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Nogueras‐Ortiz CJ, Eren E, Yao P, Calzada E, Dunn C, Volpert O, Delgado‐Peraza F, Mustapic M, Lyashkov A, Rubio FJ, Vreones M, Cheng L, You Y, Hill AF, Ikezu T, Eitan E, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Single-extracellular vesicle (EV) analyses validate the use of L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) as a reliable biomarker of neuron-derived EVs. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12459. [PMID: 38868956 PMCID: PMC11170079 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Isolation of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) with L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM)-specific antibodies has been widely used to identify blood biomarkers of CNS disorders. However, full methodological validation requires demonstration of L1CAM in individual NDEVs and lower levels or absence of L1CAM in individual EVs from other cells. Here, we used multiple single-EV techniques to establish the neuronal origin and determine the abundance of L1CAM-positive EVs in human blood. L1CAM epitopes of the ectodomain are shown to be co-expressed on single-EVs with the neuronal proteins β-III-tubulin, GAP43, and VAMP2, the levels of which increase in parallel with the enrichment of L1CAM-positive EVs. Levels of L1CAM-positive EVs carrying the neuronal proteins VAMP2 and β-III-tubulin range from 30% to 63%, in contrast to 0.8%-3.9% of L1CAM-negative EVs. Plasma fluid-phase L1CAM does not bind to single-EVs. Our findings support the use of L1CAM as a target for isolating plasma NDEVs and leveraging their cargo to identify biomarkers reflecting neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Nogueras‐Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Erden Eren
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pamela Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Francheska Delgado‐Peraza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alexey Lyashkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research BranchIntramural Research Program/National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael Vreones
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yang You
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- San Francisco Campus for Jewish LivingSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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2
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Yuyama K, Sun H, Fujii R, Hemmi I, Ueda K, Igeta Y. Extracellular vesicle proteome unveils cathepsin B connection to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Brain 2024; 147:627-636. [PMID: 38071653 PMCID: PMC10834236 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles that are released extracellularly and considered to be implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Here, CSF EVs of 16 ATN-classified cases were subjected to quantitative proteome analysis. In these CSF EVs, levels of 11 proteins were significantly altered during the ATN stage transitions (P < 0.05 and fold-change > 2.0). These proteins were thought to be associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and represent candidate biomarkers for pathogenic stage classification. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of CSF and plasma EVs revealed altered levels of cathepsin B (CatB) during the ATN transition (seven ATN groups in validation set, n = 136). The CSF and plasma EV CatB levels showed a negative correlation with CSF amyloid-β42 concentrations. This proteomic landscape of CSF EVs in ATN classifications can depict the molecular framework of Alzheimer's disease progression, and CatB may be considered a promising candidate biomarker and therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yuyama
- Lipid Biofunction Section, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hui Sun
- Lipid Biofunction Section, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Risa Fujii
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 035-8550, Japan
| | - Isao Hemmi
- Department of Nursing, Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, Tokyo 150-0012, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 035-8550, Japan
| | - Yukifusa Igeta
- Department of Dementia, Dementia Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
- Division of Dementia Research, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
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3
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Zhang B, Duan H, Kavaler J, Wei L, Eberl DF, Lai EC. A nonneural miRNA cluster mediates hearing via repression of two neural targets. Genes Dev 2023; 37:1041-1051. [PMID: 38110249 PMCID: PMC10760640 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351052.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
We show here that mir-279/996 are absolutely essential for development and function of Johnston's organ (JO), the primary proprioceptive and auditory organ in Drosophila Their deletion results in highly aberrant cell fate determination, including loss of scolopale cells and ectopic neurons, and mutants are electrophysiologically deaf. In vivo activity sensors and mosaic analyses indicate that these seed-related miRNAs function autonomously to suppress neural fate in nonneuronal cells. Finally, genetic interactions pinpoint two neural targets (elav and insensible) that underlie miRNA mutant JO phenotypes. This work uncovers how critical post-transcriptional regulation of specific miRNA targets governs cell specification and function of the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglong Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Hong Duan
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Joshua Kavaler
- Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA
| | - Lu Wei
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Daniel F Eberl
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Eric C Lai
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA;
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4
