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Targa Dias Anastacio H, Matosin N, Ooi L. Familial Alzheimer's Disease Neurons Bearing Mutations in PSEN1 Display Increased Calcium Responses to AMPA as an Early Calcium Dysregulation Phenotype. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:625. [PMID: 38792645 PMCID: PMC11123496 DOI: 10.3390/life14050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) can be caused by mutations in PSEN1 that encode presenilin-1, a component of the gamma-secretase complex that cleaves amyloid precursor protein. Alterations in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and glutamate signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of FAD; however, it has been difficult to assess in humans whether or not these phenotypes are the result of amyloid or tau pathology. This study aimed to assess the early calcium and glutamate phenotypes of FAD by measuring the Ca2+ response of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons bearing PSEN1 mutations to glutamate and the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists NMDA, AMPA, and kainate compared to isogenic control and healthy lines. The data show that in early neurons, even in the absence of amyloid and tau phenotypes, FAD neurons exhibit increased Ca2+ responses to glutamate and AMPA, but not NMDA or kainate. Together, this suggests that PSEN1 mutations alter Ca2+ and glutamate signaling as an early phenotype of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Targa Dias Anastacio
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Natalie Matosin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
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Ding Y, Luan W, Shen X, Wang Z, Cao Y. E2F1 Mediates Traumatic Brain Injury and Regulates BDNF-AS to Promote the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:17. [PMID: 38386202 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the important risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism by which TBI promotes the progression of AD is not elucidated. In this study, we showed that the abnormal production of E2F1 is a major factor in promoting the neuropathological and cognitive deterioration of AD post-TBI. We found that repeated mild TBI can aggravate the neuropathology of AD in APP/PS1 mice. At the same time, the co-expression of E2F1 and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) was upregulated when the mouse hippocampus was dissected. BACE1 is recognized as a rate-limiting enzyme for the production of Aβ. Here, we speculate that E2F1 may play a role in promoting BACE1 expression in AD. Therefore, we collected peripheral blood from patients with AD. Interestingly, there is a positive correlation between E2F1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-antisense (BDNF-AS), whereas BDNF-AS in AD can promote the expression of BACE1 and exhibit a neurotoxic effect. We established a cell model and found a regulatory relationship between E2F1 and BDNF-AS. Therefore, based on our results, we concluded that E2F1 regulates BDNF-AS, promotes the expression of BACE1, and affects the progression of AD. Furthermore, E2F1 mediates the TBI-induced neurotoxicity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (Changshu Hospital Nantong University), Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenkang Luan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Xuanlin Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (Changshu Hospital Nantong University), Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Medicine, JiangSu University, Zhenjiang , Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yongjun Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
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Mackiewicz J, Lisek M, Boczek T. Targeting CaN/NFAT in Alzheimer's brain degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281882. [PMID: 38077352 PMCID: PMC10701682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functions. While the exact causes of this debilitating disorder remain elusive, numerous investigations have characterized its two core pathologies: the presence of β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. Additionally, multiple studies of postmortem brain tissue, as well as results from AD preclinical models, have consistently demonstrated the presence of a sustained inflammatory response. As the persistent immune response is associated with neurodegeneration, it became clear that it may also exacerbate other AD pathologies, providing a link between the initial deposition of β-amyloid plaques and the later development of neurofibrillary tangles. Initially discovered in T cells, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is one of the main transcription factors driving the expression of inflammatory genes and thus regulating immune responses. NFAT-dependent production of inflammatory mediators is controlled by Ca2+-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN), which dephosphorylates NFAT and promotes its transcriptional activity. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated that aberrant CaN/NFAT signaling is linked to several pathologies observed in AD, including neuronal apoptosis, synaptic deficits, and glia activation. In view of this, the role of NFAT isoforms in AD has been linked to disease progression at different stages, some of which are paralleled to diminished cognitive status. The use of classical inhibitors of CaN/NFAT signaling, such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine, or adeno-associated viruses to specifically inhibit astrocytic NFAT activation, has alleviated some symptoms of AD by diminishing β-amyloid neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. In this article, we discuss the recent findings related to the contribution of CaN/NFAT signaling to the progression of AD and highlight the possible benefits of targeting this pathway in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Pinky, Neha, Ali M, Tiwari P, Alam MM, Hattiwale HM, Jamal A, Parvez S. Unravelling of molecular biomarkers in synaptic plasticity of Alzheimer's disease: Critical role of the restoration of neuronal circuits. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102069. [PMID: 37696304 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory storage are the fundamental activities of the brain. Aberrant expression of synaptic molecular markers has been linked to memory impairment in AD. Aging is one of the risk factors linked to gradual memory loss. It is estimated that approximately 13 million people worldwide will have AD by 2050. A massive amount of oxidative stress is kept under control by a complex network of antioxidants, which occasionally fails and results in neuronal oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that ROS may affect many pathological aspects of AD, including Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may collectively result in neurodegeneration in the brain. Further investigation into the relationship between oxidative stress and AD may provide an avenue for effective preservation and pharmacological treatment of this neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we briefly summarize the cellular mechanism underlying Aβ induced synaptic dysfunction. Since oxidative stress is common in the elderly and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, we also shed light on the role of antioxidant and inflammatory pathways in oxidative stress adaptation, which has a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Neha
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Mubashshir Ali
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Prachi Tiwari
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Nursing Sciences and Allied Health, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Haroonrashid M Hattiwale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Ueda S, Kuzuya A, Kawata M, Okawa K, Honjo C, Wada T, Matsumoto M, Goto K, Miyamoto M, Yonezawa A, Tanabe Y, Ikeda A, Kinoshita A, Takahashi R. Acute inhibition of AMPA receptors by perampanel reduces amyloid β-protein levels by suppressing β-cleavage of APP in Alzheimer's disease models. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23252. [PMID: 37850918 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300837r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal hyperexcitability is a promising therapeutic target to prevent Aβ deposition in AD since enhanced neuronal activity promotes presynaptic Aβ production and release. This article highlights the potential application of perampanel (PER), an AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist approved for partial seizures, as a therapeutic agent for AD. Using transgenic AD mice combined with in vivo brain microdialysis and primary neurons under oligomeric Aβ-evoked neuronal hyperexcitability, the acute effects of PER on Aβ metabolism were investigated. A single oral administration of PER rapidly decreased ISF Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in the hippocampus of J20, APP transgenic mice, without affecting the Aβ40 /Aβ42 ratio; 5 mg/kg PER resulted in declines of 20% and 31%, respectively. Moreover, PER-treated J20 manifested a marked decrease in hippocampal APP βCTF levels with increased FL-APP levels. Consistently, acute treatment of PER reduced sAPPβ levels, a direct byproduct of β-cleavage of APP, released to the medium in primary neuronal cultures under oligomeric Aβ-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. To further evaluate the effect of PER on ISF Aβ clearance, a γ-secretase inhibitor was administered to J20 1 h after PER treatment. PER did not influence the elimination of ISF Aβ, indicating that the acute effect of PER is predominantly on Aβ production. In conclusion, acute treatment of PER reduces Aβ production by suppressing β-cleavage of amyloid-β precursor protein effectively, indicating a potential effect of PER against Aβ pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiho Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kuzuya
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Okawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chika Honjo
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Wada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mizuki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Goto
- Department of Regulation of Neurocognitive Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Tanabe
- Department of Regulation of Neurocognitive Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayae Kinoshita
- School of Human Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Roselli S, Satir TM, Camacho R, Fruhwürth S, Bergström P, Zetterberg H, Agholme L. APP-BACE1 Interaction and Intracellular Localization Regulate Aβ Production in iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3653-3668. [PMID: 37355492 PMCID: PMC10477112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by amyloid β (Aβ)-containing plaques. Generation of Aβ from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two enzymes, β- and γ-secretase, has therefore been in the AD research spotlight for decades. Despite this, how the physical interaction of APP with the secretases influences APP processing is not fully understood. Herein, we compared two genetically identical human iPSC-derived neuronal cell types: low Aβ-secreting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and high Aβ-secreting mature neurons, as models of low versus high Aβ production. We investigated levels of substrate, enzymes and products of APP amyloidogenic processing and correlated them with the proximity of APP to β- and γ-secretase in endo-lysosomal organelles. In mature neurons, increased colocalization of full-length APP with the β-secretase BACE1 correlated with increased β-cleavage product sAPPβ. Increased flAPP/BACE1 colocalization was mainly found in early endosomes. In the same way, increased colocalization of APP-derived C-terminal fragment (CTF) with presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, was seen in neurons as compared to NPCs. Furthermore, most of the interaction of APP with BACE1 in low Aβ-secreting NPCs seemed to derive from CTF, the remaining APP part after BACE1 cleavage, indicating a possible novel product-enzyme inhibition. In conclusion, our results suggest that interaction of APP and APP cleavage products with their secretases can regulate Aβ production both positively and negatively. β- and γ-Secretases are difficult targets for AD treatment due to their ubiquitous nature and wide range of substrates. Therefore, targeting APP-secretase interactions could be a novel treatment strategy for AD. Colocalization of APP species with BACE1 in a novel model of low- versus high-Aβ secretion-Two genetically identical human iPSC-derived neuronal cell types: low Aβ-secreting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and high Aβ secreting mature neurons, were compared. Increased full-length APP (flAPP)/BACE1 colocalization in early endosomes was seen in neurons, while APP-CTF/BACE1 colocalization was much higher than flAPP/BACE1 colocalization in NPCs, although the cellular location was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Roselli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Tugce Munise Satir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rafael Camacho
