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Burton CL, Longaretti A, Zlatanovic A, Gomes GM, Tonini R. Striatal insights: a cellular and molecular perspective on repetitive behaviors in pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1386715. [PMID: 38601025 PMCID: PMC11004256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals often behave repetitively and predictably. These repetitive behaviors can have a component that is learned and ingrained as habits, which can be evolutionarily advantageous as they reduce cognitive load and the expenditure of attentional resources. Repetitive behaviors can also be conscious and deliberate, and may occur in the absence of habit formation, typically when they are a feature of normal development in children, or neuropsychiatric disorders. They can be considered pathological when they interfere with social relationships and daily activities. For instance, people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome can display a wide range of symptoms like compulsive, stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors. The striatum nucleus of the basal ganglia is proposed to act as a master regulator of these repetitive behaviors through its circuit connections with sensorimotor, associative, and limbic areas of the cortex. However, the precise mechanisms within the striatum, detailing its compartmental organization, cellular specificity, and the intricacies of its downstream connections, remain an area of active research. In this review, we summarize evidence across multiple scales, including circuit-level, cellular, and molecular dimensions, to elucidate the striatal mechanisms underpinning repetitive behaviors and offer perspectives on the implicated disorders. We consider the close relationship between behavioral output and transcriptional changes, and thereby structural and circuit alterations, including those occurring through epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Funk AT, Hassan AAO, Brüggemann N, Sharma N, Breiter HC, Blood AJ, Waugh JL. In humans, striato-pallido-thalamic projections are largely segregated by their origin in either the striosome-like or matrix-like compartments. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1178473. [PMID: 37954873 PMCID: PMC10634229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1178473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops are fundamental organizing units in mammalian brains. CSTCs process limbic, associative, and sensorimotor information in largely separated but interacting networks. CTSC loops pass through paired striatal compartments, striosome (aka patch) and matrix, segregated pools of medium spiny projection neurons with distinct embryologic origins, cortical/subcortical structural connectivity, susceptibility to injury, and roles in behaviors and diseases. Similarly, striatal dopamine modulates activity in striosome and matrix in opposite directions. Routing CSTCs through one compartment may be an anatomical basis for regulating discrete functions. We used differential structural connectivity, identified through probabilistic diffusion tractography, to distinguish the striatal compartments (striosome-like and matrix-like voxels) in living humans. We then mapped compartment-specific projections and quantified structural connectivity between each striatal compartment, the globus pallidus interna (GPi), and 20 thalamic nuclei in 221 healthy adults. We found that striosome-originating and matrix-originating streamlines were segregated within the GPi: striosome-like connectivity was significantly more rostral, ventral, and medial. Striato-pallido-thalamic streamline bundles that were seeded from striosome-like and matrix-like voxels transited spatially distinct portions of the white matter. Matrix-like streamlines were 5.7-fold more likely to reach the GPi, replicating animal tract-tracing studies. Striosome-like connectivity dominated in six thalamic nuclei (anteroventral, central lateral, laterodorsal, lateral posterior, mediodorsal-medial, and medial geniculate). Matrix-like connectivity dominated in seven thalamic nuclei (centromedian, parafascicular, pulvinar-anterior, pulvinar-lateral, ventral lateral-anterior, ventral lateral-posterior, ventral posterolateral). Though we mapped all thalamic nuclei independently, functionally-related nuclei were matched for compartment-level bias. We validated these results with prior thalamostriate tract tracing studies in non-human primates and other species; where reliable data was available, all agreed with our measures of structural connectivity. Matrix-like connectivity was lateralized (left > right hemisphere) in 18 thalamic nuclei, independent of handedness, diffusion protocol, sex, or whether the nucleus was striosome-dominated or matrix-dominated. Compartment-specific biases in striato-pallido-thalamic structural connectivity suggest that routing CSTC loops through striosome-like or matrix-like voxels is a fundamental mechanism for organizing and regulating brain networks. Our MRI-based assessments of striato-thalamic connectivity in humans match and extend the results of prior tract tracing studies in animals. Compartment-level characterization may improve localization of human neuropathologies and improve neurosurgical targeting in the GPi and thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T. Funk
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Asim A. O. Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C. Breiter
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anne J. Blood
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jeff L. Waugh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Abstract
Striosomes form neurochemically specialized compartments of the striatum embedded in a large matrix made up of modules called matrisomes. Striosome-matrix architecture is multiplexed with the canonical direct-indirect organization of the striatum. Striosomal functions remain to be fully clarified, but key information is emerging. First, striosomes powerfully innervate nigral dopamine-containing neurons and can completely shut down their activity, with a following rebound excitation. Second, striosomes receive limbic and cognition-related corticostriatal afferents and are dynamically modulated in relation to value-based actions. Third, striosomes are spatially interspersed among matrisomes and interneurons and are influenced by local and global neuromodulatory and oscillatory activities. Fourth, striosomes tune engagement and the motivation to perform reinforcement learning, to manifest stereotypical behaviors, and to navigate valence conflicts and valence discriminations. We suggest that, at an algorithmic level, striosomes could serve as distributed scaffolds to provide formats of the striatal computations generated through development and refined through learning. We propose that striosomes affect subjective states. By transforming corticothalamic and other inputs to the functional formats of the striatum, they could implement state transitions in nigro-striato-nigral circuits to affect bodily and cognitive actions according to internal motives whose functions are compromised in neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Ayano Matsushima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
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Sayson LV, Lee HJ, Ortiz DM, Kim M, Custodio RJP, Lee CH, Lee YS, Cheong JH, Kim HJ. The differential vulnerabilities of Per2 knockout mice to the addictive properties of methamphetamine and cocaine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110782. [PMID: 37141987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With the pervasive occurrence of substance abuse worldwide, unraveling the neuropharmacology of drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants, is undeniably essential. Mice lacking Period 2 (Per2), a gene associated with the biological time-regulating system or circadian rhythm, have been proposed as a potential animal model for drug abuse vulnerability, demonstrating a greater preference for methamphetamine (METH) reward than wild-type (WT) mice. However, the responses of Per2 knockout (KO) mice to the reinforcing effects of METH or other psychostimulants are yet to be established. In this study, the responses of WT and Per2 KO mice to various psychostimulants via intravenous self-administration were determined, along with their behaviors in METH- or cocaine (COC)-induced conditioned place preference and spontaneous locomotion in the open-field test. Per2 KO mice exhibited greater addiction-like responses to METH and 5-EAPB (1-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine), but their responses to COC and dimethocaine were comparable to WT mice, indicating a divergent influence of Per2 deficiency on abuse susceptibility to specific psychostimulants. To potentially define the underlying mechanism for this phenotype, 19 differentially expressed genes were identified, through RNA sequencing, which might respond specifically to repeated METH, but not COC, administration in the mouse striatum and were narrowed down to those previously associated with immediate early genes or synaptic plasticity. The correlation between locomotor activity and mRNA expression levels revealed a moderate correlation between METH-induced behavior and Arc or Junb expression in Per2 KO mice only, suggesting their essential role that may lead to the higher vulnerability of Per2 KO mice to METH, but not COC. These findings indicate a potentially unique effect of Per2 expression level on the involvement of Arc and Junb in determining specific vulnerabilities to drugs, and possibly including abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Darlene Mae Ortiz
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Raly James Perez Custodio
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors - IfADo, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Chae Hyeon Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea.
