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He Y, Jin W, Wan H, Zhang L, Yu L. Research progress on immune-related therapeutic targets of brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia. Cytokine 2024; 180:156651. [PMID: 38761715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. The innate immune response occurs immediately after cerebral ischemia, resulting in adaptive immunity. More and more experimental evidence has proved that the immune response caused by cerebral ischemia plays an important role in early brain injury and later the recovery of brain injury. Innate immune cells and adaptive cells promote the occurrence of cerebral ischemic injury but also protect brain cells. A large number of studies have shown that cytokines and immune-related substances also have dual functions of promoting injury, reducing injury, or promoting injury recovery in the later stage of cerebral ischemia. They can be an important target for treating cerebral ischemic recovery. Therefore, this study discussed the immune cells, cytokines, and immune-related substances with dual roles in cerebral ischemia and summarized the therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemia. To explore more effective methods to treat cerebral ischemia, promote the recovery of brain function, and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia He
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weifeng Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lijiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Pu B, Zhu H, Wei L, Gu L, Zhang S, Jian Z, Xiong X. The Involvement of Immune Cells Between Ischemic Stroke and Gut Microbiota. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:498-517. [PMID: 37140808 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a disease with high mortality and disability rate worldwide, currently has no effective treatment. The systemic inflammation response to the ischemic stroke, followed by immunosuppression in focal neurologic deficits and other inflammatory damage, reduces the circulating immune cell counts and multiorgan infectious complications such as intestinal and gut dysfunction dysbiosis. Evidence showed that microbiota dysbiosis plays a role in neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response after stroke, changing the lymphocyte populations. Multiple immune cells, including lymphocytes, engage in complex and dynamic immune responses in all stages of stroke and may be a pivotal moderator in the bidirectional immunomodulation between ischemic stroke and gut microbiota. This review discusses the role of lymphocytes and other immune cells, the immunological processes in the bidirectional immunomodulation between gut microbiota and ischemic stroke, and its potential as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Pu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wei
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang M, Han X, Yan L, Fu Y, Kou H, Shang C, Wang J, Liu H, Jiang C, Wang J, Cheng T. Inflammatory response in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury: The role of XCL1-XCR1 axis and T cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14781. [PMID: 38887195 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are acquired injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) caused by external forces that cause temporary or permanent sensory and motor impairments and the potential for long-term disability or even death. These conditions currently lack effective treatments and impose substantial physical, social, and economic burdens on millions of people and families worldwide. TBI and SCI involve intricate pathological mechanisms, and the inflammatory response contributes significantly to secondary injury in TBI and SCI. It plays a crucial role in prolonging the post-CNS trauma period and becomes a focal point for a potential therapeutic intervention. Previous research on the inflammatory response has traditionally concentrated on glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia. However, increasing evidence highlights the crucial involvement of lymphocytes in the inflammatory response to CNS injury, particularly CD8+ T cells and NK cells, along with their downstream XCL1-XCR1 axis. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the role of the XCL1-XCR1 axis and the T-cell response in inflammation caused by TBI and SCI and identify potential targets for therapy. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science using relevant keywords related to the XCL1-XCR1 axis, T-cell response, TBI, and SCI. RESULTS This study examines the upstream and downstream pathways involved in inflammation caused by TBI and SCI, including interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-12 (IL-12), CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, XCL1, XCR1+ dendritic cells, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), helper T0 cells (Th0 cells), helper T1 cells (Th1 cells), and helper T17 cells (Th17 cells). We describe their proinflammatory effect in TBI and SCI. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the XCL1-XCR1 axis and the T-cell response have great potential for preclinical investigations and treatments for TBI and SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyan Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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4
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Chen Q, Wu M, Tang Q, Yan P, Zhu L. Age-Related Alterations in Immune Function and Inflammation: Focus on Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1046-1074. [PMID: 37728582 PMCID: PMC11081165 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the global population poses significant scientific challenges. Moreover, the biological process of aging is the most significant risk factor for most chronic illnesses; therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these aging-related challenges is crucial for extending the healthy lifespan of older individuals. Preventing brain aging remains a priority public health goal, and integrative and comprehensive aging analyses have revealed that immunosenescence is a potential cause of age-related brain damage and disease (e.g., stroke). Importantly, the neuroinflammatory and immune systems present two-way contact and thus can affect each other. Emerging evidence supports the numerous effects of immunosenescence- and inflammation-mediated immunity in neurologically injured brains. In this study, we briefly outline how aging alters the pathophysiology and transcriptional amplitude in patients who experienced stroke and then discuss how the immune system and its cellular components and molecular mechanisms are affected by age after stroke. Finally, we highlight emerging interventions with the potential to slow down or reduce aging and prevent stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Peiyu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Luwen Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
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Gu Y, Zhang X, Li H, Wang R, Jin C, Wang J, Jin Z, Lu J, Ling C, Shao F, Zhang J, Shi L. Novel subsets of peripheral immune cells associated with promoting stroke recovery in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14518. [PMID: 37905680 PMCID: PMC11017448 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Peripheral immune cells infiltrating into the brain trigger neuroinflammation after an ischemic stroke. Partial immune cells reprogram their function for neural repair. Which immune cells promote ischemic brain recovery needs further identification. METHODS We performed single-cell transcriptomic profiling of CD45high immune cells isolated from the ischemic hemisphere at subacute (5 days) and chronic (14 days) stages after ischemic stroke. RESULTS A subset of phagocytic macrophages was associated with neuron projection regeneration and tissue remodeling. We also identified a unique type of T cells with highly expressed macrophage markers, including C1q, Apoe, Hexb, and Fcer1g, which showed high abilities in tissue remodeling, myelination regulation, wound healing, and anti-neuroinflammation. Moreover, natural killer cells decreased cytotoxicity and increased energy and metabolic function in the chronic stage after ischemic stroke. Two subgroups of neutrophils upregulated CCL signals to recruit peripheral immune cells and released CXCL2 to keep self-recruiting at the chronic stage. CONCLUSIONS We identified subsets of peripheral immune cells that may provide potential therapeutic targets for promoting poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Gu
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Huaming Li
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Chenghao Jin
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Ziyang Jin
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Chenhan Ling
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Fangjie Shao
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Brain Research InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of NeurosurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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6
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Zhou S, Liu C, Wang J, Ye J, Lian Q, Gan L, Deng S, Xu T, Guo Y, Li W, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tang Y. CCL5 mediated astrocyte-T cell interaction disrupts blood-brain barrier in mice after hemorrhagic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:367-383. [PMID: 37974301 PMCID: PMC10870968 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231214838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between reactive astrocytes and infiltrated immune cells plays a critical role in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, how astrocytes interact with immune cells and the effect of their interaction on BBB integrity after hemorrhagic stroke are still unclear. By performing RNA sequencing in astrocytes that were activated by interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and complement component 1q (C1q) treatment, we found CCL5 was among the top upregulated genes. Immunostaining and western blot results demonstrated that CCL5 was increased in mice brain after hemorrhagic stroke. Flow cytometry showed that knockout of astrocytic CCL5 reduced the infiltration of CD8+ but not CD4+ T and myeloid cells into the brain (p < 0.05). In addition, knockout CCL5 in astrocytes increased tight junction-related proteins ZO-1 and Occludin expression; reduced Evans blue leakage, perforin and granzyme B expression; improved neurobehavioral outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke mice (p < 0.05), while transplantation of CD8+ T cells reversed these protective effects. Moreover, co-culture of CD8+ T cells with bEnd.3 cells induced the apoptosis of bEnd.3 cells, which was rescued by inhibiting perforin. In conclusion, our study suggests that CCL5 mediated crosstalk between astrocytes and CD8+ T cells represents an important therapeutic target for protecting BBB in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhou
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyuan Lian
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Guo
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Gao M, Li Y, Ho W, Chen C, Chen Q, Li F, Tang M, Fan Q, Wan J, Yu W, Xu X, Li P, Zhang XQ. Targeted mRNA Nanoparticles Ameliorate Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Postischemic Stroke by Modulating Microglia Polarization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3260-3275. [PMID: 38227975 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The ischemic stroke is a major global health concern, with high mortality and disability rates. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of effective clinical interventions for managing poststroke neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption that are crucial for the brain injury evolving and neurological deficits. By leveraging the pathological progression of an ischemic stroke, we developed an M2 microglia-targeting lipid nanoparticle (termed MLNP) approach that can selectively deliver mRNA encoding phenotype-switching interleukin-10 (mIL-10) to the ischemic brain, creating a beneficial feedback loop that drives microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotypes and augments the homing of mIL-10-loaded MLNPs (mIL-10@MLNPs) to ischemic regions. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of an ischemic stroke, our findings demonstrate that intravenously injected mIL-10@MLNPs induce IL-10 production and enhance the M2 polarization of microglia. The resulting positive loop reinforces the resolution of neuroinflammation, restores the impaired BBB, and prevents neuronal apoptosis after stroke. Using a permanent distal MCAO mouse model of an ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of mIL-10@MLNPs have been further validated by the attenuation of the sensorimotor and cognitive neurological deficits. Furthermore, the developed mRNA-based targeted therapy has great potential to extend the therapeutic time window at least up to 72 h poststroke. This study depicts a simple and versatile LNP platform for selective delivery of mRNA therapeutics to cerebral lesions, showcasing a promising approach for addressing an ischemic stroke and associated brain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Gao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - William Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qijing Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fengshi Li