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core Facilities, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Building V3, Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London Queen Square, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Units 1501-1502, 1512-1518, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Lotta Agholme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Yu SP, Jiang MQ, Shim SS, Pourkhodadad S, Wei L. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in acute and chronic excitotoxicity: implications for preventive treatments of ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 37400870 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are risk factors for each other; the comorbidity of these brain disorders in aging individuals represents a significant challenge in basic research and clinical practice. The similarities and differences between stroke and AD in terms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology, however, have rarely been comparably reviewed. Here, we discuss the research background and recent progresses that are important and informative for the comorbidity of stroke and late-onset AD and related dementia (ADRD). Glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity and NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx are essential for neuronal function and cell survival. An ischemic insult, however, can cause rapid increases in glutamate concentration and excessive activation of NMDARs, leading to swift Ca2+ overload in neuronal cells and acute excitotoxicity within hours and days. On the other hand, mild upregulation of NMDAR activity, commonly seen in AD animal models and patients, is not immediately cytotoxic. Sustained NMDAR hyperactivity and Ca2+ dysregulation lasting from months to years, nevertheless, can be pathogenic for slowly evolving events, i.e. degenerative excitotoxicity, in the development of AD/ADRD. Specifically, Ca2+ influx mediated by extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) and a downstream pathway mediated by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member (TRPM) are primarily responsible for excitotoxicity. On the other hand, the NMDAR subunit GluN3A plays a "gatekeeper" role in NMDAR activity and a neuroprotective role against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Thus, ischemic stroke and AD share an NMDAR- and Ca2+-mediated pathogenic mechanism that provides a common receptor target for preventive and possibly disease-modifying therapies. Memantine (MEM) preferentially blocks eNMDARs and was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for symptomatic treatment of moderate-to-severe AD with variable efficacy. According to the pathogenic role of eNMDARs, it is conceivable that MEM and other eNMDAR antagonists should be administered much earlier, preferably during the presymptomatic phases of AD/ADRD. This anti-AD treatment could simultaneously serve as a preconditioning strategy against stroke that attacks ≥ 50% of AD patients. Future research on the regulation of NMDARs, enduring control of eNMDARs, Ca2+ homeostasis, and downstream events will provide a promising opportunity to understand and treat the comorbidity of AD/ADRD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan P Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Seong S Shim
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Soheila Pourkhodadad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Fiorini MR, Dilliott AA, Farhan SMK. Sex-stratified RNA-seq analysis reveals traumatic brain injury-induced transcriptional changes in the female hippocampus conducive to dementia. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1026448. [PMID: 36619915 PMCID: PMC9813497 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1026448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting from a violent force that causes functional changes in the brain, is the foremost environmental risk factor for developing dementia. While previous studies have identified specific candidate genes that may instigate worse outcomes following TBI when mutated, TBI-induced changes in gene expression conducive to dementia are critically understudied. Additionally, biological sex seemingly influences TBI outcomes, but the discrepancies in post-TBI gene expression leading to progressive neurodegeneration between the sexes have yet to be investigated. Methods We conducted a whole-genome RNA sequencing analysis of post-mortem brain tissue from the parietal neocortex, temporal neocortex, frontal white matter, and hippocampus of 107 donors characterized by the Aging, Dementia, and Traumatic Brain Injury Project. Our analysis was sex-stratified and compared gene expression patterns between TBI donors and controls, a subset of which presented with dementia. Results We report three candidate gene modules from the female hippocampus whose expression correlated with dementia in female TBI donors. Enrichment analyses revealed that the candidate modules were notably enriched in cardiac processes and the immune-inflammatory response, among other biological processes. In addition, multiple candidate module genes showed a significant positive correlation with hippocampal concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in females with post-TBI dementia, which has been previously described as a potential biomarker for TBI and susceptibility to post-injury dementia. We concurrently examined the expression profiles of these candidate modules in the hippocampus of males with TBI and found no apparent indicator that the identified candidate modules contribute to post-TBI dementia in males. Discussion Herein, we present the first sex-stratified RNA sequencing analysis of TBI-induced changes within the transcriptome that may be conducive to dementia. This work contributes to our current understanding of the pathophysiological link between TBI and dementia and emphasizes the growing interest in sex as a biological variable affecting TBI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Fiorini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Michael R. Fiorini ✉
| | - Allison A. Dilliott
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Neuro, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Allison A. Dilliott ✉
| | - Sali M. K. Farhan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Neuro, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Sali M. K. Farhan ✉
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9
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Lopez Lloreda C, Chowdhury S, Ghura S, Alvarez-Periel E, Jordan-Sciutto K. HIV-Associated Insults Modulate ADAM10 and Its Regulator Sirtuin1 in an NMDA Receptor-Dependent Manner. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192962. [PMID: 36230925 PMCID: PMC9564041 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurologic deficits associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impact about 50% of persons with HIV (PWH). These disorders, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), possess neuropathologic similarities to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including intra- and extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates. Aβ peptide is produced through cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the beta secretase BACE1. However, this is precluded by cleavage of APP by the non-amyloidogenic alpha secretase, ADAM10. Previous studies have found that BACE1 expression was increased in the CNS of PWH with HAND as well as animal models of HAND. Further, BACE1 contributed to neurotoxicity. Yet in in vitro models, the role of ADAM10 and its potential regulatory mechanisms had not been examined. To address this, primary rat cortical neurons were treated with supernatants from HIV-infected human macrophages (HIV/MDMs). We found that HIV/MDMs decreased levels of both ADAM10 and Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a regulator of ADAM10 that is implicated in aging and in AD. Both decreases were blocked with NMDA receptor antagonists, and treatment with NMDA was sufficient to induce reduction in ADAM10 and SIRT1 protein levels. Furthermore, decreases in SIRT1 protein levels were observed at an earlier time point than the decreases in ADAM10 protein levels, and the reduction in SIRT1 was reversed by proteasome inhibitor MG132. This study indicates that HIV-associated insults, particularly excitotoxicity, contribute to changes of APP secretases by downregulating levels of ADAM10 and its regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lopez Lloreda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah Chowdhury
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena Alvarez-Periel
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelly Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Roy M, Nath AK, Pal I, Dey SG. Second Sphere Interactions in Amyloidogenic Diseases. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12132-12206. [PMID: 35471949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are protein aggregates bearing a highly ordered cross β structural motif, which may be functional but are mostly pathogenic. Their formation, deposition in tissues and consequent organ dysfunction is the central event in amyloidogenic diseases. Such protein aggregation may be brought about by conformational changes, and much attention has been directed toward factors like metal binding, post-translational modifications, mutations of protein etc., which eventually affect the reactivity and cytotoxicity of the associated proteins. Over the past decade, a global effort from different groups working on these misfolded/unfolded proteins/peptides has revealed that the amino acid residues in the second coordination sphere of the active sites of amyloidogenic proteins/peptides cause changes in H-bonding pattern or protein-protein interactions, which dramatically alter the structure and reactivity of these proteins/peptides. These second sphere effects not only determine the binding of transition metals and cofactors, which define the pathology of some of these diseases, but also change the mechanism of redox reactions catalyzed by these proteins/peptides and form the basis of oxidative damage associated with these amyloidogenic diseases. The present review seeks to discuss such second sphere modifications and their ramifications in the etiopathology of some representative amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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11
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Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Santos MD, Penzes P. Intercellular signaling by ectodomain shedding at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:483-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Huang DX, Yu X, Yu WJ, Zhang XM, Liu C, Liu HP, Sun Y, Jiang ZP. Calcium Signaling Regulated by Cellular Membrane Systems and Calcium Homeostasis Perturbed in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834962. [PMID: 35281104 PMCID: PMC8913592 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although anything that changes spatiotemporally could be a signal, cells, particularly neurons, precisely manipulate calcium ion (Ca2+) to transmit information. Ca2+ homeostasis is indispensable for neuronal functions and survival. The cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]CYT) is regulated by channels, pumps, and exchangers on cellular membrane systems. Under physiological conditions, both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria function as intracellular Ca2+ buffers. Furthermore, efficient and effective Ca2+ flux is observed at the ER-mitochondria membrane contact site (ERMCS), an intracellular membrane juxtaposition, where Ca2+ is released from the ER followed by mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in sequence. Hence, the ER intraluminal Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]ER), the mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]MT), and the [Ca2+]CYT are related to each other. Ca2+ signaling dysregulation and Ca2+ dyshomeostasis are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an irreversible neurodegenerative disease. The present review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+ signaling regulation and Ca2+ homeostasis maintenance at ER and mitochondria levels, focusing on AD. Integrating the amyloid hypothesis and the calcium hypothesis of AD may further our understanding of pathogenesis in neurodegeneration, provide therapeutic targets for chronic neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xu Huang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Jun Yu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Deparment of The First Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Ping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zi-Ping Jiang,
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13
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Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. The Emergence of Model Systems to Investigate the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:813544. [PMID: 35211003 PMCID: PMC8862182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.813544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have an elevated risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s-related dementias (AD/ADRD). Despite these connections, the underlying mechanisms by which TBI induces AD-related pathology, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive decline have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the various in vivo and in vitro models that are being employed to provide more definite mechanistic relationships between TBI-induced mechanical injury and AD-related phenotypes. In particular, we will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems as it relates to advancing the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to TBI-induced AD onset and progression as well as providing platforms to evaluate potential therapies. Finally, we will discuss how emerging methods including the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cultures and genome engineering technologies can be employed to generate better models of TBI-induced AD.