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Kirgintsev RM, Pavlova LE, Timina MF, Panchenko AV, Panchenko AV. [Indicators of spontaneous behavior of rhesus monkeys with short-term course alcohol self-administration under free choice]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:106-112. [PMID: 37966448 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze spontaneous behavior in 36 male rhesus macaques during formation of alcoholic motivation under free choice. MATERIAL AND METHODS The model composed the initiation stage with the provision of an aqueous ethanol solution of increasing concentration from 1 to 4% with a sweetener and restricted access to the tap water supply and the subsequent stage of the formation of alcoholic motivation with a free choice between 4% ethanol solution without sweetener and water. The behavior was recorded by the «One-Zero» method with ethogram compiled in accordance with the behavioral peculiarities of rhesus monkeys when housed individually. Three subgroups of high, medium and low-level ethanol consumption were distinguished. RESULTS In the subgroup of high ethanol consumption median consumption was 1.70 g/kg/day at initiation (p<0.05, compared to other subgroups) and 1.79 g/kg/day (p<0.05) at free choice stage. Animals of high consumption subgroup had significantly higher frequency being at the cage bottom and in a sitting posture. We observed significant changes in a number of indicators of spontaneous behavior depending on the level of ethanol consumption, which included displacement behavior, stereotypic behavior and posture of animals. In the high consumption subgroup, there was a significant increase in the frequency of stereotypic behavior, atypical behavior, being on four legs, as well as a decrease in the frequency of being at the back side of the cage and of displacement behavior. At the same time, the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system was revealed. CONCLUSION In the model of free choice alcohol self-administration rhesus monkeys demonstrate a significant change in a number of indicators of spontaneous behavior depending on the level of ethanol consumption, which includes displacement, stereotypic behaviors and animal posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kirgintsev
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - L E Pavlova
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - M F Timina
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - An V Panchenko
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
| | - Al V Panchenko
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of The National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Sochi, Russia
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Waugh JL, Hassan A, Kuster JK, Levenstein JM, Warfield SK, Makris N, Brüggemann N, Sharma N, Breiter HC, Blood AJ. An MRI method for parcellating the human striatum into matrix and striosome compartments in vivo. Neuroimage 2021; 246:118714. [PMID: 34800665 PMCID: PMC9142299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian striatum is comprised of intermingled tissue compartments, matrix and striosome. Though indistinguishable by routine histological techniques, matrix and striosome have distinct embryologic origins, afferent/efferent connections, surface protein expression, intra-striatal location, susceptibilities to injury, and functional roles in a range of animal behaviors. Distinguishing the compartments previously required post-mortem tissue and/or genetic manipulation; we aimed to identify matrix/striosome non-invasively in living humans. We used diffusion MRI (probabilistic tractography) to identify human striatal voxels with connectivity biased towards matrix-favoring or striosome-favoring regions (determined by prior animal tract-tracing studies). Segmented striatal compartments replicated the topological segregation and somatotopic organization identified in animal matrix/striosome studies. Of brain regions mapped in prior studies, our human brain data confirmed 93% of the compartment-selective structural connectivity demonstrated in animals. Test-retest assessment on repeat scans found a voxel classification error rate of 0.14%. Fractional anisotropy was significantly higher in matrix-like voxels, while mean diffusivity did not differ between the compartments. As mapped by the Talairach human brain atlas, 460 regions were significantly biased towards either matrix or striosome. Our method allows the study of striatal compartments in human health and disease, in vivo, for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Waugh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Division of Child Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - Aao Hassan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J K Kuster
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - J M Levenstein
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, United States; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - S K Warfield
- Department of Radiology, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - N Makris
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Morphometric Analysis, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - N Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - N Sharma
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - H C Breiter
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - A J Blood
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, United States; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, United States; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Charlestown, MA, United States.
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7
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Crittenden JR, Zhai S, Sauvage M, Kitsukawa T, Burguière E, Thomsen M, Zhang H, Costa C, Martella G, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B, Pescatore KA, Unterwald EM, Jackson WS, Housman DE, Caine SB, Sulzer D, Calabresi P, Smith AC, Surmeier DJ, Graybiel AM. CalDAG-GEFI mediates striatal cholinergic modulation of dendritic excitability, synaptic plasticity and psychomotor behaviors. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105473. [PMID: 34371144 PMCID: PMC8486000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CalDAG-GEFI (CDGI) is a protein highly enriched in the striatum, particularly in the principal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). CDGI is strongly down-regulated in two hyperkinetic conditions related to striatal dysfunction: Huntington’s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. We demonstrate that genetic deletion of CDGI in mice disrupts dendritic, but not somatic, M1 muscarinic receptors (M1Rs) signaling in indirect pathway SPNs. Loss of CDGI reduced temporal integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials at dendritic glutamatergic synapses and impaired the induction of activity-dependent long-term potentiation. CDGI deletion selectively increased psychostimulant-induced repetitive behaviors, disrupted sequence learning, and eliminated M1R blockade of cocaine self-administration. These findings place CDGI as a major, but previously unrecognized, mediator of cholinergic signaling in the striatum. The effects of CDGI deletion on the self-administration of drugs of abuse and its marked alterations in hyperkinetic extrapyramidal disorders highlight CDGI’s therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shenyu Zhai
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Magdalena Sauvage
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Functional Architecture of Memory Dept., Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Kitsukawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eric Burguière
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U 1127, UPMC-P6 UMR S, 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and University, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Neurology, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della misericordia, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Karen A Pescatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walker S Jackson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - David E Housman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Barak Caine
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Neurology, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Anne C Smith
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Amemori S, Graybiel AM, Amemori KI. Causal Evidence for Induction of Pessimistic Decision-Making in Primates by the Network of Frontal Cortex and Striosomes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:649167. [PMID: 34276282 PMCID: PMC8277931 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.649167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that patients with anxiety disorders exhibited coactivation of limbic cortices and basal ganglia, which together form a large-scale brain network. The mechanisms by which such a large-scale network could induce or modulate anxiety-like states are largely unknown. This article reviews our experimental program in macaques demonstrating a causal involvement of local striatal and frontal cortical sites in inducing pessimistic decision-making that underlies anxiety. Where relevant, we related these findings to the wider literature. To identify such sites, we have made a series of methodologic advances, including the combination of causal evidence for behavioral modification of pessimistic decisions with viral tracing methods. Critically, we introduced a version of the classic approach-avoidance (Ap-Av) conflict task, modified for use in non-human primates. We performed microstimulation of limbic-related cortical regions and the striatum, focusing on the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), the caudal orbitofrontal cortex (cOFC), and the caudate nucleus (CN). Microstimulation of localized sites within these regions induced pessimistic decision-making by the monkeys, supporting the idea that the focal activation of these regions could induce an anxiety-like state, which subsequently influences decision-making. We further performed combined microstimulation and tract-tracing experiments by injecting anterograde viral tracers into focal regions, at which microstimulation induced increased avoidance. We found that effective stimulation sites in both pACC and cOFC zones projected preferentially to striosomes in the anterior striatum. Experiments in rodents have shown that the striosomes in the anterior striatum project directly to the dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra, and we have found evidence for a functional connection between striosomes and the lateral habenular region in which responses to reward are inhibitory. We present here further evidence for network interactions: we show that the pACC and cOFC project to common structures, including not only the anterior parts of the striosome compartment but also the tail of the CN, the subgenual ACC, the amygdala, and the thalamus. Together, our findings suggest that networks having pACC and cOFC as nodes share similar features in their connectivity patterns. We here hypothesize, based on these results, that the brain sites related to pessimistic judgment are mediated by a large-scale brain network that regulates dopaminergic functions and includes striosomes and striosome-projecting cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Keller R, Costa T, Imperiale D, Bianco A, Rondini E, Hassiotis A, Bertelli MO. Stereotypies in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can We Rely on an Ethological Model? Brain Sci 2021; 11:762. [PMID: 34201177 PMCID: PMC8230333 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotypic behaviour can be defined as a clear behavioural pattern where a specific function or target cannot be identified, although it delays on time. Nonetheless, repetitive and stereotypical behaviours play a key role in both animal and human behaviour. Similar behaviours are observed across species, in typical human developmental phases, and in some neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability. This evidence led to the spread of animal models of repetitive behaviours to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these dysfunctional behaviours and to gain better insight into their role and origin within ASD and other disorders. This, in turn, could lead to new treatments of those disorders in humans. METHOD This paper maps the literature on repetitive behaviours in animal models of ASD, in order to improve understanding of stereotypies in persons with ASD in terms of characterization, pathophysiology, genomic and anatomical factors. RESULTS Literature mapping confirmed that phylogenic approach and animal models may help to improve understanding and differentiation of stereotypies in ASD. Some repetitive behaviours appear to be interconnected and mediated by common genomic and anatomical factors across species, mainly by alterations of basal ganglia circuitry. A new distinction between stereotypies and autotypies should be considered. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenic approach and studies on animal models may support clinical issues related to stereotypies in persons with ASD and provide new insights in classification, pathogenesis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Centre, Mental Health Department, ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy; (R.K.); (T.C.)
| | - Tatiana Costa
- Adult Autism Centre, Mental Health Department, ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy; (R.K.); (T.C.)
| | - Daniele Imperiale
- Neurology Unit, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, 10144 Turin, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Bianco
- CREA (Research and Clinical Centre), San Sebastiano Foundation, Misericordia di Firenze, 50142 Florence, Italy; (A.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisa Rondini
- CREA (Research and Clinical Centre), San Sebastiano Foundation, Misericordia di Firenze, 50142 Florence, Italy; (A.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Angela Hassiotis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK;
| | - Marco O. Bertelli
- CREA (Research and Clinical Centre), San Sebastiano Foundation, Misericordia di Firenze, 50142 Florence, Italy; (A.B.); (E.R.)
