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Fernández-Peña C, Pace RL, Fernando LM, Pittman BG, Schwarz LA. Adrenergic C1 neurons enhance anxiety via projections to PAG. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.11.612440. [PMID: 39314285 PMCID: PMC11419123 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.612440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety is an emotional state precipitated by the anticipation of real or potential threats. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses globally and increase the risk of developing comorbid conditions that negatively impact the brain and body. The etiology of anxiety disorders remains unresolved, limiting improvement of therapeutic strategies to alleviate anxiety-related symptoms with increased specificity and efficacy. Here, we applied novel intersectional tools to identify a discrete population of brainstem adrenergic neurons, named C1 cells, that promote aversion and anxiety-related behaviors via projections to the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). While C1 cells have traditionally been implicated in modulation of autonomic processes, rabies tracing revealed that they receive input from brain areas with diverse functions. Calcium-based in vivo imaging showed that activation of C1 cells enhances excitatory responses in vlPAG, activity that is exacerbated in times of heightened stress. Furthermore, inhibition of C1 cells impedes the development of anxiety-like behaviors in response to stressful situations. Overall, these findings suggest that C1 neurons are positioned to integrate complex information from the brain and periphery for the promotion of anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Peña
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Rachel L Pace
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Lourds M Fernando
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Brittany G Pittman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
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2
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Randolph AB, Zheng H, Rinaman L. Populations of Hindbrain Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP1) Neurons That Innervate the Hypothalamic PVH, Thalamic PVT, or Limbic Forebrain BST Have Axon Collaterals That Reach All Central Regions Innervated by GLP1 Neurons. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2063232024. [PMID: 38811166 PMCID: PMC11293452 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2063-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) and intermediate reticular nucleus (IRt) that express the glucagon gene (Gcg) give rise to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)-immunopositive axons in the spinal cord and many subcortical brain regions. Central GLP1 receptor signaling contributes to motivated behavior and stress responses in rats and mice, in which hindbrain GLP1 neurons are activated to express c-Fos in a metabolic state-dependent manner. The present study examined whether GLP1 inputs to distinct brain regions arise from distinct subsets of Gcg-expressing neurons, and mapped the distribution of axon collaterals arising from projection-defined GLP1 neural populations. Using our Gcg-Cre knock-in rat model, Cre-dependent adeno-associated virus (AAV) tracing was conducted in adult male and female rats to compare axonal projections of IRt versus cNTS GLP1 neurons. Overlapping projections were observed in all brain regions that receive GLP1 input, with the caveat that cNTS injections produced Cre-dependent labeling of some IRt neurons, and vice versa. In additional experiments, specific diencephalic or limbic forebrain nuclei were microinjected with Cre-dependent retrograde AAVs (AAVrg) that expressed reporters to fully label the axon collaterals of transduced GLP1 neurons. AAVrg injected into each forebrain site labeled Gcg-expressing neurons in both the cNTS and IRt. The collective axon collaterals of labeled neurons entered the spinal cord and every brain region previously reported to contain GLP1-positive axons. These results indicate that the axons of GLP1 neural populations that innervate the thalamic paraventricular nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and/or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis collectively innervate all central regions that receive GLP1 axonal input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B Randolph
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Huiyuan Zheng
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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3
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Furdui A, da Silveira Scarpellini C, Montandon G. Anatomical distribution of µ-opioid receptors, neurokinin-1 receptors, and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the mouse brainstem respiratory network. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:108-129. [PMID: 38748514 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00478.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
µ-Opioid receptors (MORs) are responsible for mediating both the analgesic and respiratory effects of opioid drugs. By binding to MORs in brainstem regions involved in controlling breathing, opioids produce respiratory depressive effects characterized by slow and shallow breathing, with potential cardiorespiratory arrest and death during overdose. To better understand the mechanisms underlying opioid-induced respiratory depression, thorough knowledge of the regions and cellular subpopulations that may be vulnerable to modulation by opioid drugs is needed. Using in situ hybridization, we determined the distribution and coexpression of Oprm1 (gene encoding MORs) mRNA with glutamatergic (Vglut2) and neurokinin-1 receptor (Tacr1) mRNA in medullary and pontine regions involved in breathing control and modulation. We found that >50% of cells expressed Oprm1 mRNA in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), nucleus ambiguus (NA), postinspiratory complex (PiCo), locus coeruleus (LC), Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), and the lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei (LBPN and MPBN, respectively). Among Tacr1 mRNA-expressing cells, >50% coexpressed Oprm1 mRNA in the preBötC, NTS, NA, Bötzinger complex (BötC), PiCo, LC, raphe magnus nucleus, KF, LPBN, and MPBN, whereas among Vglut2 mRNA-expressing cells, >50% coexpressed Oprm1 mRNA in the preBötC, NTS, NA, BötC, PiCo, LC, KF, LPBN, and MPBN. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive map of the distribution and coexpression of Oprm1, Tacr1, and Vglut2 mRNA in brainstem regions that control and modulate breathing and identifies Tacr1 and Vglut2 mRNA-expressing cells as subpopulations with potential vulnerability to modulation by opioid drugs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Opioid drugs can cause serious respiratory side-effects by binding to µ-opioid receptors (MORs) in brainstem regions that control breathing. To better understand the regions and their cellular subpopulations that may be vulnerable to modulation by opioids, we provide a comprehensive map of Oprm1 (gene encoding MORs) mRNA expression throughout brainstem regions that control and modulate breathing. Notably, we identify glutamatergic and neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing cells as potentially vulnerable to modulation by opioid drugs and worthy of further investigation using targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Furdui
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gaspard Montandon
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhu M, Jun S, Nie X, Chen J, Hao Y, Yu H, Zhang X, Sun L, Liu Y, Yuan X, Yuan F, Wang S. Mapping of afferent and efferent connections of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-expressing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14808. [PMID: 38887205 PMCID: PMC11183208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-expressing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) contribute to the regulation of autonomic functions. However, the neural circuits linking these neurons to other brain regions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the connectivity mechanisms of the PNMT-expressing neurons in the NTS (NTSPNMT neurons). METHODS The methodologies employed in this study included a modified rabies virus-based retrograde neural tracing technique, conventional viral anterograde tracing, and immunohistochemical staining procedures. RESULTS A total of 43 upstream nuclei projecting to NTSPNMT neurons were identified, spanning several key brain regions including the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, and telencephalon. Notably, dense projections to the NTSPNMT neurons were observed from the central amygdaloid nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, area postrema, and the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. In contrast, the ventrolateral medulla, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area were identified as the primary destinations for axon terminals originating from NTSPNMT neurons. Additionally, reciprocal projections were evident among 21 nuclei, primarily situated within the medulla oblongata. CONCLUSION Our research findings demonstrate that NTSPNMT neurons form extensive connections with numerous nuclei, emphasizing their essential role in the homeostatic regulation of vital autonomic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchu Zhu
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Shirui Jun
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Jinting Chen
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Yinchao Hao
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Yuelin Liu
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xiangshan Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of NeurologyJinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of NeurophysiologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of NeurobiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of NeurophysiologyShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina