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14
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Cuestas Torres DM, Cardenas FP. Synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease and healthy aging. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:245-268. [PMID: 32250284 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The strength and efficiency of synaptic connections are affected by the environment or the experience of the individual. This property, called synaptic plasticity, is directly related to memory and learning processes and has been modeled at the cellular level. These types of cellular memory and learning models include specific stimulation protocols that generate a long-term strengthening of the synapses, called long-term potentiation, or a weakening of the said long-term synapses, called long-term depression. Although, for decades, researchers have believed that the main cause of the cognitive deficit that characterizes Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging was the loss of neurons, the hypothesis of an imbalance in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity underlying this deficit is currently widely accepted. An understanding of the molecular and cellular changes underlying the process of synaptic plasticity during the development of AD and aging will direct future studies to specific targets, resulting in the development of much more efficient and specific therapeutic strategies. In this review, we classify, discuss, and describe the main findings related to changes in the neurophysiological mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in excitatory synapses underlying AD and aging. In addition, we suggest possible mechanisms in which aging can become a high-risk factor for the development of AD and how its development could be prevented or slowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marcela Cuestas Torres
- Departamento de Psicología and Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 N° 18A-12, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando P Cardenas
- Departamento de Psicología, Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 N° 18A-12, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
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15
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Saray H, Süer C, Koşar B, Tan B, Dursun N. Rho-associated kinases contribute to the regulation of tau phosphorylation and amyloid metabolism during neuronal plasticity. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1303-1314. [PMID: 34060063 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural plasticity under physiological condition develops together with normal tau phosphorylation and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Since restoration of PI3-kinase signaling has therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, we investigated plasticity-related changes in tau and APP metabolism by the selective Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil. METHODS Field potentials composed of a field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) and a population spike (PS) were recorded from a granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Plasticity of synaptic strength and neuronal function was induced by strong tetanic stimulation (HFS) and low-frequency stimulation (LFS) patterns. Infusions of saline or fasudil were given for 1 h starting from the application of the induction protocols. Total and phosphorylated tau levels and soluble APPα levels were measured in the hippocampus, which was removed after at least 1 h post-induction period. RESULTS Fasudil infusion resulted in attenuation of fEPSP slope and PS amplitude in response to both HFS and LFS. Fasudil reduced total tau and phosphorylated tau at residue Thr181 in the HFS-stimulated hippocampus, while Thr231 phosphorylation was reduced by fasudil treatment in the LFS-stimulated hippocampus. Ser416 phosphorylation was increased by fasudil treatment in both HFS- and LFS-stimulated hippocampus. Fasudil significantly increased soluble APPα in LFS-stimulated hippocampus, but not in HFS-stimulated hippocampus. CONCLUSION In light of our findings, we suggest that increased activity of Rho kinase could trigger a mechanism that goes awry during synaptic plasticity which is reversed by a Rho-kinase inhibitor. Thus, Rho-kinase inhibition might be a therapeutic target in cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Saray
- Physiology Department of the Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cem Süer
- Physiology Department of the Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Bilal Koşar
- Physiology Department of the Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Burak Tan
- Physiology Department of the Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Dursun
- Physiology Department of the Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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16
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Socodato R, Portugal CC, Canedo T, Rodrigues A, Almeida TO, Henriques JF, Vaz SH, Magalhães J, Silva CM, Baptista FI, Alves RL, Coelho-Santos V, Silva AP, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Magalhães A, Brakebusch C, Sebastião AM, Summavielle T, Ambrósio AF, Relvas JB. Microglia Dysfunction Caused by the Loss of Rhoa Disrupts Neuronal Physiology and Leads to Neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107796. [PMID: 32579923 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous tissue homeostasis requires the regulation of microglia activity. Using conditional gene targeting in mice, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of the small GTPase Rhoa in adult microglia is sufficient to trigger spontaneous microglia activation, producing a neurological phenotype (including synapse and neuron loss, impairment of long-term potentiation [LTP], formation of β-amyloid plaques, and memory deficits). Mechanistically, loss of Rhoa in microglia triggers Src activation and Src-mediated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, leading to excitotoxic glutamate secretion. Inhibiting Src in microglia Rhoa-deficient mice attenuates microglia dysregulation and the ensuing neurological phenotype. We also find that the Rhoa/Src signaling pathway is disrupted in microglia of the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer disease and that low doses of Aβ oligomers trigger microglia neurotoxic polarization through the disruption of Rhoa-to-Src signaling. Overall, our results indicate that disturbing Rho GTPase signaling in microglia can directly cause neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Canedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago O Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana F Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata L Alves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Molecular Pathology Section, BRIC, Københavns Biocenter, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine, Porto Campus, Porto, Portugal.
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17
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Delétage N, Le Douce J, Callizot N, Godfrin Y, Lemarchant S. SCO-spondin-derived Peptide Protects Neurons from Glutamate-induced Excitotoxicity. Neuroscience 2021; 463:317-336. [PMID: 33577953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Subcommissural organ (SCO)-spondin is a brain-specific glycoprotein produced during embryogenesis, that strongly contributes to neuronal development. The SCO becomes atrophic in adults, halting SCO-spondin production and its neuroprotective functions. Using rat and human neuronal cultures, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of an innovative peptide derived from SCO-spondin against glutamate excitotoxicity. Primary neurons were exposed to glutamate and treated with the linear (NX210) and cyclic (NX210c) forms of the peptide. Neuronal survival and neurite networks were assessed using immunohistochemistry or biochemistry. The mechanism of action of both peptide forms was investigated by exposing neurons to inhibitors targeting receptors and intracellular mediators that trigger apoptosis, neuronal survival, or neurite growth. NX210c promoted neuronal survival and prevented neurite network retraction in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons, whereas NX210 was efficient only in neuronal survival (cortical neurons) or neurite networks (hippocampal neurons). They triggered neuroprotection via integrin receptors and γ-secretase substrate(s), activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway and disruption of the apoptotic cascade. The neuroprotective effect of NX210c was confirmed in human cortical neurons via the reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release and recovery of normal basal levels of apoptotic cells. Together, these results show that NX210 and NX210c protect against glutamate neurotoxicity through common and distinct mechanisms of action and that, most often, NX210c is more efficient than NX210. Proof of concept in central nervous system animal models are under investigation to evaluate the neuroprotective action of SCO-spondin-derived peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noëlle Callizot
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental 60, 13120 Gardanne, France.
| | - Yann Godfrin
- Axoltis Pharma, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; Godfrin Life Sciences, 8 impasse de la source, 69300 Caluire-et-Cuire, France.