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10
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Kitchenham L, Mason GJ. The neurobiology of environmentally induced stereotypic behaviours in captive animals: assessing the basal ganglia pathways and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuitry hypotheses. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The neurobiology of environmentally induced stereotypic behaviours (SBs) (e.g., pacing in zoo carnivores, crib-biting in horses, tail chasing in dogs) is hypothesized to involve altered functioning within the basal ganglia (‘Basal Ganglia (BG) Pathways Hypotheses’) and/or between the basal ganglia and cortex (‘Cortico-Striatal-Thalamo-Cortical (CSTC) Circuits Hypotheses’). We review four decades of relevant studies, critically assessing support for both hypotheses. Currently no BG Pathways or CSTC Circuits hypothesis is fully supported. While some results are partially consistent with some hypotheses (decreased subthalamic nucleus activity in deer mice and C58 mice); others (nucleus accumbens activity in mink and C57 mice) seem to reflect individual differences in SB, but not environmental effects. Yet others can be tentatively rejected: neither elevated striatal dopamine nor the cortico-striatal connection of the sensorimotor circuit seem to be involved for most species studied to date. Further research is now important for understanding the impact of captivity on animals’ functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Kitchenham
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Georgia J. Mason
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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11
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Effects of daily Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alone or combined with cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition-based behavior and activity in adolescent nonhuman primates. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108629. [PMID: 33640678 PMCID: PMC8204682 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily use of marijuana is rising in adolescents, along with consumption of high potency marijuana products (high % Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC). These dual, related trends have opened gaps in understanding the long-term effects of daily consumption of a high dose of THC in adolescents and whether a therapeutic dose of cannabidiol (CBD) modulates THC effects. METHODS Adolescent squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) were treated daily for four months with vehicle (n = 4), a high THC dose (1 mg/kg i.m.; n = 4), or THC + CBD (1 mg/kg +3 mg/kg i.m.; n = 4), to investigate whether: (1) a daily high THC dose affects performance in tasks of cognition (repeated acquisition, discrimination reversal); (2) a daily high THC dose affects spontaneous behavior and day/night activity (3) tolerance develops to the behavioral effects of THC; (4) whether CBD modulates THC effects. RESULTS THC impaired performance of adolescent monkeys in a cognitive test initially, but not performance on a task of cognitive flexibility. THC reduced motor activity and increased sedentary behavior, with tolerance developing after weeks of daily treatment. Co-administered with THC, CBD did not modulate THC effects on cognitive performance, activity or tolerance, but prevented THC-induced emesis on the first day of daily treatment. CONCLUSIONS Daily high dosing with THC compromised performance on a task of cognition, and reduced activity in adolescent primates, with tolerance developing within weeks. Whether our observations are relevant to a broader range of cognitive tasks vital for daily function in human adolescents is uncertain.
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12
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Crittenden JR, Gipson TA, Smith AC, Bowden HA, Yildirim F, Fischer KB, Yim M, Housman DE, Graybiel AM. Striatal transcriptome changes linked to drug-induced repetitive behaviors. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2450-2468. [PMID: 33759265 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disruptive or excessive repetitive motor patterns (stereotypies) are cardinal symptoms in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Stereotypies are also evoked by psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamine. The acquisition of motor sequences is paralleled by changes in activity patterns in the striatum, and stereotypies have been linked to abnormal plasticity in these reinforcement-related circuits. Here, we designed experiments in mice to identify transcriptomic changes that underlie striatal plasticity occurring alongside the development of drug-induced stereotypic behavior. We identified three schedules of amphetamine treatment inducing different degrees of stereotypy and used bulk RNAseq to compare striatal gene expression changes among groups of mice treated with the different drug-dose schedules and vehicle-treated, cage-mate controls. Mice were identified as naïve, sensitized, or tolerant to drug-induced stereotypy. All drug-treated groups exhibited expression changes in genes that encode members of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascades known to regulate psychomotor stimulant responses. In the sensitized group with the most prolonged stereotypy, we found dysregulation of 20 genes that were not changed in other groups. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated highly significant overlap with genes regulated by neuregulin 1 (Nrg1). Nrg1 is known to be a schizophrenia and autism susceptibility gene that encodes a ligand for Erb-B receptors, which are involved in neuronal migration, myelination, and cell survival, including that of dopamine-containing neurons. Stimulant abuse is a risk factor for schizophrenia onset, and these two disorders share behavioral stereotypy phenotypes. Our results raise the possibility that drug-induced sensitization of the Nrg1 signaling pathway might underlie these links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Theresa A Gipson
- Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne C Smith
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hilary A Bowden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ferah Yildirim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyle B Fischer
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Yim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David E Housman
- Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Solís O, García‐Sanz P, Martín AB, Granado N, Sanz‐Magro A, Podlesniy P, Trullas R, Murer MG, Maldonado R, Moratalla R. Behavioral sensitization and cellular responses to psychostimulants are reduced in D2R knockout mice. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12840. [PMID: 31833146 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine exposure causes long-lasting neuroadaptations that involve alterations in cellular signaling and gene expression mediated by dopamine in different brain regions, such as the striatum. Previous studies have pointed out to the dopamine D1 receptor as one major player in psychostimulants-induced behavioral, cellular, and molecular changes. However, the role of other dopamine receptors has not been fully characterized. Here we used dopamine D2 receptor knockout (D2-/- ) mice to explore the role of D2 receptor (D2R) in behavioral sensitization and its associated gene expression after acute and chronic cocaine and amphetamine administration. We also studied the impact of D2R elimination in D1R-mediated responses. We found that cocaine- and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization is deficient in D2-/- mice. The expression of dynorphin, primarily regulated by D1R and a marker of direct-pathway striatal neurons, is attenuated in naïve- and in cocaine- or amphetamine-treated D2-/- mice. Moreover, c-Fos expression observed in D2-/- mice was reduced in acutely but not in chronically treated animals. Interestingly, inactivation of D2R increased c-Fos expression in neurons of the striatopallidal pathway. Finally, elimination of D2R blunted the locomotor and striatal c-Fos response to the full D1 agonist SKF81297. In conclusion, D2R is critical for the development of behavioral sensitization and the associated gene expression, after cocaine administration, and it is required for the locomotor responses promoted by D1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Solís
- Instituto Cajal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia García‐Sanz
- Instituto Cajal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Ana B. Martín
- Instituto Cajal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
| | - Noelia Granado
- Instituto Cajal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz‐Magro
- Instituto Cajal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - M. Gustavo Murer
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Houssay CONICET ‐ Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
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Briefer Freymond S, Beuret S, Ruet A, Zuberbühler K, Bachmann I, Briefer E. Stereotypic behaviour in horses lowers stress but not spatial learning performance. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Aoki R, Shiraishi M, Mikami K, Kamo T. Deterioration of postural deformity in Parkinson's disease patients with punding and hobbyism. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 69:179-183. [PMID: 31400998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether worsening of postural deformities is seen in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who exhibit the behavioral disorders punding or hobbyism (P-H), which involve maintaining the same poor posture. The subjects were 80 patients with PD (aged 73.1 ± 8.8 years; duration of disease, 6.4 ± 5.5 years). Using the Japanese-language version of the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (J-QUIP), a group with P-H alone (P-H only group) and a group without impulsive-compulsive behaviors (non-ICB group) were compared with respect to the angles of forward and lateral trunk flexion while standing at rest. The group with ICBs (ICB group) identified by the J-QUIP consisted of 36 patients (45.0%). Of these, 25 (31.3%) were in the P-H only group. The non-ICB group, who were negative on all items of the J-QUIP, consisted of 44 patients (55.0%). Significantly higher values were seen in the P-H only group compared with non-ICB group for the angle of forward flexion of the trunk (FFT angle, p = 0.04), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II score (p = 0.002), and UPDRS total score (p = 0.007). The FFT angle was increased and activities of daily living decreased in PD patients with P-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Aoki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Noborito Neurology Clinic, 434 Nobotitoshinmachi, Tama-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation, Noborito Neurology Clinic, 434 Nobotitoshinmachi, Tama-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kamo
- Department of Neurology, Noborito Neurology Clinic, 434 Nobotitoshinmachi, Tama-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan.