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Maoping Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiuyue Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jieqing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200127, China
- Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai 200240, China
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Zhang Z, Duan Z, Cui Y. CD8 + T cells in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1281763. [PMID: 38077952 PMCID: PMC10702747 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1281763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the peripheral immune system and the brain is increasingly being recognized as an important layer of neuroimmune regulation and plays vital roles in brain homeostasis as well as neurological disorders. As an important population of T-cell lymphocytes, the roles of CD8+ T cells in infectious diseases and tumor immunity have been well established. Recently, increasing number of complex functions of CD8+ T cells in brain disorders have been revealed. However, an advanced summary and discussion of the functions and mechanisms of CD8+ T cells in brain injury and neurodegeneration are still lacking. Here, we described the differentiation and function of CD8+ T cells, reviewed the involvement of CD8+ T cells in the regulation of brain injury including stroke and traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and discussed therapeutic prospects and future study goals. Understanding these processes will promote the investigation of T-cell immunity in brain disorders and provide new intervention strategies for the treatment of brain injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongying Duan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Lin W, Zhao XY, Cheng JW, Li LT, Jiang Q, Zhang YX, Han F. Signaling pathways in brain ischemia: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108541. [PMID: 37783348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the brain are narrowed or blocked, inducing damage to brain tissue due to a lack of blood supply. One effective way to reduce brain damage and alleviate symptoms is to reopen blocked blood vessels in a timely manner and reduce neuronal damage. To achieve this, researchers have focused on identifying key cellular signaling pathways that can be targeted with drugs. These pathways include oxidative/nitrosative stress, excitatory amino acids and their receptors, inflammatory signaling molecules, metabolic pathways, ion channels, and other molecular events involved in stroke pathology. However, evidence suggests that solely focusing on protecting neurons may not yield satisfactory clinical results. Instead, researchers should consider the multifactorial and complex mechanisms underlying stroke pathology, including the interactions between different components of the neurovascular unit. Such an approach is more representative of the actual pathological process observed in clinical settings. This review summarizes recent research on the multiple molecular mechanisms and drug targets in ischemic stroke, as well as recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of new strategies based on the biological characteristics of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jia-Wen Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li-Tao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China; Institute of Brain Science, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Liu W, Geng P, Du W, Guo C, Wang Q, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1010. [PMID: 37962453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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11
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Szepanowski RD, Haupeltshofer S, Vonhof SE, Frank B, Kleinschnitz C, Casas AI. Thromboinflammatory challenges in stroke pathophysiology. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00994-4. [PMID: 37273022 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of encouraging translational research, ischemic stroke still remains as one of the highest unmet medical needs nowadays, causing a tremendous burden to health care systems worldwide. Following an ischemic insult, a complex signaling pathway emerges leading to highly interconnected thrombotic as well as neuroinflammatory signatures, the so-called thromboinflammatory cascade. Here, we thoroughly review the cell-specific and time-dependent role of different immune cell types, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, T and B cells, as key thromboinflammatory mediators modulating the neuroinflammatory response upon stroke. Similarly, the relevance of platelets and their tight crosstalk with a variety of immune cells highlights the relevance of this cell-cell interaction during microvascular dysfunction, neovascularization, and cellular adhesion. Ultimately, we provide an up-to-date overview of therapeutic approaches mechanistically targeting thromboinflammation currently under clinical translation, especially focusing on phase I to III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Szepanowski
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - S Haupeltshofer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - S E Vonhof
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - B Frank
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - C Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany.
| | - A I Casas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Zbesko JC, Stokes J, Becktel DA, Doyle KP. Targeting foam cell formation to improve recovery from ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106130. [PMID: 37068641 PMCID: PMC10993857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial part of the healing process after an ischemic stroke and is required to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the inflammatory response to stroke also worsens neurodegeneration and creates a tissue environment that is unfavorable to regeneration for several months, thereby postponing recovery. In animal models, inflammation can also contribute to the development of delayed cognitive deficits. Myeloid cells that take on a foamy appearance are one of the most prominent immune cell types within chronic stroke infarcts. Emerging evidence indicates that they form as a result of mechanisms of myelin lipid clearance becoming overwhelmed, and that they are a key driver of the chronic inflammatory response to stroke. Therefore, targeting lipid accumulation in foam cells may be a promising strategy for improving recovery. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding inflammation and foam cell formation in the brain in the weeks and months following ischemic stroke and identify targets that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, United States
| | | | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychology, Arizona Center on Aging, and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, United States.
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13
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Liu Y, Chen S, Liu S, Wallace KL, Zille M, Zhang J, Wang J, Jiang C. T-cell receptor signaling modulated by the co-receptors: Potential targets for stroke treatment. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106797. [PMID: 37211238 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a severe and life-threatening disease, necessitating more research on new treatment strategies. Infiltrated T lymphocytes, an essential adaptive immune cell with extensive effector function, are crucially involved in post-stroke inflammation. Immediately after the initiation of the innate immune response triggered by microglia/macrophages, the adaptive immune response associated with T lymphocytes also participates in the complex pathophysiology of stroke and partially informs the outcome of stroke. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the conflicting roles of T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms that underlie the adaptive immune response associated with T lymphocytes in stroke is essential. The T-cell receptor (TCR) and its downstream signaling regulate T lymphocyte differentiation and activation. This review comprehensively summarizes the various molecules that regulate TCR signaling and the T-cell response. It covers both the co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules and their roles in stroke. Because immunoregulatory therapies targeting TCR and its mediators have achieved great success in some proliferative diseases, this article also summarizes the advances in therapeutic strategies related to TCR signaling in lymphocytes after stroke, which can facilitate translation. DATA AVAILABILITY: No data was used for the research described in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Simon Liu
- Medical Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kevin L Wallace
- College of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
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14
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Shichita T, Ooboshi H, Yoshimura A. Neuroimmune mechanisms and therapies mediating post-ischaemic brain injury and repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:299-312. [PMID: 36973481 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems control whole-body homeostasis and respond to various types of tissue injury, including stroke, in a coordinated manner. Cerebral ischaemia and subsequent neuronal cell death activate resident or infiltrating immune cells, which trigger neuroinflammation that affects functional prognosis after stroke. Inflammatory immune cells exacerbate ischaemic neuronal injury after the onset of brain ischaemia; however, some of the immune cells thereafter change their function to neural repair. The recovery processes after ischaemic brain injury require additional and close interactions between the nervous and immune systems through various mechanisms. Thus, the brain controls its own inflammation and repair processes after injury via the immune system, which provides a promising therapeutic opportunity for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ooboshi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Shan XQ, Luo YY, Chang J, Song JJ, Hao N, Zhao L. Immunomodulation: The next target of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of ischemic stroke. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:52-70. [PMID: 37007453 PMCID: PMC10052343 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most prevalent form of brain disease, characterized by high morbidity, disability, and mortality. However, there is still a lack of ideal prevention and treatment measures in clinical practice. Notably, the transplantation therapy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been a hot research topic in stroke. Nevertheless, there are risks associated with this cell therapy, including tumor formation, coagulation dysfunction, and vascular occlusion. Also, a growing number of studies suggest that the therapeutic effect after transplantation of MSCs is mainly attributed to MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). And this cell-free mediated therapy appears to circumvent many risks and difficulties when compared to cell therapy, and it may be the most promising new strategy for treating stroke as stem cell replacement therapy. Studies suggest that suppressing inflammation via modulation of the immune response is an additional treatment option for IS. Intriguingly, MSC-Exos mediates the inflammatory immune response following IS by modulating the central nervous system, the peripheral immune system, and immunomodulatory molecules, thereby promoting neurofunctional recovery after stroke. Thus, this paper reviews the role, potential mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of MSC-Exos in post-IS inflammation in order to identify new research targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yong-Yin Luo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Nan Hao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
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16
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Microglia drive transient insult-induced brain injury by chemotactic recruitment of CD8 + T lymphocytes. Neuron 2023; 111:696-710.e9. [PMID: 36603584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems has gained increasing attention for its emerging role in neurological diseases. Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) remains the most common medical complication of cranial radiotherapy, and its pathological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, using single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing, we found infiltration and clonal expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the lesioned brain tissues of RIBI patients. Furthermore, by strategies of genetic or pharmacologic interruption, we identified a chemotactic action of microglia-derived CCL2/CCL8 chemokines in mediating the infiltration of CCR2+/CCR5+ CD8+ T cells and tissue damage in RIBI mice. Such a chemotactic axis also participated in the progression of cerebral infarction in the mouse model of ischemic injury. Our findings therefore highlight the critical role of microglia in mediating the dysregulation of adaptive immune responses and reveal a potential therapeutic strategy for non-infectious brain diseases.
