1
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Lok R, Qian J, Chellappa SL. Sex differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolism: Implications for precision medicine. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 75:101926. [PMID: 38564856 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The number of individuals experiencing sleep loss has exponentially risen over the past decades. Extrapolation of laboratory findings to the real world suggests that females are more affected by extended wakefulness and circadian misalignment than males are. Therefore, long-term effects such as sleep and metabolic disorders are likely to be more prevalent in females than in males. Despite emerging evidence for sex differences in key aspects of sleep-wake and circadian regulation, much remains unknown, as females are often underrepresented in sleep and circadian research. This narrative review aims at highlighting 1) how sex differences systematically impinge on the sleep-wake and circadian regulation in humans, 2) how sex differences in sleep and circadian factors modulate metabolic control, and 3) the relevance of these differences for precision medicine. Ultimately, the findings justify factoring in sex differences when optimizing individually targeted sleep and circadian interventions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Females's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Chellappa
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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2
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Bódizs R, Schneider B, Ujma PP, Horváth CG, Dresler M, Rosenblum Y. Fundamentals of sleep regulation: Model and benchmark values for fractal and oscillatory neurodynamics. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102589. [PMID: 38458483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Homeostatic, circadian and ultradian mechanisms play crucial roles in the regulation of sleep. Evidence suggests that ratios of low-to-high frequency power in the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum indicate the instantaneous level of sleep pressure, influenced by factors such as individual sleep-wake history, current sleep stage, age-related differences and brain topography characteristics. These effects are well captured and reflected in the spectral exponent, a composite measure of the constant low-to-high frequency ratio in the periodogram, which is scale-free and exhibits lower interindividual variability compared to slow wave activity, potentially serving as a suitable standardization and reference measure. Here we propose an index of sleep homeostasis based on the spectral exponent, reflecting the level of membrane hyperpolarization and/or network bistability in the central nervous system in humans. In addition, we advance the idea that the U-shaped overnight deceleration of oscillatory slow and fast sleep spindle frequencies marks the biological night, providing somnologists with an EEG-index of circadian sleep regulation. Evidence supporting this assertion comes from studies based on sleep replacement, forced desynchrony protocols and high-resolution analyses of sleep spindles. Finally, ultradian sleep regulatory mechanisms are indicated by the recurrent, abrupt shifts in dominant oscillatory frequencies, with spindle ranges signifying non-rapid eye movement and non-spindle oscillations - rapid eye movement phases of the sleep cycles. Reconsidering the indicators of fundamental sleep regulatory processes in the framework of the new Fractal and Oscillatory Adjustment Model (FOAM) offers an appealing opportunity to bridge the gap between the two-process model of sleep regulation and clinical somnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bence Schneider
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge G Horváth
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yevgenia Rosenblum
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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3
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Ujma PP, Bódizs R, Dresler M, Simor P, Purcell S, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Redline S. Multivariate prediction of cognitive performance from the sleep electroencephalogram. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120319. [PMID: 37574121 PMCID: PMC10661862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cognitive performance is a key function whose biological foundations have been partially revealed by genetic and brain imaging studies. The sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) is tightly linked to structural and functional features of the central nervous system and serves as another promising biomarker. We used data from MrOS, a large cohort of older men and cross-validated regularized regression to link sleep EEG features to cognitive performance in cross-sectional analyses. In independent validation samples 2.5-10% of variance in cognitive performance can be accounted for by sleep EEG features, depending on the covariates used. Demographic characteristics account for more covariance between sleep EEG and cognition than health variables, and consequently reduce this association by a greater degree, but even with the strictest covariate sets a statistically significant association is present. Sigma power in NREM and beta power in REM sleep were associated with better cognitive performance, while theta power in REM sleep was associated with worse performance, with no substantial effect of coherence and other sleep EEG metrics. Our findings show that cognitive performance is associated with the sleep EEG (r = 0.283), with the strongest effect ascribed to spindle-frequency activity. This association becomes weaker after adjusting for demographic (r = 0.186) and health variables (r = 0.155), but its resilience to covariate inclusion suggest that it also partially reflects trait-like differences in cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
| | - Katie L Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Sun H, Ye E, Paixao L, Ganglberger W, Chu CJ, Zhang C, Rosand J, Mignot E, Cash SS, Gozal D, Thomas RJ, Westover MB. The sleep and wake electroencephalogram over the lifespan. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 124:60-70. [PMID: 36739622 PMCID: PMC9957961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Both sleep and wake encephalograms (EEG) change over the lifespan. While prior studies have characterized age-related changes in the EEG, the datasets span a particular age group, or focused on sleep and wake macrostructure rather than the microstructure. Here, we present sex-stratified data from 3372 community-based or clinic-based otherwise neurologically and psychiatrically healthy participants ranging from 11 days to 80 years of age. We estimate age norms for key sleep and wake EEG parameters including absolute and relative powers in delta, theta, alpha, and sigma bands, as well as sleep spindle density, amplitude, duration, and frequency. To illustrate the potential use of the reference measures developed herein, we compare them to sleep EEG recordings from age-matched participants with Alzheimer's disease, severe sleep apnea, depression, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Although the partially clinical nature of the datasets may bias the findings towards less normal and hence may underestimate pathology in practice, age-based EEG reference values enable objective screening of deviations from healthy aging among individuals with a variety of disorders that affect brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Elissa Ye
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis Paixao
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Catherine J Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Robert J Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA.
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5
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Chen C, Meng J, Belkacem AN, Lu L, Liu F, Yi W, Li P, Liang J, Huang Z, Ming D. Hierarchical fusion detection algorithm for sleep spindle detection. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1105696. [PMID: 36968486 PMCID: PMC10035334 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSleep spindles are a vital sign implying that human beings have entered the second stage of sleep. In addition, they can effectively reflect a person’s learning and memory ability, and clinical research has shown that their quantity and density are crucial markers of brain function. The “gold standard” of spindle detection is based on expert experience; however, the detection cost is high, and the detection time is long. Additionally, the accuracy of detection is influenced by subjectivity.MethodsTo improve detection accuracy and speed, reduce the cost, and improve efficiency, this paper proposes a layered spindle detection algorithm. The first layer used the Morlet wavelet and RMS method to detect spindles, and the second layer employed an improved k-means algorithm to improve spindle detection efficiency. The fusion algorithm was compared with other spindle detection algorithms to prove its effectiveness.ResultsThe hierarchical fusion spindle detection algorithm showed good performance stability, and the fluctuation range of detection accuracy was minimal. The average value of precision was 91.6%, at least five percentage points higher than other methods. The average value of recall could reach 89.1%, and the average value of specificity was close to 95%. The mean values of accuracy and F1-score in the subject sample data were 90.4 and 90.3%, respectively. Compared with other methods, the method proposed in this paper achieved significant improvement in terms of precision, recall, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score.ConclusionA spindle detection method with high steady-state accuracy and fast detection speed is proposed, which combines the Morlet wavelet with window RMS and an improved k-means algorithm. This method provides a powerful tool for the automatic detection of spindles and improves the efficiency of spindle detection. Through simulation experiments, the sampled data were analyzed and verified to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex System Control Theory and Application, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayuan Meng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem
- Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lin Lu
- Zhonghuan Information College Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Complex System Control Theory and Application, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Weibo Yi
- Beijing Machine and Equipment Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Penghai Li
- Key Laboratory of Complex System Control Theory and Application, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoyang Huang,
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Dong Ming,
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6
