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Pramanik S, Devi M H, Chakrabarty S, Paylar B, Pradhan A, Thaker M, Ayyadhury S, Manavalan A, Olsson PE, Pramanik G, Heese K. Microglia signaling in health and disease - Implications in sex-specific brain development and plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105834. [PMID: 39084583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the intrinsic neuroimmune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), exert a pivotal influence on brain development, homeostasis, and functionality, encompassing critical roles during both aging and pathological states. Recent advancements in comprehending brain plasticity and functions have spotlighted conspicuous variances between male and female brains, notably in neurogenesis, neuronal myelination, axon fasciculation, and synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise impact of microglia on sex-specific brain cell plasticity, sculpting diverse neural network architectures and circuits, remains largely unexplored. This article seeks to unravel the present understanding of microglial involvement in brain development, plasticity, and function, with a specific emphasis on microglial signaling in brain sex polymorphism. Commencing with an overview of microglia in the CNS and their associated signaling cascades, we subsequently probe recent revelations regarding molecular signaling by microglia in sex-dependent brain developmental plasticity, functions, and diseases. Notably, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), calcium (Ca2+), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) emerge as molecular candidates significantly contributing to sex-dependent brain development and plasticity. In conclusion, we address burgeoning inquiries surrounding microglia's pivotal role in the functional diversity of developing and aging brains, contemplating their potential implications for gender-tailored therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Harini Devi M
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Saswata Chakrabarty
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Berkay Paylar
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Manisha Thaker
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., 2425 New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Shamini Ayyadhury
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Gopal Pramanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133791, the Republic of Korea.
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Misrani A, Ngwa C, Mamun AA, Sharmeen R, Manyam KV, Ritzel RM, McCullough L, Liu F. Brain endothelial CD200 signaling protects brain against ischemic damage. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110864. [PMID: 38157992 PMCID: PMC11022665 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke induced inflammatory responses contribute significantly to neuronal damage and stroke outcomes. CD200 ligand and its receptor, CD200R, constitute an endogenous inhibitory signaling that is being increasingly recognized in studies of neuroinflammation in various central nervous system disorders. CD200 is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein that is broadly expressed by endothelia and neurons in the brain. In the present study, we have examined the role of endothelial CD200 signaling in acute ischemic stroke. Endothelial CD200 conditional knock out (CKO) mice were generated by breeding CD200 gene floxed mice with Cdh5Cre mice. The mice were subjected to a 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Flow cytometry, Immunohistochemical staining, and Western blotting were performed to assess the post-stroke inflammation; stroke outcomes (infarct volume and neurobehavioral deficits) were evaluated at 72 h after MCAO. We found CD200R was near-null expressed on microglia at 24 h after stoke. Endothelial CKO of CD200 had no impact on peripheral immune cell development. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed CD200 was expressed on CD200 floxed but not on CD200 CKO endothelia. CD200 CKO mice exhibited larger infarct size, worse neurological deficit scores (NDS), and more deficits in the adhesive removal when compared with control mice, 72 h after MCAO. Western blot results showed that endothelial CKO of CD200 did not change BBB protein expression. Together it suggests that endothelial CD200 signaling protects brains against ischemic injury through a mechanism not directly related to microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Misrani
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kanaka Valli Manyam
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Louise McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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3
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Avloniti M, Evangelidou M, Gomini M, Loupis T, Emmanouil M, Mitropoulou A, Tselios T, Lassmann H, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Probert L, Kyrargyri V. IKKβ deletion from CNS macrophages increases neuronal excitability and accelerates the onset of EAE, while from peripheral macrophages reduces disease severity. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:34. [PMID: 38279130 PMCID: PMC10821407 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by motor deficits and cognitive decline. Many immune aspects of the disease are understood through studies in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, including the contribution of the NF-κB transcription factor to neuroinflammation. However, the cell-specific roles of NF-κB to EAE and its cognitive comorbidities still needs further investigation. We have previously shown that the myeloid cell NF-κB plays a role in the healthy brain by exerting homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity and here we investigated its role in EAE. METHODS We used constitutive MφIKKβΚΟ mice, in which depletion of IKKβ, the main activating kinase of NF-κB, was global to CNS and peripheral macrophages, and ΜgΙΚΚβKO mice, in which depletion was inducible and specific to CNS macrophages by 28 days after tamoxifen administration. We subjected these mice to MOG35-55 induced EAE and cuprizone-induced demyelination. We measured pathology by immunohistochemistry, investigated molecular mechanisms by RNA sequencing analysis and studied neuronal functions by in vivo electrophysiology in awake animals. RESULTS Global depletion of IKKβ from myeloid cells in MφIKKβΚΟ mice accelerated the onset and significantly supressed chronic EAE. Knocking out IKKβ only from CNS resident macrophages accelerated the onset and exacerbated chronic EAE, accompanied by earlier demyelination and immune cell infiltration but had no effect in cuprizone-induced demyelination. Peripheral T cell effector functions were not affected by myeloid cell deletion of IKKβ, but CNS resident mechanisms, such as microglial activation and neuronal hyperexcitability were altered from early in EAE. Lastly, depletion of myeloid cell IKKβ resulted in enhanced late long-term potentiation in EAE. CONCLUSIONS IKKβ-mediated activation of NF-κΒ in myeloid cells has opposing roles in EAE depending on the cell type and the disease stage. In CNS macrophages it is protective while in peripheral macrophages it is disease-promoting and acts mainly during chronic disease. Although clinically protective, CNS myeloid cell IKKβ deletion dysregulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in EAE. These effects of IKKβ on brain cognitive abilities deserve special consideration when therapeutic interventions that inhibit NF-κB are used in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Avloniti
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evangelidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gomini
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Loupis
- Greek Genome Centre, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
- Haematology Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Emmanouil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kyrargyri
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Pfeifer CW, Walsh JT, Santeford A, Lin JB, Beatty WL, Terao R, Liu YA, Hase K, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Dysregulated CD200-CD200R signaling in early diabetes modulates microglia-mediated retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308214120. [PMID: 37903272 PMCID: PMC10636339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308214120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the appearance of microvascular changes; however, the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration have been elusive. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cell in the retina and adopt dynamic roles in disease. Here, we show that ablation of retinal microglia ameliorates visual dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a type I diabetes mouse model. We also provide evidence of enhanced microglial contact and engulfment of amacrine cells, ultrastructural modifications, and transcriptome changes that drive inflammation and phagocytosis. We show that CD200-CD200R signaling between amacrine cells and microglia is dysregulated during early DR and that targeting CD200R can attenuate high glucose-induced inflammation and phagocytosis in cultured microglia. Last, we demonstrate that targeting CD200R in vivo can prevent visual dysfunction, microglia activation, and retinal inflammation in the diabetic mouse. These studies provide a molecular framework for the pivotal role that microglia play in early DR pathogenesis and identify a potential immunotherapeutic target for treating DR in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - James T. Walsh
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo1138665, Japan
| | - Yizhou A. Liu
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
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5