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18
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Yuede CM, Wallace CE, Davis TA, Gardiner WD, Hettinger JC, Edwards HM, Hendrix RD, Doherty BM, Yuede KM, Burstein ES, Cirrito JR. Pimavanserin, a 5HT 2A receptor inverse agonist, rapidly suppresses Aβ production and related pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 156:658-673. [PMID: 33278025 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation into soluble oligomers and insoluble plaques is a precipitating event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that synaptic activity can regulate Aβ generation, we postulated that 5HT2A -Rs may regulate Aβ as well. We treated APP/PS1 transgenic mice with the selective 5HT2A inverse agonists M100907 or Pimavanserin systemically and measured brain interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ levels in real-time using in vivo microdialysis. Both compounds reduced ISF Aβ levels by almost 50% within hours, but had no effect on Aβ levels in 5HT2A -R knock-out mice. The Aβ-lowering effects of Pimavanserin were blocked by extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and NMDA receptor inhibitors. Chronic administration of Pimavanserin by subcutaneous osmotic pump to aged APP/PS1 mice significantly reduced CSF Aβ levels and Aβ pathology and improved cognitive function in these mice. Pimavanserin is FDA-approved to treat Parkinson's disease psychosis, and also has been shown to reduce psychosis in a variety of other dementia subtypes including Alzheimer's disease. These data demonstrate that Pimavanserin may have disease-modifying benefits in addition to its efficacy against neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 560.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clare E Wallace
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Woodrow D Gardiner
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane C Hettinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah M Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel D Hendrix
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brookelyn M Doherty
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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19
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Fuchsberger T, Yuste R, Martinez-Bellver S, Blanco-Gandia MC, Torres-Cuevas I, Blasco-Serra A, Arango R, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M, Teruel-Marti V, Lloret A, Viña J. Oral Monosodium Glutamate Administration Causes Early Onset of Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathophysiology in APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:957-975. [PMID: 31658055 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity has long been related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, and it has been shown to affect the major AD-related hallmarks, amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation and tau phosphorylation (p-tau). We investigated whether oral administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) has effects in a murine model of AD, the double transgenic mice APP/PS1. We found that AD pathogenic factors appear earlier in APP/PS1 when supplemented with MSG, while wildtype mice were essentially not affected. Aβ and p-tau levels were increased in the hippocampus in young APP/PS1 animals upon MSG administration. This was correlated with increased Cdk5-p25 levels. Furthermore, in these mice, we observed a decrease in the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 and they had impaired long-term potentiation. The Hebb-Williams Maze revealed that they had memory deficits. We show here for the first time that oral MSG supplementation can accelerate AD-like pathophysiology in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fuchsberger
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Yuste
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martinez-Bellver
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Arantxa Blasco-Serra
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Román Arango
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering ETSE, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jose Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psycology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psycology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Teruel-Marti
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Lloret
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Viña
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Horvath AA, Csernus EA, Lality S, Kaminski RM, Kamondi A. Inhibiting Epileptiform Activity in Cognitive Disorders: Possibilities for a Novel Therapeutic Approach. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:557416. [PMID: 33177974 PMCID: PMC7593384 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.557416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common and seriously debilitating symptom of various mental and neurological disorders including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease. In these conditions, high prevalence of epileptiform activity emerges as a common pathophysiological hallmark. Growing body of evidence suggests that this discrete but abnormal activity might have a long-term negative impact on cognitive performance due to neuronal circuitries' remodeling, altered sleep structure, pathological hippocampo-cortical coupling, and even progressive neuronal loss. In animal models, epileptiform activity was shown to enhance the formation of pathological amyloid and tau proteins that in turn trigger network hyperexcitability. Abolishing epileptiform discharges might slow down the cognitive deterioration. These findings might provide basis for therapeutic use of antiepileptic drugs in neurodegenerative cognitive disorders. The aim of our review is to describe the data on the prevalence of epileptiform activity in various cognitive disorders, to summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms of epileptic activity in relation to cognitive impairment, and to explore the utility of antiepileptic drugs in the therapy of cognitive disorders. We also propose future directions for drug development and novel therapeutic interventions targeting epileptiform discharges in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Attila Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Sara Lality
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafal M. Kaminski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anita Kamondi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Smart treatment strategies for alleviating tauopathy and neuroinflammation to improve clinical outcome in Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2110-2129. [PMID: 33011341 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease leading to progressive loss of memory that mainly affects people above 60 years of age. It is one of the leading causes of deaths in the USA. Given its inherent heterogeneity and a still-incomplete understanding of its pathology, biomarkers, and targets available for therapy, it is a challenge to design an effective therapeutic strategy. Several hypotheses have been proposed to understand the disease and to identify reliable markers and targets for treatments. However, none have resulted in strong support from clinical trials. In this review, we objectively discuss the various therapeutic strategies and mechanistic approaches to improve the current clinical outcome of AD therapy.
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22
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Mateos R, Pérez-Correa JR, Domínguez H. Bioactive Properties of Marine Phenolics. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E501. [PMID: 33007997 PMCID: PMC7601137 DOI: 10.3390/md18100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds from marine organisms are far less studied than those from terrestrial sources since their structural diversity and variability require powerful analytical tools. However, both their biological relevance and potential properties make them an attractive group deserving increasing scientific interest. The use of efficient extraction and, in some cases, purification techniques can provide novel bioactives useful for food, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. The bioactivity of marine phenolics is the consequence of their enzyme inhibitory effect and antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory activities. This review presents a survey of the major types of phenolic compounds found in marine sources, as well as their reputed effect in relation to the occurrence of dietary and lifestyle-related diseases, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the influence of marine phenolics on gut microbiota and other pathologies is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mateos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Ricardo Pérez-Correa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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23
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Cirrito JR, Wallace CE, Yan P, Davis TA, Gardiner WD, Doherty BM, King D, Yuede CM, Lee JM, Sheline YI. Effect of escitalopram on Aβ levels and plaque load in an Alzheimer mouse model. Neurology 2020; 95:e2666-e2674. [PMID: 32913022 PMCID: PMC7713734 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several neurotransmitter receptors activate signaling pathways that alter processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into β-amyloid (Aβ). Serotonin signaling through a subset of serotonin receptors suppresses Aβ generation. We proposed that escitalopram, the most specific selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that inhibits the serotonin transporter SERT, would suppress Aβ levels in mice. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that acute treatment with escitalopram would reduce Aβ generation, which would be reflected chronically with a significant reduction in Aβ plaque load. METHODS We performed in vivo microdialysis and in vivo 2-photon imaging to assess changes in brain interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ and Aβ plaque size over time, respectively, in the APP/presenilin 1 mouse model of Alzheimer disease treated with vehicle or escitalopram. We also chronically treated mice with escitalopram to determine the effect on plaques histologically. RESULTS Escitalopram acutely reduced ISF Aβ by 25% by increasing α-secretase cleavage of APP. Chronic administration of escitalopram significantly reduced plaque load by 28% and 34% at 2.5 and 5 mg/d, respectively. Escitalopram at 5 mg/kg did not remove existing plaques, but completely arrested individual plaque growth over time. CONCLUSIONS Escitalopram significantly reduced Aβ in mice, similar to previous findings in humans treated with acute dosing of an SSRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Cirrito
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
| | - Clare E Wallace
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ping Yan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Todd A Davis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Woodrow D Gardiner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Brookelyn M Doherty
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Diana King
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Carla M Yuede
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Yvette I Sheline
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.C., T.A.D., W.D.G., B.M.D., D.K., C.M.Y., J.-M.L.), The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (C.E.W., P.Y., Y.I.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, and Neurology (Y.I.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Altered brain arginine metabolism with age in the APP swe/PSEN1 dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104798. [PMID: 32711019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been proposed to play a central and causative role in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice display chronic Aβ accumulation and deposition in the brain. L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites, and altered arginine metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis and/or the development of AD. This study systematically investigated how arginine metabolic profiles changed in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal region and cerebellum of male APP/PS1 mice at 4, 9 and 17 months of age relative to their sex- and age-matched wildtype controls. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated age-related Aβ deposition in the brain. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed age-related increases in glutamine, spermidine and spermine in APP/PS1 mice in a region-specific manner. Notably, genotype-related increases in spermine were found in the frontal cortex at the 9-month age point and in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and parahippocampal region at 17 months of age. Given the existing literature indicating the role of polyamines (spermine in particular) in modulating the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ oligomers, increased spermidine and spermine levels in APP/PS1 mice may be a neuroprotective mechanism to combat Aβ toxicity. Future research is required to better understand the functional significance of these changes.