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Carreiro C, Reicher V, Kis A, Gácsi M. Owner-rated hyperactivity/impulsivity is associated with sleep efficiency in family dogs: a non-invasive EEG study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1291. [PMID: 36690703 PMCID: PMC9870861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective sleep disturbances are reported by humans with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, no consistent objective findings related to sleep disturbances led to the removal of sleep problems from ADHD diagnostic criteria. Dogs have been used as a model for human ADHD with questionnaires validated for this purpose. Also, their sleep physiology can be measured by non-invasive methods similarly to humans. In the current study, we recorded spontaneous sleep EEG in family dogs during a laboratory session. We analyzed the association of sleep macrostructure and deep sleep (NREM) slow-wave activity (SWA) with a validated owner-rated ADHD questionnaire, assessing inattention (IA), hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I) and total (T) scores. Higher H/I and T were associated with lower sleep efficiency and longer time awake after initial drowsiness and NREM. IA showed no associations with sleep variables. Further, no association was found between ADHD scores and SWA. Our results are in line with human studies in which poor sleep quality reported by ADHD subjects is associated with some objective EEG macrostructural parameters. This suggests that natural variation in dogs' H/I is useful to gain a deeper insight of ADHD neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Carreiro
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Vivien Reicher
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kis
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Baena D, Fang Z, Ray LB, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Brain activations time locked to slow wave-coupled sleep spindles correlates with intellectual abilities. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5409-5419. [PMID: 36336346 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sleep spindles (SP) are one of the few known electrophysiological neuronal biomarkers of interindividual differences in cognitive abilities and aptitudes. Recent simultaneous electroencephalography with functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) studies suggest that the magnitude of the activation of brain regions recruited during spontaneous spindle events is specifically related to Reasoning abilities. However, it is not known if the relationship with cognitive abilities differs between uncoupled spindles, uncoupled slow waves (SW), and coupled SW–SP complexes, nor have the functional-neuroanatomical substrates that support this relationship been identified. Here, we investigated the functional significance of activation of brain areas recruited during SW-coupled spindles, uncoupled spindles, and uncoupled slow waves. We hypothesize that brain activations time locked to SW-coupled spindle complexes will be primarily associated to Reasoning abilities, especially in subcortical areas. Our results provide direct evidence that the relationship between Reasoning abilities and sleep spindles depends on spindle coupling status. Specifically, we found that the putamen and thalamus, recruited during coupled SW–SP events were positively correlated with Reasoning abilities. In addition, we found a negative association between Reasoning abilities and hippocampal activation time-locked to uncoupled SWs that might reflect a refractory mechanism in the absence of new, intensive hippocampal-dependent memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baena
- Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal , Ontario K1Z 7K4, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zhuo Fang
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Laura B Ray
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Psychology, Western University , London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal , Ontario K1Z 7K4, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Brain & Mind Research Institute , Ontario K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Canada
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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8
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Ujma PP, Dresler M, Simor P, Fabó D, Ulbert I, Erőss L, Bódizs R. The sleep EEG envelope is a novel, neuronal firing-based human biomarker. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18836. [PMID: 36336717 PMCID: PMC9637727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep EEG reflects voltage differences relative to a reference, while its spectrum reflects its composition of various frequencies. In contrast, the envelope of the sleep EEG reflects the instantaneous amplitude of oscillations, while its spectrum reflects the rhythmicity of the occurrence of these oscillations. The sleep EEG spectrum is known to relate to demographic, psychological and clinical characteristics, but the envelope spectrum has been rarely studied. In study 1, we demonstrate in human invasive data from cortex-penetrating microelectrodes and subdural grids that the sleep EEG envelope spectrum reflects neuronal firing. In study 2, we demonstrate that the scalp EEG envelope spectrum is stable within individuals. A multivariate learning algorithm could predict age (r = 0.6) and sex (r = 0.5) from the EEG envelope spectrum. With age, oscillations shifted from a 4-5 s rhythm to faster rhythms. Our results demonstrate that the sleep envelope spectrum is a promising biomarker of demographic and disease-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Martin Dresler
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dániel Fabó
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Department of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Loránd Erőss
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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G. Horváth C, Szalárdy O, Ujma PP, Simor P, Gombos F, Kovács I, Dresler M, Bódizs R. Overnight dynamics in scale-free and oscillatory spectral parameters of NREM sleep EEG. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18409. [PMID: 36319742 PMCID: PMC9626458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfolding the overnight dynamics in human sleep features plays a pivotal role in understanding sleep regulation. Studies revealed the complex reorganization of the frequency composition of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) during the course of sleep, however the scale-free and the oscillatory measures remained undistinguished and improperly characterized before. By focusing on the first four non-rapid eye movement (NREM) periods of night sleep records of 251 healthy human subjects (4-69 years), here we reveal the flattening of spectral slopes and decrease in several measures of the spectral intercepts during consecutive sleep cycles. Slopes and intercepts are significant predictors of slow wave activity (SWA), the gold standard measure of sleep intensity. The overnight increase in spectral peak sizes (amplitudes relative to scale-free spectra) in the broad sigma range is paralleled by a U-shaped time course of peak frequencies in frontopolar regions. Although, the set of spectral indices analyzed herein reproduce known age- and sex-effects, the interindividual variability in spectral slope steepness is lower as compared to the variability in SWA. Findings indicate that distinct scale-free and oscillatory measures of sleep EEG could provide composite measures of sleep dynamics with low redundancy, potentially affording new insights into sleep regulatory processes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge G. Horváth
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.425578.90000 0004 0512 3755Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P. Ujma
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- grid.425397.e0000 0001 0807 2090Laboratory for Psychological Research, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276ELRN-ELTE-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276ELRN-ELTE-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Harrington YA, Parisi JM, Duan D, Rojo-Wissar DM, Holingue C, Spira AP. Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:800278. [PMID: 35912083 PMCID: PMC9331168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.800278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the population of older adults grows, so will the prevalence of aging-related conditions, including memory impairments and sleep disturbances, both of which are more common among women. Compared to older men, older women are up to twice as likely to experience sleep disturbances and are at a higher risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). These sex differences may be attributed in part to fluctuations in levels of female sex hormones (i.e., estrogen and progesterone) that occur across the adult female lifespan. Though women tend to experience the most significant sleep and memory problems during the peri-menopausal period, changes in memory and sleep have also been observed across the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Here, we review current knowledge on the interrelationships among female sex hormones, sleep, and memory across the female lifespan, propose possible mediating and moderating mechanisms linking these variables and describe implications for ADRD risk in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A. Harrington
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeanine M. Parisi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daisy Duan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Darlynn M. Rojo-Wissar
- The Initiative on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience (STAR), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adam P. Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Attachment towards the Owner Is Associated with Spontaneous Sleep EEG Parameters in Family Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070895. [PMID: 35405884 PMCID: PMC8997010 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs have been shown to form attachment bonds towards their owners analogous to the human infant-parent attachment. In humans, the neurological background of variation in attachment and similar trait-like social behaviors has been described. It is known that certain sleep parameters are in association with an individual’s attachment-related traits. In the current study, we provide the first evidence that dogs’ attachment towards their owner is also associated to dogs’ sleep structure (the time they spend in the different sleep stages) as well as to their brain activity during sleep. Thus, as in humans, when dogs sleep in a novel environment (in the presence of their owners), differences in their attachment bond are reflected in their sleep EEG characteristics. Abstract Affective neuroscience studies have demonstrated the impact of social interactions on sleep quality. In humans, trait-like social behaviors, such as attachment, are related to sleep brain activity patterns. Our aim was to investigate associations between companion dogs’ spontaneous brain activity during sleep (in the presence of the owner) and their relevant behavior in a task-free social context assessing their attachment towards the owner. In random order, each dog participated in a non-invasive sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement and in the Strange Situation Test (SST) to assess their attachment behavior. We found that higher attachment scores were associated with more time spent in NREM sleep, lower NREM alpha power activity and lower NREM alpha–delta anticorrelation. Our results reveal that, when dogs sleep in a novel environment in the company of their owners, differences in their attachment are reflected in their sleep EEG characteristics. This could be best explained by the different degree that owners could be used as a safe haven in an unfamiliar environment and during the unusual procedure of the first EEG measurement.