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Henn RE, Guo K, Elzinga SE, Noureldein MH, Mendelson FE, Hayes JM, Rigan DM, Savelieff MG, Hur J, Feldman EL. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies hippocampal microglial dysregulation in diet-induced obesity. iScience 2023; 26:106164. [PMID: 36915697 PMCID: PMC10006681 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global concern in adults and youth with a parallel rise in associated complications, including cognitive impairment. Obesity induces brain inflammation and activates microglia, which contribute to cognitive impairment by aberrantly phagocytosing synaptic spines. Local and systemic signals, such as inflammatory cytokines and metabolites likely participate in obesity-induced microglial activation. However, the precise mechanisms mediating microglial activation during obesity remain incompletely understood. Herein, we leveraged our mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, which mirrors human obesity, and develops hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment. We assessed hippocampal microglial activation by morphological and single-cell transcriptomic analysis to evaluate this heterogeneous, functionally diverse, and dynamic class of cells over time after 1 and 3 months of HFD. HFD altered cell-to-cell communication, particularly immune modulation and cellular adhesion signaling, and induced a differential gene expression signature of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E. Henn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E. Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Noureldein
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Faye E. Mendelson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John M. Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diana M. Rigan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Maurya SK, Gupta S, Mishra R. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in maintenance of brain homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1072046. [PMID: 36698776 PMCID: PMC9870594 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of microglia in brain homeostasis, neurodegeneration, and neurodevelopmental disorders has attracted considerable interest. In addition, recent developments in microglial functions and associated pathways have shed new light on their fundamental role in the immunological surveillance of the brain. Understanding the interconnections between microglia, neurons, and non-neuronal cells have opened up additional avenues for research in this evolving field. Furthermore, the study of microglia at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels has enhanced our knowledge of these native brain immune cells. Moreover, exploring various facets of microglia biology will facilitate the early detection, treatment, and management of neurological disorders. Consequently, the present review aimed to provide comprehensive insight on microglia biology and its influence on brain development, homeostasis, management of disease, and highlights microglia as potential therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Shashank Kumar Maurya, ;
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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8
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Wu ZG, Huang YJ, Wang TY, Deng CY, Xu ZR, Tang CZ. Effect of acupuncture on neuroinflammation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: A preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1110087. [PMID: 36936500 PMCID: PMC10014858 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite neuroinflammation being an important component of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), effective therapies to alleviate neuroinflammation are still lacking. Many animal experiments in AD have found that acupuncture may ameliorate cognition by decreasing neuroinflammation and modulating cytokines, but its effects have not been systematically examined. We aimed to assess its efficacy on neuroinflammation in AD and to investigate the potential mechanisms. Materials and methods The following databases were searched from inception until 24 August 2022: Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Animal studies that reported the efficacy of acupuncture on neuroinflammation in AD were included. The SYRCLE Robt was utilized to evaluate methodological quality. Stata 17 was utilized to conduct a meta-analysis of cytokine levels and the results of the Morris water maze. Results 23 studies were included, with a total of 417 rats/mice. The overall quality of all included reports was medium. The results indicated that acupuncture significantly reduced the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines which included IL-1β [SMD = -3.50, 95% CI (-4.31, -2.69); I 2 = 78.6%] (P < 0.05), TNF-α [SMD = -3.05, 95% CI (-3.86, -2.24); I 2 = 69.6%] (P < 0.05), IL-6 [SMD = -3.22, 95% CI (-4.62, -1.81); I 2 = 77.6%] and enhanced the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 [SMD = 2.77, 95% CI (1.95, 3.59); I 2 = 33.9%] (P < 0.05), IL-10 [SMD = 1.84, 95% CI (1.20, 2.49); I 2 = 41.0%] (P < 0.05) in an animal model of AD. Regarding the Morris water maze, compared to the control group, the acupuncture group showed a shorter escape latency [SMD = -2.23, 95% CI (-2.89, -1.57); I 2 = 79.2%] (P < 0.05), longer duration in platform quadrant [SMD = 2.34, 95% CI (1.44, 3.23); I 2 = 81.7%] (P < 0.05), and increased platform crossing number [SMD = 2.79, 95% CI (2.06, 3.53); I 2 = 71.9%] (P < 0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture may reduce neuroinflammation in AD by modulating cytokine expression. This modulation significantly improved cognitive function in animal models of AD. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022354878.
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9
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Unnisa A, Greig NH, Kamal MA. Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:547-559. [PMID: 36545725 PMCID: PMC10207919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221221142743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, interpersonally defined, static condition of the underdeveloped brain. Although the aetiology of autism remains unclear, disturbance of neuronglia interactions has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD. In recent years, the contribution of glial cells to autism has been overlooked. In addition to neurons, glial cells play an essential role in mental activities, and a new strategy that emphasises neuron-glia interactions should be applied. Disturbance of neuron-glia connections has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD because aberrant neuronal network formation and dysfunctional neurotransmission are fundamental to the pathology of the condition. In ASD, neuron and glial cell number changes cause brain circuits to malfunction and impact behaviour. A study revealed that reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Recent discoveries also suggest that dysfunction or changes in the ability of microglia to carry out physiological and defensive functions (such as failure in synaptic elimination or aberrant microglial activation) may be crucial for developing brain diseases, especially autism. The cerebellum, white matter, and cortical regions of autistic patients showed significant microglial activation. Reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Replacement of defective glial cells (Cell-replacement treatment), glial progenitor cell-based therapy, and medication therapy (inhibition of microglia activation) are all utilised to treat glial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of glial cells in ASD and the various potential approaches to treating glial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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10
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Xu Y, Ma Q, Du H, Yang C, Lin G. Postoperative Delirium in Neurosurgical Patients: Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101371. [PMID: 36291305 PMCID: PMC9599232 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a complication characterized by disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognitive function that occur shortly after surgery or emergence from anesthesia. Since it occurs prevalently in neurosurgical patients and poses great threats to the well-being of patients, much emphasis is placed on POD in neurosurgical units. However, there are intricate theories about its pathogenesis and limited pharmacological interventions for POD. In this study, we review the recent insights into its pathogenesis, mainly based on studies within five years, and the five dominant pathological theories that account for the development of POD, with the intention of furthering our understanding and boosting its clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qianquan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiming Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- North America Medical Education Foundation, Union City, CA 94587, USA
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-135-1108-7060 (C.Y.); +86-135-5240-0103 (G.L.)
| | - Guozhong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-135-1108-7060 (C.Y.); +86-135-5240-0103 (G.L.)
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11
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Events Occurring in the Axotomized Facial Nucleus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132068. [PMID: 35805151 PMCID: PMC9266054 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transection of the rat facial nerve leads to a variety of alterations not only in motoneurons, but also in glial cells and inhibitory neurons in the ipsilateral facial nucleus. In injured motoneurons, the levels of energy metabolism-related molecules are elevated, while those of neurofunction-related molecules are decreased. In tandem with these motoneuron changes, microglia are activated and start to proliferate around injured motoneurons, and astrocytes become activated for a long period without mitosis. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons reduce the levels of neurofunction-related molecules. These facts indicate that injured motoneurons somehow closely interact with glial cells and inhibitory neurons. At the same time, these events allow us to predict the occurrence of tissue remodeling in the axotomized facial nucleus. This review summarizes the events occurring in the axotomized facial nucleus and the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with each event.