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5
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Karlen-Amarante M, Glovak ZT, Huff A, Oliveira LM, Ramirez JM. Postinspiratory and preBötzinger complexes contribute to respiratory-sympathetic coupling in mice before and after chronic intermittent hypoxia. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1386737. [PMID: 38774786 PMCID: PMC11107097 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1386737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system modulates arterial blood pressure. Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) experience numerous nightly hypoxic episodes and exhibit elevated sympathetic activity to the cardiovascular system leading to hypertension. This suggests that OSA disrupts normal respiratory-sympathetic coupling. This study investigates the role of the postinspiratory complex (PiCo) and preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in respiratory-sympathetic coupling under control conditions and following exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) for 21 days (5% O2-80 bouts/day). The surface of the ventral brainstem was exposed in urethane (1.5 g/kg) anesthetized, spontaneously breathing adult mice. Cholinergic (ChAT), glutamatergic (Vglut2), and neurons that co-express ChAT and Vglut2 at PiCo, as well as Dbx1 and Vglut2 neurons at preBötC, were optogenetically stimulated while recording activity from the diaphragm (DIA), vagus nerve (cVN), and cervical sympathetic nerve (cSN). Following CIH exposure, baseline cSN activity increased, breathing frequency increased, and expiratory time decreased. In control mice, stimulating PiCo specific cholinergic-glutamatergic neurons caused a sympathetic burst during all phases of the respiratory cycle, whereas optogenetic activation of cholinergic-glutamatergic PiCo neurons in CIH mice increased sympathetic activity only during postinspiration and late expiration. Stimulation of glutamatergic PiCo neurons increased cSN activity during the postinspiratory phase in control and CIH mice. Optogenetic stimulation of ChAT containing neurons in the PiCo area did not affect sympathetic activity under control or CIH conditions. Stimulating Dbx1 or Vglut2 neurons in preBötC evoked an inspiration and a concomitant cSN burst under control and CIH conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that PiCo and preBötC contribute to respiratory-sympathetic coupling, which is altered by CIH, and may contribute to the hypertension observed in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zachary T. Glovak
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alyssa Huff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Luiz M. Oliveira
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Huff AD, Karlen-Amarante M, Oliveira LM, Ramirez JM. Chronic intermittent hypoxia reveals role of the Postinspiratory Complex in the mediation of normal swallow production. eLife 2024; 12:RP92175. [PMID: 38655918 PMCID: PMC11042803 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder that results in multiple bouts of intermittent hypoxia. OSA has many neurological and systemic comorbidities, including dysphagia, or disordered swallow, and discoordination with breathing. However, the mechanism in which chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) causes dysphagia is unknown. Recently, we showed the postinspiratory complex (PiCo) acts as an interface between the swallow pattern generator (SPG) and the inspiratory rhythm generator, the preBötzinger complex, to regulate proper swallow-breathing coordination (Huff et al., 2023). PiCo is characterized by interneurons co-expressing transporters for glutamate (Vglut2) and acetylcholine (ChAT). Here we show that optogenetic stimulation of ChATcre:Ai32, Vglut2cre:Ai32, and ChATcre:Vglut2FlpO:ChR2 mice exposed to CIH does not alter swallow-breathing coordination, but unexpectedly disrupts swallow behavior via triggering variable swallow motor patterns. This suggests that glutamatergic-cholinergic neurons in PiCo are not only critical for the regulation of swallow-breathing coordination, but also play an important role in the modulation of swallow motor patterning. Our study also suggests that swallow disruption, as seen in OSA, involves central nervous mechanisms interfering with swallow motor patterning and laryngeal activation. These findings are crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying dysphagia, both in OSA and other breathing and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa D Huff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
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7
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Li H, Jiang T, An S, Xu M, Gou L, Ren B, Shi X, Wang X, Yan J, Yuan J, Xu X, Wu QF, Luo Q, Gong H, Bian WJ, Li A, Yu X. Single-neuron projectomes of mouse paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus oxytocin neurons reveal mutually exclusive projection patterns. Neuron 2024; 112:1081-1099.e7. [PMID: 38290516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) plays important roles in autonomic control and behavioral modulation. However, it is unknown how the projection patterns of OXT neurons align with underlying physiological functions. Here, we present the reconstructed single-neuron, whole-brain projectomes of 264 OXT neurons of the mouse paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) at submicron resolution. These neurons hierarchically clustered into two groups, with distinct morphological and transcriptional characteristics and mutually exclusive projection patterns. Cluster 1 (177 neurons) axons terminated exclusively in the median eminence (ME) and have few collaterals terminating within hypothalamic regions. By contrast, cluster 2 (87 neurons) sent wide-spread axons to multiple brain regions, but excluding ME. Dendritic arbors of OXT neurons also extended outside of the PVH, suggesting capability to sense signals and modulate target regions. These single-neuron resolution observations reveal distinct OXT subpopulations, provide comprehensive analysis of their morphology, and lay the structural foundation for better understanding the functional heterogeneity of OXT neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humingzhu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Peking University McGovern Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sile An
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingrui Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingfeng Gou
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Biyu Ren
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou 215123, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou 215123, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Gong
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou 215123, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Jie Bian
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Anan Li
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou 215123, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Peking University McGovern Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
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8
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Huff A, Karlen-Amarante M, Oliveira LM, Ramirez JM. Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia reveals role of the Postinspiratory Complex in the mediation of normal swallow production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.26.559560. [PMID: 37808787 PMCID: PMC10557756 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder that results in multiple bouts of intermittent hypoxia. OSA has many neurologic and systemic comorbidities including dysphagia, or disordered swallow, and discoordination with breathing. However, the mechanism in which chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) causes dysphagia is unknown. Recently we showed the Postinspiratory complex (PiCo) acts as an interface between the swallow pattern generator (SPG) and the inspiratory rhythm generator, the preBötzinger Complex, to regulate proper swallow-breathing coordination (Huff et al., 2023). PiCo is characterized by interneurons co-expressing transporters for glutamate (Vglut2) and acetylcholine (ChAT). Here we show that optogenetic stimulation of ChATcre:Ai32, Vglut2cre:Ai32, and ChATcre:Vglut2FlpO:ChR2 mice exposed to CIH does not alter swallow-breathing coordination, but unexpectedly disrupts swallow behavior via triggering variable swallow motor patterns. This suggests, glutamatergic-cholinergic neurons in PiCo are not only critical for the regulation of swallow-breathing coordination, but also play an important role in the modulation of swallow motor patterning. Our study also suggests that swallow disruption, as seen in OSA, involves central nervous mechanisms interfering with swallow motor patterning and laryngeal activation. These findings are crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying dysphagia, both in OSA and other breathing and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Huff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Luiz Marcelo Oliveira
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Jan Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA, 98108
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9