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12
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Association of polygenic risk for schizophrenia with fast sleep spindle density depends on pro-cognitive variants. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1193-1203. [PMID: 35723738 PMCID: PMC9508216 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common feature in schizophrenia and the strongest prognostic factor for long-term outcome. Identifying a trait associated with the genetic background for cognitive outcome in schizophrenia may aid in a deeper understanding of clinical disease subtypes. Fast sleep spindles may represent such a biomarker as they are strongly genetically determined, associated with cognitive functioning and impaired in schizophrenia and unaffected relatives. We measured fast sleep spindle density in 150 healthy adults and investigated its association with a genome-wide polygenic score for schizophrenia (SCZ-PGS). The association between SCZ-PGS and fast spindle density was further characterized by stratifying it to the genetic background of intelligence. SCZ-PGS was positively associated with fast spindle density. This association mainly depended on pro-cognitive genetic variants. Our results strengthen the evidence for a genetic background of spindle abnormalities in schizophrenia. Spindle density might represent an easily accessible marker for a favourable cognitive outcome which should be further investigated in clinical samples.
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13
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Page J, Wakschlag LS, Norton ES. Nonrapid eye movement sleep characteristics and relations with motor, memory, and cognitive ability from infancy to preadolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22202. [PMID: 34813099 PMCID: PMC8898567 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a critical role in neural neurodevelopment. Hallmarks of sleep reflected in the electroencephalogram during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are associated with learning processes, cognitive ability, memory, and motor functioning. Research in adults is well-established; however, the role of NREM sleep in childhood is less clear. Growing evidence suggests the importance of two NREM sleep features: slow-wave activity and sleep spindles. These features may be critical for understanding maturational change and the functional role of sleep during development. Here, we review the literature on NREM sleep from infancy to preadolescence to provide insight into the network dynamics of the developing brain. The reviewed findings show distinct relations between topographical and maturational aspects of slow waves and sleep spindles; however, the direction and consistency of these relationships vary, and associations with cognitive ability remain unclear. Future research investigating the role of NREM sleep and development would benefit from longitudinal approaches, increased control for circadian and homeostatic influences, and in early childhood, studies recording daytime naps and overnight sleep to yield increased precision for detecting age-related change. Such evidence could help explicate the role of NREM sleep and provide putative physiological markers of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Norton
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Klinzing JG, Tashiro L, Ruf S, Wolff M, Born J, Ngo HVV. Auditory stimulation during sleep suppresses spike activity in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100432. [PMID: 34841286 PMCID: PMC8606903 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is a common form of childhood epilepsy linked to diverse cognitive abnormalities. The electroencephalogram of patients shows focal interictal epileptic spikes, particularly during non-rapid eye movement (NonREM) sleep. Spike formation involves thalamocortical networks, which also contribute to the generation of sleep slow oscillations (SOs) and spindles. Motivated by evidence that SO-spindle activity can be controlled through closed-loop auditory stimulation, here, we show in seven patients that auditory stimulation also reduces spike rates in BECTS. Stimulation during NonREM sleep decreases spike rates, with most robust reductions when tones are presented 1.5 to 3.5 s after spikes. Stimulation further reduces the amplitude of spikes closely following tones. Sleep spindles are negatively correlated with spike rates, suggesting that tone-evoked spindle activity mediates the spike suppression. We hypothesize spindle-related refractoriness in thalamocortical circuits as a potential mechanism. Our results open an avenue for the non-pharmacological treatment of BECTS. Spikes in BECTS epilepsy and sleep spindles may share thalamocortical generation Auditory stimulation during sleep evokes sleep spindles and suppresses spikes Stimulation may reduce spiking by inducing thalamocortical refractoriness
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Lilian Tashiro
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ruf
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Wolff
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, 12351 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hong-Viet V Ngo
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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15
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Bódizs R, Horváth CG, Szalárdy O, Ujma PP, Simor P, Gombos F, Kovács I, Genzel L, Dresler M. Sleep-spindle frequency: Overnight dynamics, afternoon nap effects, and possible circadian modulation. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13514. [PMID: 34761463 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic and circadian processes play a pivotal role in determining sleep structure, timing, and quality. In sharp contrast with the wide accessibility of the electroencephalogram (EEG) index of sleep homeostasis, an electrophysiological measure of the circadian modulation of sleep is still unavailable. Evidence suggests that sleep-spindle frequencies decelerate during biological night. In order to test the feasibility of measuring this marker in common polysomnographic protocols, the Budapest-Munich database of sleep records (N = 251 healthy subjects, 122 females, age range: 4-69 years), as well as an afternoon nap sleep record database (N = 112 healthy subjects, 30 females, age range: 18-30 years) were analysed by the individual adjustment method of sleep-spindle analysis. Slow and fast sleep-spindle frequencies were characterised by U-shaped overnight dynamics, with highest values in the first and the fourth-to-fifth sleep cycle and the lowest values in the middle of the sleeping period (cycles two to three). Age-related attenuation of sleep-spindle deceleration was evident. Estimated phases of the nadirs in sleep-spindle frequencies were advanced in children as compared to other age groups. Additionally, nap sleep spindles were faster than night sleep spindles (0.57 and 0.39 Hz difference for slow and fast types, respectively). The fine frequency resolution analysis of sleep spindles is a feasible method of measuring the assumed circadian modulation of sleep. Moreover, age-related attenuation of circadian sleep modulation might be measurable by assessing the overnight dynamics in sleep-spindle frequency. Phase of the minimal sleep-spindle frequency is a putative biomarker of chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge G Horváth
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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The relationship between cognitive ability and BOLD activation across sleep-wake states. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:305-315. [PMID: 34432229 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The sleep spindle, a waxing and waning oscillation in the sigma frequency range, has been shown to correlate with fluid intelligence; i.e. the ability to use logic, learn novel rules/patterns, and solve problems. Using simultaneous EEG and fMRI, we previously identified the neural correlates of this relationship, including activation of the thalamus, bilateral putamen, medial frontal gyrus, middle cingulate cortex, and precuneus. However, research to date has focussed primarily on non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and spindles per se, thus overlooking the possibility that brain activity that occurs in other sleep-wake states might also be related to cognitive abilities. In our current study, we sought to investigate whether brain activity across sleep/wake states is also related to human intelligence in N = 29 participants. During NREM sleep, positive correlations were observed between fluid intelligence and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activations in the bilateral putamen and the paracentral lobule/precuneus, as well as between short-term memory (STM) abilities and activity in the medial frontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. During wake, activity in bilateral postcentral gyri and occipital lobe was positively correlated with short-term memory abilities. In participants who experienced REM sleep in the scanner, fluid intelligence was positively associated with midbrain activation, and verbal intelligence was associated with right postcentral gyrus activation. These findings provide evidence that the relationship between sleep and intellectual abilities exists beyond sleep spindles.