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12
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Lynch MA. Exploring Sex-Related Differences in Microglia May Be a Game-Changer in Precision Medicine. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:868448. [PMID: 35431903 PMCID: PMC9009390 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.868448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One area of microglial biology that has been relatively neglected until recently is sex differences and this is in spite of the fact that sex is a risk factor in several diseases that are characterized by neuroinflammation and, by extension, microglial activation. Why these sex differences exist is not known but the panoply of differences extend to microglial number, genotype and phenotype. Significantly, several of these sex-related differences are also evident in health and change during life emphasizing the dynamic and plastic nature of microglia. This review will consider how age impacts on sex-related differences in microglia and ask whether the advancement of personalized medicine demands that a greater focus is placed on studying sex-related differences in microglia in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and models of inflammatory stress and trauma in order to make true progress in dealing with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Medrano-Jiménez E, Meza-Sosa KF, Urbán-Aragón JA, Secundino I, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:47-77. [PMID: 35293018 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1021-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how certain flavonoids can inhibit neuroinflammation through their action on the expression of microglia-specific microRNAs (miRNAs), which also constitute a key therapeutic approach in different neuropathologies involving an inflammatory component, including AD. Finally, we propose novel targets of microglia-specific miRNAs that may be considered for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José A Urbán-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ismael Secundino
- Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Facultad de Odontología y Escuela de Veterinaria, León-Guanajuato, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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14
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Chronic IL-10 overproduction disrupts microglia-neuron dialogue similar to aging, resulting in impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:231-245. [PMID: 34990747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus is an adult neurogenic niche where new neurons are continuously generated. A dramatic hippocampal neurogenesis decline occurs with increasing age, contributing to cognitive deficits. The process of neurogenesis is intimately regulated by the microenvironment, with inflammation being considered a strong negative factor for this process. Thus, we hypothesize that the reduction of new neurons in the aged brain could be attributed to the age-related microenvironmental changes towards a pro-inflammatory status. In this work, we evaluated whether an anti-inflammatory microenvironment could counteract the negative effect of age on promoting new hippocampal neurons. Surprisingly, our results show that transgenic animals chronically overexpressing IL-10 by astrocytes present a decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood. This results from an impairment in the survival of neural newborn cells without differences in cell proliferation. In parallel, hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory processes were affected by IL-10 overproduction as assessed by the Morris water maze test. Microglial cells, which are key players in the neurogenesis process, presented a different phenotype in transgenic animals characterized by high activation together with alterations in receptors involved in neuronal communication, such as CD200R and CX3CR1. Interestingly, the changes described in adult transgenic animals were similar to those observed by the effect of normal aging. Thus, our data suggest that chronic IL-10 overproduction mimics the physiological age-related disruption of the microglia-neuron dialogue, resulting in hippocampal neurogenesis decrease and spatial memory impairment.
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15
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Kuo HC, Lee KF, Chen SL, Chiu SC, Lee LY, Chen WP, Chen CC, Chu CH. Neuron–Microglia Contacts Govern the PGE2 Tolerance through TLR4-Mediated de Novo Protein Synthesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020419. [PMID: 35203628 PMCID: PMC8962342 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the peripheral immune system (e.g., macrophage and monocyte) in programming endotoxin tolerance (ET) have been well studied. However, regulatory mechanism in development of brain immune tolerance remains unclear. The inducible COX-2/PGE2 axis in microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the brain, is a pivotal feature in causing inflammation and neuronal injury, both in acute excitotoxic insults and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. This present study investigated the regulatory mechanism of PGE2 tolerance in microglia. Multiple reconstituted primary brain cells cultures, including neuron–glial (NG), mixed glial (MG), neuron-enriched, and microglia-enriched cultures, were performed and consequently applied to a treatment regimen for ET induction. Our results revealed that the levels of COX-2 mRNA and supernatant PGE2 in NG cultures, but not in microglia-enriched and MG cultures, were drastically reduced in response to the ET challenge, suggesting that the presence of neurons, rather than astroglia, is required for PGE2 tolerance in microglia. Furthermore, our data showed that neural contact, instead of its soluble factors, is sufficient for developing microglial PGE2 tolerance. Simultaneously, this finding determined how neurons regulated microglial PGE2 tolerance. Moreover, by inhibiting TLR4 activation and de novo protein synthesis by LPS-binding protein (LBP) manipulation and cycloheximide, our data showed that the TLR4 signal and de novo protein synthesis are necessary for microglia to develop PGE2 tolerance in NG cells under the ET challenge. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that neuron–microglia contacts are indispensable in emerging PGE2 tolerance through the regulation of TLR4-mediated de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan;
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Fai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan;
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chen Chiu
- National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), NARLabs, Tainan 74147, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Ya Lee
- Grape King Biotechnology Inc (Grape King Bio Ltd.), Zhong-Li, Taoyuan 32542, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (W.-P.C.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Inc (Grape King Bio Ltd.), Zhong-Li, Taoyuan 32542, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (W.-P.C.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Inc (Grape King Bio Ltd.), Zhong-Li, Taoyuan 32542, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (W.-P.C.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 3592); Fax: +886-6-209-5845
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16
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Chavda V, Singh K, Patel V, Mishra M, Mishra AK. Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010075. [PMID: 35053818 PMCID: PMC8773743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain maintains billions of neurons functional across the lifespan of the individual. The glial, supportive cells of the brain are indispensable to neuron elasticity. They undergo various states (active, reactive, macrophage, primed, resting) and carefully impose either quick repair or the cleaning of injured neurons to avoid damage extension. Identifying the failure of these interactions involving the relation of the input of glial cells to the inception and/or progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (ND) is crucial in identifying therapeutic options, given the well-built neuro-immune module of these diseases. In the present review, we scrutinize different interactions and important factors including direct cell–cell contact, intervention by the CD200 system, various receptors present on their surfaces, CXC3RI and TREM2, and chemokines and cytokines with special reference to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present review of the available literature will elucidate the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to the pathophysiology of AD, thus evidencing glial cells as obligatory transducers of pathology and superlative targets for interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Dreamzz IVF Center and Women’s Care Hospital, Ahmedabad 382350, Gujarat, India;
| | - Kavita Singh
- Centre for Translational Research, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vimal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India;
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
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17
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Ngwa C, Qi S, Mamun AA, Xu Y, Sharmeen R, Liu F. Age and sex differences in primary microglia culture: A comparative study. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 364:109359. [PMID: 34537225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a central role in neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases.Neonatal microglial culture has been extensively used to in vitro study microglial activation; however, as many neuroinflammatory diseases occur in the elderly, the neonatal microglial culture may not fully replicate the aged microglial activity seen in these diseases. NEW METHOD Primary microglia from both 18-24-month-old and P0-P4 C57BL/6 mice were cultured simultaneously. Morphology and activation profiles of the two age groups of microglia were examined following ischemic stimulation, by ELISA, RT-PCR, live microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS We showed that aged microglia had larger cell bodies, more cytoplasmic inclusions, and enhanced phagocytosis than neonatal microglia. Cytokine production in these cells exhibited heterogeneity either after or before ischemic stimulation. The baseline expression of microglial marker CD11b was significantly higher in aged vs. neonatal cells; ischemic stimulation increased the expression in neonatal vs. aged microglia only in males but not in females. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous primary microglia cultures have been limited to using neonatal/adult cells. This method is complementary to exiting methods and works for aged microglia, and does not suffer from potential limitations due to filtering artifacts. The protocol renders microglial culture no need for meningeal/hippocampal removal prior to brain tissue dissociation, and compares microglia between males vs. females, and between the aged vs. neonates. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that neonatal microglial culture is not appropriate for those in vitro studies that mimic the neuroinflammatory central nervous system disorders occurring in the elderly, in which case the aged microglial culture should be applied, and sex differences should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Parkitny L, Maletic-Savatic M. Glial PAMPering and DAMPening of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1299. [PMID: 34679362 PMCID: PMC8533961 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis represents a mature brain's capacity to integrate newly generated neurons into functional circuits. Impairment of neurogenesis contributes to the pathophysiology of various mood and cognitive disorders such as depression and Alzheimer's Disease. The hippocampal neurogenic niche hosts neural progenitors, glia, and vasculature, which all respond to intrinsic and environmental cues, helping determine their current state and ultimate fate. In this article we focus on the major immune communication pathways and mechanisms through which glial cells sense, interact with, and modulate the neurogenic niche. We pay particular attention to those related to the sensing of and response to innate immune danger signals. Receptors for danger signals were first discovered as a critical component of the innate immune system response to pathogens but are now also recognized to play a crucial role in modulating non-pathogenic sterile inflammation. In the neurogenic niche, viable, stressed, apoptotic, and dying cells can activate danger responses in neuroimmune cells, resulting in neuroprotection or neurotoxicity. Through these mechanisms glial cells can influence hippocampal stem cell fate, survival, neuronal maturation, and integration. Depending on the context, such responses may be appropriate and on-target, as in the case of learning-associated synaptic pruning, or excessive and off-target, as in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Parkitny
- Baylor College of Medicine and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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19
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Kim T, Jeon J, Park JS, Park Y, Kim J, Noh H, Kim HS, Seo H. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Inhibitor Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses and Behavioral Deficits in LRRK2 G2019S Parkinson's Disease Model Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:483-491. [PMID: 34045367 PMCID: PMC8411029 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8), neutrophil collagenase, is a functional player in the progressive pathology of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we administered an MMP-8 inhibitor (MMP-8i) in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S transgenic mice, to determine the effects of MMP-8i on PD pathology. We observed a significant increase of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive activated microglia in the striatum of LRRK2 G2019S mice compared to normal control mice, indicating enhanced neuro-inflammatory responses. The increased number of Iba1-positive activated microglia in LRRK2 G2019S PD mice was down-regulated by systemic administration of MMP-8i. Interestingly, this LRRK2 G2019S PD mice showed significantly reduced size of cell body area of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in SN region and MMP-8i significantly recovered cellular atrophy shown in PD model indicating distinct neuro-protective effects of MMP-8i. Furthermore, MMP-8i administration markedly improved behavioral abnormalities of motor balancing coordination in rota-rod test in LRRK2 G2019S mice. These data suggest that MMP-8i attenuates the pathological symptoms of PD through anti-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongwon Park
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooeui Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Noh
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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20
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Role of the Immune System Elements in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163757. [PMID: 34442052 PMCID: PMC8397145 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a relatively rare disease, but, today, its incidence tends to increase. The severe course of the disease and poor patient survival rate make PAH a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is essential to facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic targets. Research shows that the development of PAH is characterized by a number of abnormalities within the immune system that greatly affect the progression of the disease. In this review, we present key data on the regulated function of immune cells, released cytokines and immunoregulatory molecules in the development of PAH, to help improve diagnosis and targeted immunotherapy.