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Tallon C, Bell BJ, Malvankar MM, Deme P, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Eren E, Thomas AG, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Mustapic M, Huang M, Coleman K, Joe TR, Rais R, Haughey NJ, Kapogiannis D, Slusher BS. Inhibiting tau-induced elevated nSMase2 activity and ceramides is therapeutic in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:56. [PMID: 38049923 PMCID: PMC10694940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) propagation between neurons along synaptically connected networks, in part via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EV biogenesis is triggered by ceramide enrichment at the plasma membrane from neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2)-mediated cleavage of sphingomyelin. We report, for the first time, that human tau expression elevates brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity. METHODS To determine the therapeutic benefit of inhibiting this elevation, we evaluated PDDC, the first potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain-penetrable nSMase2 inhibitor in the transgenic PS19 AD mouse model. Additionally, we directly evaluated the effect of PDDC on tau propagation in a mouse model where an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding P301L/S320F double mutant human tau was stereotaxically-injected unilaterally into the hippocampus. The contralateral transfer of the double mutant human tau to the dentate gyrus was monitored. We examined ceramide levels, histopathological changes, and pTau content within EVs isolated from the mouse plasma. RESULTS Similar to human AD, the PS19 mice exhibited increased brain ceramide levels and nSMase2 activity; both were completely normalized by PDDC treatment. The PS19 mice also exhibited elevated tau immunostaining, thinning of hippocampal neuronal cell layers, increased mossy fiber synaptophysin immunostaining, and glial activation, all of which were pathologic features of human AD. PDDC treatment reduced these changes. The plasma of PDDC-treated PS19 mice had reduced levels of neuronal- and microglial-derived EVs, the former carrying lower pTau levels, compared to untreated mice. In the tau propagation model, PDDC normalized the tau-induced increase in brain ceramides and significantly reduced the amount of tau propagation to the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS PDDC is a first-in-class therapeutic candidate that normalizes elevated brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity, leading to the slowing of tau spread in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Medhinee M Malvankar
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pragney Deme
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Erden Eren
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Meixiang Huang
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kaleem Coleman
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tawnjerae R Joe
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Pathology 517, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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5
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Lan Y, Zou S, Wang W, Chen Q, Zhu Y. Progress in cancer neuroscience. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e431. [PMID: 38020711 PMCID: PMC10665600 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) can crosstalk systemically and locally in the tumor microenvironment and has become a topic of attention for tumor initiation and advancement. Recently studied neuronal and cancer interaction fundamentally altered the knowledge about glioma and metastases, indicating how cancers invade complex neuronal networks. This review systematically discussed the interactions between neurons and cancers and elucidates new therapeutic avenues. We have overviewed the current understanding of direct or indirect communications of neuronal cells with cancer and the mechanisms associated with cancer invasion. Besides, tumor-associated neuronal dysfunction and the influence of cancer therapies on the CNS are highlighted. Furthermore, interactions between peripheral nervous system and various cancers have also been discussed separately. Intriguingly and importantly, it cannot be ignored that exosomes could mediate the "wireless communications" between nervous system and cancer. Finally, promising future strategies targeting neuronal-brain tumor interactions were reviewed. A great deal of work remains to be done to elucidate the neuroscience of cancer, and future more research should be directed toward clarifying the precise mechanisms of cancer neuroscience, which hold enormous promise to improve outcomes for a wide range of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Long Lan
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Shuang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological DiseasesHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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6
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Liang T, Wu Z, Li J, Wu S, Shi W, Wang L. The emerging double-edged sword role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1209115. [PMID: 37396664 PMCID: PMC10314126 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1209115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive dysfunction. The primary pathological hallmarks of AD are senile plaques formed by deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles resulting from hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau, and loss of neurons. At present, although the exact pathogenesis of AD is still unclear and there is a lack of effective treatment for AD in clinical practice, researchers have never stopped exploring the pathogenic mechanism of AD. In recent years, with the rise of the research of extracellular vesicles (EVs), people gradually realize that EVs also play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Exosomes, as a member of the small EVs, are regarded as carriers for information exchange and material transport between cells. Many cells of the central nervous system can release exosomes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes derived from damaged nerve cells can not only participate in Aβ production and oligomerization, but also disseminate the toxic proteins of Aβ and tau to neighboring neurons, thereby acting as "seeds" to amplify the toxic effects of misfolded proteins. Furthermore, exosomes may also be involved in the degradation and clearance process of Aβ. There is increasing evidence to suggest that exosomes play multiple roles in AD. Just like a double-edged sword, exosomes can participate in AD pathology in a direct or indirect way, causing neuronal loss, and can also participate in alleviating the pathological progression of AD. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current reported research findings on this double-edged role of exosomes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zubo Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuhe Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Khoury R, Nagy C. Running from stress: a perspective on the potential benefits of exercise-induced small extracellular vesicles for individuals with major depressive disorder. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1154872. [PMID: 37398548 PMCID: PMC10309045 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1154872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise promotes beneficial effects in the brain including increased synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis and regulates neuroinflammation and stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Exercise can have therapeutic effects for numerous brain-related pathologies, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Beneficial effects of aerobic exercise are thought to be mediated through the release of "exerkines" including metabolites, proteins, nucleic acids, and hormones that communicate between the brain and periphery. While the specific mechanisms underlying the positive effects of aerobic exercise on MDD have not been fully elucidated, the evidence suggests that exercise may exert a direct or indirect influence on the brain via small extracellular vesicles which have been shown to transport signaling molecules including "exerkines" between cells and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). sEVs are released by most cell types, found in numerous biofluids, and capable of crossing the BBB. sEVs have been associated with numerous brain-related functions including neuronal stress response, cell-cell communication, as well as those affected by exercise like synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. In addition to known exerkines, they are loaded with other modulatory cargo such as microRNA (miRNA), an epigenetic regulator that regulates gene expression levels. How exercise-induced sEVs mediate exercise dependent improvements in MDD is unknown. Here, we perform a thorough survey of the current literature to elucidate the potential role of sEVs in the context of neurobiological changes seen with exercise and depression by summarizing studies on exercise and MDD, exercise and sEVs, and finally, sEVs as they relate to MDD. Moreover, we describe the links between peripheral sEV levels and their potential for infiltration into the brain. While literature suggests that aerobic exercise is protective against the development of mood disorders, there remains a scarcity of data on the therapeutic effects of exercise. Recent studies have shown that aerobic exercise does not appear to influence sEV size, but rather influence their concentration and cargo. These molecules have been independently implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Taken together, these studies suggest that concentration of sEVs are increased post exercise, and they may contain specifically packaged protective cargo representing a novel therapeutic for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reine Khoury
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Corina Nagy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Fordjour FK, Abuelreich S, Hong X, Chatterjee E, Lallai V, Ng M, Saftics A, Deng F, Carnel-Amar N, Wakimoto H, Shimizu K, Bautista M, Phu TA, Vu NK, Geiger PC, Raffai RL, Fowler CD, Das S, Christenson LK, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Gould SJ. Exomap1 mouse: a transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542707. [PMID: 37398219 PMCID: PMC10312766 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) of ~30-150 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell, are enriched in selected exosome cargo proteins, and play important roles in health and disease. To address large unanswered questions regarding exosome biology in vivo, we created the exomap1 transgenic mouse model. In response to Cre recombinase, exomap1 mice express HsCD81mNG, a fusion protein between human CD81, the most highly enriched exosome protein yet described, and the bright green fluorescent protein mNeonGreen. As expected, cell type-specific expression of Cre induced the cell type-specific expression of HsCD81mNG in diverse cell types, correctly localized HsCD81mNG to the plasma membrane, and selectively loaded HsCD81mNG into secreted vesicles that have the size (~80 nm), topology (outside out), and content (presence of mouse exosome markers) of exosomes. Furthermore, mouse cells expressing HsCD81mNG released HsCD81mNG-marked exosomes into blood and other biofluids. Using high-resolution, single-exosome analysis by quantitative single molecule localization microscopy, we show here that that hepatocytes contribute ~15% of the blood exosome population whereas neurons contribute <1% of blood exosomes. These estimates of cell type-specific contributions to blood EV population are consistent with the porosity of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to particles of ~50-300 nm in diameter, as well as with the impermeability of blood-brain and blood-neuron barriers to particles >5 nm in size. Taken together, these results establish the exomap1 mouse as a useful tool for in vivo studies of exosome biology, and for mapping cell type-specific contributions to biofluid exosome populations. In addition, our data confirm that CD81 is a highly-specific marker for exosomes and is not enriched in the larger microvesicle class of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis K. Fordjour
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Sarah Abuelreich
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Xiaoman Hong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Emeli Chatterjee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Valeria Lallai
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Martin Ng
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Andras Saftics
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Fengyan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Natacha Carnel-Amar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kazuhide Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Malia Bautista
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Tuan Anh Phu
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Ngan K. Vu
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Paige C. Geiger
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Robert L. Raffai
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Surgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christie D. Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lane K. Christenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Stephen J. Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
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9