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25
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Al Rahim M, Yoon Y, Dimovasili C, Shao Z, Huang Q, Zhang E, Kezunovic N, Chen L, Schaffner A, Huntley GW, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK. Presenilin1 familial Alzheimer disease mutants inactivate EFNB1- and BDNF-dependent neuroprotection against excitotoxicity by affecting neuroprotective complexes of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa100. [PMID: 33005890 PMCID: PMC7520050 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is thought to play key roles in brain neurodegeneration and stroke. Here we show that neuroprotection against excitotoxicity by trophic factors EFNB1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (called here factors) requires de novo formation of 'survival complexes' which are factor-stimulated complexes of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor with factor receptor and presenilin 1. Absence of presenilin 1 reduces the formation of survival complexes and abolishes neuroprotection. EPH receptor B2- and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-derived peptides designed to disrupt formation of survival complexes also decrease the factor-stimulated neuroprotection. Strikingly, factor-dependent neuroprotection and levels of the de novo factor-stimulated survival complexes decrease dramatically in neurons expressing presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer disease mutants. Mouse neurons and brains expressing presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer disease mutants contain increased amounts of constitutive presenilin 1-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor complexes unresponsive to factors. Interestingly, the stability of the familial Alzheimer disease presenilin 1-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor complexes differs from that of wild type complexes and neurons of mutant-expressing brains are more vulnerable to cerebral ischaemia than neurons of wild type brains. Furthermore, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents at CA1 synapses are altered by presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer disease mutants. Importantly, high levels of presenilin 1-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor complexes are also found in post-mortem brains of Alzheimer disease patients expressing presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer disease mutants. Together, our data identify a novel presenilin 1-dependent neuroprotective mechanism against excitotoxicity and indicate a pathway by which presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer disease mutants decrease factor-depended neuroprotection against excitotoxicity and ischaemia in the absence of Alzheimer disease neuropathological hallmarks which may form downstream of neuronal damage. These findings have implications for the pathogenic effects of familial Alzheimer disease mutants and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Rahim
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonejung Yoon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Dimovasili
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiping Shao
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Zhang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nebojsa Kezunovic
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and the Friedman Brain Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Schaffner
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - George W Huntley
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and the Friedman Brain Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Yeung JHY, Calvo-Flores Guzmán B, Palpagama TH, Ethiraj J, Zhai Y, Tate WP, Peppercorn K, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Kwakowsky A. Amyloid-beta 1-42 induced glutamatergic receptor and transporter expression changes in the mouse hippocampus. J Neurochem 2020; 155:62-80. [PMID: 32491248 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading type of dementia worldwide. With an increasing burden of an aging population coupled with the lack of any foreseeable cure, AD warrants the current intense research effort on the toxic effects of an increased concentration of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. Glutamate is the main excitatory brain neurotransmitter and it plays an essential role in the function and health of neurons and neuronal excitability. While previous studies have shown alterations in expression of glutamatergic signaling components in AD, the underlying mechanisms of these changes are not well understood. This is the first comprehensive anatomical study to characterize the subregion- and cell layer-specific long-term effect of Aβ1-42 on the expression of specific glutamate receptors and transporters in the mouse hippocampus, using immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy. Outcomes are examined 30 days after Aβ1-42 stereotactic injection in aged male C57BL/6 mice. We report significant decreases in density of the glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 and the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) 1 in the conus ammonis 1 region of the hippocampus in the Aβ1-42 injected mice compared with artificial cerebrospinal fluid injected and naïve controls, notably in the stratum oriens and stratum radiatum. GluA1 subunit density also decreased within the dentate gyrus dorsal stratum moleculare in Aβ1-42 injected mice compared with artificial cerebrospinal fluid injected controls. These changes are consistent with findings previously reported in the human AD hippocampus. By contrast, glutamate receptor subunits GluA2, GluN1, GluN2A, and VGluT2 showed no changes in expression. These findings indicate that Aβ1-42 induces brain region and layer specific expression changes of the glutamatergic receptors and transporters, suggesting complex and spatial vulnerability of this pathway during development of AD neuropathology. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 7. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14763.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Y Yeung
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Beatriz Calvo-Flores Guzmán
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thulani H Palpagama
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jayarjun Ethiraj
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ying Zhai
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Findley CA, Bartke A, Hascup KN, Hascup ER. Amyloid Beta-Related Alterations to Glutamate Signaling Dynamics During Alzheimer's Disease Progression. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419855541. [PMID: 31213067 PMCID: PMC6582288 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419855541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ranks sixth on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Top 10 Leading Causes of Death list for 2016, and the Alzheimer’s Association attributes 60% to 80% of dementia cases as AD related. AD pathology hallmarks include accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; however, evidence supports that soluble amyloid beta (Aβ), rather than insoluble plaques, may instigate synaptic failure. Soluble Aβ accumulation results in depression of long-term potentiation leading to cognitive deficits commonly characterized in AD. The mechanisms through which Aβ incites cognitive decline have been extensively explored, with a growing body of evidence pointing to modulation of the glutamatergic system. The period of glutamatergic hypoactivation observed alongside long-term potentiation depression and cognitive deficits in later disease stages may be the consequence of a preceding period of increased glutamatergic activity. This review will explore the Aβ-related changes to the tripartite glutamate synapse resulting in altered cell signaling throughout disease progression, ultimately culminating in oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh A Findley
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Kevin N Hascup
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,4 Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Erin R Hascup
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Protects Cerebral Cortical Neurons from Soluble Aβ-Induced Synaptic Damage. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4251-4263. [PMID: 32332118 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2804-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble amyloid β (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that precedes the deposition of insoluble Aβ and correlates with the development of cognitive deficits better than the number of plaques. The mammalian plasminogen activation (PA) system catalyzes the generation of plasmin via two activators: tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA). A dysfunctional tPA-plasmin system causes defective proteolytic degradation of Aβ plaques in advanced stages of AD. In contrast, it is unknown whether uPA and its receptor (uPAR) contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Neuronal cadherin (NCAD) plays a pivotal role in the formation of synapses and dendritic branches, and Aβ decreases its expression in cerebral cortical neurons. Here we show that neuronal uPA protects the synapse from the harmful effects of soluble Aβ. However, Aβ-induced inactivation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α halts the transcription of uPA mRNA, leaving unopposed the deleterious effects of Aβ on the synapse. In line with these observations, the synaptic abundance of uPA, but not uPAR, is decreased in the frontal cortex of AD patients and 5xFAD mice, and in cerebral cortical neurons incubated with soluble Aβ. We found that uPA treatment increases the synaptic expression of NCAD by a uPAR-mediated plasmin-independent mechanism, and that uPA-induced formation of NCAD dimers protects the synapse from the harmful effects of soluble Aβ oligomers. These data indicate that Aβ-induced decrease in the synaptic abundance of uPA contributes to the development of synaptic damage in the early stages of AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Soluble amyloid β (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that neuronal urokinase-type (uPA) protects the synapse from the deleterious effects of soluble Aβ. However, Aβ-induced inactivation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α decreases the synaptic abundance of uPA, leaving unopposed the harmful effects of Aβ on the synapse. In line with these observations, the synaptic expression of uPA is decreased in the frontal cortex of AD brains and 5xFAD mice, and uPA treatment abrogates the deleterious effects of Aβ on the synapse. These results unveil a novel mechanism of Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction in AD patients, and indicate that recombinant uPA is a potential therapeutic strategy to protect the synapse before the development of irreversible brain damage.