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17
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Zhang ZY, Campbell IG, Dhayagude P, Espino HC, Feinberg I. Longitudinal Analysis of Sleep Spindle Maturation from Childhood through Late Adolescence. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4253-4261. [PMID: 33785642 PMCID: PMC8143202 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2370-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are intermittent bursts of 11-15 Hz EEG waves that occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Spindles are believed to help maintain sleep and to play a role in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Here we applied an automated sleep spindle detection program to our large longitudinal sleep EEG dataset (98 human subjects, 6-18 years old, >2000 uninterrupted nights) to evaluate maturational trends in spindle wave frequency, density, amplitude, and duration. This large dataset enabled us to apply nonlinear as well as linear age models, thereby extending the findings of prior cross-sectional studies that used linear models. We found that spindle wave frequency increased with remarkable linearity across the age range. Central spindle density increased nonlinearly to a peak at age 15.1 years. Central spindle wave amplitude declined in a sigmoidal pattern with the age of fastest decline at 13.5 years. Spindle duration decreased linearly with age. Of the four measures, only spindle amplitude showed a sex difference in dynamics such that the age of most rapid decline in females preceded that in males by 1.4 years. This amplitude pattern, including the sex difference in timing, paralleled the maturational pattern for δ (1-4 Hz) wave power. We interpret these age-related changes in spindle characteristics as indicators of maturation of thalamocortical circuits and changes in sleep depth. These robust age-effects could facilitate the search for cognitive-behavioral correlates of spindle waveforms and might also help guide basic research on EEG mechanisms and postnatal brain maturation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain reorganization of adolescence produces massive changes in sleep EEG. These changes include the morphology and abundance of sleep spindles, an EEG marker of non-rapid eye movement sleep believed to reflect offline memory processes and/or protection of the sleep state. We analyzed >2000 nights of longitudinal sleep EEG from 98 subjects (age 6-18 years old) to investigate maturational changes in spindle amplitude, frequency, density, and duration. The large dataset enabled us to detect nonlinear as well as linear age changes. All measures showed robust age effects that we hypothesize reflect the maturation of thalamocortical circuits and decreasing sleep depth. These findings could guide further research into the cognitive-behavioral correlates of sleep spindles and their underlying brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Y Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Pari Dhayagude
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Harrison C Espino
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Irwin Feinberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817
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18
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Alonso A, Genzel L, Gomez A. Sex and Menstrual Phase Influences on Sleep and Memory. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purposes of Review
This review highlights the effect of sex differences in sleep mediated memory consolidation and cognitive performance. In addition, the role of menstrual cycle and the fluctuating level of sexual hormones (mainly oestrogen and progesterone) are stressed.
Recent Findings
The literature indicates that sex hormones mediate and orchestrate the differences observed in performance of females in comparison with males in a variety of tasks and can also be related to how sleep benefits cognition. Although the exact mechanism of such influence is not clear, it most likely involves differential activation of brain areas, sensitivity to neuromodulators (mainly oestrogen), circadian regulation of sleep and temperature, as well as modification of strategies to solve tasks across the menstrual cycle.
Summary
With the evidence presented here, we hope to encourage researchers to develop appropriate paradigms to study the complex relationship between menstrual cycle, sleep (its regulation, architecture and electrophysiological hallmarks) and performance in memory and other cognitive tasks.
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19
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Iotchev IB, Kubinyi E. Shared and unique features of mammalian sleep spindles - insights from new and old animal models. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1021-1034. [PMID: 33533183 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep spindles are phasic events observed in mammalian non-rapid eye movement sleep. They are relevant today in the study of memory consolidation, sleep quality, mental health and ageing. We argue that our advanced understanding of their mechanisms has not exhausted the utility and need for animal model work. This is both because some topics, like cognitive ageing, have not yet been addressed sufficiently in comparative efforts and because the evolutionary history of this oscillation is still poorly understood. Comparisons across species often are either limited to referencing the classical cat and rodent models, or are over-inclusive, uncritically including reports of sleep spindles in rarely studied animals. In this review, we discuss the emergence of new (dog and sheep) models for sleep spindles and compare the strengths and shortcomings of new and old models based on the three validation criteria for animal models - face, predictive, and construct validity. We conclude that an emphasis on cognitive ageing might dictate the future of comparative sleep spindle studies, a development that is already becoming visible in studies on dogs. Moreover, reconstructing the evolutionary history of sleep spindles will require more stringent criteria for their identification, across more species. In particular, a stronger emphasis on construct and predictive validity can help verify if spindle-like events in other species are actual sleep spindles. Work in accordance with such stricter validation suggests that sleep spindles display more universally shared features, like defining frequency, than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Borislavov Iotchev
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Eniko Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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20
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Bódizs R, Szalárdy O, Horváth C, Ujma PP, Gombos F, Simor P, Pótári A, Zeising M, Steiger A, Dresler M. A set of composite, non-redundant EEG measures of NREM sleep based on the power law scaling of the Fourier spectrum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2041. [PMID: 33479280 PMCID: PMC7820008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Features of sleep were shown to reflect aging, typical sex differences and cognitive abilities of humans. However, these measures are characterized by redundancy and arbitrariness. Our present approach relies on the assumptions that the spontaneous human brain activity as reflected by the scalp-derived electroencephalogram (EEG) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is characterized by arrhythmic, scale-free properties and is based on the power law scaling of the Fourier spectra with the additional consideration of the rhythmic, oscillatory waves at specific frequencies, including sleep spindles. Measures derived are the spectral intercept and slope, as well as the maximal spectral peak amplitude and frequency in the sleep spindle range, effectively reducing 191 spectral measures to 4, which were efficient in characterizing known age-effects, sex-differences and cognitive correlates of sleep EEG. Future clinical and basic studies are supposed to be significantly empowered by the efficient data reduction provided by our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Horváth
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit At CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrián Pótári
- MTA-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology (Cognitive Science), Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcel Zeising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Research Group Sleep Endocrinology, Munich, Germany.,Centre of Mental Health, Klinikum Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Research Group Sleep Endocrinology, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Weber FD, Supp GG, Klinzing JG, Mölle M, Engel AK, Born J. Coupling of gamma band activity to sleep spindle oscillations - a combined EEG/MEG study. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117452. [PMID: 33059050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are crucial to memory consolidation. Cortical gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz) are considered to reflect processing of memory in local cortical networks. The temporal and regulatory relationship between spindles and gamma activity might therefore provide clues into how sleep strengthens cortical memory representations. Here, combining EEG with MEG recordings during sleep in healthy humans (n = 12), we investigated the temporal relationships of cortical gamma band activity, always measured by MEG, during fast (12-16 Hz) and slow (8-12 Hz) sleep spindles detected in the EEG or MEG. Time-frequency distributions did not show a consistent coupling of gamma to the spindle oscillation, although activity in the low gamma (30-40 Hz) and neighboring beta range (<30 Hz) was generally increased during spindles. However, more fine-grained analyses of cross-frequency interactions revealed that both low and high gamma power (30-100 Hz) was coupled to the phase of slow and fast EEG spindles, importantly, with this coupling at a fixed phase only for the oscillations within an individual spindle, but with variable phase across spindles. We did not observe any coupling of gamma activity for spindles detected solely in the MEG and not in parallel EEG recordings, raising the possibility that these are more local spindles of different quality. Similar to fast spindle activity, low gamma band power followed a ~0.025 Hz infraslow rhythm during sleep whose frequency, however, was significantly faster than that of spindle activity. Our findings suggest a general function of fast and slow spindles that by spanning larger cortical networks might serve to synchronize gamma band activity occurring in more local but distributed networks. Thereby, spindles might help linking local memory processing between distributed networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik D Weber
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany.
| | - Gernot G Supp
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Building N43, Germany
| | - Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Building N43, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany.
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22
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Gender differences in adolescent sleep neurophysiology: a high-density sleep EEG study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15935. [PMID: 32985555 PMCID: PMC7522718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During adolescence, differences between males and females in physiology, behavior and risk for psychopathology are accentuated. The goal of the current study was to examine gender differences in sleep neurophysiology using high-density sleep EEG in early adolescence. We examined gender differences in sleep EEG power and coherence across frequency bands for both NREM and REM sleep in a sample of 61 adolescents (31 girls and 30 boys; mean age = 12.48; SD = 1.34). In addition, sleep spindles were individually detected and characterized. Compared to boys, girls had significantly greater spindle activity, as reflected in higher NREM sigma power, spindle amplitude, spindle frequency and spindle density over widespread regions. Furthermore, power in higher frequency bands (16.2–44 Hz) was larger in girls than boys in a state independent manner. Oscillatory activity across frequency bands and sleep states was generally more coherent in females as compared to males, suggesting greater connectivity in females. An exception to this finding was the alpha band during NREM and REM sleep, where coherence was higher (NREM) or not different (REM) in boys compared to girls. Sleep spindles are generated through thalamocortical circuits, and thus, the greater spindle activity across regions in females may represent a stronger thalamocortical circuit in adolescent females as compared to males. Moreover, greater global connectivity in females may reflect functional brain differences with implications for cognition and mental health. Given the pronounced gender differences, our study highlights the importance of taking gender into account when designing and interpreting studies of sleep neurophysiology.