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Kong L, Zhang D, Huang S, Lai J, Lu L, Zhang J, Hu S. Extracellular Vesicles in Mental Disorders: A State-of-art Review. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:1094-1109. [PMID: 36923936 PMCID: PMC10008693 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.79666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles with various physiological functions including mediating cellular communication in the central nervous system (CNS), which indicates a linkage between these particles and mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, etc. To date, known characteristics of mental disorders are mainly neuroinflammation and dysfunctions of homeostasis in the CNS, and EVs are proven to be able to regulate these pathological processes. In addition, studies have found that some cargo of EVs, especially miRNAs, were significantly up- or down-regulated in patients with mental disorders. For many years, interest has been generated in exploring new diagnostic and therapeutic methods for mental disorders, but scale assessment and routine drug intervention are still the first-line applications so far. Therefore, underlying the downstream functions of EVs and their cargo may help uncover the pathogenetic mechanisms of mental disorders as well as provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic candidates. This review aims to address the connection between EVs and mental disorders, and discuss the current strategies that focus on EVs-related psychiatric detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhuo Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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10
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Nieves Torres D, Lee SH. Inter-neuronal signaling mediated by small extracellular vesicles: wireless communication? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1187300. [PMID: 37181650 PMCID: PMC10172472 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1187300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional inter-neuronal communication conceptualizes the wired method of chemical synapses that physically connect pre-and post-synaptic neurons. In contrast, recent studies indicate that neurons also utilize synapse-independent, hence "wireless" broadcasting-type communications via small extracellular vesicles (EVs). Small EVs including exosomes are secreted vesicles released by cells and contain a variety of signaling molecules including mRNAs, miRNAs, lipids, and proteins. Small EVs are subsequently absorbed by local recipient cells via either membrane fusion or endocytic processes. Therefore, small EVs enable cells to exchange a "packet" of active biomolecules for communication purposes. It is now well established that central neurons also secrete and uptake small EVs, especially exosomes, a type of small EVs that are derived from the intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Specific molecules carried by neuronal small EVs are shown to affect a variety of neuronal functions including axon guidance, synapse formation, synapse elimination, neuronal firing, and potentiation. Therefore, this type of volume transmission mediated by small EVs is thought to play important roles not only in activity-dependent changes in neuronal function but also in the maintenance and homeostatic control of local circuitry. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries, catalog neuronal small EV-specific biomolecules, and discuss the potential scope of small EV-mediated inter-neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Nieves Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sang H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sang H. Lee,
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11
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Pounders J, Hill EJ, Hooper D, Zhang X, Biesiada J, Kuhnell D, Greenland HL, Esfandiari L, Timmerman E, Foster F, Wang C, Walsh KB, Shatz R, Woo D, Medvedovic M, Langevin S, Sawyer RP. MicroRNA expression within neuronal-derived small extracellular vesicles in frontotemporal degeneration. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30854. [PMID: 36221381 PMCID: PMC9542922 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA that are powerful regulators of gene expression and can affect the expression of hundreds of genes. miRNAs can be packed in small extracellular vesicles (SEV) and released into the extracellular space by neurons and microglia to act locally as well as pass through the blood-brain barrier and act systemically. We sought to understand the differences in neuronal SEV miRNA expression between frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy aging. Plasma was obtained from FTD, AD, and healthy aging participants that were matched based on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Additionally, a subset of participants also provided paired cerebrospinal fluid samples to compare neuronal SEV miRNAs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Neuronal SEV were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation and antibody conjugated Dynabeads® for the neuronal surface marker, L1CAM. RNA sequencing was performed. 12 FTD, 11 with AD, and 10 healthy aging participants were enrolled in the study. In FTD, SEV miRNA-181c was downregulated compared to healthy controls. In AD, miRNA-122 and miRNA-3591 were downregulated compared to those in healthy controls and FTD. Using an FDR <0.2, only miRNA-21-5p was found to have increased expression in the cerebrospinal fluid compared to plasma in a group of AD and FTD participants. SEV miRNA-181c is significantly downregulated in FTD compared to healthy controls and may mediate its effects through microglial-directed neuroinflammation and interaction with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) based on pathway analysis. Additionally, the FOXO and Hippo pathways may be important mediators of FTD, based on pathway analysis. Lastly, because only one SEV miRNA was differentially expressed between the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in paired samples, plasma represents an appropriate biofluid for studying neuronal SEV miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pounders
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily J. Hill
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Destiny Hooper
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jacek Biesiada
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Damaris Kuhnell
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hannah L. Greenland
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emerlee Timmerman
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Forrest Foster
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kyle B. Walsh
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rhonna Shatz
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Woo
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott Langevin
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Russell P. Sawyer
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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12