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17
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Thapa K, Shivam K, Khan H, Kaur A, Dua K, Singh S, Singh TG. Emerging Targets for Modulation of Immune Response and Inflammation in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1663-1690. [PMID: 36763312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory and immunological responses play a significant role after stroke. The innate immune activation stimulated by microglia during stroke results in the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the brain and are responsible for tissue damage. The immune response and inflammation following stroke have no defined targets, and the intricacies of the immunological and inflammatory processes are only partially understood. Innate immune cells enter the brain and meninges during the acute phase, which can cause ischemia damage. Activation of systemic immunity is caused by danger signals sent into the bloodstream by injured brain cells, which is followed by a significant immunodepression that encourages life-threatening infections. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a major source of post-stroke morbidity, may be induced by an adaptive immune response that is initiated by antigen presentation during the chronic period and is directed against the brain. Thus, the current review discusses the role of immune response and inflammation in stroke pathogenesis, their role in the progression of injury during the stroke, and the emerging targets for the modulation of the mechanism of immune response and inflammation that may have possible therapeutic benefits against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.,School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Kumar Shivam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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18
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Niu P, Li L, Zhang Y, Su Z, Wang B, Liu H, Zhang S, Qiu S, Li Y. Immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087815. [PMID: 36793730 PMCID: PMC9923235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and disability. It has been established that gender differences in stroke outcomes prevail, and the immune response after stroke is an important factor affecting patient outcomes. However, gender disparities lead to different immune metabolic tendencies closely related to immune regulation after stroke. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the role and mechanism of immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Shehong Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
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19
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Tao H, Dong L, Li L. N6-methyladenosine modulation classes and immune microenvironment regulation in ischemic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1013076. [PMID: 36762188 PMCID: PMC9907088 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications play an important role in the differentiation and regulation of immune cells. However, research on m6A in ischemic stroke (IS) is still in its infancy, and their role of the immune microenvironment remains unknown. In this study, we systematically assessed the modification classes of m6A regulators in IS based on the GEO database (GSE16561 and GSE22255). We found that in IS patients, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP1, and YTHDF2 expression was significantly upregulated, and ELAVL1, LRPPRC, METTL3, ALKBH5, CBLL1, and METTL14 expression was significantly downregulated. Seven IS-related genes (ELAVL1, IGF2BP2, LRPPRC, YTHDF2, ALKBH5, METTL14, and YTHDC1) were finally screened by logistic and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressions, and the AUC of the riskScore was 0.942, which was a good classification. For immune infiltration, there were highly significant differences in memory B cells, CD8 T cells, monocytes, activated dendritic cells, and mast cells between IS and normal samples. The IS samples were grouped into three classes by consistent clustering, and 15 m6A genes were differentially expressed in the different classes. Multiple infiltrating immune cells, immune-associated genes, and HLA-associated genes differed significantly across m6A modification classes, indicating the diversity and complexity of m6A modifications in the immune microenvironment of IS. Finally, 487 genes associated with the m6A modification class were identified, and 227 potential drugs were found. Our findings demonstrated that m6A modification plays a crucial role in the immune regulation of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Tao
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China,*Correspondence: Hongmiao Tao,
| | - Lihua Dong
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Zhang Z, Lv M, Zhou X, Cui Y. Roles of peripheral immune cells in the recovery of neurological function after ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1013905. [PMID: 36339825 PMCID: PMC9634819 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1013905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with limited spontaneous repair processes occurring after injury. Immune cells are involved in multiple aspects of ischemic stroke, from early damage processes to late recovery-related events. Compared with the substantial advances that have been made in elucidating how immune cells modulate acute ischemic injury, the understanding of the impact of the immune system on functional recovery is limited. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of brain repair after ischemic stroke from both the neuronal and non-neuronal perspectives, and we review advances in understanding of the effects on functional recovery after ischemic stroke mediated by infiltrated peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells, immune cell-released cytokines and cell-cell interactions. We also highlight studies that advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying functional recovery mediated by peripheral immune cells after ischemia. Insights into these processes will shed light on the double-edged role of infiltrated peripheral immune cells in functional recovery after ischemic stroke and provide clues for new therapies for improving neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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21
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Zhang F, Niu M, Guo K, Ma Y, Fu Q, Liu Y, Feng Z, Mi W, Wang L. The immunometabolite S-2-hydroxyglutarate exacerbates perioperative ischemic brain injury and cognitive dysfunction by enhancing CD8 + T lymphocyte-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:176. [PMID: 35799259 PMCID: PMC9264651 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic dysregulation and disruption of immune homeostasis have been widely associated with perioperative complications including perioperative ischemic stroke. Although immunometabolite S-2-hydroxyglutarate (S-2HG) is an emerging regulator of immune cells and thus triggers the immune response, it is unclear whether and how S-2HG elicits perioperative ischemic brain injury and exacerbates post-stroke cognitive dysfunction. Methods Perioperative ischemic stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 min in C57BL/6 mice 1 day after ileocecal resection. CD8+ T lymphocyte activation and invasion of the cerebrovascular compartment were measured using flow cytometry. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed to detect metabolic changes in sorted CD8+ T lymphocytes after ischemia. CD8+ T lymphocytes were transfected with lentivirus ex vivo to mobilize cell proliferation and differentiation before being transferred into recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1−/−) stroke mice. Results The perioperative stroke mice exhibit more severe cerebral ischemic injury and neurological dysfunction than the stroke-only mice. CD8+ T lymphocyte invasion of brain parenchyma and neurotoxicity augment cerebral ischemic injury in the perioperative stroke mice. CD8+ T lymphocyte depletion reverses exacerbated immune-mediated cerebral ischemic brain injury in perioperative stroke mice. Perioperative ischemic stroke triggers aberrant metabolic alterations in peripheral CD8+ T cells, in which S-2HG is more abundant. S-2HG alters CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation ex vivo and modulates the immune-mediated ischemic brain injury and post-stroke cognitive dysfunction by enhancing CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated neurotoxicity. Conclusion Our study establishes that S-2HG signaling-mediated activation and neurotoxicity of CD8+ T lymphocytes might exacerbate perioperative ischemic brain injury and may represent a promising immunotherapy target in perioperative ischemic stroke. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02537-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mu Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Kaikai Guo
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zeguo Feng
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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22
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Reagin KL, Funk KE. The role of antiviral CD8 + T cells in cognitive impairment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102603. [PMID: 35810534 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the immune system on the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, is a rapidly growing area of investigation. Evidence from human patients and animal models implicates neurotropic viral infections, and specifically the antiviral immune response of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, as potential drivers of disease pathology. While infiltration and retention of CD8+ T cells within the brain following viral infection is associated with improved survival, CD8+ T cells also contribute to neuronal death and gliosis which underlie cognitive impairment in several disease models. Here we review the role of antiviral CD8+ T cells as potential mediators of cognitive impairment and highlight the mechanisms by which brain-resident CD8+ T cells may contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Reagin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kristen E Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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23
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DeLong JH, Ohashi SN, O'Connor KC, Sansing LH. Inflammatory Responses After Ischemic Stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:625-648. [PMID: 35767089 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector molecules and impacts tissues outside of the CNS. Recent reviews address specific aspects of this response, but several years have passed and important advances have been made since a high-level review has summarized the overall state of the field. The present review examines the initiation of the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke, the complex impacts of leukocytes on patient outcome, and the potential of basic science discoveries to impact the development of therapeutics. The information summarized here is derived from broad PubMed searches and aims to reflect recent research advances in an unbiased manner. We highlight valuable recent discoveries and identify gaps in knowledge that have the potential to advance our understanding of this disease and therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Howard DeLong
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Naomi Ohashi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Charles O'Connor
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Hachmann Sansing