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23
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Kiss O, Kis A, Scheiling K, Topál J. Behavioral and Neurophysiological Correlates of Dogs' Individual Sensitivities to Being Observed by Their Owners While Performing a Repetitive Fetching Task. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1461. [PMID: 32760316 PMCID: PMC7375335 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that dogs possess enhanced skills in reading human visual attention, but it remains to be explored whether they are sensitive to the audience effect in their interactions with humans. The present study aimed to investigate how dogs’ behavior is affected by their owners’ visual attention while performing a repetitive task (bringing an object back to an unfamiliar experimenter while the owner waited passively). We assumed that if dogs are susceptible to the audience effect, their task persistence and task performance would vary according to their owners’ attentiveness. A group of adult pet dogs (N = 27) were repeatedly presented with an object retrieval task by the experimenter (N = 20 trials) while owners either ignored their dogs (Inattentive Owner condition) or paid attention to their dogs’ actions (Attentive Owner condition). Behavioral observations were complemented with the owner’s reports of their relationships with their dogs (assessed by means of an owner–pet attachment questionnaire) and dogs’ spectral EEG sleep profile (recorded during 3-h-long daytime sleep). Although dogs, independently of their owners’ attentional state, were generally willing to comply with the fetching task, they were faster to approach the toy object and gazed significantly longer at their owners when he/she was paying attention. This finding is reminiscent of peer influence observed in humans. Further, characteristics of relationship insecurity (relationship anxiety and avoidance) were associated with dogs’ task persistence and performance. Dogs of owners with higher relationship anxiety tended to approach the toy object less frequently, and dogs of owners with higher relationship avoidance and anxiety were more hesitant to approach the toy object. We also found that dogs’ individual susceptibilities to the audience effect is related to EEG spectral power of both REM and non-REM sleep as well as in pre-sleep (drowsiness) in a trait-like manner. These results, in line with previous findings, support the notion that dogs have a somewhat human-like susceptibility to the audience effect, a trait which might be linked to more complex mechanisms, such as self-presentation or reputation management, helping the two species to become effective social partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kiss
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Scheiling
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - József Topál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Lacourse K, Yetton B, Mednick S, Warby SC. Massive online data annotation, crowdsourcing to generate high quality sleep spindle annotations from EEG data. Sci Data 2020; 7:190. [PMID: 32561751 PMCID: PMC7305234 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle event detection is a key component in analyzing human sleep. However, detection of these oscillatory patterns by experts is time consuming and costly. Automated detection algorithms are cost efficient and reproducible but require robust datasets to be trained and validated. Using the MODA (Massive Online Data Annotation) platform, we used crowdsourcing to produce a large open-source dataset of high quality, human-scored sleep spindles (5342 spindles, from 180 subjects). We evaluated the performance of three subtype scorers: “experts, researchers and non-experts”, as well as 7 previously published spindle detection algorithms. Our findings show that only two algorithms had performance scores similar to human experts. Furthermore, the human scorers agreed on the average spindle characteristics (density, duration and amplitude), but there were significant age and sex differences (also observed in the set of detected spindles). This study demonstrates how the MODA platform can be used to generate a highly valid open source standardized dataset for researchers to train, validate and compare automated detectors of biological signals such as the EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lacourse
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Ben Yetton
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sara Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Simon C Warby
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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25
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Smith D, Fang Z, Thompson K, Fogel S. Sleep and individual differences in intellectual abilities. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Fang Z, Ray LB, Houldin E, Smith D, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Sleep Spindle-dependent Functional Connectivity Correlates with Cognitive Abilities. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 32:446-466. [PMID: 31659927 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
EEG studies have shown that interindividual differences in the electrophysiological properties of sleep spindles (e.g., density, amplitude, duration) are highly correlated with trait-like "reasoning" abilities (i.e., "fluid intelligence"; problem-solving skills; the ability to employ logic or identify complex patterns), but not interindividual differences in STM or "verbal" intellectual abilities. Previous simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies revealed brain activations time-locked to spindles. Our group has recently demonstrated that the extent of activation in a subset of these regions was related to interindividual differences in reasoning intellectual abilities, specifically. However, spindles reflect communication between spatially distant and functionally distinct brain areas. The functional communication among brain regions related to spindles and their relationship to reasoning abilities have yet to be investigated. Using simultaneous EEG-fMRI sleep recordings and psychophysiological interaction analysis, we identified spindle-related functional communication among brain regions in the thalamo-cortical-BG system, the salience network, and the default mode network. Furthermore, the extent of the functional connectivity of the cortical-striatal circuitry and the thalamo-cortical circuitry was specifically related to reasoning abilities but was unrelated to STM or verbal abilities, thus suggesting that individuals with higher fluid intelligence have stronger functional coupling among these brain areas during spontaneous spindle events. This may serve as a first step in further understanding the function of sleep spindles and the brain network functional communication, which support the capacity for fluid intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Laura B Ray
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Sleep Unit, the Royal's Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Evan Houldin
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Western University, London, Canada
| | - Dylan Smith
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Sleep Unit, the Royal's Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Western University, London, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Western University, London, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Sleep Unit, the Royal's Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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28
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Individual slow-wave morphology is a marker of aging. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Iotchev IB, Kis A, Turcsán B, Tejeda Fernández de Lara DR, Reicher V, Kubinyi E. Age-related differences and sexual dimorphism in canine sleep spindles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10092. [PMID: 31300672 PMCID: PMC6626048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-REM bursts of activity in the sigma range (9-16 Hz) typical of sleep spindles predict learning in dogs, similar to humans and rats. Little is known, however, about the age-related changes in amplitude, density (spindles/minute) and frequency (waves/second) of canine spindles. We investigated a large sample (N = 155) of intact and neutered pet dogs of both sexes, varying in breed and age, searching for spindles in segments of non-REM sleep. We recorded EEG from both a frontal midline electrode (Fz) and a central midline electrode (Cz) in 55.5% of the dogs, in the remaining animals only the Fz electrode was active (bipolar derivation). A similar topography was observed for fast (≥13 Hz) spindle occurrence as in humans (fast spindle number, density on Cz > Fz). For fast spindles, density was higher in females, and increased with age. These effects were more pronounced among intact animals and on Fz. Slow spindle density declined and fast spindle frequency increased with age on Cz, while on Fz age-related amplitude decline was observed. The frequency of fast spindles on Fz and slow spindles on Cz was linked to both sex and neutering, suggesting modulation by sexual hormones. Intact females displayed higher frequencies than males and neutered females. Our findings support the argument that sigma bursts in the canine non-REM sleep are analogous to human sleep spindles, and suggest that slow and fast spindles display different trajectories related to age, of which an increase in frontal fast spindles is unique to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Turcsán
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Simor P, Gombos F, Körmendi J, Steiger A, Dresler M, Bódizs R. Sleep EEG functional connectivity varies with age and sex, but not general intelligence. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 78:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Fang Z, Ray LB, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Brain Activation Time-Locked to Sleep Spindles Associated With Human Cognitive Abilities. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30787863 PMCID: PMC6372948 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG–fMRI) studies have revealed brain activations time-locked to spindles. Yet, the functional significance of these spindle-related brain activations is not understood. EEG studies have shown that inter-individual differences in the electrophysiological characteristics of spindles (e.g., density, amplitude, duration) are highly correlated with “Reasoning” abilities (i.e., “fluid intelligence”; problem solving skills, the ability to employ logic, identify complex patterns), but not short-term memory (STM) or verbal abilities. Spindle-dependent reactivation of brain areas recruited during new learning suggests night-to-night variations reflect offline memory processing. However, the functional significance of stable, trait-like inter-individual differences in brain activations recruited during spindle events is unknown. Using EEG–fMRI sleep recordings, we found that a subset of brain activations time-locked to spindles were specifically related to Reasoning abilities but were unrelated to STM or verbal abilities. Thus, suggesting that individuals with higher fluid intelligence have greater activation of brain regions recruited during spontaneous spindle events. This may serve as a first step to further understand the function of sleep spindles and the brain activity which supports the capacity for Reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura B Ray
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Sleep Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Sleep Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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32