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21
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Microglia in Neurodegenerative Events-An Initiator or a Significant Other? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115818. [PMID: 34072307 PMCID: PMC8199265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in vitro assays. While there is a clear association, it is not evident that microglia serve as an initiator of neurodegeneration. Rather, the dynamics imply a close interaction between the various cell types and structures in the brain that orchestrate the injury and repair responses. Communication between microglia and neurons contributes to the physiological phenotype of microglia maintaining cells in a surveillance state and allows the cells to respond to events occurring in their environment. Interactions between microglia and astrocytes is not as well characterized, nor are interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit; however, given the influence of systemic factors on neuroinflammation and disease progression, such interactions likely represent significant contributes to any neurodegenerative process. In addition, they offer multiple target sites/processes by which environmental exposures could contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, microglia at least play a role as a significant other with an equal partnership; however, claiming a role as an initiator of neurodegeneration remains somewhat controversial.
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22
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Costa J, Martins S, Ferreira PA, Cardoso AMS, Guedes JR, Peça J, Cardoso AL. The old guard: Age-related changes in microglia and their consequences. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111512. [PMID: 34022277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among all major organs, the brain is one of the most susceptible to the inexorable effects of aging. Throughout the last decades, several studies in human cohorts and animal models have revealed a plethora of age-related changes in the brain, including reduced neurogenesis, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence. As the main immune effectors and first responders of the nervous tissue, microglia are at the center of these events. These cells experience irrevocable changes as a result from cumulative exposure to environmental triggers, such as stress, infection and metabolic dysregulation. The age-related immunosenescent phenotype acquired by microglia is characterized by profound modifications in their transcriptomic profile, secretome, morphology and phagocytic activity, which compromise both their housekeeping and defensive functions. As a result, aged microglia are no longer capable of establishing effective immune responses and sustaining normal synaptic activity, directly contributing to age-associated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review discusses how lifestyle and environmental factors drive microglia dysfunction at the molecular and functional level, also highlighting possible interventions to reverse aging-associated damage to the nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Costa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Solange Martins
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Program in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M S Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Guedes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Peça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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23
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Casali BT, Reed-Geaghan EG. Microglial Function and Regulation during Development, Homeostasis and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:957. [PMID: 33924200 PMCID: PMC8074610 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, deriving from yolk sac progenitors that populate the brain parenchyma during development. During development and homeostasis, microglia play critical roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, in addition to their primary role as immune sentinels. In aging and neurodegenerative diseases generally, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) specifically, microglial function is altered in ways that significantly diverge from their homeostatic state, inducing a more detrimental inflammatory environment. In this review, we discuss the receptors, signaling, regulation and gene expression patterns of microglia that mediate their phenotype and function contributing to the inflammatory milieu of the AD brain, as well as strategies that target microglia to ameliorate the onset, progression and symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin G. Reed-Geaghan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
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Tomaszewski M, Grywalska E, Topyła-Putowska W, Błaszczak P, Kurzyna M, Roliński J, Kopeć G. High CD200 Expression on T CD4+ and T CD8+ Lymphocytes as a Non-Invasive Marker of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension-Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050950. [PMID: 33804413 PMCID: PMC7957729 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can develop subsequently to disorganized endothelial cell proliferation within the pulmonary arteriolar layers that provide mechanical limits to the pulmonary vascular bed. Although the actual factor triggering vascular endothelial proliferation remains unknown to date, genetic susceptibility, hypoxia, inflammation, as well as response to drugs and toxins have been proposed as possible contributors. Since inflammation contributes to vascular remodeling, the changed immune response is increasingly considered a plausible cause of this cardiovascular disease. The interaction of a membrane glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 200 (CD200) and its structurally similar receptor (CD200R) plays a crucial role in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Our previous studies have shown that the overexpression of the other negative co-stimulatory molecule (programmed death cell-PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1) is closely related to iPAH and the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation markers. Therefore, we considered it necessary to analyze the different types of PAH in terms of CD200 and CD200R expression and to correlate CD200/CD200R pathway expression with important clinical and laboratory parameters. The CD200/C200R-signaling pathway has not been subject to much research. We included 70 treatment-naïve, newly diagnosed patients with PAH in our study. They were further divided into subsets according to the pulmonary hypertension classification: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) subset, pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH), pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-PAH), and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH). The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers matched for sex and age. The highest percentages of T CD200+CD4+ and T CD200+CD8+ lymphocytes were observed in the group of patients with iPAH and this finding was associated with the presence of EBV DNA in the peripheral blood. Our assessment of the peripheral blood lymphocytes expression of CD200 and CD200R indicates that these molecules act as negative co-stimulators in the induction and persistence of PAH-associated inflammation, especially that of iPAH. Similar results imply that the dysregulation of the CD200/CD200R axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. Our work suggests that CD200 and CD200R expression may serve to distinguish between PAH cases. Thus, CD200 and CD200R might be useful as markers in managing PAH and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (W.T.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81448-6420
| | - Weronika Topyła-Putowska
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (W.T.-P.)
| | - Piotr Błaszczak
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kurzyna
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Thromboembolic Diseases and Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, European Health Centre Otwock, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Kopeć
- Pulmonary Circulation Center, Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Centre for Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
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Epigenetics and Communication Mechanisms in Microglia Activation with a View on Technological Approaches. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020306. [PMID: 33670563 PMCID: PMC7923060 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role for the proper brain development and function and in CNS homeostasis. While in physiological conditions, microglia continuously check the state of brain parenchyma, in pathological conditions, microglia can show different activated phenotypes: In the early phases, microglia acquire the M2 phenotype, increasing phagocytosis and releasing neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In advanced phases, they acquire the M1 phenotype, becoming neurotoxic and contributing to neurodegeneration. Underlying this phenotypic change, there is a switch in the expression of specific microglial genes, in turn modulated by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones post-translational modifications and activity of miRNAs. New roles are attributed to microglial cells, including specific communication with neurons, both through direct cell–cell contact and by release of many different molecules, either directly or indirectly, through extracellular vesicles. In this review, recent findings on the bidirectional interaction between neurons and microglia, in both physiological and pathological conditions, are highlighted, with a focus on the complex field of microglia immunomodulation through epigenetic mechanisms and/or released factors. In addition, advanced technologies used to study these mechanisms, such as microfluidic, 3D culture and in vivo imaging, are presented.