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16
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Lesions of the Patch Compartment of Dorsolateral Striatum Disrupt Stimulus-Response Learning. Neuroscience 2019; 415:161-172. [PMID: 31356898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The striatum mediates habit formation and reward association. The striatum can be divided into the patch and matrix compartment, which are two distinct regions that sub-serve different aspects of behavior. The patch compartment may mediate reward-related behaviors, while the matrix compartment may mediate adaptive motor functions. Previous studies indicate that enhanced relative activation of the patch versus matrix compartment is associated with inflexible behaviors, such as stereotypy. Habitual behaviors are also inflexible in nature, but whether enhanced activation of the patch compartment contributes to habitual behavior is not known. The goal of the current study was to examine the role of patch compartment in the development of habit formation. We used dermorphin-saporin to ablate neurons of the patch compartment in the dorsolateral striatum prior to training animals to self-administer sucrose on a random interval schedule of reinforcement. Our data showed that patch compartment lesions in the dorsolateral striatum reduced the reinstatement of sucrose self-administration after sucrose devaluation, indicating that destruction of this region prevented the development of habitual behavior. Additionally, in animals with patch compartment lesions in the DLS that did not develop habitual behavior, activation of the dorsolateral striatum and sensorimotor cortex was diminished, while activity in the dorsomedial striatum and prefrontal cortex was increased, suggesting less engagement of regions that mediate habitual behaviors and heightened engagement of regions that mediate goal-directed behaviors occurs with reduced habit formation. These data indicate that the dorsolateral patch compartment may mediate habit formation by altering information flow through basal ganglia circuits.
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17
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Mansouri-Guilani N, Bernard V, Vigneault E, Vialou V, Daumas S, El Mestikawy S, Gangarossa G. VGLUT3 gates psychomotor effects induced by amphetamine. J Neurochem 2019; 148:779-795. [PMID: 30556914 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several subtypes of modulatory neurons co-express vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) in addition to their cognate vesicular transporters. These neurons are believed to establish new forms of neuronal communication. The atypical VGLUT3 is of particular interest since in the striatum this subtype is found in tonically active cholinergic interneurons (TANs) and in a subset of 5-HT fibers. The striatum plays a major role in psychomotor effects induced by amphetamine. Whether and how VGLUT3-operated glutamate/ACh or glutamate/5HT co-transmissions modulates psychostimulants-induced maladaptive behaviors is still unknown. Here, we investigate the involvement of VGLUT3 and glutamate co-transmission in amphetamine-induced psychomotor effects and stereotypies. Taking advantage of constitutive and cell-type specific VGLUT3-deficient mouse lines, we tackled the hypothesis that VGLUT3 could gate psychomotor effects (locomotor activity and stereotypies) induced by acute or chronic administration of amphetamine. Interestingly, VGLUT3-null mice demonstrated blunted amphetamine-induced stereotypies as well as reduced striatal ∆FosB expression. VGLUT3-positive varicosities within the striatum arise in part from 5HT neurons. We tested the involvement of VGLUT3 deletion in serotoninergic neurons in amphetamine-induced stereotypies. Mice lacking VGLUT3 specifically in 5HT fibers showed no alteration to amphetamine sensitivity. In contrast, specific deletion of VGLUT3 in cholinergic neurons partially phenocopied the effects observed in the constitutive knock-out mice. Our results show that constitutive deletion of VGLUT3 modulates acute and chronic locomotor effects induced by amphetamine. They point to the fact that the expression of VGLUT3 in multiple brain areas is pivotal in gating amphetamine-induced psychomotor adaptations. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mansouri-Guilani
- Neuroscience ParisSeine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Bernard
- Neuroscience ParisSeine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Erika Vigneault
- Neuroscience ParisSeine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vialou
- Neuroscience ParisSeine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Daumas
- Neuroscience ParisSeine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Neuroscience ParisSeine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.,Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) CNRS UMR8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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18
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Amemori KI, Amemori S, Gibson DJ, Graybiel AM. Striatal Microstimulation Induces Persistent and Repetitive Negative Decision-Making Predicted by Striatal Beta-Band Oscillation. Neuron 2018; 99:829-841.e6. [PMID: 30100255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent thoughts inducing irrationally pessimistic and repetitive decisions are often symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. Regional neural hyperactivities have been associated with these disorders, but it remains unclear whether there is a specific brain region causally involved in these persistent valuations. Here, we identified potential sources of such persistent states by microstimulating the striatum of macaques performing a task by which we could quantitatively estimate their subjective pessimistic states using their choices to accept or reject conflicting offers. We found that this microstimulation induced irrationally repetitive choices with negative evaluations. Local field potentials recorded in the same microstimulation sessions exhibited modulations of beta-band oscillatory activity that paralleled the persistent negative states influencing repetitive decisions. These findings demonstrate that local striatal zones can causally affect subjective states influencing persistent negative valuation and that abnormal beta-band oscillations can be associated with persistency in valuation accompanied by an anxiety-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Amemori
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Satoko Amemori
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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The neural circuitry of restricted repetitive behavior: Magnetic resonance imaging in neurodevelopmental disorders and animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:152-171. [PMID: 29802854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are patterns of behavior that exhibit little variation in form and have no obvious function. RRBs although transdiagonstic are a particularly prominent feature of certain neurodevelopmental disorders, yet relatively little is known about the neural circuitry of RRBs. Past work in this area has focused on isolated brain regions and neurotransmitter systems, but implementing a neural circuit approach has the potential to greatly improve understanding of RRBs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well-suited to studying the structural and functional connectivity of the nervous system, and is a highly translational research tool. In this review, we synthesize MRI research from both neurodevelopmental disorders and relevant animal models that informs the neural circuitry of RRB. Together, these studies implicate distributed neural circuits between the cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Despite progress in neuroimaging of RRB, there are many opportunities for conceptual and methodological improvement. We conclude by suggesting future directions for MRI research in RRB, and how such studies can benefit from complementary approaches in neuroscience.
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Hartmann A, Deniau E, Czernecki V, Negovanska V, d’Harcourt S, Depienne C, Klein-Koerkamp Y, Worbe Y. Tic e sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette. Neurologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)89402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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22
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The cannabinoid-1 receptor is abundantly expressed in striatal striosomes and striosome-dendron bouquets of the substantia nigra. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191436. [PMID: 29466446 PMCID: PMC5821318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1-R) bind endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids to modulate neurotransmitter release. CB1-Rs are expressed throughout the basal ganglia, including striatum and substantia nigra, where they play a role in learning and control of motivated actions. However, the pattern of CB1-R expression across different striatal compartments, microcircuits and efferent targets, and the contribution of different CB1-R-expressing neurons to this pattern, are unclear. We use a combination of conventional techniques and novel genetic models to evaluate CB1-R expression in striosome (patch) and matrix compartments of the striatum, and in nigral targets of striatal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). CB1-R protein and mRNA follow a descending dorsolateral-to-ventromedial intensity gradient in the caudal striatum, with elevated expression in striosomes relative to the surrounding matrix. The lateral predominance of striosome CB1-Rs contrasts with that of the classical striosomal marker, the mu opioid receptor (MOR), which is expressed most prominently in rostromedial striosomes. The dorsolateral-to-ventromedial CB1-R gradient is similar to Drd2 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity and opposite to Substance P. This topology of CB1-R expression is maintained downstream in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Dense CB1-R-expressing striatonigral fibers extend dorsally within the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and colocalize with bundles of ventrally extending, striosome-targeted, dendrites of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (striosome-dendron bouquets). Within striatum, CB1-Rs colocalize with fluorescently labeled MSN collaterals within the striosomes. Cre recombinase-mediated deletion of CB1-Rs from cortical projection neurons or MSNs, and MSN-selective reintroduction of CB1-Rs in knockout mice, demonstrate that the principal source of CB1-Rs in dorsolateral striosomes is local MSN collaterals. These data suggest a role for CB1-Rs in caudal dorsolateral striosome collaterals and striosome-dendron bouquet projections to lateral substantia nigra, where they are anatomically poised to mediate presynaptic disinhibition of both striosomal MSNs and midbrain dopamine neurons in response to endocannabinoids and cannabinomimetics.