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Nakamura NH, Oku Y, Fukunaga M. "Brain-breath" interactions: respiration-timing-dependent impact on functional brain networks and beyond. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:165-182. [PMID: 37651646 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a natural daily action that one cannot do without, and it sensitively and intensely changes under various situations. What if this essential act of breathing can impact our overall well-being? Recent studies have demonstrated that breathing oscillations couple with higher brain functions, i.e., perception, motor actions, and cognition. Moreover, the timing of breathing, a phase transition from exhalation to inhalation, modulates specific cortical activity and accuracy in cognitive tasks. To determine possible respiratory roles in attentional and memory processes and functional neural networks, we discussed how breathing interacts with the brain that are measured by electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging: (i) respiration-dependent modulation of mental health and cognition; (ii) respiratory rhythm generation and respiratory pontomedullary networks in the brainstem; (iii) respiration-dependent effects on specific brainstem regions and functional neural networks (e.g., glutamatergic PreBötzinger complex neurons, GABAergic parafacial neurons, adrenergic C1 neurons, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, temporoparietal junction, default-mode network, ventral attention network, and cingulo-opercular salience network); and (iv) a potential application of breathing manipulation in mental health care. These outlines and considerations of "brain-breath" interactions lead to a better understanding of the interoceptive and cognitive mechanisms that underlie brain-body interactions in health conditions and in stress-related and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu H Nakamura
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oku
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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10
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Carey H, Pegios M, Martin L, Saleeba C, Turner AJ, Everett NA, Bjerke IE, Puchades MA, Bjaalie JG, McMullan S. DeepSlice: rapid fully automatic registration of mouse brain imaging to a volumetric atlas. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5884. [PMID: 37735467 PMCID: PMC10514056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Registration of data to a common frame of reference is an essential step in the analysis and integration of diverse neuroscientific data. To this end, volumetric brain atlases enable histological datasets to be spatially registered and analyzed, yet accurate registration remains expertise-dependent and slow. In order to address this limitation, we have trained a neural network, DeepSlice, to register mouse brain histological images to the Allen Brain Common Coordinate Framework, retaining registration accuracy while improving speed by >1000 fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Carey
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, NSW, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Pegios
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Chris Saleeba
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita J Turner
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ingvild E Bjerke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon McMullan
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Oliveira LM, Severs L, Moreira TS, Ramirez JM, Takakura AC. Ampakine CX614 increases respiratory rate in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2023; 1815:148448. [PMID: 37301422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNpc). In a mouse model of PD induced by the injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the caudate putamen (CPu) dyspnea events are very common. Neuroanatomical and functional studies show that the number of glutamatergic neurons in the pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) are reduced. We hypothesize that the neuronal loss, and consequently loss of glutamatergic connections in the respiratory network previously investigated, are responsible for the breathing impairment in PD. Here, we tested whether ampakines (CX614), a subgroup of AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators, could stimulate the respiratory activity in PD-induced animals. CX614 (50 µM) injected intraperitoneally or directly into the preBötC region reduced the irregularity pattern and increased the respiratory rate by 37% or 82%, respectively, in PD-induced animals. CX614 also increased the respiratory frequency in healthy animals. These data suggest that ampakine CX614 could become a tool to restore breathing in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB10, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Liza Severs
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB10, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, 05508, Brazil
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB10, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB10, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB10, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil.
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12
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Huff A, Karlen-Amarante M, Oliveira LM, Ramirez JM. Role of the postinspiratory complex in regulating swallow-breathing coordination and other laryngeal behaviors. eLife 2023; 12:e86103. [PMID: 37272425 PMCID: PMC10264072 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing needs to be tightly coordinated with upper airway behaviors, such as swallowing. Discoordination leads to aspiration pneumonia, the leading cause of death in neurodegenerative disease. Here, we study the role of the postinspiratory complex (PiCo) in coordinating breathing and swallowing. Using optogenetic approaches in freely breathing anesthetized ChATcre:Ai32, Vglut2cre:Ai32 and intersectional recombination of ChATcre:Vglut2FlpO:ChR2 mice reveals PiCo mediates airway protective behaviors. Activation of PiCo during inspiration or the beginning of postinspiration triggers swallow behavior in an all-or-nothing manner, while there is a higher probability for stimulating only laryngeal activation when activated further into expiration. Laryngeal activation is dependent on stimulation duration. Sufficient bilateral PiCo activation is necessary for preserving the physiological swallow motor sequence since activation of only a few PiCo neurons or unilateral activation leads to blurred upper airway behavioral responses. We believe PiCo acts as an interface between the swallow pattern generator and the preBötzinger complex to coordinate swallow and breathing. Investigating PiCo's role in swallow and laryngeal coordination will aid in understanding discoordination with breathing in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Huff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
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13
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Bateman JT, Saunders SE, Levitt ES. Understanding and countering opioid-induced respiratory depression. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:813-828. [PMID: 34089181 PMCID: PMC8997313 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression is the proximal cause of death in opioid overdose, yet the mechanisms underlying this potentially fatal outcome are not well understood. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression, which could lead to improved therapeutic options to counter opioid overdose, as well as other detrimental effects of opioids on breathing. The development of tolerance in the respiratory system is also discussed, as are differences in the degree of respiratory depression caused by various opioid agonists. Finally, potential future therapeutic agents aimed at reversing or avoiding opioid-induced respiratory depression through non-opioid receptor targets are in development and could provide certain advantages over naloxone. By providing an overview of mechanisms and effects of opioids in the respiratory network, this review will benefit future research on countering opioid-induced respiratory depression. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Bateman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sandy E Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erica S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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14
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Santana Maldonado CM, Kim DS, Purnell B, Li R, Buchanan GF, Smith J, Thedens DR, Gauger P, Rumbeiha WK. Acute hydrogen sulfide-induced neurochemical and morphological changes in the brainstem. Toxicology 2023; 485:153424. [PMID: 36610655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxin affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems. Acute H2S exposure is associated with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. The precise pathophysiology of H2S-induced death is a controversial topic; however, inhibition of the respiratory center in the brainstem is commonly cited as a cause of death. There is a knowledge gap on toxicity and toxic mechanisms of acute H2S poisoning on the brainstem, a brain region responsible for regulating many reflective and vital functions. Serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) play a role in maintaining a normal stable respiratory rhythmicity. We hypothesized that the inhibitory respiratory effects of H2S poisoning are mediated by 5-HT in the respiratory center of the brainstem. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed once to an LCt50 concentration of H2S (1000 ppm). Batches of surviving mice were euthanized at 5 min, 2 h, 12 h, 24 h, 72 h, and on day 7 post-exposure. Pulmonary function, vigilance state, and mortality were monitored during exposure. The brainstem was analyzed for DA, 3,4-dehydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleatic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE), GABA, glutamate, and glycine using HPLC. Enzymatic activities of monoamine oxidases (MAO) were also measured in the brainstem using commercial kits. Neurodegeneration was assessed using immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging. Results showed that DA and DOPAC were significantly increased at 5 min post H2S exposure. However, by 2 h DA returned to normal. Activities of MAO were significantly increased at 5 min and 2 h post-exposure. In contrast, NE was significantly decreased at 5 min and 2 h post-exposure. Glutamate was overly sensitive to H2S-induced toxicity manifesting a time-dependent concentration reduction throughout the 7 day duration of the study. Remarkably, there were no changes in 5-HT, 5-HIAA, glycine, or GABA concentrations. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was inhibited but recovered by 24 h. Neurodegeneration was observed starting at 72 h post H2S exposure in select brainstem regions. We conclude that acute H2S exposure causes differential effects on brainstem neurotransmitters. H2S also induces neurodegeneration and biochemical changes in the brainstem. Additional work is needed to fully understand the implications of both the short- and long-term effects of acute H2S poisoning on vital functions regulated by the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Santana Maldonado