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Lee TK, Shin MC, Ahn JH, Kim DW, Kim B, Sim H, Lee JC, Cho JH, Park JH, Kim YM, Won MH, Lee CH. CD200 Change Is Involved in Neuronal Death in Gerbil Hippocampal CA1 Field Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia and Postischemic Treatment with Risperidone Displays Neuroprotection without CD200 Change. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031116. [PMID: 33498705 PMCID: PMC7865463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that CD200 (Cluster of Differentiation 200), expressed in neurons, regulates microglial activation in the central nervous system, and a decrease in CD200 expression causes an increase in microglial activation and neuronal loss. The aim of this study was to investigate time-dependent changes in CD200 expression in the hippocampus proper (CA1, 2, and 3 fields) after transient forebrain ischemia for 5 min in gerbils. In this study, 5-min ischemia evoked neuronal death (loss) of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field, but not in the CA2/3 fields, at 5 days postischemia. In the sham group, CD200 expression was found in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 field, and the immunoreactivity in the group with ischemia was decreased at 6 h postischemia, dramatically increased at 12 h postischemia, decreased (to level found at 6 h postischemia) at 1 and 2 days postischemia, and significantly increased again at 5 days postischemia. At 5 days postischemia, CD200 immunoreactivity was strongly expressed in microglia and GABAergic neurons. However, in the CA3 field, the change in CD200 immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons was markedly weaker than that in the CA1 field, showing there was no expression of CD 200 in microglia and GABAergic neurons. In addition, treatment of 10 mg/kg risperidone (an atypical antipsychotic drug) after the ischemia hardly changed CD200 immunoreactivity in the CA1 field, showing that CA1 pyramidal neurons were protected from the ischemic injury. These results indicate that the transient ischemia-induced change in CD200 expression may be associated with specific and selective neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 field following transient forebrain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Gangwon, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Gyeongnam, Korea;
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Gangwon, Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.)
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Gyeongbuk, Korea;
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea; (B.K.); (H.S.); (J.-C.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-550-1441 (C.-H.L.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-559-7899 (C.-H.L.)
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8891 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-550-1441 (C.-H.L.); Fax: +82-33-256-1614 (M.-H.W.); +82-41-559-7899 (C.-H.L.)
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Bohmwald K, Soto JA, Andrade-Parra C, Fernández-Fierro A, Espinoza JA, Ríos M, Eugenin EA, González PA, Opazo MC, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Lung pathology due to hRSV infection impairs blood-brain barrier permeability enabling astrocyte infection and a long-lasting inflammation in the CNS. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:159-171. [PMID: 32979471 PMCID: PMC7513917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common infectious agent that affects children before two years of age. hRSV outbreaks cause a significant increase in hospitalizations during the winter season associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recently, neurologic alterations have been associated with hRSV infection in children, which include seizures, central apnea, and encephalopathy. Also, hRSV RNA has been detected in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with neurological symptoms after hRSV infection. Additionally, previous studies have shown that hRSV can be detected in the lungs and brains of mice exposed to the virus, yet the potential effects of hRSV infection within the central nervous system (CNS) remain unknown. Here, using a murine model for hRSV infection, we show a significant behavior alteration in these animals, up to two months after the virus exposure, as shown in marble-burying tests. hRSV infection also produced the expression of cytokines within the brain, such as IL-4, IL-10, and CCL2. We found that hRSV infection alters the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice, allowing the trespassing of macromolecules and leading to increased infiltration of immune cells into the CNS together with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Finally, we show that hRSV infects murine astrocytes both, in vitro and in vivo. We identified the presence of hRSV in the brain cortex where it colocalizes with vWF, MAP-2, Iba-1, and GFAP, which are considered markers for endothelial cells, neurons, microglia, and astrocyte, respectively. hRSV-infected murine astrocytes displayed increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. Our results suggest that hRSV infection alters the BBB permeability to macromolecules and immune cells and induces CNS inflammation, which can contribute to the behavioral alterations shown by infected mice. A better understanding of the neuropathy caused by hRSV could help to reduce the potential detrimental effects on the CNS in hRSV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Janyra A. Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Mariana Ríos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - María Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile,Corresponding authors at: Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República #440, Santiago 8331010, Chile (C.A. Riedel). Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins #340, Santiago 8331010, Chile (A.M. Kalergis)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile,Corresponding authors at: Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República #440, Santiago 8331010, Chile (C.A. Riedel). Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins #340, Santiago 8331010, Chile (A.M. Kalergis)
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28
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Shemer A, Scheyltjens I, Frumer GR, Kim JS, Grozovski J, Ayanaw S, Dassa B, Van Hove H, Chappell-Maor L, Boura-Halfon S, Leshkowitz D, Mueller W, Maggio N, Movahedi K, Jung S. Interleukin-10 Prevents Pathological Microglia Hyperactivation following Peripheral Endotoxin Challenge. Immunity 2020; 53:1033-1049.e7. [PMID: 33049219 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma, are key players in central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis, and disorders. Distinct brain pathologies seem associated with discrete microglia activation modules. How microglia regain quiescence following challenges remains less understood. Here, we explored the role of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) axis in restoring murine microglia homeostasis following a peripheral endotoxin challenge. Specifically, we show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice harboring IL-10 receptor-deficient microglia displayed neuronal impairment and succumbed to fatal sickness. Addition of a microglial tumor necrosis factor (TNF) deficiency rescued these animals, suggesting a microglia-based circuit driving pathology. Single cell transcriptome analysis revealed various IL-10 producing immune cells in the CNS, including most prominently Ly49D+ NK cells and neutrophils, but not microglia. Collectively, we define kinetics of the microglia response to peripheral endotoxin challenge, including their activation and robust silencing, and highlight the critical role of non-microglial IL-10 in preventing deleterious microglia hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shemer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Isabelle Scheyltjens
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gal Ronit Frumer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jung-Seok Kim
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Grozovski
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Serkalem Ayanaw
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Bioinformatics Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hannah Van Hove
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Werner Mueller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 5262 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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29
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How neural stem cells promote the repair of brain injury through immunoregulation. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2365-2367. [PMID: 32889903 PMCID: PMC7546833 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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30
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Chamera K, Kotarska K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Trojan E, Skórkowska A, Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Bryniarska N, Basta-Kaim A. The prenatal challenge with lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid disrupts CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R signalling in the brains of male rat offspring: a link to schizophrenia-like behaviours. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:247. [PMID: 32829711 PMCID: PMC7444338 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia is fundamental for the homeostasis and biological function of the central nervous system. Maternal immune activation (MIA) is considered to be one of the factors affecting these interactions. Accordingly, MIA has been suggested to be involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia. The crucial regulatory systems for neuron-microglia crosstalk are the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes. METHODS We aimed to clarify the impact of MIA on CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R signalling pathways in the brains of male Wistar rats in early and adult life by employing two neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia based on the prenatal challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). We also examined the effect of MIA on the expression of microglial markers and the profile of cytokines released in the brains of young offspring, as well as the behaviour of adult animals. Moreover, we visualized the localization of ligand-receptor systems in the hippocampal regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) and the frontal cortex of young rats exposed to MIA. The differences between groups were analysed using Student's t test. RESULTS We observed that MIA altered developmental trajectories in neuron-microglia communication in the brains of young offspring, as evidenced by the disruption of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and/or CD200-CD200R axes. Our data demonstrated the presence of abnormalities after LPS-induced MIA in levels of Cd40, Il-1β, Tnf-α, Arg1, Tgf-β and Il-10, as well as IBA1, IL-1β and IL-4, while after Poly I:C-generated MIA in levels of Cd40, iNos, Il-6, Tgf-β, Il-10, and IBA1, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-4 early in the life of male animals. In adult male rats that experienced prenatal exposure to MIA, we observed behavioural changes resembling a schizophrenia-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that altered CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and/or CD200-CD200R pathways, emerging after prenatal immune challenge with LPS and Poly I:C, might be involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chamera
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Skórkowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzyżanowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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31