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Nicholson S, Baccarelli A, Prada D. Role of brain extracellular vesicles in air pollution-related cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112316. [PMID: 34728237 PMCID: PMC8671239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between environmental exposure to air pollution and cognitive impairment and neurological disorders has been described. Previous literature has focused on the direct effects of the air pollution components on neuronal and glial cells, as well as on involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on microglia and astrocyte reactivity. However, other mechanisms involved in the air pollution effects on central nervous system (CNS) toxicity can be playing critical roles. Increasingly, extracellular vesicle's (EVs) mediated intercellular communication is being recognized as impacting the development of cognitive impairment and neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and others. Here we describe the available evidence about toxic air pollutants and its components on brain, an involvement of brain cells specific and EVs types (based in the origin or in the size of EVs) in the initiation, exacerbation, and propagation of the neurotoxic effects (inflammation, neurodegeneration, and accumulation of neurotoxic proteins) induced by air pollution in the CNS. Additionally, we discuss the identification and isolation of neural-derived EVs from human plasma, the most common markers for neural-derived EVs, and their potential for use as diagnostic or therapeutic molecules for air pollution-related cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Nicholson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Diddier Prada
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
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13
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The Potential Application of Extracellular Vesicles from Liquid Biopsies for Determination of Pharmacogene Expression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020252. [PMID: 35215364 PMCID: PMC8879428 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) entails the study of heritability of drug response. This may include both variability in genes related to pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and pharmacodynamics (e.g., drug receptors or signaling pathways). Individualizing drug therapy taking into account the genetic profile of the patient has the potential to make drug therapy safer and more effective. Currently, this approach relies on the determination of genetic variants in pharmacogenes by genotyping. However, it is widely acknowledged that large variability in gene expression is attributed to non-structural genetic variants. Therefore, at least from a theoretical viewpoint individualizing drug therapy based upon expression of pharmacogenes rather than on genotype may be advantageous but has been difficult to implement in the clinical setting. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid encapsulated structures that contain cargo such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Since their cargo is tissue- and cell-specific they can be used to determine the expression of pharmacogenes in the liver. In this review, we describe methods of EV isolation and the potential of EVs isolated from liquid biopsies as a tool to determine the expression of pharmacogenes for use in personalized medicine.
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14
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Rufino-Ramos D, Lule S, Mahjoum S, Ughetto S, Cristopher Bragg D, Pereira de Almeida L, Breakefield XO, Breyne K. Using genetically modified extracellular vesicles as a non-invasive strategy to evaluate brain-specific cargo. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121366. [PMID: 35033904 PMCID: PMC8886823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of techniques to trace brain cell behavior in vivo hampers the ability to monitor status of cells in a living brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized membrane-surrounded vesicles, released by virtually all brain cells might be able to report their status in easily accessible biofluids, such as blood. EVs communicate among tissues using lipids, saccharides, proteins, and nucleic acid cargo that reflect the state and composition of their source cells. Currently, identifying the origin of brain-derived EVs has been challenging, as they consist of a rare population diluted in an overwhelming number of blood and peripheral tissue-derived EVs. Here, we developed a sensitive platform to select out pre-labelled brain-derived EVs in blood as a platform to study the molecular fingerprints of brain cells. This proof-of-principle study used a transducible construct tagging tetraspanin (TSN) CD63, a membrane-spanning hallmark of EVs equipped with affinity, bioluminescent, and fluorescent tags to increase detection sensitivity and robustness in capture of EVs secreted from pre-labelled cells into biofluids. Our platform enables unprecedented efficient isolation of neural EVs from the blood. These EVs derived from pre-labelled mouse brain cells or engrafted human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) were submitted to multiplex analyses, including transcript and protein levels, in compliance with the multibiomolecule EV carriers. Overall, our novel strategy to track brain-derived EVs in a complex biofluid opens up new avenues to study EVs released from pre-labelled cells in near and distal compartments into the biofluid source.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rufino-Ramos
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sevda Lule
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shadi Mahjoum
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - D Cristopher Bragg
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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15
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Zhou J, Flores-Bellver M, Pan J, Benito-Martin A, Shi C, Onwumere O, Mighty J, Qian J, Zhong X, Hogue T, Amponsah-Antwi B, Einbond L, Gharbaran R, Wu H, Chen BJ, Zheng Z, Tchaikovskaya T, Zhang X, Peinado H, Canto-Soler MV, Redenti S. Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21128. [PMID: 34702879 PMCID: PMC8548301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying retinal development have not been completely elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in developmental processes. Nevertheless, the identification of EVs in human retinal tissue, characterization of their cargo, and analysis of their potential role in retina development has not been accomplished. Three-dimensional retinal tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provide an ideal developmental system to achieve this goal. Here we report that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids release exosomes and microvesicles with small noncoding RNA cargo. EV miRNA cargo-predicted targetome correlates with Gene Ontology (GO) pathways involved in mechanisms of retinogenesis relevant to specific developmental stages corresponding to hallmarks of native human retina development. Furthermore, uptake of EVs by human retinal progenitor cells leads to changes in gene expression correlated with EV miRNA cargo predicted gene targets, and mechanisms involved in retinal development, ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Miguel Flores-Bellver