- Veterinary Diagnostic Production and Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Benton Purnell
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Gordon F Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jodi Smith
- Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Daniel R Thedens
- Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Production and Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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Huff A, Karlen-Amarante M, Oliveira LM, Ramirez JM. Postinspiratory complex acts as a gating mechanism regulating swallow-breathing coordination and other laryngeal behaviors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524513. [PMID: 36712111 PMCID: PMC9882227 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breathing needs to be tightly coordinated with upper airway behaviors, such as swallowing. Discoordination leads to aspiration pneumonia, the leading cause of death in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we study the role of the postinspiratory complex, (PiCo) in coordinating breathing and swallowing. Using optogenetic approaches in freely breathing-anesthetized ChATcre, Vglut2cre and co-transmission of ChATcre/Vglut2FlpO mice reveals this small brainstem microcircuit acts as a central gating mechanism for airway protective behaviors. Activation of PiCo during inspiration or the beginning of postinspiration triggers swallow behavior, while there is a higher probability for stimulating laryngeal activation when activated further into expiration, suggesting PiCo's role in swallow-breathing coordination. PiCo triggers consistent swallow behavior and preserves physiologic swallow motor sequence, while stimulates laryngeal activation variable to stimulation duration. Sufficient bilateral PiCo activation is necessary for gating function since activation of only a few PiCo neurons or unilateral activation leads to blurred behavioral response. Viral tracing experiments reveal projections from the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS), the presumed swallow pattern generator (SPG), to PiCo and vice versa. However, PiCo does not directly connect to laryngeal muscles. Investigating PiCo's role in swallow and laryngeal coordination will aid in understanding discoordination in breathing and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Huff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Luiz Marcelo Oliveira
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Jan Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA, 98108
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17
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Rhythmic firing of neurons in the medulla of conscious freely behaving rats: rhythmic coupling with baroreceptor input. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:77-87. [PMID: 35396959 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations emphasized the importance of neural control of cardiovascular adjustments in complex behaviors, including stress, exercise, arousal, sleep-wake states, and different tasks. Baroreceptor feedback is an essential component of this system acting on different time scales from maintaining stable levels of cardiovascular parameters on the long-term to rapid alterations according to behavior. The baroreceptor input is essentially rhythmic, reflecting periodic fluctuations in arterial blood pressure. Cardiac rhythm is a prominent feature of the autonomic control system, present on different levels, including neuron activity in central circuits. The mechanism of rhythmic entrainment of neuron firing by the baroreceptor input was studied in great detail under anesthesia, but recordings of sympathetic-related neuron firing in freely moving animals remain extremely scarce. In this study, we recorded multiple single neuron activity in the reticular formation of the medulla in freely moving rats during natural behavior. Neurons firing in synchrony with the cardiac rhythm were detected in each experiment (n = 4). In agreement with prior observations in anesthetized cats, we found that neurons in this area exhibited high neuron-to-neuron variability and temporal flexibility in their coupling to cardiac rhythm in freely moving rats, as well. This included firing in bursts at multiples of cardiac cycles, but not directly coupled to the heartbeat, supporting the concept of baroreceptor input entraining intrinsic neural oscillations rather than imposing a rhythm of solely external origin on these networks. It may also point to a mechanism of maintaining the basic characteristics of sympathetic neuron activity, i.e., burst discharge and cardiac-related rhythmicity, on the background of behavior-related adjustments in their firing rate.
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18
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Pitts T, Iceman KE. Deglutition and the Regulation of the Swallow Motor Pattern. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 35998250 PMCID: PMC9707372 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite centuries of investigation, questions and controversies remain regarding the fundamental genesis and motor pattern of swallow. Two significant topics include inspiratory muscle activity during swallow (Schluckatmung, i.e., "swallow-breath") and anatomical boundaries of the swallow pattern generator. We discuss the long history of reports regarding the presence or absence of Schluckatmung and the possible advantages of and neural basis for such activity, leading to current theories and novel experimental directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pitts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kimberly E Iceman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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19
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Takemura A, Sugiyama Y, Yamamoto R, Kinoshita S, Kaneko M, Fuse S, Hashimoto K, Mukudai S, Umezaki T, Dutschmann M, Hirano S. Effect of pharmacological inhibition of the pontine respiratory group on swallowing interneurons in the dorsal medulla oblongata. Brain Res 2022; 1797:148101. [PMID: 36183794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the role of neurons of the pontine respiratory group (PRG) overlapping with the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the regulation of swallowing, we compared the activity of swallowing motor activities and interneuron discharge in the dorsal swallowing group in the medulla before and after pharmacological inhibition of the PRG. METHODS In 23 in situ perfused brainstem preparation of rats, we recorded the activities of the vagus (VNA), hypoglossal (HNA), and phrenic nerves (PNA), and swallowing interneurons of the dorsal medulla during fictive swallowing elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve or oral water injection. Subsequently, respiratory- and swallow-related motor activities and single unit cell discharge were assessed before and after local microinjection of the GABA-receptor agonist muscimol into the area of PRG ipsilateral to the recording sites of swallowing interneurons. RESULTS After muscimol injection, the amplitude and duration of swallow-related VNA bursts decreased to 71.3 ± 2.84 and 68.1 ± 2.76 % during electrically induced swallowing and VNA interburst intervals during repetitive swallowing decreased. Similar effects were observed for swallowing-related HNA. The swallowing motor activity was similarly qualitatively altered during physiologically induced swallowing. All 23 neurons were changed in either discharge duration or frequency after PRG inhibition, however, the general discharge patterns in relation to the motor output remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Descending synaptic inputs from PRG provide control of the primary laryngeal sensory gate and synaptic activity of the PRG partially determine medullary cell and cranial motor nerve activities that govern the pharyngeal stage of swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Takemura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Ryota Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-5852, Japan
| | - Shota Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mami Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Fuse
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Hashimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Mukudai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Umezaki
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, and the Voice and Swallowing Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11, Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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20