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Pesonen AK, Ujma P, Halonen R, Räikkönen K, Kuula L. The associations between spindle characteristics and cognitive ability in a large adolescent birth cohort. INTELLIGENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Kuula L, Tamminen J, Makkonen T, Merikanto I, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK. Higher sleep spindle activity is associated with fewer false memories in adolescent girls. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 157:96-105. [PMID: 30553019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep facilitates the extraction of semantic regularities amongst newly encoded memories, which may also lead to increased false memories. We investigated sleep stage proportions and sleep spindles in the recollection of adolescents' false memories, and their potential sex-specific differences. METHODS 196 adolescents (mean age 16.9 y; SD = 0.1, 61% girls) underwent the Deese, Roediger & McDermott (DRM) false memory procedure and overnight polysomnography, with free recall the following morning. Sleep was scored manually into stages 1, 2, 3 and REM. Stage 2 sleep spindle frequency, density, and peak amplitude were used as measures of spindle activity for slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) ranges. RESULTS In girls, a lower number of critical lures was associated with higher spindle frequency (p ≤ 0.01), density (p ≤ 0.01), and amplitude (p = 0.03). Additionally, girls' longer sleep duration was associated with more intrusion words (p = 0.03), but not with critical lures. These associations survived adjustment for age, pubertal status, and intelligence. No significant results emerged in boys. CONCLUSIONS In adolescent girls, higher spindle activity was associated with fewer critical lures being falsely recalled in the DRM paradigm. Unlike studies using adult participants, we did not observe any association between slow-wave sleep and false memory recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Kuula
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jakke Tamminen
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Tommi Makkonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Merikanto
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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34
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Sleep spindle and psychopathology characteristics of frequent nightmare recallers. Sleep Med 2018; 50:113-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Polner B, Simor P, Kéri S. Insomnia and intellect mask the positive link between schizotypal traits and creativity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5615. [PMID: 30245937 PMCID: PMC6147126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizotypy is a set of personality traits that resemble the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia in the general population, and it is associated with various subclinical mental health problems, including sleep disturbances. Additionally, dimensions of schizotypy show specific but weak associations with creativity. Given that creativity demands cognitive control and mental health, and that sleep disturbances negatively impact cognitive control, we predicted that positive, impulsive and disorganised schizotypy will demonstrate stronger associations with indicators of creativity, if the effect of mental health, insomnia, and intellect are statistically controlled. Methods University students (N = 182) took part in the study. Schizotypy was assessed with the shortened Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (sO-LIFE). Creative achievements were measured with the Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ), divergent thinking was assessed with the ‘Just suppose’ task, and remote association problem solving was tested with Compound Remote Associate (CRA) problems. Mental health was assessed with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and insomnia was examined with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Verbal short term memory was measured with the forward digit span task, and intellect was assessed with the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI). Multiple linear regressions were performed to examine the relationship between creativity and schizotypy. Indicators of creativity were the dependent variables. In the first block, dimensions of schizotypy, age, gender and smoking were entered, and in the second block, the models were extended with mental health, insomnia, verbal short term memory, and intellect. Results Positive schizotypy positively predicted real-life creative achievements, independently from the positive effect of intellect. Follow-up analyses revealed that positive schizotypy predicted creative achievements in art, while higher disorganised schizotypy was associated with creative achievements in science (when intellect was controlled for). Furthermore, disorganised schizotypy positively predicted remote association problem solving performance, if insomnia and verbal short term memory were statistically controlled. No dimension of schizotypy was significantly associated with divergent thinking. Discussion In line with previous findings, positive schizotypy predicted real-life creative achievements. The positive effects of disorganised schizotypy might be explained in terms of the simultaneous involvement of enhanced semantic priming and cognitive control in problem solving. We speculate that the lack of associations between divergent thinking and schizotypy might be related to instruction effects. Our study underscores the relevance of sleep impairment to the psychosis-spectrum, and refines our knowledge about the adaptive aspects of schizotypy in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Fogel SM, Ray LB, Sergeeva V, De Koninck J, Owen AM. A Novel Approach to Dream Content Analysis Reveals Links Between Learning-Related Dream Incorporation and Cognitive Abilities. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1398. [PMID: 30127760 PMCID: PMC6088287 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Can dreams reveal insight into our cognitive abilities and aptitudes (i.e., "human intelligence")? The relationship between dream production and trait-like cognitive abilities is the foundation of several long-standing theories on the neurocognitive and cognitive-psychological basis of dreaming. However, direct experimental evidence is sparse and remains contentious. On the other hand, recent research has provided compelling evidence demonstrating a link between dream content and new learning, suggesting that dreams reflect memory processing during sleep. It remains to be investigated whether the extent of learning-related dream incorporation (i.e., the semantic similarity between waking experiences and dream content) is related to inter-individual differences in cognitive abilities. The relationship between pre-post sleep memory performance improvements and learning-related dream incorporation was investigated (N = 24) to determine if this relationship could be explained by inter-individual differences in intellectual abilities (e.g., reasoning, short term memory (STM), and verbal abilities). The extent of dream incorporation using a novel and objective method of dream content analysis, employed a computational linguistic approach to measure the semantic relatedness between verbal reports describing the experience on a spatial (e.g., maze navigation) or a motor memory task (e.g., tennis simulator) with subsequent hypnagogic reverie dream reports and waking "daydream" reports, obtained during a daytime nap opportunity. Consistent with previous studies, the extent to which something new was learned was related (r = 0.47) to how richly these novel experiences were incorporated into the content of dreams. This was significant for early (the first 4 dream reports) but not late dreams (the last 4 dream reports). Notably, here, we show for the first time that the extent of this incorporation for early dreams was related (r = 0.41) to inter-individual differences in reasoning abilities. On the other hand, late dream incorporation was related (r = 0.46) to inter-individual differences in verbal abilities. There was no relationship between performance improvements and intellectual abilities, and thus, inter-individual differences in cognitive abilities did not mediate the relationship between performance improvements and dream incorporation; suggesting a direct relationship between reasoning abilities and dream incorporation. This study provides the first evidence that learning-related dream production is related to inter-individual differences in cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M. Fogel
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura B. Ray
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Valya Sergeeva
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph De Koninck
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian M. Owen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Przemyslaw Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Reynolds C, Short M, Gradisar M. Sleep spindles and cognitive performance across adolescence: A meta-analytic review. J Adolesc 2018; 66:55-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Farmer CA, Chilakamarri P, Thurm AE, Swedo SE, Holmes GL, Buckley AW. Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development. Neurology 2018; 91:e112-e122. [PMID: 29875224 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether spindle activity differs in young children with and without autism. METHODS We investigated differences in spindle density, duration, and oscillatory features in 135 young children with autism, developmental delay without autism (DD), or typical development (TD) and secondarily assessed the dimensional relationship between spindle density and both cognitive ability and social functioning. RESULTS Compared to TD, both spindle density (Cohen d 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-1.37) and duration (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.15-1.01) were significantly decreased in autism. Spindle density was also significantly reduced in autism compared to DD (Cohen d 0.61, 95% CI 0.13-1.09). Decreased spindle frequency in autism compared to both TD (Cohen d 0.47, 95% CI 0.04-0.90) and DD (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.10-1.06) did not survive correction. The DD group did not differ significantly from the TD group on any spindle parameter. These results, suggesting a relationship between spindle density and autism but not DD, were further illustrated in exploratory analyses, wherein nonverbal ratio IQ (RIQ) and the Vineland Socialization domain standard score were strongly correlated with spindle density in the full sample (r = 0.33, p ≤ 001 and r = 0.41, p ≤ 001, respectively) but not within group. After nonverbal RIQ was accounted for, the relationship between spindle density and Vineland Socialization remained statistically significant (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). However, Vineland Socialization scores accounted for the relationship between spindle density and nonverbal RIQ (r = 0.04, p = 0.67). CONCLUSION In a large cohort of young children with autism, spindle density was reduced compared to groups of age-matched children with DD or TD. Alterations in the maturational trajectory of spindles may provide valuable insight into the neurophysiologic differences related to behavior in disorders of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan A Farmer
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Priyanka Chilakamarri
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Audrey E Thurm
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Susan E Swedo
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Ashura W Buckley
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington.