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23
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Yuferov V, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zhao C, Randesi M, Kreek MJ. Oxycodone Self-Administration Induces Alterations in Expression of Integrin, Semaphorin and Ephrin Genes in the Mouse Striatum. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:257. [PMID: 29946272 PMCID: PMC6005861 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxycodone is one a commonly used medication for pain, and is also a widely abused prescription opioid, like other short-acting MOPr agonists. Neurochemical and structural adaptations in brain following chronic MOPr-agonist administration are thought to underlie pathogenesis and persistence of opiate addiction. Many axon guidance molecules, such as integrins, semaphorins, and ephrins may contribute to oxycodone-induced neuroadaptations through alterations in axon-target connections and synaptogenesis, that may be implicated in the behaviors associated with opiate addiction. However, little is known about this important area. The aim of this study is to investigate alterations in expression of selected integrin, semaphorin, ephrins, netrin, and slit genes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu) of mice following extended 14-day oxycodone self-administration (SA), using RNAseq. Methods: Total RNA from the NAc and CPu were isolated from adult male C57BL/6J mice within 1 h after the last session of oxycodone in a 14-day self-administration paradigm (4h/day, 0.25 mg/kg/infusion, FR1) or from yoked saline controls. Gene expressions were examined using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. RNA-Seq libraries were prepared using Illumina's TruSeq® Stranded Total RNA LT kit. The reads were aligned to the mouse reference genome (version mm10) using STAR. DESeq2 was applied to the counts of protein coding genes to estimate the fold change between the treatment groups. False Discovery Rate (FDR) q < 0.1 were used to select genes that have a significant expression change. For selection of a subset of genes related to axon guidance pathway, REACTOME was used. Results: Among 38 known genes of the integrin, semaphorin, and ephrin gene families, RNA-seq data revealed up-regulation of six genes in the NAc: heterodimer receptor, integrins Itgal, Itgb2, and Itgam, and its ligand semaphorin Sema7a, two semaphorin receptors, plexins Plxnd1 and Plxdc1. There was down-regulation of eight genes in this region: two integrin genes Itga3 and Itgb8, semaphorins Sema3c, Sema4g, Sema6a, Sema6d, semaphorin receptor neuropilin Nrp2, and ephrin receptor Epha3. In the CPu, there were five differentially expressed axon guidance genes: up-regulation of three integrin genes, Itgal, Itgb2, Itga1, and down-regulation of Itga9 and ephrin Efna3 were thus observed. No significant alterations in expression of Netrin-1 or Slit were observed. Conclusion: We provide evidence for alterations in the expression of selective axon guidance genes in adult mouse brain following chronic self-administration of oxycodone. Further examination of oxycodone-induced changes in the expression of these specific axon guidance molecules and integrin genes in relation to behavior may provide new insights into development of addiction to oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yupu Liang
- Research Bioinformatics, Clinical and Translational Science Award, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Connie Zhao
- Genomic Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Randesi
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary J Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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24
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Bloem B, Huda R, Sur M, Graybiel AM. Two-photon imaging in mice shows striosomes and matrix have overlapping but differential reinforcement-related responses. eLife 2017; 6:32353. [PMID: 29251596 PMCID: PMC5764569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Striosomes were discovered several decades ago as neurochemically identified zones in the striatum, yet technical hurdles have hampered the study of the functions of these striatal compartments. Here we used 2-photon calcium imaging in neuronal birthdate-labeled Mash1-CreER;Ai14 mice to image simultaneously the activity of striosomal and matrix neurons as mice performed an auditory conditioning task. With this method, we identified circumscribed zones of tdTomato-labeled neuropil that correspond to striosomes as verified immunohistochemically. Neurons in both striosomes and matrix responded to reward-predicting cues and were active during or after consummatory licking. However, we found quantitative differences in response strength: striosomal neurons fired more to reward-predicting cues and encoded more information about expected outcome as mice learned the task, whereas matrix neurons were more strongly modulated by recent reward history. These findings open the possibility of harnessing in vivo imaging to determine the contributions of striosomes and matrix to striatal circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bloem
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rafiq Huda
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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25
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Morigaki R, Goto S. Striatal Vulnerability in Huntington's Disease: Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060063. [PMID: 28590448 PMCID: PMC5483636 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding an abnormally long polyglutamine tract (PolyQ) in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In HD, striking neuropathological changes occur in the striatum, including loss of medium spiny neurons and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons accompanied by neurodegeneration of the striosome and matrix compartments, leading to progressive impairment of reasoning, walking and speaking abilities. The precise cause of striatal pathology in HD is still unknown; however, accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests multiple plausible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration in HD. Here, we review and discuss the characteristic neurodegenerative patterns observed in the striatum of HD patients and consider the role of various huntingtin-related and striatum-enriched proteins in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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26
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Crittenden JR, Lacey CJ, Weng FJ, Garrison CE, Gibson DJ, Lin Y, Graybiel AM. Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Modulate Spike-Timing in Striosomes and Matrix by an Amphetamine-Sensitive Mechanism. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28377698 PMCID: PMC5359318 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is key for action-selection and the motivation to move. Dopamine and acetylcholine release sites are enriched in the striatum and are cross-regulated, possibly to achieve optimal behavior. Drugs of abuse, which promote abnormally high dopamine release, disrupt normal action-selection and drive restricted, repetitive behaviors (stereotypies). Stereotypies occur in a variety of disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, schizophrenia and Huntington's disease, as well as in addictive states. The severity of drug-induced stereotypy is correlated with induction of c-Fos expression in striosomes, a striatal compartment that is related to the limbic system and that directly projects to dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra. These characteristics of striosomes contrast with the properties of the extra-striosomal matrix, which has strong sensorimotor and associative circuit inputs and outputs. Disruption of acetylcholine signaling in the striatum blocks the striosome-predominant c-Fos expression pattern induced by drugs of abuse and alters drug-induced stereotypy. The activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons is associated with behaviors related to sensory cues, and cortical inputs to striosomes can bias action-selection in the face of conflicting cues. The neurons and neuropil of striosomes and matrix neurons have observably separate distributions, both at the input level in the striatum and at the output level in the substantia nigra. Notably, cholinergic axons readily cross compartment borders, providing a potential route for local cross-compartment communication to maintain a balance between striosomal and matrix activity. We show here, by slice electrophysiology in transgenic mice, that repetitive evoked firing patterns in striosomal and matrix striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are interrupted by optogenetic activation of cholinergic interneurons either by the addition or the deletion of spikes. We demonstrate that this cholinergic modulation of projection neurons is blocked in brain slices taken from mice exposed to amphetamine and engaged in amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and lacking responsiveness to salient cues. Our findings support a model whereby activity in striosomes is normally under strong regulation by cholinergic interneurons, favoring behavioral flexibility, but that in animals with drug-induced stereotypy, this cholinergic signaling breaks down, resulting in differential modulation of striosomal activity and an inability to bias action-selection according to relevant sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Lacey
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng-Ju Weng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Garrison
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yingxi Lin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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27
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Horner KA, Logan MC, Fisher TJ, Logue JB. Blockade of patch-based μ opioid receptors in the striatum attenuates methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and reduces activation of the patch compartment. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 796:207-214. [PMID: 28057490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral effects of methamphetamine (METH) are mediated by the striatum, which is divided into the patch compartment, which mediates limbic and reward functions, and the matrix compartment, which mediates sensorimotor tasks. METH treatment results in repetitive behavior that is related to enhanced relative activation of the patch versus the matrix compartment. The patch, but not the matrix compartment contains a high density of μ opioid receptors, and localized blockade of patch-based μ opioid receptors attenuates METH-induced patch-enhanced activity and repetitive behaviors. Numerous studies have examined patch-enhanced activity and the contribution of patch-associated μ opioid receptors to METH-induced repetitive behavior, but it is not known whether patch-enhanced activity occurs during METH-mediated reward, nor is it known if patch-based μ opioid receptors contribute to METH reward. The goals of this study were to determine if blockade of patch-based μ opioid receptors alters METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), as well activation of the patch and matrix compartments following METH-mediated CPP. A biased conditioning paradigm was used to assess CPP, and conditioning occurred over an 8-d period. Animals were bilaterally infused in the striatum with the μ-specific antagonist CTAP or vehicle prior to conditioning. Animals were tested for preference 24h after the last day of conditioning, sacrificed and the brains processed for immunohistochemistry. Blockade of patch-based μ opioid receptors reduced METH-induced CPP, and reduced patch-enhanced c-Fos expression in the striatum following METH-mediated CPP. These data indicate that patch-enhanced activity is associated with METH-mediated reward and patch-based μ opioid receptors contribute to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Horner
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States.