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Liu QQ, Cheng YX, Jing Q, Zhang KM, Ding LF, Fan XW, Jia CH, Xu F, Bi GQ, Lau PM. Preferential subcortical collateral projections of pedunculopontine nucleus-targeting cortical pyramidal neurons revealed by brain-wide single fiber tracing. Mol Brain 2022; 15:88. [PMID: 36309684 PMCID: PMC9618196 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a heterogeneous midbrain structure involved in various brain functions, such as motor control, learning, reward, and sleep. Previous studies using conventional tracers have shown that the PPN receives extensive afferent inputs from various cortical areas. To examine how these cortical axons make collateral projections to other subcortical areas, we used a dual-viral injection strategy to sparsely label PPN-targeting cortical pyramidal neurons in CaMKIIα-Cre transgenic mice. Using a high-speed volumetric imaging with on-the-fly-scan and Readout (VISoR) technique, we visualized brain-wide axonal projections of individual PPN-targeting neurons from several cortical areas, including the prelimbic region (PL), anterior cingulate area (ACA) and secondary motor cortex (MOs). We found that each PPN-projecting neuron had a unique profile of collateralization, with some subcortical areas being preferential targets. In particular, PPN-projecting neurons from all three traced cortical areas exhibited common preferential collateralization to several nuclei, with most neurons targeting the striatum (STR), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and periaqueductal gray (PAG), and a substantial portion of neurons also targeting the zona incerta (ZI), median raphe nucleus (MRN) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Meanwhile, very specific collateralization patterns were found for other nuclei, including the intermediate reticular nucleus (IRN), parvicellular reticular nucleus (PARN) and gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN), which receive collateral inputs almost exclusively from the MOs. These observations provide potential anatomical mechanisms for cortical neurons to coordinate the PPN with other subcortical areas in performing different physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiong Liu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Yu-Xiao Cheng
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Qi Jing
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Lu-Feng Ding
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Wei Fan
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Chun-Hui Jia
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Fang Xu
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China ,grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Pak-Ming Lau
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China ,grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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21
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Souza GMPR, Stornetta DS, Vitali AJ, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Campbell JN, Abbott SBG. Chemogenetic activation of noradrenergic A5 neurons increases blood pressure and visceral sympathetic activity in adult rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R512-R531. [PMID: 35993562 PMCID: PMC9602699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00119.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the pontine noradrenergic system influences nearly every aspect of central nervous system function. A subpopulation of pontine noradrenergic neurons, called A5, are thought to be important in the cardiovascular response to physical stressors, yet their function is poorly defined. We hypothesized that activation of A5 neurons drives a sympathetically mediated increase in blood pressure (BP). To test this hypothesis, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the cardiovascular effects of chemogenetic stimulation of A5 neurons in male and female adult rats using intersectional genetic and anatomical targeting approaches. Chemogenetic stimulation of A5 neurons in freely behaving rats elevated BP by 15 mmHg and increased cardiac baroreflex sensitivity with a negligible effect on resting HR. Importantly, A5 stimulation had no detectable effect on locomotor activity, metabolic rate, or respiration. Under anesthesia, stimulation of A5 neurons produced a marked elevation in visceral sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and no change in skeletal muscle SNA, showing that A5 neurons preferentially stimulate visceral SNA. Interestingly, projection mapping indicates that A5 neurons target sympathetic preganglionic neurons throughout the spinal cord and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons throughout in the brainstem, as well as the nucleus of the solitary tract, and ventrolateral medulla. Moreover, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry indicate that a subpopulation of A5 neurons coreleases glutamate and monoamines. Collectively, this study suggests A5 neurons are a central modulator of autonomic function with a potentially important role in sympathetically driven redistribution of blood flow from the visceral circulation to critical organs and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M P R Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Daniel S Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Alexander J Vitali
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns U Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John N Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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22
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Abstract
Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the breathing central pattern generator (bCPG), that exhibits diverse operational modes to regulate gas exchange and coordinate breathing with an array of behaviors. In this review, we focus on selected advances in our understanding of the bCPG. At the core of the bCPG is the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), which drives inspiratory rhythm via an unexpectedly sophisticated emergent mechanism. Synchronization dynamics underlying preBötC rhythmogenesis imbue the system with robustness and lability. These dynamics are modulated by inputs from throughout the brain and generate rhythmic, patterned activity that is widely distributed. The connectivity and an emerging literature support a link between breathing, emotion, and cognition that is becoming experimentally tractable. These advances bring great potential for elucidating function and dysfunction in breathing and other mammalian neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan Ashhad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Kaiwen Kam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jack L Feldman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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23
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Wei XP, Collie M, Dempsey B, Fortin G, Yackle K. A novel reticular node in the brainstem synchronizes neonatal mouse crying with breathing. Neuron 2022; 110:644-657.e6. [PMID: 34998469 PMCID: PMC8857054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human speech can be divided into short, rhythmically timed elements, similar to syllables within words. Even our cries and laughs, as well as the vocalizations of other species, are periodic. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the tempo of mammalian vocalizations remain unknown. Furthermore, even the core cells that produce vocalizations remain ill-defined. Here, we describe rhythmically timed neonatal mouse vocalizations that occur within single breaths and identify a brainstem node that is necessary for and sufficient to structure these cries, which we name the intermediate reticular oscillator (iRO). We show that the iRO acts autonomously and sends direct inputs to key muscles and the respiratory rhythm generator in order to coordinate neonatal vocalizations with breathing, as well as paces and patterns these cries. These results reveal that a novel mammalian brainstem oscillator embedded within the conserved breathing circuitry plays a central role in the production of neonatal vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Paul Wei
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Collie
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bowen Dempsey
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Yackle
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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24
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Patterns of cardio-respiratory motor outputs during acute and subacute exposure to chlorpyrifos in an ex-vivo in situ preparation in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115862. [PMID: 34998853 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While a considerable body of literature has characterized the clinical features induced by organophosphate pesticides, the field lacks scrutiny into cardio-respiratory changes in different phases of poisoning. Herein, we evaluated the impact of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its active metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) on the cardiorespiratory system during acute and subacute phases of poisoning using an in situ experimental rodent model. CPF (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to rats beforehand (24 h) whereas CPO (15 mg/kg) was added into the perfusate reservoir to evaluate the effects on the motor outputs throughout the three phases of the respiratory cycle: inspiration, post-inspiration and late expiration. Phrenic, recurrent laryngeal (RLN) and thoracic sympathetic nerve activity (tSNA) were recorded. Heart rate was derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the baro- and chemo-reflexes tested. CPF and CPO led to a time-dependent change in cardiorespiratory motor outputs. In the acute phase, the CPO induced bradypnea, transiently reduced the inspiratory time (TI), and increased the amplitude of phrenic. Post-inspiratory (PI) discharge recorded from the RLN was progressively reduced while tSNA was increased. CPO significantly depressed the chemoreflex but had no effect on baroreflex. During subacute phase, CPF prolongated TI with no effect on respiratory rate. Both the RLN PI discharge, the chemoreflex and the baroreflex sympathetic gain were reduced. In addition, both CPF and CPO shifted the cardiac sympatho-vagal balance towards sympathetic dominance. Our data show that different phases of poisoning are associated with specific changes in the cardio-respiratory system and might therefore demand distinct approaches by health care providers.