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz- Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alberto Benito-Martin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Division, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Cui Shi
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | | | - Jason Mighty
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tasmim Hogue
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | | | - Linda Einbond
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | | | - Hao Wu
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bo-Juen Chen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Zhiliang Zheng
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Tatyana Tchaikovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Computational Genomics Core in Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz- Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Stephen Redenti
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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16
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Luo X, Jean-Toussaint R, Sacan A, Ajit SK. Differential RNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles by neurons and astrocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:75. [PMID: 34246289 PMCID: PMC8272329 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring RNA, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. These cargo molecules are selectively loaded into sEVs and mirror the physiological state of the donor cells. Given that sEVs can cross the blood-brain barrier and their composition can change in neurological disorders, the molecular signatures of sEVs in circulation can be potential disease biomarkers. Characterizing the molecular composition of sEVs from different cell types is an important first step in determining which donor cells contribute to the circulating sEVs. METHODS Cell culture supernatants from primary mouse cortical neurons and astrocytes were used to purify sEVs by differential ultracentrifugation and sEVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and western blot. RNA sequencing was used to determine differential expression and loading patterns of miRNAs in sEVs released by primary neurons and astrocytes. Motif analysis was conducted on enriched miRNAs in sEVs and their respective donor cells. RESULTS Sequencing total cellular RNA, and miRNAs from sEVs isolated from culture media of postnatal mouse cortical neurons and astrocytes revealed a distinct profile between sEVs and their corresponding cells. Though the total number of detected miRNAs in astrocytes was greater than neurons, neurons expressed more sEV-associated miRNAs than astrocytes. Only 20.7% of astrocytic miRNAs were loaded into sEVs, while 41.0% of neuronal miRNAs were loaded into sEVs, suggesting differences in the cellular sorting mechanisms. We identified short RNA sequence motifs, or EXOmotifs, on the miRNAs that were differentially loaded or excluded from sEVs. A sequence motif GUAC was enriched in astrocytic sEVs. miRNAs preferably retained in neurons or astrocytes had a similar RNA motif CACACA, suggesting a cell-type-independent mechanism to maintain cellular miRNAs. mRNAs of five RNA-binding proteins associated with passive or active RNA sorting into sEVs were differentially expressed between neurons and astrocytes, one of which, major vault protein was higher in astrocytes than in neurons and detected in astrocytic sEVs. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest differences in RNA sorting into sEVs. These differences in miRNA signatures can be used for determining the cellular sources of sEVs altered in neurological disorders. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Renée Jean-Toussaint
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Seena K. Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
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17
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Zhang T, Ma S, Lv J, Wang X, Afewerky HK, Li H, Lu Y. The emerging role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101321. [PMID: 33727157 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifested by memory loss and a decline in cognitive functions, is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease accounting for 60-80 % of dementia cases. But, to-date, there is no effective treatment available to slow or stop the progression of AD. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry constituents, such as functional messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNA, and other bioactive substances of their source cells. In the brain, exosomes are likely to be sourced by almost all cell types and involve in cell communication to regulate cellular functions. The yet, accumulated evidence on the roles of exosomes and their constituents in the AD pathological process suggests their significance as additional biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD. This review summarizes the current reported research findings on exosomes roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AD.
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18
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The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Trophoblast Regulation in Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070970. [PMID: 34201957 PMCID: PMC8305149 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) are two pregnancy-specific placental disorders with high maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The identification biomarkers involved in the dysregulation of PE and IUGR are fundamental for developing new strategies for early detection and management of these pregnancy pathologies. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as essential regulators of many biological processes in cells and tissues, and the placenta is not an exception. In this review, we summarize the importance of lncRNAs in the regulation of trophoblasts during the development of PE and IUGR, and other placental disorders.