| | - Mary Caroline Logan
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
| | - Trevor J Fisher
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
| | - Jordan B Logue
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
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28
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Robie AA, Seagraves KM, Egnor SER, Branson K. Machine vision methods for analyzing social interactions. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:25-34. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.142281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Recent developments in machine vision methods for automatic, quantitative analysis of social behavior have immensely improved both the scale and level of resolution with which we can dissect interactions between members of the same species. In this paper, we review these methods, with a particular focus on how biologists can apply them to their own work. We discuss several components of machine vision-based analyses: methods to record high-quality video for automated analyses, video-based tracking algorithms for estimating the positions of interacting animals, and machine learning methods for recognizing patterns of interactions. These methods are extremely general in their applicability, and we review a subset of successful applications of them to biological questions in several model systems with very different types of social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice A. Robie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kelly M. Seagraves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - S. E. Roian Egnor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kristin Branson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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29
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Salinas AG, Davis MI, Lovinger DM, Mateo Y. Dopamine dynamics and cocaine sensitivity differ between striosome and matrix compartments of the striatum. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:275-83. [PMID: 27036891 PMCID: PMC5026225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is typically classified according to its major output pathways, which consist of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing neurons. The striatum is also divided into striosome and matrix compartments, based on the differential expression of a number of proteins, including the mu opioid receptor, dopamine transporter (DAT), and Nr4a1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1). Numerous functional differences between the striosome and matrix compartments are implicated in dopamine-related neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease and addiction. Using Nr4a1-eGFP mice, we provide evidence that electrically evoked dopamine release differs between the striosome and matrix compartments in a regionally-distinct manner. We further demonstrate that this difference is not due to differences in inhibition of dopamine release by dopamine autoreceptors or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Furthermore, cocaine enhanced extracellular dopamine in striosomes to a greater degree than in the matrix and concomitantly inhibited dopamine uptake in the matrix to a greater degree than in striosomes. Importantly, these compartment differences in cocaine sensitivity were limited to the dorsal striatum. These findings demonstrate a level of exquisite microanatomical regulation of dopamine by the DAT in striosomes relative to the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando G Salinas
- The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Margaret I Davis
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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30
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Crittenden J, Graybiel A. Disease-Associated Changes in the Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Dorsal Striatum. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Song C, Berridge KC, Graybiel AM, Fentress JC. Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 17:45-59. [PMID: 26675822 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-grooming is a complex innate behaviour with an evolutionarily conserved sequencing pattern and is one of the most frequently performed behavioural activities in rodents. In this Review, we discuss the neurobiology of rodent self-grooming, and we highlight studies of rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders--including models of autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder--that have assessed self-grooming phenotypes. We suggest that rodent self-grooming may be a useful measure of repetitive behaviour in such models, and therefore of value to translational psychiatry. Assessment of rodent self-grooming may also be useful for understanding the neural circuits that are involved in complex sequential patterns of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Institutes of Chemical Technologies and Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.,Graduate Institute of Neural Cognitive Science, China Medical University, Taichung 000001, Taiwan
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525E University Str, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John C Fentress
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
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32
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Borçoi AR, Patti CL, Zanin KA, Hollais AW, Santos-Baldaia R, Ceccon LMB, Berro LF, Wuo-Silva R, Grapiglia SB, Ribeiro LTC, Lopes-Silva LB, Frussa-Filho R. Effects of prenatal immune activation on amphetamine-induced addictive behaviors: Contributions from animal models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:63-9. [PMID: 26051209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal environmental adversities may affect brain development and are associated with increased risk for schizophrenia, an illness with 50% comorbidity with addiction. Maternal immune activation by poly-inosinic-citidilic acid (Poly(I:C)) exposure can promote behavioral alterations consistent with schizophrenia symptoms in rodents. OBJECTIVES Considering the vulnerability to addiction in patients with schizophrenia, we evaluated the interactions between prenatal Poly(I:C) administration and addiction in two animal models (behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference - CPP) in mice repeatedly treated with amphetamine (AMP). Additionally, stereotyped behavior and cross-sensitization with cocaine (COC) were also investigated. METHODS Swiss male mice offspring were submitted to prenatal administration of 5mg/kg Poly(I:C) in the 9(th) day of pregnancy. At the age of 90days, mice were treated with 2.5mg/kg AMP for 9days to evaluate behavioral sensitization or stereotyped behavior. Cross-sensitization with 10mg/kg COC was evaluated 24h after the last treatment day. For AMP-induced CPP evaluation, mice were treated during 8 consecutive days. RESULTS Prenatal Poly(I:C) administration potentiated both AMP-induced behavioral sensitization and CPP. Furthermore, Poly(I:C) increased cross-sensitization with COC. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal administration of Poly(I:C) is able to potentiate vulnerability to addiction in two animal models, without however modulating stereotyped behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R Borçoi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla L Patti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Karina A Zanin
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André W Hollais
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Santos-Baldaia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Liliane M B Ceccon
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís F Berro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael Wuo-Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephanie B Grapiglia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana T C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Lopes-Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04021002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Frussa-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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33
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Blackmon K, Ben-Avi E, Wang X, Pardoe HR, Di Martino A, Halgren E, Devinsky O, Thesen T, Kuzniecky R. Periventricular white matter abnormalities and restricted repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:36-45. [PMID: 26693400 PMCID: PMC4660377 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development are found at higher rates in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than in healthy controls on postmortem neuropathological evaluation but are more variably observed on visual review of in-vivo MRI brain scans. This may be due to the visually elusive nature of many malformations on MRI. Here, we utilize a quantitative approach to determine whether a volumetric measure of heterotopic gray matter in the white matter is elevated in people with ASD, relative to typically developing controls (TDC). Data from a primary sample of 48 children/young adults with ASD and 48 age-, and gender-matched TDCs, selected from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) open-access database, were analyzed to compare groups on (1) blinded review of high-resolution T1-weighted research sequences; and (2) quantitative measurement of white matter hypointensity (WMH) volume calculated from the same T1-weighted scans. Groupwise WMH volume comparisons were repeated in an independent, multi-site sample (80 ASD/80 TDC), also selected from ABIDE. Visual review resulted in equivalent proportions of imaging abnormalities in the ASD and TDC group. However, quantitative analysis revealed elevated periventricular and deep subcortical WMH volumes in ASD. This finding was replicated in the independent, multi-site sample. Periventricular WMH volume was not associated with age but was associated with greater restricted repetitive behaviors on both parent-reported and clinician-rated assessment inventories. Thus, findings demonstrate that periventricular WMH volume is elevated in ASD and associated with a higher degree of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. Although the etiology of focal WMH clusters is unknown, the absence of age effects suggests that they may reflect a static anomaly. Periventricular white matter hypointensity (WMH) volume is elevated in autism. ASD-associated WMH volume elevations were observed in independent samples. WMH volume does not change with age in children/young adults. Periventricular WMH volume is associated with restricted repetitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Blackmon
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emma Ben-Avi
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA ; Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Heath R Pardoe
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92069, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92069, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Thesen
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA ; Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ruben Kuzniecky
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Murray RC, Logan MC, Horner KA. Striatal patch compartment lesions reduce stereotypy following repeated cocaine administration. Brain Res 2015; 1618:286-98. [PMID: 26100338 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stereotypy can be characterized as inflexible, repetitive behaviors that occur following repeated exposure to psychostimulants, such as cocaine (COC). Stereotypy may be related to preferential activation of the patch (striosome) compartment of striatum, as enhanced relative activation of the patch compartment has been shown to positively correlate with the emergence of stereotypy following repeated psychostimulant treatment. However, the specific contribution of the patch compartment to COC-induced stereotypy following repeated exposure is unknown. To elucidate the involvement of the patch compartment to the development of stereotypy following repeated COC exposure, we determined if destruction of this sub-region altered COC-induced behaviors. The neurons of the patch compartment were ablated by bilateral infusion of the neurotoxin dermorphin-saporin (DERM-SAP; 17 ng/μl) into the striatum. Animals were allowed to recover for eight days following the infusion, and then were given daily injections of COC (25mg/kg) or saline for one week, followed by a weeklong drug-free period. Animals were then given a challenge dose of saline or COC, observed for 2h in activity chambers and sacrificed. The number of mu-labeled patches in the striatum were reduced by DERM-SAP pretreatment. In COC-treated animals DERM-SAP pretreatment significantly reduced the immobilization and intensity of stereotypy but increased locomotor activity. DERM-SAP pretreatment attenuated COC-induced c-Fos expression in the patch compartment, while enhancing COC-induced c-Fos expression in the matrix compartment. These data indicate that the patch compartment contributes to repetitive behavior and suggests that alterations in activity in the patch vs matrix compartments may underlie to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Murray
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
| | - Mary C Logan
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
| | - Kristen A Horner
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States.