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25
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Smith JC. Respiratory rhythm and pattern generation: Brainstem cellular and circuit mechanisms. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 188:1-35. [PMID: 35965022 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breathing movements in mammals are driven by rhythmic neural activity automatically generated within spatially and functionally organized brainstem neural circuits comprising the respiratory central pattern generator (CPG). This chapter reviews up-to-date experimental information and theoretical studies of the cellular and circuit mechanisms of respiratory rhythm and pattern generation operating within critical components of this CPG in the lower brainstem. Over the past several decades, there have been substantial advances in delineating the spatial architecture of essential medullary regions and their regional cellular and circuit properties required to understand rhythm and pattern generation mechanisms. A fundamental concept is that the circuits in these regions have rhythm-generating capabilities at multiple cellular and circuit organization levels. The regional cellular properties, circuit organization, and control mechanisms allow flexible expression of neural activity patterns for a repertoire of respiratory behaviors under various physiologic conditions that are dictated by requirements for homeostatic regulation and behavioral integration. Many mechanistic insights have been provided by computational modeling studies driven by experimental results and have advanced understanding in the field. These conceptual and theoretical developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Smith
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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26
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Abstract
Much of biology is rhythmical and comprises oscillators that can couple. These have optimized energy efficiency and have been preserved during evolution. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems contain numerous oscillators, and importantly, they couple. This coupling is dynamic but essential for an efficient transmission of neural information critical for the precise linking of breathing and oxygen delivery while permitting adaptive responses to changes in state. The respiratory pattern generator and the neural network responsible for sympathetic and cardiovagal (parasympathetic) tone generation interact at many levels ensuring that cardiac output and regional blood flow match oxygen delivery to the lungs and tissues efficiently. The most classic manifestations of these interactions are respiratory sinus arrhythmia and the respiratory modulation of sympathetic nerve activity. These interactions derive from shared somatic and cardiopulmonary afferent inputs, reciprocal interactions between brainstem networks and inputs from supra-pontine regions. Disrupted respiratory-cardiovascular coupling can result in disease, where it may further the pathophysiological sequelae and be a harbinger of poor outcomes. This has been well documented by diminished respiratory sinus arrhythmia and altered respiratory sympathetic coupling in animal models and/or patients with myocardial infarction, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and neurological disorders as stroke, brain trauma, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy. Future research needs to assess the therapeutic potential for ameliorating respiratory-cardiovascular coupling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Fisher
- Manaaki Manawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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27
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Yamamoto R, Sugiyama Y, Hashimoto K, Kinoshita S, Takemura A, Fuse S, Kaneko M, Mukudai S, Umezaki T, Dutschmann M, Nakagawa T, Hirano S. Firing characteristics of swallowing interneurons in the dorsal medulla during physiologically induced swallowing in perfused brainstem preparation in rats. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:64-77. [PMID: 34808248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal swallowing is centrally mediated by a swallowing central pattern generator (Sw-CPG) in the medulla oblongata. The activity of the Sw-CPG depends on the sensory inputs determined by physical and chemical bolus properties. Here we investigate the sensory-motor integration during swallowing arising from different sensory sources. To do so we electrically stimulated the superior laryngeal nerve and we triggered swallowing with oral injections of distilled water or capsaicin solution and extracellularly recorded from swallowing interneurons in arterially perfused brainstem preparations of rats. We recorded the activities of 40 neurons, while monitoring the motor activities of the phrenic, vagal and hypoglossal nerves. Eighteen neurons responded to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral superior laryngeal nerve, and 6 neurons were excited by oral fluid injection, while 16 non-respiratory neurons did not receive afferent inputs to either electrical or physiological stimuli. The cellular activities displayed by swallowing interneurons during electrical and physiological stimulation of pharyngeal and laryngeal afferent input reveal complex adaptations of the timing of firing patterns and frequencies. The modulation of neuronal activity is likely to contribute to the coordination of efficient bolus transfer during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-5852, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Keiko Hashimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shota Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Akiyo Takemura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Fuse
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mami Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Mukudai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Umezaki
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, and the Voice and Swallowing Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, 814-0001, Japan
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11, Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-5852, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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28
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Oliveira LM, Takakura AC, Moreira TS. Forebrain and Hindbrain Projecting-neurons Target the Post-inspiratory Complex Cholinergic Neurons. Neuroscience 2021; 476:102-115. [PMID: 34582982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The postinspiratory complex (PiCo) is a region located in the ventromedial medulla involved with the post-inspiratory activity. PiCo neurons are excitatory (VGlut2+) and express the enzyme choline acetyl transferase (ChAT+). Evidence also suggests that PiCo is coupled to two additional groups of neurons involved in breathing process, i.e. the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC, inspiration) and the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN, active expiration), composing all together, the hypothesized triple respiratory oscillator. Here, our main objective is to demonstrate the afferent connections to PiCo region. We mapped projecting-neurons to PiCo by injecting Fluorogold (FG) retrograde tracer into the PiCo of adult Long-Evans Chat-cre male rats. We reported extensive projections from periaqueductal grey matter and Kölliker-Fuse regions and mild projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla and hypothalamus. We also injected a cre-dependent vector expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (AAV5-ChR2) fused with enhanced mCherry into the PiCo of ChAT-cre rats to optogenetic activate those neurons and investigate the role of PiCo for inspiratory/postinspiratory activity. Both in urethane-anesthetized and unrestrained conscious rats the response of ChR2-transduced neurons to light induced an increase in postinspiratory activity. Our data confirmed that PiCo seems to be dedicated to postinspiratory activity and represent a site of integration for autonomic and motor components of respiratory and non-respiratory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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29
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The lamprey respiratory network: Some evolutionary aspects. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103766. [PMID: 34329767 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a complex behaviour that involves rhythm generating networks. In this review, we examine the main characteristics of respiratory rhythm generation in vertebrates and, in particular, we describe the main results of our studies on the role of neural mechanisms involved in the neuromodulation of the lamprey respiration. The lamprey respiratory rhythm generator is located in the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG) and shows similarities with the mammalian preBötzinger complex. In fact, within the pTRG a major role is played by glutamate, but also GABA and glycine display important contributions. In addition, neuromodulatory influences are exerted by opioids, substance P, acetylcholine and serotonin. Both structures respond to exogenous ATP with a biphasic response and astrocytes there located strongly contribute to the modulation of the respiratory pattern. The results emphasize that some important characteristics of the respiratory rhythm generating network are, to a great extent, maintained throughout evolution.