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29
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Galanis C, Vlachos A. Hebbian and Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity-Do Alterations of One Reflect Enhancement of the Other? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:50. [PMID: 32256317 PMCID: PMC7093376 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 50 years, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity have been studied in great detail. A plethora of signaling pathways have been identified that account for synaptic changes based on positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Yet, the biological significance of Hebbian synaptic plasticity (= positive feedback) and homeostatic synaptic plasticity (= negative feedback) remains a matter of debate. Specifically, it is unclear how these opposing forms of plasticity, which share common downstream mechanisms, operate in the same networks, neurons, and synapses. Based on the observation that rapid and input-specific homeostatic mechanisms exist, we here discuss a model that is based on signaling pathways that may adjust a balance between Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Hence, “alterations” in Hebbian plasticity may, in fact, resemble “enhanced” homeostasis, which rapidly returns synaptic strength to baseline. In turn, long-lasting experience-dependent synaptic changes may require attenuation of homeostatic mechanisms or the adjustment of homeostatic setpoints at the single-synapse level. In this context, we propose a role for the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in setting a balance between the ability of neurons to express Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Galanis
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Modulation of the MAPKs pathways affects Aβ-induced cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease via activation of α7nAChR. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 168:107154. [PMID: 31904546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by being deficient at learning and memory. Aβ1-42 oligomers have been shown to impair rodent cognitive function. We previously demonstrated that activation of α7nAChR, inhibition of p38 or JNK could alleviate Aβ-induced memory deficits in Y maze test. In this study, we investigated whether the effects of α7nAChR and MAPKs on Y maze test is reproducible with a hippocampus-dependent spatial memory test such as Morris water maze. We also assessed the possible co-existence of hippocampus-independent recognition memory dysfunction using a novel object recognition test and an alternative and stress free hippocampus-dependent recognition memory test such as the novel place recognition. Besides, previous research from our lab has shown that MAPKs pathways regulate Aβ internalization through mediating α7nAChR. In our study, whether MAPKs pathways exert their functions in cognition by modulating α7nAChR through regulating glutamate receptors and synaptic protein, remain little known. Our results showed that activation of α7nAChR restored spatial memory, novel place recognition memory, and short-term and long-term memory in novel object recognition. Inhibition of p38 restored spatial memory and short-term and long-term memory in novel object recognition. Inhibition of ERK restored short-term memory in novel object recognition and novel place recognition memory. Inhibition of JNK restored spatial memory, short-term memory in novel object recognition and novel place recognition memory. Beside this, the activation of α7nAChR, inhibition of p38 or JNK restored Aβ-induced levels of NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, GluR1, GluR2 and PSD95 in Aβ-injected mice without influencing synapsin 1. In addition, these treatments also recovered the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Finally, we found that the inhibition of p38 or JNK resulted in the upregulation of α7nAChR mRNA levels in the hippocampus. Our results indicated that inhibition of p38 or JNK MAPKs could alleviate Aβ-induced spatial memory deficits through regulating activation of α7nAChR via recovering memory-related proteins. Moreover, p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs exert different functions in spatial and recognition memory.
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31
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Leong YQ, Ng KY, Chye SM, Ling APK, Koh RY. Mechanisms of action of amyloid-beta and its precursor protein in neuronal cell death. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:11-30. [PMID: 31811496 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are the neuropathological findings of the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the main component of senile plaques, the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, and its derivative called amyloid precursor protein (APP) both have been found to place their central roles in AD development for years. However, the recent therapeutics have yet to reverse or halt this disease. Previous evidence demonstrates that the accumulation of Aβ peptides and APP can exert neurotoxicity and ultimately neuronal cell death. Hence, we discuss the mechanisms of excessive production of Aβ peptides and APP serving as pathophysiologic stimuli for the initiation of various cell signalling pathways including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis and autophagy which lead to neuronal cell death. Conversely, the activation of such pathways could also result in the abnormal generation of APP and Aβ peptides. An elucidation of actions of APP and its metabolite, Aβ, could be vital in suggesting novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qi Leong
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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von Rüden EL, Zellinger C, Gedon J, Walker A, Bierling V, Deeg CA, Hauck SM, Potschka H. Regulation of Alzheimer's disease-associated proteins during epileptogenesis. Neuroscience 2019; 424:102-120. [PMID: 31705965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence and pathological studies suggest a bidirectional link between temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data analysis from omic studies offers an excellent opportunity to identify the overlap in molecular alterations between the two pathologies. We have subjected proteomic data sets from a rat model of epileptogenesis to a bioinformatics analysis focused on proteins functionally linked with AD. The data sets have been obtained for hippocampus (HC) and parahippocampal cortex samples collected during the course of epileptogenesis. Our study confirmed a relevant dysregulation of proteins linked with Alzheimer pathogenesis. When comparing the two brain areas, a more prominent regulation was evident in parahippocampal cortex samples as compared to the HC. Dysregulated protein groups comprised those affecting mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis. Differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins included proteins of the mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV, and V as well as of the accessory subunit of complex I. The analysis also revealed a regulation of the microtubule associated protein Tau in parahippocampal cortex tissue during the latency phase. This was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we demonstrated a complex epileptogenesis-associated dysregulation of proteins involved in amyloid β processing and its regulation. Among others, the amyloid precursor protein and the α-secretase alpha disintegrin metalloproteinase 17 were included. Our analysis revealed a relevant regulation of key proteins known to be associated with AD pathogenesis. The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of shared molecular alterations characterizing epilepsy development and manifestation as well as AD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Zellinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Gedon
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Walker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Bierling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Liu PP, Xie Y, Meng XY, Kang JS. History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31637009 PMCID: PMC6799833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its main pathological features are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients. There are various descriptive hypotheses regarding the causes of AD, including the cholinergic hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, tau propagation hypothesis, mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, calcium homeostasis hypothesis, neurovascular hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis, and lymphatic system hypothesis. However, the ultimate etiology of AD remains obscure. In this review, we discuss the main hypotheses of AD and related clinical trials. Wealthy puzzles and lessons have made it possible to develop explanatory theories and identify potential strategies for therapeutic interventions for AD. The combination of hypometabolism and autophagy deficiency is likely to be a causative factor for AD. We further propose that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Xie
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Meng
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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Vico Varela E, Etter G, Williams S. Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic significance. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:605-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zumkehr J, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Medeiros R, Kitazawa M. Inflammatory Cytokine, IL-1β, Regulates Glial Glutamate Transporter via microRNA-181a in vitro. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:965-975. [PMID: 29710703 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate overload triggers synaptic and neuronal loss that potentially contributes to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glutamate clearance and regulation at synaptic clefts is primarily mediated by glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1). We determined that inflammatory cytokines significantly upregulated GLT-1 through microRNA-181a-mediated post-transcriptional modifications. Unveiling the key underlying mechanisms modulating GLT-1 helps better understand its physiological and pathological interactions with cytokines. Primary murine astrocyte and neuron co-culture received 20 ng/mL IL-1β, TNF-α, or IL-6 for 48 h. Soluble proteins or total RNA were extracted after treatment for further analyses. Treatment with inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, but not IL-6, significantly increased GLT-1 steady-state levels (p≤0.05) without affecting mRNA levels, suggesting the cytokine-induced GLT-1 was regulated through post-transcriptional modifications. Among the candidate microRNAs predicted to modulate GLT-1, only microRNA-181a was significantly decreased following the IL-1β treatment (p≤0.05). Co-treatment of microRNA-181a mimic in IL-1β-treated primary astrocytes and neurons effectively blocked the IL-1β-induced upregulation of GLT-1. Lastly, we attempted to determine the link between GLT-1 and microRNA-181a in human AD brains. A significant reduction of GLT-1 was found in AD hippocampus tissues, and the ratio of mature microRNA-181a over primary microRNA-181a had an increasing tendency in AD. MicroRNA-181a controls rapid modifications of GLT-1 levels in astrocytes. Cytokine-induced inhibition of microRNA-181a and subsequent upregulation of GLT-1 may have physiological implications in synaptic plasticity while aberrant maturation of microRNA-181a may be involved in pathological consequences in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannee Zumkehr
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Wu X, Cai H, Pan L, Cui G, Qin F, Li Y, Cai Z. Small Molecule Natural Products and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:187-204. [PMID: 30714527 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190201153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deadly neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment and dementia. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the pathogenesis based on the pathological changes in the brain of AD patients during the last few decades. Unfortunately, there is no effective agents/therapies to prevent or control AD at present. Currently, only a few drugs, which function as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors or N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, are available to alleviate symptoms. Since many small molecule natural products have shown their functions as agonists or antagonists of receptors, as well as inhibitors of enzymes and proteins in the brain during the development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, it is likely that natural products will play an important role in anti-AD drug development. We review recent papers on using small molecule natural products as drug candidates for the treatment of AD. These natural products possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, anti-amyloidogenic and neuroprotective activities. Moreover, bioactive natural products intended to be used for preventing AD, reducing the symptoms of AD and the new targets for treatment of AD are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Cui
- Drug Clinical Trial Research Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - YunChun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Combined vildagliptin and memantine treatment downregulates expression of amyloid precursor protein, and total and phosphorylated tau in a rat model of combined Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:685-695. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Liu J, Chang L, Song Y, Li H, Wu Y. The Role of NMDA Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:43. [PMID: 30800052 PMCID: PMC6375899 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), early synaptic dysfunction is associated with the increased oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide, which causes NMDAR-dependent synaptic depression and spine elimination. Memantine, low-affinity NMDAR channel blocker, has been used in the treatment of moderate to severe AD. However, clear evidence is still deficient in demonstrating the underlying mechanisms and a relationship between NMDARs dysfunction and AD. This review focuses on not only changes in expression of different NMDAR subunits, but also some unconventional modes of NMDAR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Galvão F, Grokoski KC, da Silva BB, Lamers ML, Siqueira IR. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing as a biological link between Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:83-91. [PMID: 30500566 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for several illnesses, such as Alzheimer's Disease and various cancers. However, an inverse correlation between malignancies and Alzheimer's Disease has been suggested. This review addressed the potential role of non-amyloidogenic and amyloidogenic pathways of amyloid precursor protein processing as a relevant biochemical mechanism to clarify this association. Amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways have been related to Alzheimer's Disease and certain malignancies, respectively. Several known molecules involved in APP processing, including its regulation and final products, were summarized. Among them some candidate mechanisms emerged, such as extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk) and protein kinase C (PKC). Therefore, the imbalance of APP processing may be involved with the negative correlation between cancer and Alzheimer Disease.
