applied sport scientists quantitating the intensity of training based on RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lattari
- Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Lucas A F Vieira
- Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Bruno R R Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Brazilian Institute of Medicine of Rehabilitation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gözde Unal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, New York
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, New York
| | - Rodrigo C de Mello Pedreiro
- Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Marques Neto
- Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Geraldo A Maranhão-Neto
- Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory (LACAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
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Iraki J, Fitschen P, Espinar S, Helms E. Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E154. [PMID: 31247944 PMCID: PMC6680710 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many nutrition practices often used by bodybuilders lack scientific support and can be detrimental to health. Recommendations during the dieting phase are provided in the scientific literature, but little attention has been devoted to bodybuilders during the off-season phase. During the off-season phase, the goal is to increase muscle mass without adding unnecessary body fat. This review evaluated the scientific literature and provides nutrition and dietary supplement recommendations for natural bodybuilders during the off-season phase. A hyper-energetic diet (~10-20%) should be consumed with a target weight gain of ~0.25-0.5% of bodyweight/week for novice/intermediate bodybuilders. Advanced bodybuilders should be more conservative with the caloric surplus and weekly weight gain. Sufficient protein (1.6-2.2 g/kg/day) should be consumed with optimal amounts 0.40-0.55 g/kg per meal and distributed evenly throughout the day (3-6 meals) including within 1-2 hours pre- and post-training. Fat should be consumed in moderate amounts (0.5-1.5 g/kg/day). Remaining calories should come from carbohydrates with focus on consuming sufficient amounts (≥3-5 g/kg/day) to support energy demands from resistance exercise. Creatine monohydrate (3-5 g/day), caffeine (5-6 mg/kg), beta-alanine (3-5 g/day) and citrulline malate (8 g/day) might yield ergogenic effects that can be beneficial for bodybuilders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma Iraki
- Iraki Nutrition AS, 2008 Fjerdingby, Norway.
| | | | | | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
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Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061422. [PMID: 31242545 PMCID: PMC6628345 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.
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The Effects of Acute Caffeine Supplementation on Performance in Trained CrossFit Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040095. [PMID: 31027203 PMCID: PMC6524463 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine’s ergogenic effects persist during various exercise modalities; however, information establishing its efficacy during CrossFit protocols is limited. Our study aimed to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on CrossFit performance. Thirteen CrossFit-trained men (age = 28.5 ± 6.6 years, experience = 49.2 ± 36.3 months) were randomized in a double-blind, crossover design. Participants completed two sessions separated by a seven-day washout period, 60 min after consuming 5 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or a placebo. In each session, participants completed as many rounds as possible in 20 min of 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups, and 15 air squats. CrossFit performance was the total number of repetitions completed in 20 min. Paired samples t-tests were used to compare CrossFit performance between caffeine and placebo conditions and to test for a potential learning effect between the first and second sessions. CrossFit performance was significantly higher during the caffeine condition compared to the placebo (461.4 ± 103 vs. 425.0 ± 93.5 repetitions, p < 0.05). No significant learning effect was identified between the first and second sessions (445.6 ± 95.0 vs. 440.8 ± 105.0 repetitions, p = 0.73) nor was there a significant treatment order effect (p = 0.40). Caffeine’s ergogenic effect is present during CrossFit; however, future investigations should establish caffeine’s efficacy during other CrossFit protocols and among female athletes.