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Matheson LE, Sakata JT. Catecholaminergic contributions to vocal communication signals. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1180-94. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Matheson
- Department of Biology; McGill University; Montreal QC H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Jon T. Sakata
- Department of Biology; McGill University; Montreal QC H3A 1B1 Canada
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Xu M, Li L, Ohtsu H, Pittenger C. Histidine decarboxylase knockout mice, a genetic model of Tourette syndrome, show repetitive grooming after induced fear. Neurosci Lett 2015; 595:50-3. [PMID: 25841792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tics, such as are seen in Tourette syndrome (TS), are common and can cause profound morbidity, but they are poorly understood. Tics are potentiated by psychostimulants, stress, and sleep deprivation. Mutations in the gene histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) have been implicated as a rare genetic cause of TS, and Hdc knockout mice have been validated as a genetic model that recapitulates phenomenological and pathophysiological aspects of the disorder. Tic-like stereotypies in this model have not been observed at baseline but emerge after acute challenge with the psychostimulant d-amphetamine. We tested the ability of an acute stressor to stimulate stereotypies in this model, using tone fear conditioning. Hdc knockout mice acquired conditioned fear normally, as manifested by freezing during the presentation of a tone 48h after it had been paired with a shock. During the 30min following tone presentation, knockout mice showed increased grooming. Heterozygotes exhibited normal freezing and intermediate grooming. These data validate a new paradigm for the examination of tic-like stereotypies in animals without pharmacological challenge and enhance the face validity of the Hdc knockout mouse as a pathophysiologically grounded model of tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Ruiz-DeDiego I, Naranjo J, Hervé D, Moratalla R. Dopaminergic regulation of olfactory type G-protein α subunit expression in the striatum. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1039-49. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Ruiz-DeDiego
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
| | - J.R. Naranjo
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - D. Hervé
- Inserm UMR S-839, CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - R. Moratalla
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERNED; Madrid Spain
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Temporal and dose-dependent differences in simultaneously-induced cocaine hypervigilance and conditioned-place-preference in marmoset monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 148:188-94. [PMID: 25630962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although repeated exposure to cocaine can induce hypervigilance and conditioned-place-preference (CPP) in nonhuman primates (NHPs), more detailed analyses are warranted since the outcome can be influenced by different factors. METHODS We evaluated in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix penicillata): (1) the onset time-course and dose-dependent (3 or 7mg/kg; i.p.) profile of their hypervigilance and CPP response to repeated cocaine exposure; (2) whether these behavioral measures are still detectable after a 15-day no-drug period; (3) the relationship between their hypervigilance and CPP responses; and (4) if these behavioral changes correlate with pre- and post-drug behaviors (i.e., vigilance, locomotion, exploration), and/or first response to cocaine. RESULTS Hypervigilance had a slow-onset, was only effective with the 7mg/kg dose of cocaine, lacked long-term conditioned effects and was not related to the initial cocaine response or pre-drug behaviors, regardless of the dose tested. CPP was promptly induced with the 3 and 7mg/kg doses, and had a dose-dependent long-term effect and negative correlation with pre-drug locomotion and exploration. Hypervigilance and CPP were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Although hypervigilance and CPP were induced, they had distinct temporal and dose-dependent profiles, and were not equally co-expressed in the same marmoset. Also, in NHPs, pre-drug locomotion and exploration were predictive of the low-dose CPP response.
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Reduced phenotypic severity following adeno-associated virus-mediated Fmr1 gene delivery in fragile X mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3100-11. [PMID: 24998620 PMCID: PMC4229583 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene that codes for fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). To determine if FMRP expression in the central nervous system could reverse phenotypic deficits in the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model of FXS, we used a single-stranded adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector with viral capsids from serotype 9 that contained a major isoform of FMRP. FMRP transgene expression was driven by the neuron-selective synapsin-1 promoter. The vector was delivered to the brain via a single bilateral intracerebroventricular injection into neonatal Fmr1 KO mice and transgene expression and behavioral assessments were conducted 22-26 or 50-56 days post injection. Western blotting and immunocytochemical analyses of AAV-FMRP-injected mice revealed FMRP expression in the striatum, hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and cingulate cortex. Cellular expression was selective for neurons and reached ∼ 50% of wild-type levels in the hippocampus and cortex at 56 days post injection. The pathologically elevated repetitive behavior and the deficit in social dominance behavior seen in phosphate-buffered saline-injected Fmr1 KO mice were reversed in AAV-FMRP-injected mice. These results provide the first proof of principle that gene therapy can correct specific behavioral abnormalities in the mouse model of FXS.
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McBride SD, Parker MO. The disrupted basal ganglia and behavioural control: an integrative cross-domain perspective of spontaneous stereotypy. Behav Brain Res 2014; 276:45-58. [PMID: 25052167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous stereotypic behaviour (SB) is common in many captive animal species, as well as in humans with some severe psychiatric disorders, and is often cited as being related to general basal ganglia dysfunction. Despite this assertion, there is little in the literature examining SB specifically in terms of the basal ganglia mechanics. In this review, we attempt to fill this gap by offering an integrative, cross-domain perspective of SB by linking what we currently understand about the SB phenotype with the ever-growing literature on the anatomy and functionality of the basal ganglia. After outlining current models of SB from different theoretical perspectives, we offer a broad but detailed overview of normally functioning basal ganglia mechanics, and attempt to link this with current neurophysiological evidence related to spontaneous SB. Based on this we present an empirically derived theoretical framework, which proposes that SB is the result of a dysfunctional action selection system that may reflect dysregulation of excitatory (direct) and inhibitory (indirect and hyperdirect) pathways as well as alterations in mechanisms of behavioural switching. This approach also suggests behaviours that specifically become stereotypic may reflect inbuilt low selection threshold behavioural sequences associated with early development and the species-specific ethogram or, low threshold behavioural sequences that are the result of stress-induced dopamine exposure at the time of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D McBride
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Crittenden JR, Lacey CJ, Lee T, Bowden HA, Graybiel AM. Severe drug-induced repetitive behaviors and striatal overexpression of VAChT in ChAT-ChR2-EYFP BAC transgenic mice. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:57. [PMID: 24904300 PMCID: PMC4036131 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug users, drug-related cues alone can induce dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Instructive cues activate inputs to the striatum from both dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons, which are thought to work together to support motor learning and motivated behaviors. Imbalances in these neuromodulatory influences can impair normal action selection and might thus contribute to pathologically repetitive and compulsive behaviors such as drug addiction. Dopamine and acetylcholine can have either antagonistic or synergistic effects on behavior, depending on the state of the animal and the receptor signaling systems at play. Semi-synchronized activation of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum drives dopamine release via presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located on dopamine terminals. Nicotinic receptor blockade is known to diminish abnormal repetitive behaviors (stereotypies) induced by psychomotor stimulants. By contrast, blockade of postsynaptic acetylcholine muscarinic receptors in the dorsomedial striatum exacerbates drug-induced stereotypy, exemplifying how different acetylcholine receptors can also have opposing effects. Although acetylcholine release is known to be altered in animal models of drug addiction, predicting whether these changes will augment or diminish drug-induced behaviors thus remains a challenge. Here, we measured amphetamine-induced stereotypy in BAC transgenic mice that have been shown to overexpress the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) with consequent increased acetylcholine release. We found that drug-induced stereotypies, consisting of confined sniffing and licking behaviors, were greatly increased in the transgenic mice relative to sibling controls, as was striatal VAChT protein. These findings suggest that VAChT-mediated increases in acetylcholine could be critical in exacerbating drug-induced stereotypic behaviors and promoting exaggerated behavioral fixity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Lacey
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyrone Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hilary A Bowden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Abstract
Stereotypies that develop spontaneously in nonhuman primates can provide an effective model for repetitive stereotyped behavior in people with neurodevelopmental or obsessive-compulsive disorders. The behaviors are similar in form, are similarly affected by environmental conditions, and are improved with similar treatment methods such as enrichment, training, and drug therapy. However, because of a greater number of commonalities in these factors, nonhuman primates may serve as a better model for stereotyped behavior in individuals with autism or intellectual disability than for compulsions in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Because animal models may not be exact in all features of the disorder being studied, it is important to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of using a nonhuman primate model for stereotyped behavior in people with psychological disorders.
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43
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation transiently reduces punding in Parkinson's disease: a preliminary study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:267-74. [PMID: 24132699 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the impulse-control disorders (ICDs) associated with dopamine-replacement therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is a repetitive, complex, stereotyped behaviour called punding. Disruption of the reciprocal loops between the striatum and structures in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) following dopamine depletion may predispose patients with PD to these behavioural disorders. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) on punding in PD. We used low-frequency (LF) rTMS in four PD patients presenting with punding. Punding was transiently reversed by LF-rTMS over the DLPFC without enhancing motor impairment. The effect was more sustained after right DLPFC rTMS. Therefore, LF-rTMS produced a transient beneficial effect in PD patients with punding, similar to that reported in PD patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. rTMS might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of punding and perhaps other ICDs in PD.