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Hayashida M, Hashioka S, Hayashida K, Miura S, Tsuchie K, Araki T, Izuhara M, Kanayama M, Otsuki K, Nagahama M, Jaya MA, Arauchi R, Wake R, Oh-Nishi A, Horiguchi J, Miyaoka T, Inagaki M, Morita E. Low Serum Levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 in Gunn Rats: A Hyperbilirubinemia Animal Model of Schizophrenic Symptoms. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:503-508. [PMID: 32729434 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319999200729153907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 2 (also referred to as basic FGF) is a multifunctional growth factor that plays a pivotal role in the pro-survival, pro-migration and prodifferentiation of neurons. METHOD Because alterations in FGF2 levels are suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, we investigated serum levels of FGF2 in the Gunn rat, a hyperbilirubinemia animal model of schizophrenic symptoms. RESULTS The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the serum levels of FGF2 in Gunn rats were 5.09 ± 0.236 pg/mL, while those in the normal strain Wistar rats, serum levels were 11.90 ± 2.142 pg/mL. The serum FGF2 levels in Gunn rats were significantly lower than those in Wistar rats. We also measured serum levels of Unconjugated Bilirubin (UCB) and found a significant negative correlation between UCB and FGF2 in terms of serum levels in all the rats studied. CONCLUSION Since it is known that FGF2 regulates dopaminergic neurons and have antineuroinflammatory effects, our finding suggests that low FGF2 levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, in which imbalanced dopamin-ergic signaling and neuroinflammation are supposed to play certain roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Hayashida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Hashioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Kenji Hayashida
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Shoko Miura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuchie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomoko Araki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Muneto Izuhara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Misako Kanayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Michiharu Nagahama
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Muhammad Alim Jaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Arauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Rei Wake
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Arata Oh-Nishi
- Department of Immuno-Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Jun Horiguchi
- Department of Immuno-Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyaoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
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Maternal Immune Activation Sensitizes Male Offspring Rats to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Deficits Involving the Dysfunction of CD200-CD200R and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Systems. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071676. [PMID: 32664639 PMCID: PMC7407118 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life challenges resulting from maternal immune activation (MIA) may exert persistent effects on the offspring, including the development of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent evidence has suggested that the adverse effects of MIA may be mediated by neuron-microglia crosstalk, particularly CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R dyads. Therefore, the present study assessed the behavioural parameters resembling schizophrenia-like symptoms in the adult male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to MIA and to an additional acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in adulthood, according to the "two-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia. Simultaneously, we aimed to clarify the role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes and microglial reactivity in the brains of adult offspring subjected to MIA and the "second hit" wit LPS. In the present study, MIA generated a range of behavioural changes in the adult male offspring, including increased exploratory activity and anxiety-like behaviours. The most intriguing finding was observed in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, where the deficit in the sensorimotor gating was age-dependent and present only in part of the rats. We were able to distinguish the occurrence of two groups: responsive and non-responsive (without the deficit). Concurrently, based on the results of the biochemical studies, MIA disrupted mainly the CD200-CD200R system, while the changes of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis were less evident in the frontal cortex of adult non-responsive offspring. MIA markedly affected the immune regulators of the CD200-CD200R pathway as we observed an increase in cortical IL-6 release in the responsive group and IL-4 in the non-responsive offspring. Importantly, the "second hit" generated disturbances at the behavioural and biochemical levels mostly in the non-responsive adult animals. Those offspring were characterized both by disturbed PPI and "priming" microglia. Altogether, the exposure to MIA altered the immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the CD200-CD200R axis, in the brain and sensitized animals to subsequent immunological challenges, leading to the manifestation of schizophrenia-like alterations.
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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Blasco-Agell L, Serratosa J, Ferigle L, Saura J, Solà C. Parkinsonian neurotoxicants impair the anti-inflammatory response induced by IL4 in glial cells: involvement of the CD200-CD200R1 ligand-receptor pair. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10650. [PMID: 32606391 PMCID: PMC7326927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides such as rotenone is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic neurons are especially sensitive to the toxicity of compounds that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). However, there is scarce information on their effects on glia. To evaluate whether these neurotoxicants affect the immune response of glia, primary mouse mixed glial and microglial cultures were treated with interleukin (IL) 4 in the absence and presence of MPP+ or rotenone. Using qRTPCR or western blot, we determined the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, the CD200R1 microglial receptor and its ligand CD200, and genes regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. ATP and lactate levels were additionally determined as an index of cell metabolism. Microglial phagocytosis was also evaluated. MPP+ and rotenone clearly abrogated the IL4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory markers in mixed glial cultures. CD200 and CD200R1 expression and microglia phagocytosis were also affected by the neurotoxicants. Changes in the mRNA expression of the molecules regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, as well as in ATP levels and lactate release suggested that metabolic reprogramming in response to MPP+ and rotenone differs between microglial and mixed glial cultures. These findings support the hypothesis that parkinsonian neurotoxicants may impair brain immune response altering glial cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas Blasco-Agell
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ferigle
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Jure I, De Nicola AF, Encinas JM, Labombarda F. Spinal Cord Injury Leads to Hippocampal Glial Alterations and Neural Stem Cell Inactivation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:197-215. [PMID: 32537668 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus encodes spatial and contextual information involved in memory and learning. The incorporation of new neurons into hippocampal networks increases neuroplasticity and enhances hippocampal-dependent learning performances. Only few studies have described hippocampal abnormalities after spinal cord injury (SCI) although cognitive deficits related to hippocampal function have been reported in rodents and even humans. The aim of this study was to characterize in further detail hippocampal changes in the acute and chronic SCI. Our data suggested that neurogenesis reduction in the acute phase after SCI could be due to enhanced death of amplifying neural progenitors (ANPs). In addition, astrocytes became reactive and microglial cells increased their number in almost all hippocampal regions studied. Glial changes resulted in a non-inflammatory response as the mRNAs of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-18) remained unaltered, but CD200R mRNA levels were downregulated. Long-term after SCI, astrocytes remained reactive but on the other hand, microglial cell density decreased. Also, glial cells induced a neuroinflammatory environment with the upregulation of IL-1β, TNFα and IL-18 mRNA expression and the decrease of CD200R mRNA. Neurogenesis reduction may be ascribed at later time points to inactivation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and inhibition of ANP proliferation. The number of granular cells and CA1 pyramidal neurons decreased only in the chronic phase. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the chronic phase might involve neurogenesis reduction and neurodegeneration of hippocampal neurons. Therefore, SCI led to hippocampal changes that could be implicated in cognitive deficits observed in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Jure
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, IBYME-CONICET., Instituto de Biologia Y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, IBYME-CONICET., Instituto de Biologia Y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Paraguay 2155, C1121A6B, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience. Sede Bldg. Campus, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Florencia Labombarda
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, IBYME-CONICET., Instituto de Biologia Y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Paraguay 2155, C1121A6B, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ovariectomy Induces Microglial Cell Activation and Inflammatory Response in Rat Prefrontal Cortices to Accelerate the Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Mediated Anxiety and Depression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3609758. [PMID: 32509856 PMCID: PMC7251427 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3609758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perimenopausal women are associated with increased risks of depression and anxiety, which may be potentially related to the lack of ovarian hormone with antidepression activity in the body. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear so far. This study first adopted the Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats to construct the ovariectomy (OVX) combined with a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model. Then, a series of behavioral experimental results revealed that the ovariectomized rats receiving CUS had remarkably elevated anxiety and depression behaviors relative to those in sham group rats, and the sucrose preference rate in the sucrose preference test (SPT) was evidently reduced. In elevated plus maze test (EPM) experiment, the open arm entry time and open arm duration were decreased. In the open field test (OFT), the number of line crossings, rearing number, center square entries, and center square duration were reduced; the grooming time was extended; and the number of fecal particles in rats was increased. In the forced swimming test (FST), the rat immobility rate was increased, while the numbers of swimming and crawling were decreased. Afterwards, we discovered that OVX downregulated the serum levels of estradiol and corticosterone in rats. Thereafter, IF results suggested that OVX dramatically induced the increasing of the number of activated microglial cells in prefrontal cortices and the level of M1-type marker iNOS. Finally, PCR results demonstrated that, compared with the sham group, the proinflammatory and prooxidative genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and CX3CR1, were upregulated in the prefrontal cortices of OVX rats after CUS stimulation, whereas the anti-inflammatory factor Arg1 and microglial cell negative regulatory factor CD200 were downregulated. To sum up, OVX enhances the CUS-mediated anxiety and depression phenomena in rats, and its mechanism may be related to inducing the activation and polarization of microglial cells in the prefrontal cortex of animal and to accelerating the inflammatory response.