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Zhou C, Rao W, Zhou X, He D, Li Z, Dashtsoodol N, Ren Y. Alteration of circulating unconventional T cells in cerebral ischemia: an observational study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10078. [PMID: 35710748 PMCID: PMC9203798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune reactions provoked by cerebral ischemia play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of brain damage and contribute to tissue regeneration processes. While functions of many immune cell types in post-ischemic inflammation have been well studied in experimental stroke, the exact roles played by unconventional T cells in pathogenesis of the clinical stroke remain to be precisely determined. In the present study, we investigated the frequencies and absolute cell numbers of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subpopulations including those of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, CD3+CD56+ NKT-like (NKTL) cells, and γδ T cells from patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI), chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD) or chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency (CCI) by flow cytometry, and analyzed their association with the disease severity and the clinical outcome. We observed significantly reduced cell numbers of circulating iNKT cells, NKTL cells and γδ T cells in cerebral ischemia patients as compared with the healthy controls. Of note, we also demonstrated that numbers of peripheral blood iNKT and γδ T cells are significantly reduced in patients with ACI when compared among different cerebral ischemia patient groups. Moreover, the reduced number of iNKT cells is significantly associated with the disease severity and recovery in cerebral ischemia patients. Our results demonstrate for the first time the reduction of peripheral blood NKTL, iNKT and γδ T cells in patients with the cerebral ischemia, and particularly reduced iNKT and γδ T cells in the acute phase. The reduction of iNKT cells seems to be significantly associated with the disease severity and recovery. We hope that our findings might lead to the identification of predictive and prognostic values of human peripheral unconventional T cell subsets in the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dan He
- The Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhen Li
- The Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nyambayar Dashtsoodol
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar and TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Ren
- The Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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25
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Li T, Liesz A. Immunity in Stroke: The Next Frontier. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:1454-1460. [PMID: 35688450 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Translational stroke research has long been focusing on neuroprotective strategies to prevent secondary tissue injury and promote recovery after acute ischemic brain injury. The inflammatory response to stroke has more recently emerged as a key pathophysiological pathway contributing to stroke outcome. It is now accepted that the inflammatory response is functionally involved in all phases of the ischemic stroke pathophysiology. The immune response is therefore considered a breakthrough target for ischemic stroke treatment. On one side, stroke induces a local neuroinflammatory response, in which the inflammatory activation of glial, endothelial and brain-invading cells contributes to lesion progression after stroke. On the other side, ischemic brain injury perturbs systemic immune homeostasis and results in long-lasting changes of systemic immunity. Here, we briefly summarize current concepts in local neuroinflammation and the systemic immune responses after stroke, and highlight two promising therapeutic strategies for poststroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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26
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Rayasam A, Kijak JA, Kissel L, Choi YH, Kim T, Hsu M, Joshi D, Laaker CJ, Cismaru P, Lindstedt A, Kovacs K, Vemuganti R, Chiu SY, Priyathilaka TT, Sandor M, Fabry Z. CXCL13 expressed on inflamed cerebral blood vessels recruit IL-21 producing T FH cells to damage neurons following stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:125. [PMID: 35624463 PMCID: PMC9145182 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, largely due to the inflammatory response to brain ischemia during post-stroke reperfusion. Despite ongoing intensive research, there have not been any clinically approved drugs targeting the inflammatory component to stroke. Preclinical studies have identified T cells as pro-inflammatory mediators of ischemic brain damage, yet mechanisms that regulate the infiltration and phenotype of these cells are lacking. Further understanding of how T cells migrate to the ischemic brain and facilitate neuronal death during brain ischemia can reveal novel targets for post-stroke intervention. METHODS To identify the population of T cells that produce IL-21 and contribute to stroke, we performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in mice and performed flow cytometry on brain tissue. We also utilized immunohistochemistry in both mouse and human brain sections to identify cell types and inflammatory mediators related to stroke-induced IL-21 signaling. To mechanistically demonstrate our findings, we employed pharmacological inhibitor anti-CXCL13 and performed histological analyses to evaluate its effects on brain infarct damage. Finally, to evaluate cellular mechanisms of stroke, we exposed mouse primary neurons to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions with or without IL-21 and measured cell viability, caspase activity and JAK/STAT signaling. RESULTS Flow cytometry on brains from mice following tMCAO identified a novel population of cells IL-21 producing CXCR5+ CD4+ ICOS-1+ T follicular helper cells (TFH) in the ischemic brain early after injury. We observed augmented expression of CXCL13 on inflamed brain vascular cells and demonstrated that inhibition of CXCL13 protects mice from tMCAO by restricting the migration and influence of IL-21 producing TFH cells in the ischemic brain. We also illustrate that neurons express IL-21R in the peri-infarct regions of both mice and human stroke tissue in vivo. Lastly, we found that IL-21 acts on mouse primary ischemic neurons to activate the JAK/STAT pathway and induce caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings identify a novel mechanism for how pro-inflammatory T cells are recruited to the ischemic brain to propagate stroke damage and provide a potential new therapeutic target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Julie A Kijak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lee Kissel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taehee Kim
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dinesh Joshi
- Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Collin J Laaker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter Cismaru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anders Lindstedt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krisztian Kovacs
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shing Yan Chiu
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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27
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Zhang Y, Lian L, Fu R, Liu J, Shan X, Jin Y, Xu S. Microglia: The Hub of Intercellular Communication in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:889442. [PMID: 35518646 PMCID: PMC9062186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.889442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between microglia and other cells has recently been at the forefront of research in central nervous system (CNS) disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the neuroinflammation mediated by microglia, highlight recent studies of crosstalk between microglia and CNS resident and infiltrating cells in the context of ischemic stroke (IS), and discuss how these interactions affect the course of IS. The in-depth exploration of microglia-intercellular communication will be beneficial for therapeutic tools development and clinical translation for stroke control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jueling Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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28
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Jin X, Li P, Michalski D, Li S, Zhang Y, Jolkkonen J, Cui L, Didwischus N, Xuan W, Boltze J. Perioperative stroke: A perspective on challenges and opportunities for experimental treatment and diagnostic strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:497-509. [PMID: 35224865 PMCID: PMC8928912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is an ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebral event during or up to 30 days after surgery. It is a feared condition due to a relatively high incidence, difficulties in timely detection, and unfavorable outcome compared to spontaneously occurring stroke. Recent preclinical data suggest that specific pathophysiological mechanisms such as aggravated neuroinflammation contribute to the detrimental impact of perioperative stroke. Conventional treatment options are limited in the perioperative setting due to difficult diagnosis and medications affecting coagulation in may cases. On the contrary, the chance to anticipate cerebrovascular events at the time of surgery may pave the way for prevention strategies. This review provides an overview on perioperative stroke incidence, related problems, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we assess experimental stroke treatments including neuroprotective approaches, cell therapies, and conditioning medicine strategies regarding their potential use in perioperative stroke. Interestingly, the specific aspects of perioperative stroke might enable a more effective application of experimental treatment strategies such as classical neuroprotection whereas others including cell therapies may be of limited use. We also discuss experimental diagnostic options for perioperative stroke augmenting classical clinical and imaging stroke diagnosis. While some experimental stroke treatments may have specific advantages in perioperative stroke, the paucity of established guidelines or multicenter clinical research initiatives currently limits their thorough investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology and A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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29
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Zhang F, Niu M, Wang L, Liu Y, Shi L, Cao J, Mi W, Ma Y, Liu J. Systemic-Immune-Inflammation Index as a Promising Biomarker for Predicting Perioperative Ischemic Stroke in Older Patients Who Underwent Non-cardiac Surgery. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:865244. [PMID: 35431888 PMCID: PMC9010030 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.865244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical prognostic values of the preoperative systemic-immune-inflammation index (SII) in older patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, using perioperative ischemic stroke as the primary outcome. Methods This retrospective cohort study included older patients who underwent non-cardiac surgery between January 2008 and August 2019. The patients were divided into SII < 583 and SII ≥ 583 group according to the optimal SII cut-off value. The outcome of interest was ischemic stroke within 30 days after surgery. Primary, sensitivity, and subgroup analyses were performed to confirm that preoperative SII qualifies as a promising, independent prognostic indicator. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was further applied to address the potential residual confounding effect of covariates to examine the robustness of our results. Results Among the 40,670 included patients with a median age of 70 years (interquartile range: 67, 74), 237 (0.58%) experienced an ischemic stroke within 30 days after surgery. SII ≥ 583 was associated with an increased risk of perioperative ischemic stroke in multivariate regression analysis [odds ratio (OR), 1.843; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.369-2.480; P < 0.001]. After PSM adjustment, all covariates were well balanced between the two groups. The correlation between the SII and perioperative ischemic stroke remained significantly robust (OR: 2.195; 95% CI: 1.574-3.106; P < 0.001) in the PSM analysis. Conclusion Preoperative SII, which includes neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts obtained from routine blood analysis, was a potential prognostic biomarker for predicting perioperative ischemic stroke after non-cardiac surgery in elderly older patients. An elevated SII, based on an optimal cut-off value of 583, was an independent risk factor for perioperative ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Likai Shi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yulong Ma,