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44
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Selemon LD, Friedman HR. Motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in non-human primates exposed to early gestational irradiation. Neuroscience 2013; 248:213-24. [PMID: 23769911 PMCID: PMC3823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of psychiatric illnesses have been associated with prenatal disturbance of brain development, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Individuals afflicted with these disorders exhibit both repetitive motor and cognitive behavior. The potential role that environmental insult to the developing brain may play in generating these aberrant behaviors is unclear. Here we examine the behavioral consequences of an early gestational insult in the non-human primate. Rhesus macaques were exposed to x-irradiation during the first trimester of development to disrupt neurogenesis. The behavior of five fetally irradiated monkeys (FIMs) and five control monkeys (CONs) was observed as they matured from juvenile (1.5 years) to adult ages (4-5 years). Home-cage behavior was indistinguishable in the two groups. In the testing cage, circling was prevalent in both groups at juvenile ages, persisting to adulthood in three of the five FIMs. One FIM executed a ritualized motor sequence marked by semi-circling and undulating head movements. Seven macaques (4 FIMs, 3 CONs) were tested on a spatial Delayed Alternation (DA) task as adults. Perseverative errors and non-perseverative errors were recorded in early stages of the testing, at the 0 delay interval. While performing DA, FIMs made more errors of perseveration than CONs yet the number of total errors committed did not differ between groups. The presence of motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in fetally irradiated non-human primates suggests that environmental insult to the embryonic brain may contribute to repetitive motor and cognitive behaviors in neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Selemon
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - H R Friedman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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45
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Chen JY, Wang EA, Cepeda C, Levine MS. Dopamine imbalance in Huntington's disease: a mechanism for the lack of behavioral flexibility. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:114. [PMID: 23847463 PMCID: PMC3701870 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays an essential role in the control of coordinated movements. Alterations in DA balance in the striatum lead to pathological conditions such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases (HD). HD is a progressive, invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a genetic mutation producing an expansion of glutamine repeats and is characterized by abnormal dance-like movements (chorea). The principal pathology is the loss of striatal and cortical projection neurons. Changes in brain DA content and receptor number contribute to abnormal movements and cognitive deficits in HD. In particular, during the early hyperkinetic stage of HD, DA levels are increased whereas expression of DA receptors is reduced. In contrast, in the late akinetic stage, DA levels are significantly decreased and resemble those of a Parkinsonian state. Time-dependent changes in DA transmission parallel biphasic changes in glutamate synaptic transmission and may enhance alterations in glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic activity. In this review, we focus on neuronal electrophysiological mechanisms that may lead to some of the motor and cognitive symptoms of HD and how they relate to dysfunction in DA neurotransmission. Based on clinical and experimental findings, we propose that some of the behavioral alterations in HD, including reduced behavioral flexibility, may be caused by altered DA modulatory function. Thus, restoring DA balance alone or in conjunction with glutamate receptor antagonists could be a viable therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Chen
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Burguière E, Monteiro P, Feng G, Graybiel AM. Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors. Science 2013; 340:1243-6. [PMID: 23744950 DOI: 10.1126/science.1232380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in frontostriatal brain circuits have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, including those characterized by the presence of repetitive behaviors. We developed an optogenetic approach to block repetitive, compulsive behavior in a mouse model in which deletion of the synaptic scaffolding gene, Sapap3, results in excessive grooming. With a delay-conditioning task, we identified in the mutants a selective deficit in behavioral response inhibition and found this to be associated with defective down-regulation of striatal projection neuron activity. Focused optogenetic stimulation of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and its terminals in the striatum restored the behavioral response inhibition, restored the defective down-regulation, and compensated for impaired fast-spiking neuron striatal microcircuits. These findings raise promising potential for the design of targeted therapy for disorders involving excessive repetitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Burguière
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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47
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Nelson AJD, Killcross S. Accelerated habit formation following amphetamine exposure is reversed by D1, but enhanced by D2, receptor antagonists. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:76. [PMID: 23720609 PMCID: PMC3654215 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to the psychostimulant amphetamine has been shown to disrupt goal-directed instrumental actions and promote the early and abnormal development of goal-insensitive habitual responding (Nelson and Killcross, 2006). To investigate the neuropharmacological specificity of this effect as well as restore goal-directed responding in animals with pre-training amphetamine exposure, animals were treated with the non-selective dopamine antagonist α-flupenthixol, the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390 or the selective D2 antagonist eticlopride, prior to instrumental training (three sessions). Subsequently, the reinforcer was paired with LiCL-induced gastric-malaise and animals were given a test of goal-sensitivity both in extinction and reacquisition. The effect of these dopaminergic antagonists on the sensitivity of lever press performance to outcome devaluation was assessed in animals with pre-training exposure to amphetamine (Experiments 1A–C) or in non-sensitized animals (Experiment 2). Both α-flupenthixol and SCH23390 reversed accelerated habit formation following amphetamine sensitization. However, eticlopride appeared to enhance this effect and render instrumental performance compulsive as these animals were unable to inhibit responding both in extinction and reacquisition, even though a consumption test confirmed they had acquired an aversion to the reinforcer. These findings demonstrate that amphetamine induced-disruption of goal-directed behavior is mediated by activity at distinct dopamine receptor subtypes and may represent a putative model of the neurochemical processes involved in the loss of voluntary control over behavior.
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48
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Abstract
Complex motor stereotypies are repetitive arm and/or hand flapping, waving and wiggling movements that begin before the age of 3 years, occur repeatedly throughout the day and stop with distraction. These movements are commonly seen in children with autism, but also appear in otherwise normally developing individuals labelled as primary. Although proposed to have a psychological and neurobiological mechanism, evidence suggests that there is an abnormality within the corticostriatal–thalamocortical circuitry or its connecting structures. Animal models include both drug-induced (i.e., via stimulants or cocaine) and spontaneously appearing prototypes. Neurochemical investigations, primarily in rodents, have identified a variety of neurotransmitter alterations, with an emphasis on dopamine or glutamate; however, findings are inconsistent. We hypothesize that, based on its various roles in controlling and modulating movements, the frontal cortex will ultimately be shown to be the prime site of abnormality in this disorder. Future studies investigating both humans and animal models are essential for attaining a greater understanding of the pathobiology underlying motor stereotypies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harvey S Singer
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Rubenstein Child Health Building, Suite 2158, 200 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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49
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den Dunnen WFA. Neuropathological diagnostic considerations in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Front Neurol 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23420606 PMCID: PMC3572425 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathology of hyperkinetic movement disorders can be very challenging. This paper starts with basic functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in order to appreciate that focal lesions like for instance tumor or infarction can cause hyperkinetic movement disorders like (hemi)ballism. The neuropathology of different causes of chorea (amongst others Huntington’s disease, neuroacanthosis, and HLD-2) and dystonia (DYT1, PD, and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia) are described. Besides the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia a wider anatomical network view is provided. This forms the basis for the overview of the neuropathology of different forms of tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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50
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The α1 Antagonist Doxazosin Alters the Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rats. Brain Sci 2012; 2:619-33. [PMID: 24961263 PMCID: PMC4061810 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Medications that target norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission alter the behavioral effects of cocaine and may be beneficial for stimulant-use disorders. We showed previously that the short-acting, α1-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, blocked drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats and doxazosin (DOX), a longer-acting α1 antagonist blocked cocaine’s subjective effects in cocaine-dependent volunteers. To further characterize DOX as a possible pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence, we assessed its impact on the development and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Rats (n = 6–8) were administered saline, cocaine (COC, 10 mg/kg) or DOX (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) alone or in combination for 5 consecutive days (development). Following 10-days of drug withdrawal, all rats were administered COC and locomotor activity was again assessed (expression). COC increased locomotor activity across days indicative of sensitization. The high dose (1.0 mg/kg), but not the low dose (0.3 mg/kg) of DOX significantly decreased the development and expression of COC sensitization. DOX alone did not differ from saline. These results are consistent with studies showing that α1 receptors are essential for the development and expression of cocaine’s behavioral effects. Results also suggest that blockade of both the development and expression of locomotor sensitization may be important characteristics of possible pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence in humans.
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