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Morris G, Puri BK, Maes M, Olive L, Berk M, Carvalho AF. The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109858. [PMID: 31923453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation of predominantly pro-inflammatory microglial phenotypes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroprogressive diseases and is associated with reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, increased ATP generation by glycolysis, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress and other metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal insults. Microglia can also adopt a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotypes with neuroprotective properties. Strategies that promote and maintain a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype may hold promise as novel therapeutic opportunities for neuroprogressive illness. Induced ketosis may promote a transition towards predominantly anti-inflammatory microglial states/phenotypes by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glycolysis and increased NAD+ production; engagement of microglial GPR109A receptors; histone deacetylase inhibition; and elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Since microglia activation can now be assessed in vivo, these data provide a clear rationale for the design of transdiagnostic randomized controlled trials of the ketogenic diet and other ketosis-inducing strategies for neuroprogressive diseases, which may also provide mechanistic insights through the assessment of "target engagement".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Utz SG, See P, Mildenberger W, Thion MS, Silvin A, Lutz M, Ingelfinger F, Rayan NA, Lelios I, Buttgereit A, Asano K, Prabhakar S, Garel S, Becher B, Ginhoux F, Greter M. Early Fate Defines Microglia and Non-parenchymal Brain Macrophage Development. Cell 2020; 181:557-573.e18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Afridi R, Kim JH, Rahman MH, Suk K. Metabolic Regulation of Glial Phenotypes: Implications in Neuron-Glia Interactions and Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:20. [PMID: 32116564 PMCID: PMC7026370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are multifunctional, non-neuronal components of the central nervous system with diverse phenotypes that have gained much attention for their close involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Glial phenotypes are primarily characterized by their structural and functional changes in response to various stimuli, which can be either neuroprotective or neurotoxic. The reliance of neurons on glial cells is essential to fulfill the energy demands of the brain for its proper functioning. Moreover, the glial cells perform distinct functions to regulate their own metabolic activities, as well as work in close conjunction with neurons through various secreted signaling or guidance molecules, thereby constituting a complex network of neuron-glial interactions in health and disease. The emerging evidence suggests that, in disease conditions, the metabolic alterations in the glial cells can induce structural and functional changes together with neuronal dysfunction indicating the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. This review covers the recent developments that implicate the regulation of glial phenotypic changes and its consequences on neuron-glia interactions in neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting glial metabolism as a strategy to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Han D, Dong X, Zheng D, Nao J. MiR-124 and the Underlying Therapeutic Promise of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1555. [PMID: 32009959 PMCID: PMC6978711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are a group of chronic progressive neurological diseases based on primary neurodegeneration. The common pathological characteristics of various NDDs are neuronal degeneration, deletion, glial cell proliferation, and hypertrophy at specific locations in the nervous system. Proliferation and hypertrophy of microglia are manifestations of inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of glial cells. MiRNAs are small non-coding molecules that regulate gene expression. Altered expression of miRNAs has been associated with several NDD pathological processes, among which regulation of the inflammatory response is key and a research hotspot at present. At the same time, miRNAs are also biological markers for diagnosis and potential targets for treating NDDs. MiR-124 is highly conserved and enriched in the mammalian brain. Emerging studies have suggested that miR-124 is closely related to the pathogenesis of NDDs and may be an effective treatment strategy to reduce inflammation associated with NDDs. In this review, we describe a summary of general miRNA biology, implications in pathophysiology, the potential roles of miR-124 associated with inflammation, and the use of miRNA as a future biomarker and an application for NDD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Chamera K, Trojan E, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Basta-Kaim A. The Potential Role of Dysfunctions in Neuron-Microglia Communication in the Pathogenesis of Brain Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:408-430. [PMID: 31729301 PMCID: PMC7457436 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191113101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia is fundamental for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Chemokines and clusters of differentiation (CD) along with their receptors represent ligand-receptor signalling that is uniquely important for neuron - microglia communication. Among these molecules, CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and CD200 (OX-2 membrane glycoprotein) come to the fore because of their cell-type-specific localization. They are principally expressed by neurons when their receptors, CX3CR1 and CD200R, respectively, are predominantly present on the microglia, resulting in the specific axis which maintains the CNS homeostasis. Disruptions to this balance are suggested as contributors or even the basis for many neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the roles of CX3CL1, CD200 and their receptors in both physiological and pathological processes within the CNS. We want to underline the critical involvement of these molecules in controlling neuron - microglia communication, noting that dysfunctions in their interactions constitute a key factor in severe neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, depression and neurodegeneration-based conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
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Wang H, Han X, Xu J. Lysosome as the Black Hole for Checkpoint Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:325-346. [PMID: 32185717 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, as digestive organelles full of hydrolases, have complex functions and play an important role in cellular physiological and pathological processes. In normal physiological conditions, lysosomes can sense the nutritional state and be responsible for recycling raw materials to provide nutrients, affecting cell signaling pathways and regulating cell proliferation. Lysosomes are related to many diseases and associated with metastasis and drug resistance of tumors. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the tumor immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accumulating data suggest that lysosomes may serve as a major destruction for immune checkpoint molecules, and secretory lysosomes can temporarily store immune checkpoint proteins. Once activated, the compounds contained in secretory lysosomes are released to the surface of cell membrane rapidly. Inhibitions of lysosomes can overcome the chemoresistance of some tumors and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Wang
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Institutes of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Ngwa C, Liu F. CD200-CD200R signaling and diseases: a potential therapeutic target? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 11:297-309. [PMID: 31993106 PMCID: PMC6971504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CD200 and its receptor, CD200R, constitutes an endogenous inhibitory signaling, and is being increasingly recognized in studies of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Emerging data have demonstrated that neuronal CD200 binds to CD200R to modulate immune responses to pathogenic stimuli. However, on which component of the immune response that CD200-CD200R signaling acts is not well understood. In this review, we focused on cellular expression of the signaling, the effects on immune cell activation, and the function in pathological procedures of neurodegenerative diseases, in both clinical and experimental disease models. Essential functions of CD200-CD200R interaction and the treatment relevance have been elaborated. Immune responses to diseases under the control of CD200-CD200R axis were also discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Comella Bolla A, Valente T, Miguez A, Brito V, Gines S, Solà C, Straccia M, Canals JM. CD200 is up-regulated in R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224901. [PMID: 31790427 PMCID: PMC6886799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD), striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are particularly sensitive to the presence of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. However, there are many evidences that cells from the peripheral immune system and central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, namely microglia, play an important role in the etiology and the progression of HD. However, it remains unclear whether MSNs neurodegeneration is mediated by a non-cell autonomous mechanism. The homeostasis in the healthy CNS is maintained by several mechanisms of interaction between all brain cells. Neurons can control microglia activation through several inhibitory mechanisms, such as the CD200-CD200R1 interaction. Due to the complete lack of knowledge about the CD200-CD200R1 system in HD, we determined the temporal patterns of CD200 and CD200R1 expression in the neocortex, hippocampus and striatum in the HD mouse models R6/1 and HdhQ111/7 from pre-symptomatic to manifest stages. In order to explore any alteration in the peripheral immune system, we also studied the levels of expression of CD200 and CD200R1 in whole blood. Although CD200R1 expression was not altered, we observed and increase in CD200 gene expression and protein levels in the brain parenchyma of all the regions we examined, along with HD pathogenesis in R6/1 mice. Interestingly, the expression of CD200 mRNA was also up-regulated in blood following a similar temporal pattern. These results suggest that canonical neuronal-microglial communication through CD200-CD200R1 interaction is not compromised, and CD200 up-regulation in R6/1 brain parenchyma could represent a neurotrophic signal to sustain or extend neuronal function in the latest stages of HD as pro-survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Comella Bolla