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30
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Astrocytic contribution to glutamate-related central respiratory chemoreception in vertebrates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103744. [PMID: 34302992 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Central respiratory chemoreceptors play a key role in the respiratory homeostasis by sensing CO2 and H+ in brain and activating the respiratory neural network. This ability of specific brain regions to respond to acidosis and hypercapnia is based on neuronal and glial mechanisms. Several decades ago, glutamatergic transmission was proposed to be involved as a main mechanism in central chemoreception. However, a complete identification of mechanism has been elusive. At the rostral medulla, chemosensitive neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) are glutamatergic and they are stimulated by ATP released by RTN astrocytes in response to hypercapnia. In addition, recent findings show that caudal medullary astrocytes in brainstem can also contribute as CO2 and H+ sensors that release D-serine and glutamate, both gliotransmitters able to activate the respiratory neural network. In this review, we describe the mammalian astrocytic glutamatergic contribution to the central respiratory chemoreception trying to trace in vertebrates the emergence of several components involved in this process.
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31
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Cinelli E, Mutolo D, Pantaleo T, Bongianni F. Neural mechanisms underlying respiratory regulation within the preBötzinger complex of the rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 293:103736. [PMID: 34224867 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preBötzinger complex (preBötC) is a medullary area essential for normal breathing and widely recognized as necessary and sufficient to generate the inspiratory phase of respiration. It has been studied mainly in rodents. Here we report the main results of our studies revealing the characteristics of the rabbit preBötC identified by means of neuronal recordings, D,L-homocysteic acid microinjections and histological controls. A crucial role in the respiratory rhythmogenesis within this neural substrate is played by excitatory amino acids, but also GABA and glycine display important contributions. Increases in respiratory frequency are induced by microinjections of neurokinins, somatostatin as well by serotonin (5-HT) through an action on 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors or the disinhibition of a GABAergic circuit. Respiratory depression is observed in response to microinjections of the μ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO. Our results show similarities and differences with the rodent preBötC and emphasize the importance of comparative studies on the mechanisms underlying respiratory rhythmogenesis in different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenia Cinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Donatella Mutolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Tito Pantaleo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bongianni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, Firenze, 50134, Italy.
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32
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Boyadzhieva A, Kayhan E. Keeping the Breath in Mind: Respiration, Neural Oscillations, and the Free Energy Principle. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:647579. [PMID: 34267621 PMCID: PMC8275985 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific interest in the brain and body interactions has been surging in recent years. One fundamental yet underexplored aspect of brain and body interactions is the link between the respiratory and the nervous systems. In this article, we give an overview of the emerging literature on how respiration modulates neural, cognitive and emotional processes. Moreover, we present a perspective linking respiration to the free-energy principle. We frame volitional modulation of the breath as an active inference mechanism in which sensory evidence is recontextualized to alter interoceptive models. We further propose that respiration-entrained gamma oscillations may reflect the propagation of prediction errors from the sensory level up to cortical regions in order to alter higher level predictions. Accordingly, controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezgi Kayhan
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Oliveira LM, Baertsch NA, Moreira TS, Ramirez JM, Takakura AC. Unraveling the Mechanisms Underlying Irregularities in Inspiratory Rhythm Generation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4732-4747. [PMID: 33863785 PMCID: PMC8260248 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2114-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder anatomically characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNpc). Much less known, yet clinically very important, are the detrimental effects on breathing associated with this disease. Consistent with the human pathophysiology, the 6-hydroxydopamine hydrochloride (6-OHDA) rodent model of PD shows reduced respiratory frequency (fR) and NK1r-immunoreactivity in the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) and PHOX2B+ neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). To unravel mechanisms that underlie bradypnea in PD, we employed a transgenic approach to label or stimulate specific neuron populations in various respiratory-related brainstem regions. PD mice were characterized by a pronounced decreased number of putatively rhythmically active excitatory neurons in the preBötC and adjacent ventral respiratory column (VRC). Specifically, the number of Dbx1 and Vglut2 neurons was reduced by 47.6% and 17.3%, respectively. By contrast, inhibitory Vgat+ neurons in the VRC, as well as neurons in other respiratory-related brainstem regions, showed relatively minimal or no signs of neuronal loss. Consistent with these anatomic observations, optogenetic experiments identified deficits in respiratory function that were specific to manipulations of excitatory (Dbx1/Vglut2) neurons in the preBötC. We conclude that the decreased number of this critical population of respiratory neurons is an important contributor to the development of irregularities in inspiratory rhythm generation in this mouse model of PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We found a decreased number of a specific population of medullary neurons which contributes to breathing abnormalities in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
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34
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Saha M, Sun QJ, Hildreth CM, Burke PGR, Phillips JK. Augmented Respiratory-Sympathetic Coupling and Hemodynamic Response to Acute Mild Hypoxia in Female Rodents With Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623599. [PMID: 34113258 PMCID: PMC8185289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid body feedback and hypoxia may serve to enhance respiratory–sympathetic nerve coupling (respSNA) and act as a driver of increased blood pressure. Using the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat model of chronic kidney disease, we examined respSNA in adult female rodents with CKD and their response to acute hypoxia or hypercapnia compared to Lewis control animals. Under urethane anesthesia, phrenic nerve activity, splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (sSNA), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (rSNA) were recorded under baseline conditions and during mild hypoxic or hypercapnic challenges. At baseline, tonic SNA and blood pressure were greater in female LPK rats versus Lewis rats (all P < 0.05) and respSNA was at least two-fold larger [area under the curve (AUC), sSNA: 7.8 ± 1.1 vs. 3.4 ± 0.7 μV s, rSNA: 11.5 ± 3 vs. 4.8 ± 0.7 μV s, LPK vs. Lewis, both P < 0.05]. Mild hypoxia produced a larger pressure response in LPK [Δ mean arterial pressure (MAP) 30 ± 6 vs. 12 ± 6 mmHg] and augmented respSNA (ΔAUC, sSNA: 8.9 ± 3.4 vs. 2 ± 0.7 μV s, rSNA: 6.1 ± 1.2 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7 μV s, LPK vs. Lewis, all P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, central chemoreceptor stimulation produced comparable changes in blood pressure and respSNA (ΔMAP 13 ± 3 vs. 9 ± 5 mmHg; respSNA ΔAUC, sSNA: 2.5 ± 1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.7 μV s, rSNA: 4.2 ± 0.9 vs. 3.5 ± 1.4 μV s, LPK vs. Lewis, all P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that female rats with CKD exhibit heightened respSNA coupling at baseline that is further augmented by mild hypoxia, and not by hypercapnia. This mechanism may be a contributing driver of hypertension in this animal model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Saha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, National Institute of Kidney Disease and Urology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Graduate School of Medicine, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Qi-Jian Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cara M Hildreth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G R Burke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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35