| | - Jing Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Jing Liu,
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30
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Ma Y, Yang S, He Q, Zhang D, Chang J. The Role of Immune Cells in Post-Stroke Angiogenesis and Neuronal Remodeling: The Known and the Unknown. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784098. [PMID: 34975872 PMCID: PMC8716409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a cerebral ischemic event, substantial alterations in both cellular and molecular activities occur due to ischemia-induced cerebral pathology. Mounting evidence indicates that the robust recruitment of immune cells plays a central role in the acute stage of stroke. Infiltrating peripheral immune cells and resident microglia mediate neuronal cell death and blood-brain barrier disruption by releasing inflammation-associated molecules. Nevertheless, profound immunological effects in the context of the subacute and chronic recovery phase of stroke have received little attention. Early attempts to curtail the infiltration of immune cells were effective in mitigating brain injury in experimental stroke studies but failed to exert beneficial effects in clinical trials. Neural tissue damage repair processes include angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptic remodeling, etc. Post-stroke inflammatory cells can adopt divergent phenotypes that influence the aforementioned biological processes in both endothelial and neural stem cells by either alleviating acute inflammatory responses or secreting a variety of growth factors, which are substantially involved in the process of angiogenesis and neurogenesis. To better understand the multiple roles of immune cells in neural tissue repair processes post stroke, we review what is known and unknown regarding the role of immune cells in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuronal remodeling. A comprehensive understanding of these inflammatory mechanisms may help identify potential targets for the development of novel immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies that ameliorate complications and improve functional rehabilitation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhong Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shilun Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyan He
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dianhui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Liu R, Song P, Gu X, Liang W, Sun W, Hua Q, Zhang Y, Qiu Z. Comprehensive Landscape of Immune Infiltration and Aberrant Pathway Activation in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:766724. [PMID: 35140708 PMCID: PMC8818702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors, and it is the most common cause of disability. The immune microenvironment and inflammatory response participate in the whole process of IS occurrence and development. Therefore, the rational use of relevant markers or characteristic pathways in the immune microenvironment will become one of the important therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IS. We collected peripheral blood samples from 10 patients diagnosed with IS at the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan" University, and from 10 normal people. The GSE16561 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. xCell, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) and immune-related gene analysis were used to evaluate the differences in the immune microenvironment and characteristic pathways between the IS and control groups of the two datasets. xCell analysis showed that the IS-24h group had significantly reduced central memory CD8+ T cell, effector memory CD8+ T cell, B cell and Th1 cell scores and significantly increased M1 macrophage and macrophage scores. GSEA showed that the IS-24h group had significantly increased inflammation-related pathway activity(myeloid leukocyte activation, positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process, myeloid leukocyte migration and leukocyte chemotaxis), platelet-related pathway activity(platelet activation, signaling and aggregation; protein polymerization; platelet degranulation; cell-cell contact zone) and pathology-related pathway activity (ERBB signaling pathway, positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway, and regulation of MAP kinase activity). Immune-related signature analysis showed that the macrophage signature, antigen presentation-related signature, cytotoxicity-related signature, B cell-related signature and inflammation-related signature were significantly lower in the IS-24h group than in the control group. In this study, we found that there were significant differences in the immune microenvironment between the peripheral blood of IS patients and control patients, as shown by the IS group having significantly reduced CD8+ Tcm, CD8+ Tem, B cell and Th1 cell scores and significantly increased macrophage and M1 macrophage scores. Additionally, inflammation-related, pathological, and platelet-related pathway activities were significantly higher in the IS group than in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingping Song
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xunhu Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weidong Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yusheng Zhang, ; Zhengang Qiu,
| | - Zhengang Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yusheng Zhang, ; Zhengang Qiu,
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Jakovcevski I, von Düring M, Lutz D, Vulović M, Hamad M, Reiss G, Förster E, Schachner M. Mice lacking perforin have improved regeneration of the injured femoral nerve. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1802-1808. [PMID: 35017441 PMCID: PMC8820721 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that the immune system plays after injury of the peripheral nervous system is still not completely understood. Perforin, a natural killer cell- and T-lymphocyte-derived enzyme that mediates cytotoxicity, plays important roles in autoimmune diseases, infections and central nervous system trauma, such as spinal cord injury. To dissect the roles of this single component of the immune response to injury, we tested regeneration after femoral nerve injury in perforin-deficient (Pfp–/–) and wild-type control mice. Single frame motion analysis showed better motor recovery in Pfp–/– mice compared with control mice at 4 and 8 weeks after injury. Retrograde tracing of the motoneuron axons regrown into the motor nerve branch demonstrated more correctly projecting motoneurons in the spinal cord of Pfp–/– mice compared with wild-types. Myelination of regrown axons measured by g-ratio was more extensive in Pfp–/– than in wild-type mice in the motor branch of the femoral nerve. Pfp–/– mice displayed more cholinergic synaptic terminals around cell bodies of spinal motoneurons after injury than the injured wild-types. We histologically analyzed lymphocyte infiltration 10 days after surgery and found that in Pfp–/– mice the number of lymphocytes in the regenerating nerves was lower than in wild-types, suggesting a closed blood-nerve barrier in Pfp–/– mice. We conclude that perforin restricts motor recovery after femoral nerve injury owing to decreased survival of motoneurons and reduced myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Monika von Düring
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maja Vulović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Mohammad Hamad
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Perforin affects regeneration in a mouse spinal cord injury model. Int J Neurosci 2022; 132:1-12. [PMID: 32672480 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1796662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Locomotor outcomes in perforin-deficient (Pfp-/-) mice and wild-type littermate controls were measured after severe compression injury of the lower thoracic spinal cord up to six weeks after injury. RESULTS According to both the Basso mouse scale score and single frame motion analysis, motor recovery of Pfp-/- mice was similar to wild-type controls. Interestingly, immunohistochemical analysis of cell types at six weeks after injury showed enhanced cholinergic reinnervation of spinal motor neurons caudal to the lesion site and neurofilament-positive structures at the injury site in Pfp-/- mice, whereas numbers of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes were decreased compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, although, loss of perforin does not change the locomotor outcome after injury, it beneficially affects diverse cellular features, such as number of axons, cholinergic synapses, astrocytes and microglia/macrophages at or caudal to the lesion site. Perforin's ability to contribute to Rag2's influence on locomotion was observed in mice doubly deficient in perforin and Rag2 which recovered better than Rag2-/- or Pfp-/- mice, suggesting that natural killer cells can cooperate with T- and B-cells in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jakovcevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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34
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Yoshimura A, Ohyagi M, Ito M. T cells in the brain inflammation. Adv Immunol 2022; 157:29-58. [PMID: 37061287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is deeply involved in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, and narcolepsy. Additionally, the immune system is involved in various brain diseases including cerebral infarction and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In particular, reports related to T cells are increasing. T cells may also play important roles in brain deterioration and dementia that occur with aging. Our understanding of the role of immune cells in the context of the brain has been greatly improved by the use of acute ischemic brain injury models. Additionally, similar neural damage and repair events are shown to occur in more chronic brain neurodegenerative brain diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of T cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in cerebral infarction and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Schulze J, Gellrich J, Kirsch M, Dressel A, Vogelgesang A. Central Nervous System-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes in Stroke Are Activated via Their TCR (T-Cell Receptor) but Lack CD25 Expression. Stroke 2021; 52:2939-2947. [PMID: 34266304 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schulze
- Department of Neurology (J.S., J.G., A.V.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Gellrich
- Department of Neurology (J.S., J.G., A.V.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Kirsch
- Department of Radiology (M.K.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Dressel
- Department of Neurology, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum, Cottbus, Germany (A.D.)