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Reynolds CM, Gradisar M, Coussens S, Short MA. Sleep spindles in adolescence: a comparison across sleep restriction and sleep extension. Sleep Med 2018; 50:166-174. [PMID: 30056287 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tendency for adolescents to have restricted sleep has been examined in numerous studies; however, the impact of sleep restriction on adolescents' neural activity during sleep (measured by electroencephalography (EEG)) is less extensively researched, particularly regarding sleep spindles. METHODS In this experimental study, 34 adolescents attended a 10-day laboratory study where they received five consecutive nights of either 5 h, 7.5 h or 10 h of sleep opportunity, with one adaptation, one baseline and two recovery nights of 10 h of sleep opportunity before and after the experimental phase. RESULTS Both within- and between-subjects effects were observed for fast sleep spindle characteristics of density, duration and amplitude. Overall, when experiencing severe sleep restriction, fast spindles in adolescents were lower in amplitude and longer in duration. Sex differences were also seen for fast spindle amplitude. CONCLUSIONS This investigation adds to the knowledge in this field by investigating specific sleep spindle characteristics in the context of experimentally manipulated sleep. Sleep restriction is highly prevalent among adolescents. These findings indicate that chronic sleep restriction has an impact on brain activity related to sleep spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Coussens
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Centre for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of South Australia, Australia
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Wu B, Ma L, Zhang E, Du J, Liu S, Price J, Li S, Zhao Z. Sexual dimorphism of sleep regulated by juvenile hormone signaling in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007318. [PMID: 29617359 PMCID: PMC5909909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic phenotypes are a universal phenomenon in animals. In the model animal fruit fly Drosophila, males and females exhibit long- and short-sleep phenotypes, respectively. However, the mechanism is still a mystery. In this study, we showed that juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in regulation of sexually dimorphic sleep in Drosophila, in which gain of JH function enlarges differences of the dimorphic sleep phenotype with higher sleep in males and lower sleep in females, while loss of JH function blurs these differences and results in feminization of male sleep and masculinization of female sleep. Further studies indicate that germ cell-expressed (GCE), one of the JH receptors, mediates the response in the JH pathway because the sexually dimorphic sleep phenotypes cannot be rescued by JH hormone in a gce deletion mutant. The JH-GCE regulated sleep dimorphism is generated through the sex differentiation-related genes -fruitless (fru) and doublesex (dsx) in males and sex-lethal (sxl), transformer (tra) and doublesex (dsx) in females. These are the “switch” genes that separately control the sleep pattern in males and females. Moreover, analysis of sleep deprivation and circadian behaviors showed that the sexually dimorphic sleep induced by JH signals is a change of sleep drive and independent of the circadian clock. Furthermore, we found that JH seems to also play an unanticipated role in antagonism of an aging-induced sleep decrease in male flies. Taken together, these results indicate that the JH signal pathway is critical for maintenance of sexually dimorphic sleep by regulating sex-relevant genes. Sleep is a very important biological behavior in all animals and takes up around one third of the lifespan in many animals. In both insects and mammals (including humans), sleep differences between male and female (sexually dimorphic sleep) have been described over the past decades. However, its internal regulation mechanism is still unclear. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, sharing most sleep characteristics with humans, has been used for sleep studies as a powerful model for genetic analysis. In this study, we reported that Juvenile hormone (JH) induces completely different sleep effects between males and females with higher sleep in males and lower sleep in females, while loss of JH function blurs these differences and results in feminization of male sleep and masculinization of female sleep. Further studies indicate that the sexual dimorphism of sleep is generated through the sex differentiation-related genes regulated by JH and its receptor GCE (germ cell-expressed) signaling. Furthermore, we found that JH seems to also play an unanticipated role in aging-induced sleep changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Ma
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Enyan Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey Price
- Department of Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (ZZ)
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (ZZ)
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42
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Bús B, Antal K, Emri Z. Intrathalamic connections shape spindle activity - a modelling study. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:16-28. [PMID: 29575912 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spindle oscillations are generated predominantly during sleep state II, through cyclical interactions between thalamocortical and reticular neurons. Inhibition from reticular cells is critical for this activity; it enables burst firing by the de-inactivation of T-type Ca2+ channels. While the effect of different channelopathies on spindling is extensively investigated, our knowledge about the role of intrathalamic connections is limited. Therefore, we explored how the connection pattern and the density of reticular inhibitory synapses affect spindle activity in a thalamic network model. With more intrareticular connections, synchronous firing of reticular cells, and intraspindle burst frequency decreased, spindles lengthened. In models with strong intrareticular inhibition spindle activity was impaired, and a sustained 6-8 Hz oscillation was generated instead. The strength of reticular innervation onto thalamocortical cells played a key role in the generation of oscillations; it determined the amount of thalamocortical cell bursts, and consequently spindle length. Focal inputs supported bursts but affected only a few cells thus barely reinforced network activity, while diffuse contacts aided bursts only when a sufficient number of reticular cells fired synchronously. According to our study, alterations in the connection pattern influence thalamic activities and may contribute to pathological conditions, or alternatively, they serve as a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Bús
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, Leányka u. 6, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Károly Antal
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, Leányka u. 6, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Emri
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, Leányka u. 6, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
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43
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Schilling C, Gappa L, Schredl M, Streit F, Treutlein J, Frank J, Deuschle M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Rietschel M, Witt SH. Fast sleep spindle density is associated with rs4680 (Val108/158Met) genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Sleep 2018; 41:4791869. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schilling
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lena Gappa
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Schredl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Deuschle
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Sleep laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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44
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Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Gombos F, Simor P, Pótári A, Genzel L, Pawlowski M, Steiger A, Bódizs R, Dresler M. The sleep EEG spectrum is a sexually dimorphic marker of general intelligence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18070. [PMID: 29273758 PMCID: PMC5741768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the EEG spectrum in sleep relies on genetic and anatomical factors and forms an individual "EEG fingerprint". Spectral components of EEG were shown to be connected to mental ability both in sleep and wakefulness. EEG sleep spindle correlates of intelligence, however, exhibit a sexual dimorphism, with a more pronounced association to intelligence in females than males. In a sample of 151 healthy individuals, we investigated how intelligence is related to spectral components of full-night sleep EEG, while controlling for the effects of age. A positive linear association between intelligence and REM anterior beta power was found in females but not males. Transient, spindle-like "REM beta tufts" are described in the EEG of healthy subjects, which may reflect the functioning of a recently described cingular-prefrontal emotion and motor regulation network. REM sleep frontal high delta power was a negative correlate of intelligence. NREM alpha and sigma spectral power correlations with intelligence did not unequivocally remain significant after multiple comparisons correction, but exhibited a similar sexual dimorphism. These results suggest that the neural oscillatory correlates of intelligence in sleep are sexually dimorphic, and they are not restricted to either sleep spindles or NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburg, United Kingdom
| | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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45