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB–CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andres Miguez
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Brito
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Gines
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB–CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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44
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Ethanol Induction of Innate Immune Signals Across BV2 Microglia and SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Involves Induction of IL-4 and IL-13. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9090228. [PMID: 31510019 PMCID: PMC6770440 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling molecules, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokines and transcription factor NFκB, are increased in post-mortem human alcoholic brain and may play roles in alcohol dependence and neurodegeneration. Innate immune signaling involves microglia -neuronal signaling which while poorly understood, may impact learning and memory. To investigate mechanisms of ethanol induction of innate immune signaling within and between brain cells, we studied immortalized BV2 microglia and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma to model microglial and neuronal signaling. Cells were treated alone or in co-culture using a Transwell system, which allows transfer of soluble mediators. We determined immune signaling mRNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ethanol induced innate immune genes in both BV2 and SH-SY5Y cultured alone, with co-culture altering gene expression at baseline and following ethanol exposure. Co-culture blunted ethanol-induced high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)-TLR responses, corresponding with reduced ethanol induction of several proinflammatory NFκB target genes. In contrast, co-culture resulted in ethanol upregulation of cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in BV2 and corresponding receptors, that is, IL-4 and IL-13 receptors, in SH-SY5Y, suggesting induction of a novel signaling pathway. Co-culture reduction in HMGB1-TLR levels occurs in parallel with reduced proinflammatory gene induction and increased IL-4 and IL-13 ligands and receptors. Findings from these immortalized and tumor-derived cell lines could provide insight into microglial-neuronal interactions via release of soluble mediators in vivo.
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45
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Zhang L, Xu J, Gao J, Wu Y, Yin M, Zhao W. CD200-, CX3CL1-, and TREM2-mediated neuron-microglia interactions and their involvements in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2019; 29:837-848. [PMID: 29729150 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and microglia are two major components in the central nervous system (CNS). The interactions between them play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the brain. In recent years, substantial studies have focused on the interactions between neurons and microglia, revealing that microglia become reactive when the interactions are pathophysiologically interfered, usually accompanying neuronal injury, which is a common feature for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many molecules and factors participate in these physiological and pathological processes, either in a contact-dependent or a contact-independent manner. Accumulating studies have revealed that in the CNS, cluster of differentiation-200 (CD200) and fractalkine (CX3CL1) expressed mainly on neurons and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) expressed mainly on microglia. These molecules can mediate neuron-microglia interactions in a contact-dependent manner and contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the expression, distribution, and function of CD200, CX3CL1, and TREM2 in regulating neuron-microglia interactions under physiological conditions as well as in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinchao Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuncheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ming Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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46
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Feng D, Huang A, Yan W, Chen D. CD200 dysfunction in neuron contributes to synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1053-1059. [PMID: 31277944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal CD200 plays critical role in neuron-microglia communication and negatively related to pathological development of Alzheimer's disease, but its contribution retroacts to synaptic function is still not clear. Here, we directly injected adeno-associated virus into hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice to induce neuron-specific CD200 overexpression; subsequently, we detected cognition function, synaptic function, and the microglial responses during AD pathological development. Notably, specific upregulation of neuronal CD200 promoted cognitive function by inhibiting microglial activation and secretion, improving synaptic function, and preventing synaptic loss. To further investigate the role of neuronal CD200 on synaptic function, we depressed CD200 expression in neuron by hippocampal AAV injection and also evaluated microglial activation and cognitive and synaptic function. Interestingly, data revealed that neuronal CD200 deficiency significantly impairs synaptic and cognitive function. Taken these results together, we concluded that neuronal CD200 mediated microglial response and synaptic function during AD pathological development, and provided evidence that neuronal CD200 restoration ameliorates synaptic and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Feng
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China, 252000
| | - Anqi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China, 252000
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China, 252000.
| | - Dezhe Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China, 252000
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47
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Le CS, Hao XD, Li JW, Zhong JW, Lin HR, Zhou YT, Travis ZD, Tong LS, Gao F. CD200Fc Improves Neurological Function by Protecting the Blood-brain Barrier after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1321-1328. [PMID: 31208229 PMCID: PMC6767889 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719857655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD200 is widely distributed in the central nervous system and plays an essential role in
the immune response in neurological diseases. However, little is currently known about the
effects of CD200 signaling on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) function after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, the role of CD200 during ICH in an autologous blood
induced mouse ICH model was investigated. Following ICH, critical protein expression, BBB
permeability, and neurological function were measured with or without CD200Fc
administration. Our results showed that both the expression of CD200 and CD200R1 decreased
after ICH and administration of CD200Fc attenuated BBB leakage and improved neurological
functions. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that CD200Fc might be a potential
treatment option for ICH by protecting the BBB and improving functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Sheng Le
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiao-di Hao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Ran Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Ting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lu-Sha Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
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48
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The Evolving Dialogue of Microglia and Neurons in Alzheimer’s Disease: Microglia as Necessary Transducers of Pathology. Neuroscience 2019; 405:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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49
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Katoh M, Katoh M. CD157 and CD200 at the crossroads of endothelial remodeling and immune regulation. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:10. [PMID: 31119148 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Gabandé‐Rodríguez E, Keane L, Capasso M. Microglial phagocytosis in aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:284-298. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gabandé‐Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM) Madrid Spain
| | - Lily Keane
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
| | - Melania Capasso
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
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