| | - Antje Vogelgesang
- Department of Neurology (J.S., J.G., A.V.), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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36
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Zhang D, Ren J, Luo Y, He Q, Zhao R, Chang J, Yang Y, Guo ZN. T Cell Response in Ischemic Stroke: From Mechanisms to Translational Insights. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707972. [PMID: 34335623 PMCID: PMC8320432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, is a leading cause of death and exerts a heavy burden on both patients and public health systems. Currently available treatments for ischemic stroke are very limited and are not feasible in many patients due to strict time windows required for their administration. Thus, novel treatment strategies are keenly required. T cells, which are part of the adaptive immune system, have gained more attention for its effects in ischemic stroke. Both preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the conflicting roles for T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the mediators of T cell recruitment, as well as the temporal course of its infiltration through the blood-brain-barrier, choroid plexus, and meningeal pathways. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms behind the deleterious and beneficial effects of T cells in the brain, in both antigen-dependent and antigen-independent manners, and finally we specifically focus on clinical and preclinical studies that have investigated T cells as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Ren
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qianyan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Selvaraj UM, Ujas TA, Kong X, Kumar A, Plautz EJ, Zhang S, Xing C, Sudduth TL, Wilcock DM, Turchan-Cholewo J, Goldberg MP, Stowe AM. Delayed diapedesis of CD8 T cells contributes to long-term pathology after ischemic stroke in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:502-513. [PMID: 33964435 PMCID: PMC8221572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a debilitating disorder with significant annual mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Immune cells are recruited to the injured brain within hours after stroke onset and can exhibit either protective or detrimental effects on recovery. However, immune cells, including CD8 T cells, persist in the injured brain for weeks, suggesting a longer-term role for the adaptive immune system during functional recovery. The aim of this study was to determine if the delayed secondary diapedesis of CD8 T cells into the ischemic brain negatively impacts functional recovery after transient ischemic stroke in male mice. RESULTS Mice exhibited an increased number of leukocytes in the ipsilesional hemispheres at 14 days (3-fold; p < 0.001) and 30 days (2.2-fold; p = 0.02) after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) compared to 8 days post-tMCAo, at which time acute neuroinflammation predominantly resolves. Moreover, mice with higher ipsilesional CD8 T cells at 30 days (R2 = 0.52, p < 0.01) exhibited worse functional recovery. To confirm a detrimental role of chronic CD8 T cell diapedesis on recovery, peripheral CD8 T cells were depleted beginning 10 days post-tMCAo. Delayed CD8 T cell depletion improved motor recovery on the rotarod (F(1,28) = 4.264; p = 0.048) compared to isotype control-treated mice. CD8 T cell-depleted mice also exhibited 2-fold (p < 0.001) reduced leukocyte infiltration at 30 days post-tMCAo. Specifically, macrophage, neutrophil, and CD4 T cell numbers were reduced in the ipsilesional hemisphere of the CD8 T cell-depleted mice independent of inflammatory status of the post-stroke CNS (e.g. microglial phenotype and cytokine production). RNAseq identified a unique profile for brain infiltrating CD8 T cells at 30 days post-tMCAo, with 46 genes differentially expressed relative to CD8 T cells at 3 days post-tMCAo. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a role for CD8 T cells in the chronic phase post-stroke that can be therapeutically targeted. We demonstrate long-term CD8 T cell recruitment into the ipsilesional hemisphere that affects both immune cell numbers present in the injured brain and functional recovery through one month after stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Ujas
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Erik J Plautz
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jadwiga Turchan-Cholewo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark P Goldberg
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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38
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Tampio J, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM. Hemocompatible L-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-Utilizing prodrugs of perforin inhibitors can accumulate into the pancreas and alleviate inflammation-induced apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109560. [PMID: 34153225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic pore-forming protein, perforin, has been associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) once released from CD8+ T cells. Curiously, perforinopathy has also been implicated in numerous brain diseases. Therefore, inhibitors of perforin have been in demand with targeted delivery in mind. l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is known to be expressed in both the above-mentioned target tissues, in the pancreas as well as in the brain. Thus, in the present study, the distribution of two LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of investigational perforin inhibitors into the pancreas was explored after intraperitoneal (i.p., 30 μmol/kg) bolus injection to mice. The effects of prodrug 1 were also studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro (50 μg/mL) and in vivo (250 μg/kg x 3 days) apoptosis and pancreatitis models by determining the cellular apoptotic levels with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and pancreatic caspase-3/-7 activity in mice. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of prodrug 1 was explored in human plasma and towards red blood cells. According to the results, both prodrugs were accumulated more effectively into the pancreas than their parent drugs (in addition to the brain that has been previously reported). Prodrug 1 (30 μmol/kg) also decreased the pancreatic caspase-3/-7 activity (52%) and with 2.5 μM concentration, the number of early and late apoptotic cells (32-53%). Since prodrug 1 was also found to be hemocompatible and not affecting human plasma hemostasis or inducing hemolysis of erythrocytes at the concentration <50 μM, it can be considered biocompatible in systemic circulation and ready to be studied in the future as a dual-acting drug candidate (in the pancreas and brain) in diseases like T1DM with neurodegenerative comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Tampio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Natural Killer Cells Are Present in Rag1 -/- Mice and Promote Tissue Damage During the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:197-211. [PMID: 34105078 PMCID: PMC8766401 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rag1−/− mice, lacking functional B and T cells, have been extensively used as an adoptive transfer model to evaluate neuroinflammation in stroke research. However, it remains unknown whether natural killer (NK) cell development and functions are altered in Rag1−/− mice as well. This connection has been rarely discussed in previous studies but might have important implications for data interpretation. In contrast, the NOD-Rag1nullIL2rgnull (NRG) mouse model is devoid of NK cells and might therefore eliminate this potential shortcoming. Here, we compare immune-cell frequencies as well as phenotype and effector functions of NK cells in Rag1−/− and wildtype (WT) mice using flow cytometry and functional in vitro assays. Further, we investigate the effect of Rag1−/− NK cells in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model using antibody-mediated depletion of NK cells and adoptive transfer to NRG mice in vivo. NK cells in Rag1−/− were comparable in number and function to those in WT mice. Rag1−/− mice treated with an anti-NK1.1 antibody developed significantly smaller infarctions and improved behavioral scores. Correspondingly, NRG mice supplemented with NK cells were more susceptible to tMCAO, developing infarctions and neurological deficits similar to Rag1−/− controls. Our results indicate that NK cells from Rag1−/− mice are fully functional and should therefore be considered in the interpretation of immune-cell transfer models in experimental stroke. Fortunately, we identified the NRG mice, as a potentially better-suited transfer model to characterize individual cell subset-mediated neuroinflammation in stroke.