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40
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Ovarian Cycle Stages Modulate Alzheimer-Related Cognitive and Brain Network Alterations in Female Mice. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0132-17. [PMID: 30627643 PMCID: PMC6325547 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0132-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begins several decades before the onset of clinical symptoms, at a time when women may still undergo reproductive cycling. Whether ovarian functions alter substrates of AD pathogenesis is unknown. Here we show that ovarian cycle stages significantly modulate AD-related alterations in neural network patterns, cognitive impairments, and pathogenic protein production in the hAPP-J20 mouse model of AD. Female hAPP mice spent more time in estrogen-dominant cycle stages and these ovarian stages worsened AD-related network dysfunction and cognitive impairments. In contrast, progesterone-dominant stages and gonadectomy attenuated these AD-related deficits. Further studies revealed a direct role for estradiol in stimulating neural network excitability and susceptibility to seizures in hAPP mice and increasing amyloid beta levels. Understanding dynamic effects of the ovarian cycle on the female nervous system in disease, including AD, is of critical importance and may differ from effects on a healthy brain. The pattern of ovarian cycle effects on disease-related networks, cognition, and pathogenic protein expression may be relevant to young women at risk for AD.
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Khan SS, LaCroix M, Boyle G, Sherman MA, Brown JL, Amar F, Aldaco J, Lee MK, Bloom GS, Lesné SE. Bidirectional modulation of Alzheimer phenotype by alpha-synuclein in mice and primary neurons. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:589-605. [PMID: 29995210 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) histopathology defines several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the functional link between soluble αSyn and disease etiology remains elusive, especially in AD. We, therefore, genetically targeted αSyn in APP transgenic mice modeling AD and mouse primary neurons. Our results demonstrate bidirectional modulation of behavioral deficits and pathophysiology by αSyn. Overexpression of human wild-type αSyn in APP animals markedly reduced amyloid deposition but, counter-intuitively, exacerbated deficits in spatial memory. It also increased extracellular amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), αSyn oligomers, exacerbated tau conformational and phosphorylation variants associated with AD, and enhanced neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR), a frequent prelude to neuron death in AD. Conversely, ablation of the SNCA gene encoding for αSyn in APP mice improved memory retention in spite of increased plaque burden. Reminiscent of the effect of MAPT ablation in APP mice, SNCA deletion prevented premature mortality. Moreover, the absence of αSyn decreased extracellular AβOs, ameliorated CCR, and rescued postsynaptic marker deficits. In summary, this complementary, bidirectional genetic approach implicates αSyn as an essential mediator of key phenotypes in AD and offers new functional insight into αSyn pathophysiology.
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A Review on the Relationship between Tocotrienol and Alzheimer Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070881. [PMID: 29987193 PMCID: PMC6073491 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is plaguing the aging population worldwide due to its tremendous health care and socioeconomic burden. Current treatment of AD only offers symptomatic relief to patients. Development of agents targeting specific pathologies of AD is very slow. Tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family, can tackle many aspects of AD, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal cholesterol synthesis. This review summarizes the current evidence on the role of tocotrienol as a neuroprotective agent. Preclinical studies showed that tocotrienol could reduce oxidative stress by acting as a free-radical scavenger and promoter of mitochondrial function and cellular repair. It also prevented glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the cells. Human epidemiological studies showed a significant inverse relationship between tocotrienol levels and the occurrence of AD. However, there is no clinical trial to support the claim that tocotrienol can delay or prevent the onset of AD. As a conclusion, tocotrienol has the potential to be developed as an AD-preventing agent but further studies are required to validate its efficacy in humans.
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Kodam A, Ourdev D, Maulik M, Hariharakrishnan J, Banerjee M, Wang Y, Kar S. A role for astrocyte-derived amyloid β peptides in the degeneration of neurons in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:28-44. [PMID: 29665128 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid, an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, can trigger seizures and neurotoxicity in the hippocampus and other limbic structures in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurotoxicity remain unclear. Since amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease, can mediate toxicity by activating glutamatergic NMDA receptors, it is likely that the enhanced glutamatergic transmission that renders hippocampal neurons vulnerable to kainic acid treatment may involve Aβ peptides. Thus, we seek to establish what role Aβ plays in kainic acid-induced toxicity using in vivo and in vitro paradigms. Our results show that systemic injection of kainic acid to adult rats triggers seizures, gliosis and loss of hippocampal neurons, along with increased levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the enhanced production of Aβ-related peptides. The changes in APP levels/processing were evident primarily in activated astrocytes, implying a role for astrocytic Aβ in kainic acid-induced toxicity. Accordingly, we showed that treating rat primary cultured astrocytes with kainic acid can lead to increased Aβ production/secretion without any compromise in cell viability. Additionally, we revealed that kainic acid reduces neuronal viability more in neuronal/astrocyte co-cultures than in pure neuronal culture, and this is attenuated by precluding Aβ production. Collectively, these results indicate that increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes can contribute to neurotoxicity in kainic acid-treated rats. Since kainic acid administration can lead to neuropathological changes resembling TLE, it is likely that APP/Aβ peptides derived from astrocytes may have a role in TLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kodam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - D Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - M Maulik
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - J Hariharakrishnan
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - M Banerjee
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
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Hettinger JC, Lee H, Bu G, Holtzman DM, Cirrito JR. AMPA-ergic regulation of amyloid-β levels in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:22. [PMID: 29764453 PMCID: PMC5952376 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into toxic multimers is a key event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Aβ aggregation is concentration-dependent, with higher concentrations of Aβ much more likely to form toxic species. The processes that regulate extracellular levels of Aβ therefore stand to directly affect AD pathology onset. Studies from our lab and others have demonstrated that synaptic activity is a critical regulator of Aβ production through both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. AMPA receptors (AMPA-Rs), as the most abundant ionotropic glutamate receptors, have the potential to greatly impact Aβ levels. METHODS In order to study the role of AMPA-Rs in Aβ regulation, we used in vivo microdialysis in an APP/PS1 mouse model to simultaneously deliver AMPA and other treatments while collecting Aβ from the interstitial fluid (ISF). Changes in Aβ production and clearance along with inflammation were assessed using biochemical approaches. IL-6 deficient mice were utilized to test the role of IL-6 signaling in AMPA-R-mediated regulation of Aβ levels. RESULTS We found that AMPA-R activation decreases in ISF Aβ levels in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the effect of AMPA treatment involves three distinct pathways. Steady-state activity of AMPA-Rs normally promotes higher ISF Aβ. Evoked AMPA-R activity, however, decreases Aβ levels by both stimulating glutamatergic transmission and activating downstream NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) signaling and, with extended AMPA treatment, acting independently of NMDA-Rs. Surprisingly, we found this latter, direct AMPA pathway of Aβ regulation increases Aβ clearance, while Aβ production appears to be largely unaffected. Furthermore, the AMPA-dependent decrease is not observed in IL-6 deficient mice, indicating a role for IL-6 signaling in AMPA-R-mediated Aβ clearance. CONCLUSION Though basal levels of AMPA-R activity promote higher levels of ISF Aβ, evoked AMPA-R signaling decreases Aβ through both NMDA-R-dependent and -independent pathways. We find that evoked AMPA-R signaling increases clearance of extracellular Aβ, at least in part through enhanced IL-6 signaling. These data emphasize that Aβ regulation by synaptic activity involves a number of independent pathways that together determine extracellular Aβ levels. Understanding how these pathways maintain Aβ levels prior to AD pathology may provide insights into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Hettinger