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19
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Gu X, Zhu J. Roles of Exosomes and Exosomal MicroRNAs in Postoperative Sleep Disturbance. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1363-1375. [PMID: 34354381 PMCID: PMC8331078 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s310351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) often occurs in elderly patients after major surgery and exerts harmful effects on postoperative recovery. PSD may increase the incidence of postoperative fatigue, severe anxiety and depression, pain sensitivity, and cognitive dysfunction, which can cause or aggravate neurodegenerative diseases via amyloid aggregation and tau accumulation. Exosomes are important carriers that mediate the transfer of active substances and genetic information among cells. Recent evidence has shown that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of end-organ morbidity caused by sleep disorders via increasing amyloid plaque formation, transmitting tau protein, regulating neuroinflammation, and increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, exosomes may be useful for delivering therapeutic genetic materials, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, to exert neuroprotective effects and reduce cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. This review focuses on exosome-related pathways and the modulatory role of exosomal miRNAs on the pathogenesis of sleep disturbance and neurodegeneration. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of reducing neurotoxic proteins via exosomal intervention and miRNA regulation. Future research in exosome administration may offer new insights into PSD-related pathomechanisms and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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20
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Weghorst F, Mirzakhanyan Y, Samimi K, Dhillon M, Barzik M, Cunningham LL, Gershon PD, Cramer KS. Caspase-3 Cleaves Extracellular Vesicle Proteins During Auditory Brainstem Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573345. [PMID: 33281555 PMCID: PMC7689216 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound localization requires extremely precise development of auditory brainstem circuits, the molecular mechanisms of which are largely unknown. We previously demonstrated a novel requirement for non-apoptotic activity of the protease caspase-3 in chick auditory brainstem development. Here, we used mass spectrometry to identify proteolytic substrates of caspase-3 during chick auditory brainstem development. These auditory brainstem caspase-3 substrates were enriched for proteins previously shown to be cleaved by caspase-3, especially in non-apoptotic contexts. Functional annotation analysis revealed that our caspase-3 substrates were also enriched for proteins associated with several protein categories, including proteins found in extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound nanoparticles that function in intercellular communication. The proteome of EVs isolated from the auditory brainstem was highly enriched for our caspase-3 substrates. Additionally, we identified two caspase-3 substrates with known functions in axon guidance, namely Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) and Neuronal-glial Cell Adhesion Molecule (Ng-CAM), that were found in auditory brainstem EVs and expressed in the auditory pathway alongside cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, these data suggest a novel developmental mechanism whereby caspase-3 influences auditory brainstem circuit formation through the proteolytic cleavage of extracellular vesicle (EV) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Weghorst
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kian Samimi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mehron Dhillon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Melanie Barzik
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa L. Cunningham
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul D. Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Karina S. Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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21
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Tunset ME, Haslene-Hox H, Van Den Bossche T, Vaaler AE, Sulheim E, Kondziella D. Extracellular vesicles in patients in the acute phase of psychosis and after clinical improvement: an explorative study. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9714. [PMID: 32995075 PMCID: PMC7501784 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived structures that transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells, thereby affecting the phenotype of the recipient cell. As the content of EVs reflects the status of the originating cell, EVs can have potential as biomarkers. Identifying EVs, including their cells of origin and their cargo, may provide insights in the pathophysiology of psychosis. Here, we present an in-depth analysis and proteomics of EVs from peripheral blood in patients (n = 25) during and after the acute phase of psychosis. Concentration and protein content of EVs in psychotic patients were twofold higher than in 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (p < 0.001 for both concentration and protein content), and the diameter of EVs was larger in patients (p = 0.02). Properties of EVs did not differ significantly in blood sampled during and after the acute psychotic episode. Proteomic analyses on isolated EVs from individual patients revealed 1,853 proteins, whereof 45 were brain-elevated proteins. Of these, five proteins involved in regulation of plasticity of glutamatergic synapses were significantly different in psychotic patients compared to controls; neurogranin (NRGN), neuron-specific calcium-binding protein hippocalcin (HPCA), kalirin (KALRN), beta-adducin (ADD2) and ankyrin-2 (ANK2). To summarize, our results show that peripheral EVs in psychotic patients are different from those in healthy controls and point at alterations on the glutamatergic system. We suggest that EVs allow investigation of blood-borne brain-originating biological material and that their role as biomarkers in patients with psychotic disorders is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Elise Tunset
- Department of Østmarka- Division of Mental Healthcare, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Mental Health- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanne Haslene-Hox
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tim Van Den Bossche
- VIB - UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arne Einar Vaaler
- Department of Østmarka- Division of Mental Healthcare, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Mental Health- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Sulheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Blanchette CR, Rodal AA. Mechanisms for biogenesis and release of neuronal extracellular vesicles. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:104-110. [PMID: 32387925 PMCID: PMC7483335 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurons release membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying proteins, nucleic acids, and other cargoes to mediate neuronal development, plasticity, inflammation, regeneration, and degeneration. Functional studies and therapeutic interventions into EV-dependent processes will require a deep understanding of how neuronal EVs are formed and released. However, unraveling EV biogenesis and trafficking mechanisms is challenging, since there are multiple pathways governing generation of different types of EVs, which overlap mechanistically with each other, as well as with intracellular endolysosomal trafficking pathways. Further, neurons present special considerations for EVs due to their extreme morphologies and specialization for membrane traffic. Here, we review recent work elucidating neuronal pathways that regulate EV biogenesis and release, with the goal of identifying directed strategies for experimental and therapeutic targeting of specific types of EVs.