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40
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Santos-Zas I, Lemarié J, Zlatanova I, Cachanado M, Seghezzi JC, Benamer H, Goube P, Vandestienne M, Cohen R, Ezzo M, Duval V, Zhang Y, Su JB, Bizé A, Sambin L, Bonnin P, Branchereau M, Heymes C, Tanchot C, Vilar J, Delacroix C, Hulot JS, Cochain C, Bruneval P, Danchin N, Tedgui A, Mallat Z, Simon T, Ghaleh B, Silvestre JS, Ait-Oufella H. Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells promote granzyme B-dependent adverse post-ischemic cardiac remodeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1483. [PMID: 33674611 PMCID: PMC7935973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is a common condition responsible for heart failure and sudden death. Here, we show that following acute myocardial infarction in mice, CD8+ T lymphocytes are recruited and activated in the ischemic heart tissue and release Granzyme B, leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis, adverse ventricular remodeling and deterioration of myocardial function. Depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes decreases apoptosis within the ischemic myocardium, hampers inflammatory response, limits myocardial injury and improves heart function. These effects are recapitulated in mice with Granzyme B-deficient CD8+ T cells. The protective effect of CD8 depletion on heart function is confirmed by using a model of ischemia/reperfusion in pigs. Finally, we reveal that elevated circulating levels of GRANZYME B in patients with acute myocardial infarction predict increased risk of death at 1-year follow-up. Our work unravels a deleterious role of CD8+ T lymphocytes following acute ischemia, and suggests potential therapeutic strategies targeting pathogenic CD8+ T lymphocytes in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Immune cells contribute to adverse remodeling following myocardial infarction. Here the authors show in mice and pigs that CD8+ lymphocytes release Granzyme B in the infarcted heart leading to cardiomyocyte death, enhanced inflammation and deterioration of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marine Cachanado
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP.SU; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform (URCEST-CRB-CRC-EST), Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | - Hakim Benamer
- Service de cardiologie, Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Goube
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Corbeil, Corbeil, France
| | | | - Raphael Cohen
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Maya Ezzo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Duval
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jin-Bo Su
- Inserm U955-IMRB, Equipe 03, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alain Bizé
- Inserm U955-IMRB, Equipe 03, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lucien Sambin
- Inserm U955-IMRB, Equipe 03, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- Inserm U965, Department of Physiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, France
| | - Maxime Branchereau
- Inserm U1048-Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Inserm U1048-Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - José Vilar
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Clement Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France.,Service d'anatomopathologie, Hôpital Europeen G. Pompidou, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Danchin
- Service de cardiologie, Hôpital Europeen G. Pompidou, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Tabassome Simon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP.SU; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform (URCEST-CRB-CRC-EST), Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC-site St Antoine, Service de Pharmacologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP.SU; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform (URCEST-CRB-CRC-EST), Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- Inserm U955-IMRB, Equipe 03, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Service de médecine intensive-Réanimation, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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Tenascin-C preserves microglia surveillance and restricts leukocyte and, more specifically, T cell infiltration of the ischemic brain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:639-648. [PMID: 33122023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an endogenous activator of toll-like receptor-4 (Tlr4), the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C (TnC) regulates chemotaxis, phagocytosis and proinflammatory cytokine production in microglia. The role of TnC for ischemic brain injury, post-ischemic immune responses and stroke recovery has still not been evaluated. By comparing wild type and TnC-/- mice exposed to transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we examined the effects of TnC deficiency for ischemic injury, neurological deficits, microglia/macrophage activation and brain leukocyte infiltration using behavioural tests, histochemical studies, Western blot, polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Histochemical studies revealed that TnC was de novo expressed in the ischemic striatum, which contained the infarct core, and overlapped with the area of strongest accumulation of Iba1 + microglia/macrophages. TnC deficiency increased overall Iba1 immunoreactivity in the perilesional cortex, suggesting that TnC might restrict the distribution of microglial cells to the infarct core. By analysing microglial morphology in 3D we found that the post-ischemic loss of microglial cell territory, branching and volume at 3 and 7 days post-ischemia was amplified in the brains of TnC deficient compared with wild type mice. Microglial cell number was not different between genotypes. Hence, TnC deficiency reduced tissue surveillance by microglial cells. Concomitantly, the number of infiltrating leukocytes and, more specifically, T cells was increased in the ischemic brain parenchyma of TnC deficient compared with wild type mice. Ischemic injury and neurological deficits were not affected by TnC deficiency. We propose that the reduced microglia surveillance in TnC deficient mice might favour leukocyte accumulation in the ischemic brain.
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42
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Kim E, Cho S. CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113508. [PMID: 33065078 PMCID: PMC7750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America; Feil Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Initiators of Classical and Lectin Complement Pathways Are Differently Engaged after Traumatic Brain Injury-Time-Dependent Changes in the Cortex, Striatum, Thalamus and Hippocampus in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010045. [PMID: 33375205 PMCID: PMC7793095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is involved in promoting secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the roles of the classical and lectin pathways leading to complement activation need to be clarified. To this end, we aimed to determine the ability of the brain to activate the synthesis of classical and lectin pathway initiators in response to TBI and to examine their expression in primary microglial cell cultures. We have modeled TBI in mice by controlled cortical impact (CCI), a clinically relevant experimental model. Using Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) we analyzed the expression of initiators of classical the complement component 1q, 1r and 1s (C1q, C1r, and C1s) and lectin (mannose binding lectin A, mannose binding lectin C, collectin 11, ficolin A, and ficolin B) complement pathways and other cellular markers in four brain areas (cortex, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus) of mice exposed to CCI from 24 h and up to 5 weeks. In all murine ipsilateral brain structures assessed, we detected long-lasting, time- and area-dependent significant increases in the mRNA levels of all classical (C1q, C1s, C1r) and some lectin (collectin 11, ficolin A, ficolin B) initiator molecules after TBI. In parallel, we observed significantly enhanced expression of cellular markers for neutrophils (Cd177), T cells (Cd8), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein—GFAP), microglia/macrophages (allograft inflammatory factor 1—IBA-1), and microglia (transmembrane protein 119—TMEM119); moreover, we detected astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia/macrophages (IBA-1) protein level strong upregulation in all analyzed brain areas. Further, the results obtained in primary microglial cell cultures suggested that these cells may be largely responsible for the biosynthesis of classical pathway initiators. However, microglia are unlikely to be responsible for the production of the lectin pathway initiators. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that at the site of brain injury, the C1q is localized in microglia/macrophages and neurons but not in astroglial cells. In sum, the brain strongly reacts to TBI by activating the local synthesis of classical and lectin complement pathway activators. Thus, the brain responds to TBI with a strong, widespread and persistent upregulation of complement components, the targeting of which may provide protection in TBI.