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hyo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Beagle AJ, Darwish SM, Ranasinghe KG, La AL, Karageorgiou E, Vossel KA. Relative Incidence of Seizures and Myoclonus in Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:211-223. [PMID: 28826176 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are more prone to seizures and myoclonus, but relative risk of these symptoms among other dementia types is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine incidence of seizures and myoclonus in the three most common neurodegenerative dementias: AD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS Our institution's medical records were reviewed for new-onset unprovoked seizures and myoclonus in patients meeting criteria for AD (n = 1,320), DLB (n = 178), and FTD (n = 348). Cumulative probabilities of developing seizures and myoclonus were compared between diagnostic groups, whereas age-stratified incidence rates were determined relative to control populations. RESULTS The cumulative probability of developing seizures after disease onset was 11.5% overall, highest in AD (13.4%) and DLB (14.7%) and lowest in FTD (3.0%). The cumulative probability of developing myoclonus was 42.1% overall, highest in DLB (58.1%). The seizure incidence rates, relative to control populations, were nearly 10-fold in AD and DLB, and 6-fold in FTD. Relative seizure rates increased with earlier age-at-onset in AD (age <50, 127-fold; 50-69, 21-fold; 70+, 2-fold) and FTD (age <50, 53-fold; 50-69, 9-fold), and relative myoclonus rates increased with earlier age-at-onset in all groups. Seizures began an average of 3.9 years after the onset of cognitive or motor decline, and myoclonus began 5.4 years after onset. CONCLUSIONS Seizures and myoclonus occur with greater incidence in patients with AD, DLB, and FTD than in the general population, but rates vary with diagnosis, suggesting varied pathomechanisms of network hyperexcitability. Patients often experience these symptoms early in disease, suggesting hyperexcitability could be an important target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Beagle
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sonja M Darwish
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kamalini G Ranasinghe
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Alice L La
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elissaios Karageorgiou
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Neurological Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Keith A Vossel
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Sasmita AO, Kuruvilla J, Ling APK. Harnessing neuroplasticity: modern approaches and clinical future. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:1061-1077. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1466781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joshua Kuruvilla
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fouad IA, Sharaf NM, Abdelghany RM, El Sayed NSED. Neuromodulatory Effect of Thymoquinone in Attenuating Glutamate-Mediated Neurotoxicity Targeting the Amyloidogenic and Apoptotic Pathways. Front Neurol 2018; 9:236. [PMID: 29706929 PMCID: PMC5908889 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexposure of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid leads to neuronal cell death by excitotoxicity as a result of increased intracellular Ca2+, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Moreover, it was previously reported that prolonged activation of the NMDA receptor increased beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the brain. Thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, has been shown to have potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. The aim of the present study was to explore the neuromodulatory effects of different doses of TQ (2.5 and 10 mg/kg) against apoptotic cell death and Aβ formation resulting from glutamate administration in rats using vitamin E as a positive control. Behavioral changes were assessed using Y-maze and Morris water maze tests for evaluating spatial memory and cognitive functions. Caspase-3, Lactate dehydrogenase, Aβ-42, and cytochrome c gene expression were determined. TQ-treated groups showed significant decreases in the levels of all tested biochemical and behavioral parameters compared with the glutamate-treated group. These findings demonstrated that TQ has a promising neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and this effect is mediated through its anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibram Amin Fouad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Mohamed Sharaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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BACE1 Mediates HIV-Associated and Excitotoxic Neuronal Damage Through an APP-Dependent Mechanism. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4288-4300. [PMID: 29632166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1280-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) share common symptoms with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. Plaques are formed by aggregation of Aβ oligomers, which may be the toxic species in AD pathogenesis, and oligomers are generated by cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). BACE1 inhibitors reverse neuronal loss and cognitive decline in animal models of AD. Although studies have also found evidence of altered APP processing in HIV+ patients, it is unknown whether increased BACE1 expression or Aβ oligomer production is a common neuropathological feature of HAND. Moreover, it is unknown whether BACE1 or APP is involved in the excitotoxic, NMDAR-dependent component of HIV-associated neurotoxicity in vitro Herein, we hypothesize that HIV-associated neurotoxicity is mediated by NMDAR-dependent elevation of BACE1 and subsequent altered processing of APP. Supporting this, we observed elevated levels of BACE1 and Aβ oligomers in CNS of male and female HIV+ patients. In a model of HIV-associated neurotoxicity in which rat neurons are treated with supernatants from HIV-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages, we observed NMDAR-dependent elevation of BACE1 protein. NMDA treatment also increased BACE1 and both pharmacological BACE1 inhibition and genetic loss of APP were partially neuroprotective. Moreover, in APP knock-out (APP-/-) mouse neurons, NMDA-induced toxicity was BACE1 independent, indicating that cytotoxicity of BACE1 is dependent upon APP cleavage. Our findings suggest that increased BACE1 and the resultant Aβ oligomer production may contribute to HIV-associated neuropathogenesis and inhibition of BACE1 could have therapeutic potential in HANDs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) represent a range of cognitive impairments affecting ∼50% of HIV+ individuals. The specific causes of HAND are unknown, but evidence suggests that HIV-infected macrophage infiltration into the brain may cause neuronal damage. Herein, we show that neurons treated with conditioned media from HIV-infected macrophages have increased expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Moreover, inhibition of BACE1 prevented neuronal loss after conditioned media exposure, but had no effect on HIV-associated neurotoxicity in neurons lacking its cleavage target amyloid precursor protein. We also observed increased BACE1 expression in HIV+ patient brain tissue, confirming the potential relevance of BACE1 as a therapeutic target in HANDs.
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Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's disease Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:975-999. [PMID: 27567878 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the loss of synapses and dysfunctions of neurotransmission are more directly tied to disease severity. The role of these lesions in the pathoetiological progression of the disease remains contested. Biochemical, cellular, molecular, and pathological studies provided several lines of evidence and improved our understanding of how Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation may directly harm synapses and alter neurotransmission. In vitro evidence suggests that Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau have both direct and indirect cytotoxic effects that affect neurotransmission, axonal transport, signaling cascades, organelle function, and immune response in ways that lead to synaptic loss and dysfunctions in neurotransmitter release. Observations in preclinical models and autopsy studies support these findings, suggesting that while the pathoetiology of positive lesions remains elusive, their removal may reduce disease severity and progression. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for further investigation of the role of tau in disease progression and its interactions with Aβ and neurotransmitters alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Rajmohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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50
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Laulagnier K, Javalet C, Hemming FJ, Chivet M, Lachenal G, Blot B, Chatellard C, Sadoul R. Amyloid precursor protein products concentrate in a subset of exosomes specifically endocytosed by neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:757-773. [PMID: 28956068 PMCID: PMC11105273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease brains, is produced by sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its C-terminal fragments (CTFs). An unanswered question is how amyloidogenic peptides spread throughout the brain during the course of the disease. Here, we show that small lipid vesicles called exosomes, secreted in the extracellular milieu by cortical neurons, carry endogenous APP and are strikingly enriched in CTF-α and the newly characterized CTF-η. Exosomes from N2a cells expressing human APP with the autosomal dominant Swedish mutation contain Aβ peptides as well as CTF-α and CTF-η, while those from cells expressing the non-mutated form of APP only contain CTF-α and CTF-η. APP and CTFs are sorted into a subset of exosomes which lack the tetraspanin CD63 and specifically bind to dendrites of neurons, unlike exosomes carrying CD63 which bind to both neurons and glial cells. Thus, neuroblastoma cells secrete distinct populations of exosomes carrying different cargoes and targeting specific cell types. APP-carrying exosomes can be endocytosed by receiving cells, allowing the processing of APP acquired by exosomes to give rise to the APP intracellular domain (AICD). Thus, our results show for the first time that neuronal exosomes may indeed act as vehicles for the intercellular transport of APP and its catabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laulagnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Charlotte Javalet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Chivet
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Gaëlle Lachenal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Chatellard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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