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van Schalkwijk FJ, Sauter C, Hoedlmoser K, Heib DPJ, Klösch G, Moser D, Gruber G, Anderer P, Zeitlhofer J, Schabus M. The effect of daytime napping and full-night sleep on the consolidation of declarative and procedural information. J Sleep Res 2017; 28:e12649. [PMID: 29271015 PMCID: PMC6378597 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many studies investigating sleep and memory consolidation have evaluated full-night sleep rather than alternative sleep periods such as daytime naps. This multi-centre study followed up on, and was compared with, an earlier full-night study (Schabus et al., 2004) investigating the relevance of daytime naps for the consolidation of declarative and procedural memory. Seventy-six participants were randomly assigned to a nap or wake group, and performed a declarative word-pair association or procedural mirror-tracing task. Performance changes from before to after a 90-min retention interval filled with sleep or quiet wakefulness were evaluated between groups. Associations between performance changes, sleep architecture, spindles, and slow oscillations were investigated. For the declarative task we observed a trend towards stronger forgetting across a wake period compared with a nap period, and a trend towards memory increase over the full-night. For the procedural task, accuracy was significantly decreased following daytime wakefulness, showed a trend to increase with a daytime nap, and significantly increased across full-night sleep. For the nap protocol, neither sleep stages, spindles, nor slow oscillations predicted performance changes. A direct comparison of day and nighttime sleep revealed that daytime naps are characterized by significantly lower spindle density, but higher spindle activity and amplitude compared with full-night sleep. In summary, data indicate that daytime naps protect procedural memories from deterioration, whereas full-night sleep improves performance. Given behavioural and physiological differences between day and nighttime sleep, future studies should try to characterize potential differential effects of full-night and daytime sleep with regard to sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J van Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cornelia Sauter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Competence Center of Sleep Medicine, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik P J Heib
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Klösch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Moser
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Anderer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Zeitlhofer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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46
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Circadian preference towards morningness is associated with lower slow sleep spindle amplitude and intensity in adolescents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14619. [PMID: 29097698 PMCID: PMC5668430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual circadian preference types and sleep EEG patterns related to spindle characteristics, have both been associated with similar cognitive and mental health phenotypes. However, no previous study has examined whether sleep spindles would differ by circadian preference. Here, we explore if spindle amplitude, density, duration or intensity differ by circadian preference and whether these associations are moderated by spindle location, frequency, and time distribution across the night. The participants (N = 170, 59% girls; mean age = 16.9, SD = 0.1 years) filled in the shortened 6-item Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. We performed an overnight sleep EEG at the homes of the participants. In linear mixed model analyses, we found statistically significant lower spindle amplitude and intensity in the morning as compared to intermediate (P < 0.001) and evening preference groups (P < 0.01; P > 0.06 for spindle duration and density). Spindle frequency moderated the associations (P < 0.003 for slow (<13 Hz); P > 0.2 for fast (>13 Hz)). Growth curve analyses revealed a distinct time distribution of spindles across the night by the circadian preference: both spindle amplitude and intensity decreased more towards morning in the morning preference group than in other groups. Our results indicate that circadian preference is not only affecting the sleep timing, but also associates with sleep microstructure regarding sleep spindle phenotypes.
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47
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Iotchev IB, Kis A, Bódizs R, van Luijtelaar G, Kubinyi E. EEG Transients in the Sigma Range During non-REM Sleep Predict Learning in Dogs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12936. [PMID: 29021536 PMCID: PMC5636833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are phasic bursts of thalamo-cortical activity, visible in the cortex as transient oscillations in the sigma range (usually defined in humans as 12-14 or 9-16 Hz). They have been associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation and sleep stability in humans and rodents. Occurrence, frequency, amplitude and duration of sleep spindles co-vary with age, sex and psychiatric conditions. Spindle analogue activity in dogs has been qualitatively described, but never quantified and related to function. In the present study we used an adjusted version of a detection method previously validated in children to test whether detections in the dogs show equivalent functional correlates as described in the human literature. We found that the density of EEG transients in the 9-16 Hz range during non-REM sleep relates to memory and is characterized by sexual dimorphism similarly as in humans. The number of transients/minute was larger in the learning condition and for female dogs, and correlated with the increase of performance during recall. It can be concluded that in dogs, automatic detections in the 9-16 Hz range, in particular the slow variant (<13 Hz), are functional analogues of human spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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48
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Blaskovich B, Szőllősi Á, Gombos F, Racsmány M, Simor P. The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories. Sleep 2017; 40:2732008. [PMID: 28364418 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We aimed to investigate the effect of directed forgetting instruction on memory retention after a 2-hour delay involving a daytime nap or an equivalent amount of time spent awake. We examined the associations between sleep-specific oscillations and the retention of relevant and irrelevant study materials. Methods We applied a list-method directed forgetting paradigm manipulating the perceived relevance of previously encoded lists of words. Participants were randomly assigned to either a nap or an awake group, and to a remember or a forget subgroup. The remember and the forget subgroups were both instructed to study two consecutive lists of words, although, the forget subgroup was manipulated to forget the first list and memorize only the second one. Participants were 112 healthy individuals (44 men; Mage = 21.4 years, SD = 2.4). Results A significant directed forgetting effect emerged after a 2-hour delay both in the awake and sleep conditions; however, the effect was more pronounced within the sleep group. The benefit of directed forgetting, that is, relatively enhanced recall of relevant words in the forget group, was evidenced only in those participants that reached rapid eye movement (REM) phase. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sigma power was correlated with memory performance for the relevant (second) list, and sleep spindle amplitude was associated with the retention of both lists. These associations, however, were detected only within the forget subgroup. REM duration correlated with recall performance for the relevant (second) list within the forget subgroup, and with recall performance for the first list within the remember subgroup. Conclusions A directed forgetting effect persists after a 2-hour delay spent awake or asleep. Spindle-related activity and subsequent REM sleep might selectively facilitate the processing of memories that are considered to be relevant for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Blaskovich
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szőllősi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Frontostriatal System Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Carrier J, Semba K, Deurveilher S, Drogos L, Cyr-Cronier J, Lord C, Sekerovick Z. Sex differences in age-related changes in the sleep-wake cycle. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:66-85. [PMID: 28757114 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in sleep and circadian regulation occur as early as the middle years of life. Research also suggests that sleep and circadian rhythms are regulated differently between women and men. However, does sleep and circadian rhythms regulation age similarly in men and women? In this review, we present the mechanisms underlying age-related differences in sleep and the current state of knowledge on how they interact with sex. We also address how testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone fluctuations across adulthood interact with sleep and circadian regulation. Finally, we will propose research avenues to unravel the mechanisms underlying sex differences in age-related effects on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carrier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Kazue Semba
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Samuel Deurveilher
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lauren Drogos
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Cyr-Cronier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zoran Sekerovick
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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50
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Horváth K, Hannon B, Ujma PP, Gombos F, Plunkett K. Memory in 3-month-old infants benefits from a short nap. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12587. [PMID: 28722249 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of studies demonstrate that sleep has a facilitating role in memory consolidation (see Rasch & Born, ). Whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation is also apparent in infants in their first few months of life has not been investigated. We demonstrate that 3-month-old infants only remember a cartoon face approximately 1.5-2 hours after its first presentation when a period of sleep followed learning. Furthermore, habituation time, that is, the time to become bored with a stimulus shown repetitively, correlated negatively with the density of infant sleep spindles, implying that processing speed is linked to specific electroencephalographic components of sleep. Our findings show that without a short period of sleep infants have problems remembering a newly seen face, that sleep enhances memory consolidation from a very early age, highlighting the importance of napping in infancy, and that infant sleep spindles may be associated with some aspects of cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Horváth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Hannon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter P Ujma
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kim Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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