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Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Maszczyk A, Chycki J, Zajac A. The acute effects of caffeine intake on time under tension and power generated during the bench press movement. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 30777094 PMCID: PMC6379960 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to generate high levels of power is one of the key factors determining success in many sport disciplines. Although there are studies confirming ergogenic effects of caffeine (CAF) on different physical and mental abilities, much controversy remains about its influence on power. The main goal of this study was to assess the effects of caffeine supplementation on time under tension (TUT) and the number of performed repetitions (REP). The second objective was to determine the effects of CAF supplementation on power (P) and movement velocity (V) during the bench press movement. Additionally the authors evaluated whether CAF has a significant effect on velocity of the bar in the eccentric (ECC) phase (VEMEAN) of the bench press movement. METHODS The study included 20 men (20-31 yrs., 87.3 ± 7.7 kg) with at least 2 years of experience in resistance training. The study participants were divided randomly into two groups: the supplemented group ingested caffeine before exercise (GCAF), while the control group was given a placebo (GCON). The exercise protocol consisted of performing the bench press movement with a load equal to 70%1RM with maximal possible velocity (X/0/X/0). The experimental sets were performed to momentary muscular failure. RESULTS The repeated measures ANOVA between the GCAF and GCON groups revealed statistically significant differences in 2 variables. Post-hoc tests demonstrated statistically significant differences in TUT when comparing the group supplemented with caffeine (13.689 s GCAF) to the one ingesting a placebo (15.332 s GCON) at p = 0.002. Significant differences were also observed in mean velocity during the eccentric phase of movement (0.690 m/s in the GCAF to 0.609 in GCON with p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in generated power and velocity in the CON phase of the movement between the GCAF and GCON. CONCLUSIONS: The main finding of the study is that CAF ingestion increases movement velocity of the bar in the eccentric phase of the movement, what results in shortening of the time under tension (TUT) needed for performing a specific number of repetitions, without decreasing power and velocity in the CON phase of the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- Department of Statistics and Methodology, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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38
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Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Power Performance in a Flywheel Device: A Randomised, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020255. [PMID: 30678333 PMCID: PMC6412282 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the demonstrated evidence of the importance of eccentric contractions in sports performance, no research has evaluated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on this type of contraction means during flywheel exercises. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to compare the power outcomes, using different inertial loads, between caffeine and placebo conditions. Twenty-four young, healthy, and active men (age: 22.5 ± 4.8 years) took part in the study. A crossed, randomised double-blind design was used to analyse the effects of caffeine on lower limb power outcomes during a flywheel half-squat exercise. Participants completed four sets of eight all-out repetitions with a fixed three-minutes rest interval, and each set was performed using different inertial loads (i.e., 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100 kg·m−2). Both the mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) in concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) movement phases at each inertial load were recorded after participants were administered either a caffeine supplement (6 mg·kg−1) or placebo (sucrose). Participants receiving a caffeine supplementation demonstrated improvements versus the placebo in total MP (MPtotal), as well as MP in CON phase (MPcon) and in ECC phase (MPecc) at each inertial load (22.68 to 26.53%; p < 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.89–1.40). In addition, greater improvements with caffeine ingestion were obtained with respect to the placebo condition (18.79 to 24.98%; p < 0.01, ES = 1.03–1.40) in total PP (PPtotal), as well as PP in CON phase (PPcon) and in ECC phase (PPecc) at each inertial load. Thus, the supplementation of 6 mg·kg−1 caffeine may be considered to maximise on-field physical performance in those sports characterised by high demands of resistance.
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Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Emanuele E, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2983-3008. [PMID: 30604177 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several supplements are purported to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy subjects, or to prevent muscle wasting in atrophying situations (e.g., ageing or disuse periods). However, their effectiveness remains unclear. METHODS This review summarizes the available evidence on the beneficial impacts of several popular supplements on muscle mass or strength. RESULTS Among the supplements tested, nitrate and caffeine returned sufficient evidence supporting their acute beneficial effects on muscle strength, whereas the long-term consumption of creatine, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to consistently increase or preserve muscle mass and strength (evidence level A). On the other hand, mixed or unclear evidence was found for several popular supplements including branched-chain amino acids, adenosine triphosphate, citrulline, β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, minerals, most vitamins, phosphatidic acid or arginine (evidence level B), weak or scarce evidence was found for conjugated linoleic acid, glutamine, resveratrol, tribulus terrestris or ursolic acid (evidence level C), and no evidence was found for other supplements such as ornithine or α-ketoglutarate (evidence D). Of note, although most supplements appear to be safe when consumed at typical doses, some adverse events have been reported for some of them (e.g., caffeine, vitamins, α-ketoglutarate, tribulus terrestris, arginine) after large intakes, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of many frequently used supplements (e.g., ornithine, conjugated linoleic acid, ursolic acid). CONCLUSION In summary, despite their popularity, there is little evidence supporting the use of most supplements, and some of them have been even proven ineffective or potentially associated with adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain.,Physiology Unit. Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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40