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Takakura AC, Malheiros-Lima MR, Moreira TS. Excitatory and inhibitory modulation of parafacial respiratory neurons in the control of active expiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 289:103657. [PMID: 33781931 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase ventilation, the respiratory system engages active expiration through recruitment of abdominal muscles. Here, we reviewed the new advances in the modulation of parafacial respiratory (pF) region to trigger active expiration. In addition, we also made a comprehensive discussion of experiments indicating that the lateral aspect of the pF (pFL) is anatomically and functionally distinct from the adjacent and partially overlapping chemosensitive neurons of the ventral aspect of the pF (pFV) also named the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Recent evidence suggest a complex network responsible for the generation of active expiration and neuromodulatory systems that influence its activity. The activity of the pFL is tonically inhibited by inhibitory inputs and also receives excitatory inputs from chemoreceptors (central x peripheral) as well as from catecholaminergic C1 neurons. Therefore, the modulatory inputs and the physiological conditions under which these mechanisms are used to recruit active expiration and increase ventilation need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Milene R Malheiros-Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Pitts T, Huff A, Reed M, Iceman K, Mellen N. Evidence of intermediate reticular formation involvement in swallow pattern generation, recorded optically in the neonate rat sagittally sectioned hindbrain. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:993-1005. [PMID: 33566745 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00623.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swallow is a primitive behavior regulated by medullary networks, responsible for movement of food/liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus. To investigate how functionally heterogeneous networks along the medullary intermediate reticular formation (IRt) and ventral respiratory column (VRC) control swallow, we electrically stimulated the nucleus tractus solitarius to induce fictive swallow between inspiratory bursts, with concurrent optical recordings using a synthetic Ca2+ indicator in the neonatal sagittally sectioned rat hindbrain (SSRH) preparation. Simultaneous recordings from hypoglossal nerve rootlet (XIIn) and ventral cervical spinal root C1-C2 enabled identification of the system-level correlates of 1) swallow (identified as activation of the XIIn but not the cervical root) and 2) Breuer-Hering expiratory reflex (BHE; lengthened expiration in response to stimuli during expiration). Optical recording revealed reconfiguration of respiration-modulated networks in the ventrolateral medulla during swallow and the BHE reflex. Recordings identified novel spatially compact networks in the IRt near the facial nucleus (VIIn) that were active during fictive swallow, suggesting that the swallow network is not restricted to the caudal medulla. These findings also establish the utility of using this in vitro preparation to investigate how functionally heterogeneous medullary networks interact and reconfigure to enable a repertoire of orofacial behaviors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, medullary networks that control breathing and swallow are recorded optically. Episodic swallows are induced via electrical stimulation along the dorsal medulla, in and near the NTS, during spontaneously occurring fictive respiration. These findings establish that networks regulating both orofacial behaviors and breathing are accessible for optical recording at the surface of the sagittally sectioned rodent hindbrain preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pitts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Alyssa Huff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mitchell Reed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kimberly Iceman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas Mellen
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Dhingra RR, Furuya WI, Dick TE, Dutschmann M. Response to: The post-inspiratory complex (PiCo), what is the evidence? J Physiol 2020; 599:361-362. [PMID: 33197048 DOI: 10.1113/jp280958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Dhingra
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Werner I Furuya
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas E Dick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Hülsmann S. The post‐inspiratory complex (PiCo), what is the evidence? J Physiol 2020; 599:357-359. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swen Hülsmann
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Klinik für Anästhesiologie Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen Germany
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Cinelli E, Bongianni F, Pantaleo T, Mutolo D. Activation of μ-opioid receptors differentially affects the preBötzinger Complex and neighbouring regions of the respiratory network in the adult rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 280:103482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Menuet C, Connelly AA, Bassi JK, Melo MR, Le S, Kamar J, Kumar NN, McDougall SJ, McMullan S, Allen AM. PreBötzinger complex neurons drive respiratory modulation of blood pressure and heart rate. eLife 2020; 9:57288. [PMID: 32538785 PMCID: PMC7326498 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate and blood pressure oscillate in phase with respiratory activity. A component of these oscillations is generated centrally, with respiratory neurons entraining the activity of pre-sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular neurons. Using a combination of optogenetic inhibition and excitation in vivo and in situ in rats, as well as neuronal tracing, we demonstrate that preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) neurons, which form the kernel for inspiratory rhythm generation, directly modulate cardiovascular activity. Specifically, inhibitory preBötC neurons modulate cardiac parasympathetic neuron activity whilst excitatory preBötC neurons modulate sympathetic vasomotor neuron activity, generating heart rate and blood pressure oscillations in phase with respiration. Our data reveal yet more functions entrained to the activity of the preBötC, with a role in generating cardiorespiratory oscillations. The findings have implications for cardiovascular pathologies, such as hypertension and heart failure, where respiratory entrainment of heart rate is diminished and respiratory entrainment of blood pressure exaggerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Menuet
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, INMED UMR1249, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Angela A Connelly
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaspreet K Bassi
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariana R Melo
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheng Le
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Kamar
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha N Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDougall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon McMullan
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Nocturnal swallowing augments arousal intensity and arousal tachycardia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8624-8632. [PMID: 32229567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907393117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical arousal from sleep is associated with autonomic activation and acute increases in heart rate. Arousals vary considerably in their frequency, intensity/duration, and physiological effects. Sleep and arousability impact health acutely (daytime cognitive function) and long-term (cardiovascular outcomes). Yet factors that modify the arousal intensity and autonomic activity remain enigmatic. In this study of healthy human adults, we examined whether reflex airway defense mechanisms, specifically swallowing or glottic adduction, influenced cardiac autonomic activity and cortical arousal from sleep. We found, in all subjects, that swallows trigger rapid, robust, and patterned tachycardia conserved across wake, sleep, and arousal states. Tachycardia onset was temporally matched to glottic adduction-the first phase of swallow motor program. Multiple swallows increase the magnitude of tachycardia via temporal summation, and blood pressure increases as a function of the degree of tachycardia. During sleep, swallows were overwhelmingly associated with arousal. Critically, swallows were causally linked to the intense, prolonged cortical arousals and marked tachycardia. Arousal duration and tachycardia increased in parallel as a function of swallow incidence. Our findings suggest that cortical feedback and tachycardia are integrated responses of the swallow motor program. Our work highlights the functional influence of episodic, involuntary airway defense reflexes on sleep and vigilance and cardiovascular function in healthy individuals.
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Maric V, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Respiratory regulation & interactions with neuro-cognitive circuitry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:95-106. [PMID: 32027875 PMCID: PMC10092293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly being recognized that active control of breathing - a key aspect of ancient Vedic meditative practices, can relieve stress and anxiety and improve cognition. However, the underlying mechanisms of respiratory modulation of neurophysiology are just beginning to be elucidated. Research shows that brainstem circuits involved in the motor control of respiration receive input from and can directly modulate activity in subcortical circuits, affecting emotion and arousal. Meanwhile, brain regions involved in the sensory aspects of respiration, such as the olfactory bulb, are like-wise linked with wide-spread brain oscillations; and perturbing olfactory bulb activity can significantly affect both mood and cognition. Thus, via both motor and sensory pathways, there are clear mechanisms by which brain activity is entrained to the respiratory cycle. Here, we review evidence gathered across multiple species demonstrating the links between respiration, entrainment of brain activity and functional relevance for affecting mood and cognition. We also discuss further linkages with cardiac rhythms, and the potential translational implications for biorhythm monitoring and regulation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Maric
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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