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23
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Effects of the Insulted Neuronal Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on the Survival of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells following Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9768713. [PMID: 32724498 PMCID: PMC7382764 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9768713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) engraftment is a potential therapy for cerebral ischemic stroke. However, the harsh microenvironment induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion restricts the survival rate and therapeutic efficiency of the engrafted UC-MSCs. In this study, we explored whether small extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from injured neuronal cells following exposure to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insult affect the survival of transplanted UC-MSCs. To establish a simulation of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion microenvironment comprising engrafted UC-MSCs and neuronal cells, we cocultured EVs derived from injured N2A cells, caused by exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) insult, with UC-MSCs in a conditioned medium. Coculture of UC-MSCs with EVs exacerbated the OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Suppression of EVs-release via knock-down of Rab27a effectively protected the UC-MSCs from OGD/R-induced insult. Moreover, hypoxia preconditioning not only elevated the survival of UC-MSCs but also improved the paracrine mechanism of injured N2A cells. Altogether, these results show that EVs from injured N2A cells exacerbates OGD/R-induced injury on transplanted UC-MSCs in vitro. Hypoxia preconditioning enhances the survival of the engrafted-UC-MSCs; hence, thus could be an effective approach for improving UC-MSCs therapy in ischemic stroke.
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24
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Ropelewski P, Imanishi Y. RPE Cells Engulf Microvesicles Secreted by Degenerating Rod Photoreceptors. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0507-19.2020. [PMID: 32376599 PMCID: PMC7242815 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0507-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin is mislocalized to the inner segment plasma membrane (IS PM) in various blinding disorders including autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa caused by class I rhodopsin mutations. In these disorders, rhodopsin-laden microvesicles are secreted into the extracellular milieu by afflicted photoreceptor cells. Using a Xenopus laevis model expressing class I mutant rhodopsin or Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) fused to Dendra2, we fluorescently labeled the microvesicles and found retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are capable of engulfing microvesicles containing rhodopsin. A unique sorting mechanism allows class I mutant rhodopsin, but not NKA, to be packaged into the microvesicles. Under normal physiological conditions, NKA is not shed as microvesicles to the extracellular space, but is degraded intracellularly. Those studies provide novel insights into protein homeostasis in the photoreceptor IS PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ropelewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Yoshikazu Imanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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25
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Krämer-Albers EM. Extracellular vesicles in the oligodendrocyte microenvironment. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134915. [PMID: 32208226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) recently took centre stage as mediators of cellular crosstalk modulating the tissue microenvironment. Released by all types of neural cells, EVs may execute a broad spectrum of functions ranging from maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and regulation of neural plasticity to the spread of neurodegenerative agents. Myelinating oligodendrocytes and axons form a highly specialized functional entity that depends on intimate interactions within the oligodendrocyte-neuron niche. EVs released by oligodendrocytes are internalized by neurons in response to neuronal signals and exhibit neuroprotective properties but also may influence other cells present in the microenvironment. Here we discuss the role of EVs released by oligodendrocytes in regulating development, homeostatic maintenance and regeneration within the oligodendrocyte niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Cellular Neurobiology, Biology of Extracellular Vesicles Group, University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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26
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Cell-to-Cell Communication in Learning and Memory: From Neuro- and Glio-Transmission to Information Exchange Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010266. [PMID: 31906013 PMCID: PMC6982255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to undergo adaptive modifications in response to environmental cues originating from inside or outside the body. Such ability, known as neuronal plasticity, allows long-lasting modifications of the strength, composition and efficacy of the connections between neurons, which constitutes the biochemical base for learning and memory. Nerve cells communicate with each other through both wiring (synaptic) and volume transmission of signals. It is by now clear that glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, also play critical roles in both modes by releasing different kinds of molecules (e.g., D-serine secreted by astrocytes). On the other hand, neurons produce factors that can regulate the activity of glial cells, including their ability to release regulatory molecules. In the last fifteen years it has been demonstrated that both neurons and glial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different kinds, both in physiologic and pathological conditions. Here we discuss the possible involvement of EVs in the events underlying learning and memory, in both physiologic and pathological conditions.
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