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López-González LM, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Mata F, Jodra P, Antonio J, Domínguez R. Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:60. [PMID: 30594211 PMCID: PMC6310931 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine used as a supplement has been shown to improve physical and cognitive performance in several sport modalities due to its effects on the central nervous system. This review assesses the direct effects of caffeine supplementation on performance in combat sports. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, relevant studies were identified through the Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases. Of 1053 search results, only 9 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, three studies detected no ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation, while six studies did observe a significant positive effect. Supplementation with 3-6 mg/kg of caffeine was found to increase the glycolytic contribution to energy metabolism during the execution of real or simulated combats, as indicated by elevated blood lactate concentrations. Caffeine intake was also noted to improve levels of strength, power and upper arm muscular endurance. These effects were not paralleled by an increase in the exertion perceived by the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio J Sánchez-Oliver
- Area of Human Motricity and Sports Performance. Faculty of Education Sciences, Seville University, c/Pirotecnia s/n, Seville, Spain. .,Sport Departament. School of Sport Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Pablo Jodra
- Department of Education Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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41
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Richardson DL, Duncan MJ, Jimenez A, Jones VM, Juris PM, Clarke ND. The acute physiological effects of high- and low-velocity resistance exercise in older adults. Eur J Ageing 2018; 15:311-319. [PMID: 30310377 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-017-0439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if workload matched, high-velocity (HVE) and low-velocity (LVE) resistance exercise protocols, elicit differing acute physiological responses in older adults. Ten older adults completed three sets of eight exercises on six separate occasions (three HVE and three LVE sessions). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and blood lactate were measured pre- and post-exercise, heart rate was measured before exercise and following each set of each exercise. Finally, a rating of perceived exertion was measured following each set of each exercise. There were no significant differences in blood lactate (F(1,9) = 0.028; P = 0.872; η P 2 = 0.003), heart rate (F(1,9) = 0.045; P = 0.837; η P 2 = 0.005), systolic blood pressure (F(1,9) = 0.023; P = 0.884; η P 2 = 0.003) or diastolic blood pressure (F(1,9) = 1.516; P = 0.249; η P 2 = 0.144) between HVE and LVE. However, LVE elicited significantly greater ratings of perceived exertion compared to HVE (F(1,9) = 13.059; P = 0.006; η P 2 = 0.592). The present workload matched HVE and LVE protocols produced comparable physiological responses, although greater exertion was perceived during LVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L Richardson
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.,3Life Sciences, Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Alfonso Jimenez
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria M Jones
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul M Juris
- 2Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Neil D Clarke
- 1Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK. Acute Oral Ingestion of a Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplement Increases Exercise Performance and Alters Postexercise Hormone Responses: A Randomized Crossover, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diet Suppl 2018; 17:211-226. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1498963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A. Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Bush JA, Ratamess NA, Stohs SJ, Ellis NL, Vought IT, O'Grady EA, Kuper JD, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD. Acute hematological and mood perception effects of bitter orange extract (p-synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1593-1607. [PMID: 29672965 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine acute hematological and mood perception responses to supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during quiet sitting. Sixteen subjects visited the laboratory on 6 occasions and were given (in randomized double-blind manner) 103-mg p-synephrine (S), 233-mg caffeine + 104-mg p-synephrine, 240-mg caffeine, 337-mg caffeine + 46-mg p-synephrine, 325-mg caffeine, or a placebo (PL). The subjects sat quietly for 3 hr while completing mood state questionnaires every 30 min. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline (pre) and 3 hr (post) to determine immune, lipid, and chemistry panels. Compared with PL, no significant supplement differences were observed during the S trial with the exception of differential time effects seen in hematocrit (decrease in PL, no change in S), triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins (no changes in PL, significant decreases in S), and iron (no change in PL, significant elevation in S). Supplements containing caffeine showed increased feelings of attention, excitement, energy, and vigor. These data indicate that consumption of 103-mg p-synephrine does not negatively impact acute blood parameters, does not augment the effects of caffeine, or produce stimulant-like perceptual mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Bush
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Nicole L Ellis
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Ira T Vought
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Elizabeth A O'Grady
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kuper
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
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45
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Rahimi R. The effect of CYP1A2 genotype on the ergogenic properties of caffeine during resistance exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Ir J Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29532291 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of CYP1A2 -163C>A polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine supplementation during a resistance exercise (RE) session. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL)-controlled, crossover study, 30 resistance-trained men took part in two RE sessions (three sets to failure at 85% of one repetition maximum, 2-min rest between sets), including bench press (BP), leg press (LP), seated cable row, and shoulder press (SP) following caffeine (CAF) (6 mg kg-1) or PL (6 mg kg-1 of maltodextrin) ingestion 1 h prior to the trial. The number of repetitions was recorded after each set, along with calculation of total number of repetitions for each exercise. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood samples for analyzing the CYP1A2 -163C>A polymorphism through amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Subjects were classified as either AA (n = 14) or AC/CC genotypes (n = 16). RESULTS The two-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed differences between AAs and AC/CCs under CAF conditions for repetitions performed in sets 1, 2, and 3 of BP (F(1, 28) = 14.84, P = 0.001, ƞ2 = 0.34), LP (F(1, 28) = 8.92, P = 0.006, ƞ2 = 0.24), SR (F(1, 28) = 17.38, P = 0.0001, ƞ2 = 0.38), and SP (F(1, 28) = 3.76, P = 0.063, ƞ2 = 0.11). CAF also increased the total number of repetitions performed for all three sets in AAs versus AC/CCs for BP (F(1, 28) = 8.72, P = 0.006, ƞ2 = 0.23), LP (F(1, 28) = 4.67, P = 0.03, ƞ2 = 0.14), SR (F(1, 28) = 5.54, P = 0.02, ƞ2 = 0.16), and SP (F(1, 28) = 3.89, P = 0.058, ƞ2 = 0.12) in athletes who were homozygous carriers of the A allele, compared to the C allele carriers. Therefore, AA homozygotes were able to carry out a greater total volume of RE work under CAF but not PL conditions, compared to the C allele carriers. CONCLUSION In conclusion, acute ingestion of CAF significantly enhanced RE performance in resistance-trained men who were homozygous for the A allele, but not for C allele carriers. Further studies are needed to replicate the potential role of the CYP1A2 -163C>A polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of CAF in other modes of exercise and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Rahimi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, 416, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Naderi A, de Oliveira EP, Ziegenfuss TN, Willems MT. Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-12. [PMID: 28150472 PMCID: PMC5545206 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements in sports nutrition, i.e. β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. [Methods] This review article focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements in sports nutrition. [Results] This paper reviewed the evidence to determine the optimal time, efficacy doses and intake duration for sports supplements verified by scientific evidence that report a performance enhancing effect in both situation of laboratory and training settings. [Conclusion] Consumption of the supplements are usually suggested into 5 specific times, such as pre-exercise (nitrate, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein), during exercise (carbohydrate), post-exercise (creatine, carbohydrate, protein), meal time (β-alanine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, nitrate, carbohydrate and protein), and before sleep (protein). In addition, the recommended dosing protocol for the supplements nitrate and β-alanine are fixed amounts irrespective of body weight, while dosing protocol for sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and creatine supplements are related to corrected body weight (mg/kg bw). Also, intake duration is suggested for creatine and β-alanine, being effective in chronic daily time < 2 weeks while caffeine, sodium bicarbonate are effective in acute daily time (1-3 hours). Plus, ingestion of nitrate supplement is required in both chronic daily time < 28 days and acute daily time (2- 2.5 h) prior exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - MarkE T Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, United Kingdom
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47
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Richardson DL, Clarke ND. Effect of Coffee and Caffeine Ingestion on Resistance Exercise Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2892-900. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Kang J, Kraemer WJ, Stohs SJ, Nocera VG, Leise MD, Diamond KB, Campbell SC, Miller HB, Faigenbaum AD. The Effects of Supplementation withp-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Caffeine on Metabolic, Lipolytic, and Cardiovascular Responses during Resistance Exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:657-669. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1150223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Joy JM, Vogel RM, Moon JR, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Kim MP. Twelve weeks supplementation with an extended-release caffeine and ATP-enhancing supplement may improve body composition without affecting hematology in resistance-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27293386 PMCID: PMC4901467 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased ATP levels may enhance training-induced muscle accretion and fat loss, and caffeine is a known ergogenic aid. A novel supplement containing ancient peat and apple extracts has reported enhanced mitochondrial ATP production and it has been coupled with an extended-release caffeine. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of this supplement on body composition when used in conjunction with 12 weeks of resistance training. Methods Twenty-one resistance-trained subjects (27.2 ± 5.6y; 173.5 ± 5.7 cm; 82.8 ± 12.0 kg) completed this study. Subjects supplemented daily with either 1 serving of the supplement (TRT), which consisted of 150 mg ancient peat and apple extracts, 180 mg blend of caffeine anhydrous and pterostilbene-bound caffeine, and 38 mg B vitamins, or an equal-volume, visually-identical placebo (PLA) 45 min prior to training or at the same time of day on rest days. Supervised resistance training consisted of 8 weeks of daily undulating periodized training followed by a 2-week overreach and a 2-week taper phase. Body composition was assessed using DEXA and ultrasound at weeks 0, 4, 8, 10, and 12. Vital signs and blood markers were assessed at weeks 0, 8, and 12. Results Significant group x time (p < 0.05) interactions were present for cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris, which increased in TRT (+1.07 cm2) versus PLA (−0.08 cm2), as well as muscle thickness (TRT: +0.49 cm; PLA: +0.04 cm). A significant group x time (p < 0.05) interaction existed for creatinine (TRT: +0.00 mg/dL; PLA: +0.15 mg/dL) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (TRT: −0.70 mL/min/1.73; PLA: −14.6 mL/min/1.73), which remained within clinical ranges, but no other significant observations were observed. Conclusions Supplementation with a combination of extended-release caffeine and ancient peat and apple extracts may enhance resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy without adversely affecting blood chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Joy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 401 AME Drive #7101, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Roxanne M Vogel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 401 AME Drive #7101, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- American Public University System, School of Health Sciences, Charles Town, WV USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO USA
| | | | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO USA
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50
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Acute effect of caffeine consumption on isotonic muscular strength and endurance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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