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Liu C, Xie J, Sun S, Li H, Li T, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang J, Le A, Wang J, Li Z, Wang J, Wang W. Hemorrhagic Transformation After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:621-646. [PMID: 33125600 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication after thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in ischemic stroke. In this article, recent research progress of HT in vivo and in vitro studies was reviewed. We have discussed new potential mechanisms and possible experimental models of HT development, as well as possible biomarkers and treatment methods. Meanwhile, we compared and analyzed rodent models, large animal models and in vitro BBB models of HT, and the limitations of these models were discussed. The molecular mechanism of HT was investigated in terms of BBB disruption, rt-PA neurotoxicity and the effect of neuroinflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species. The clinical features to predict HT were represented including blood biomarkers and clinical factors. Recent progress in neuroprotective strategies to improve HT after stroke treated with rt-PA is outlined. Further efforts need to be made to reduce the risk of HT after rt-PA therapy and improve the clinical prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Nikolic D, Jankovic M, Petrovic B, Novakovic I. Genetic Aspects of Inflammation and Immune Response in Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197409. [PMID: 33049931 PMCID: PMC7582307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic determinants play important role in the complex processes of inflammation and immune response in stroke and could be studied in different ways. Inflammation and immunomodulation are associated with repair processes in ischemic stroke, and together with the concept of preconditioning are promising modes of stroke treatment. One of the important aspects to be considered in the recovery of patients after the stroke is a genetic predisposition, which has been studied extensively. Polymorphisms in a number of candidate genes, such as IL-6, BDNF, COX2, CYPC19, and GPIIIa could be associated with stroke outcome and recovery. Recent GWAS studies pointed to the variant in genesPATJ and LOC as new genetic markers of long term outcome. Epigenetic regulation of immune response in stroke is also important, with mechanisms of histone modifications, DNA methylation, and activity of non-coding RNAs. These complex processes are changing from acute phase over the repair to establishing homeostasis or to provoke exaggerated reaction and death. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of stroke cures might also be evaluated in the context of immuno-inflammation and brain plasticity. Potential novel genetic treatment modalities are challenged but still in the early phase of the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Children’s Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Milena Jankovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojana Petrovic
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Targeting of Perforin Inhibitor into the Brain Parenchyma Via a Prodrug Approach Can Decrease Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation and Improve Cell Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4563-4577. [PMID: 32754897 PMCID: PMC7515946 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic protein perforin has a crucial role in infections and tumor surveillance. Recently, it has also been associated with many brain diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Therefore, inhibitors of perforin have attracted interest as novel drug candidates. We have previously reported that converting a perforin inhibitor into an L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-utilizing prodrug can improve the compound’s brain drug delivery not only across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) but also into the brain parenchymal cells: neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The present study evaluated whether the increased uptake into mouse primary cortical astrocytes and subsequently improvements in the cellular bioavailability of this brain-targeted perforin inhibitor prodrug could enhance its pharmacological effects, such as inhibition of production of caspase-3/-7, lipid peroxidation products and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation mouse model. It was demonstrated that increased brain and cellular drug delivery could improve the ability of perforin inhibitors to elicit their pharmacological effects in the brain at nano- to picomolar levels. Furthermore, the prodrug displayed multifunctional properties since it also inhibited the activity of several key enzymes related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as the β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and most probably also cyclooxygenases (COX) at micromolar concentrations. Therefore, this prodrug is a potential drug candidate for preventing Aβ-accumulation and ACh-depletion in addition to combatting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neural apoptosis within the brain. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Miró-Mur F, Urra X, Ruiz-Jaén F, Pedragosa J, Chamorro Á, Planas AM. Antigen-Dependent T Cell Response to Neural Peptides After Human Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:206. [PMID: 32719588 PMCID: PMC7348665 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes brain tissue damage and may release central nervous system (CNS)-specific peptides to the periphery. Neural antigen presentation in the lymphoid tissue could prime immune cells and result in adaptive immune response. However, autoimmune responses against neural antigens are not commonly uncovered after stroke. We studied the brain tissue of nine fatal stroke cases and the blood of a cohort of 13 patients and 11 controls. Flow cytometry carried out in three of the brain samples showed CD8 and CD4 T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the ventricles in the patient deceased 1 day poststroke, T cells with an activated phenotype in the CSF of the patient that died at day 6, and T cells in the ischemic brain tissue in the patient deceased 140 days after stroke onset. Immunohistochemistry showed higher T cell numbers in the core of the lesion of the patient deceased 18 days post-stroke than in the patients deceased from 1 to 5 days post-stroke. In blood samples, we studied whether lymphocytes were primed in the periphery against neural antigens at sequential times (on admission, day 5, and day 90) after stroke. T lymphocytes of stroke patients produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and responded to MBP peptides by increasing their production of TNF-α and IL-10 at admission, but not at later time points. In contrast, IL-4 producing T cells showed progressive increases. Higher percentages of TNF-α producing T lymphocytes at admission were independently associated with poorer outcomes at 90 days. However, we did not detect T cell responses to neural-antigen stimulation 90 days post-stroke. Altogether the results suggest acute T cell priming in the periphery in acute stroke, T cell trafficking from the CSF to the ischemic brain tissue, and the existence of active mechanisms preventing autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Miró-Mur
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xabier Urra
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisca Ruiz-Jaén
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Chamorro
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Ahnstedt H, Patrizz A, Chauhan A, Roy-O’Reilly M, Furr JW, Spychala MS, D’Aigle J, Blixt FW, Zhu L, Alegria JB, McCullough LD. Sex differences in T cell immune responses, gut permeability and outcome after ischemic stroke in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:556-567. [PMID: 32058038 PMCID: PMC7590503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a disease that presents with well-known sex differences. While women account for more stroke deaths, recent data show that after adjusting for age and pre-stroke functional status, mortality is higher in men. Immune responses are key determinants of stroke outcome and may differ by sex. This study examined sex differences in central and peripheral T cell immune responses, systemic effects on gut permeability and microbiota diversity and behavioral outcomes after stroke in aged mice. We hypothesized that there are sex differences in the immune response to stroke in aged animals. METHODS C57BL/6CR mice (20-22 months) were subjected to 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion, or sham surgery. T cells were quantified in brain and blood at 3, 7 and 15 days (d) post-stroke by flow cytometry. Peripheral effects on gut permeability and microbiota diversity, as well as neurological function were assessed up to 14 d, and at 21 d (cognitive function) post-stroke. Brain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was evaluated at 42 d post-stroke. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mortality (50% vs 14%, p < 0.05) and hemorrhagic transformation (44% vs 0%) were significantly higher in males than in females. No difference in infarct size at 3d were observed. Peripherally, stroke induced greater gut permeability of FITC-dextran in males at d3 (p < 0.05), and non-reversible alterations in microbiota diversity in males. Following the sub-acute phase, both sexes demonstrated a time-dependent increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the brain, with significantly higher levels of CD8+ T cells and Regulatory T cells in males at d15 (p < 0.01). Aged males demonstrated greater neurological deficits up to d5 and impaired sensorimotor function up to d15 when assessed by the corner asymmetry test (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). A trend in greater cognitive decline was observed at d21 in males. Increased GFAP expression in the ischemic hemisphere, indicating astroglial activation and gliosis, was demonstrated in both males and females 42d post-stroke. Our findings indicate that despite a similar initial ischemic brain injury, aged male mice experience greater peripheral effects on the gut and ongoing central neuroinflammation past the sub-acute phase after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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Qin X, Akter F, Qin L, Cheng J, Guo M, Yao S, Jian Z, Liu R, Wu S. Adaptive Immunity Regulation and Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:689. [PMID: 32477327 PMCID: PMC7235404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a disease that occurs due to a sudden interruption of the blood supply to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It is well-known that the immune system drives brain injury following an episode of ischemic stroke. The innate system and the adaptive system play distinct but synergistic roles following ischemia. The innate system can be activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are released from cells in the ischemic region. Damaged cells also release various other mediators that serve to increase inflammation and compromise the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Within 24 h of an ischemic insult, the adaptive immune system is activated. This involves T cell and B cell-mediated inflammatory and humoral effects. These cells also stimulate the release of various interleukins and cytokines, which can modulate the inflammatory response. The adaptive immune system has been shown to contribute to a state of immunodepression following an ischemic episode, and this can increase the risk of infections. However, this phenomenon is equally important in preventing autoimmunity of the body to brain antigens that are released into the peripheral system as a result of BBB compromise. In this review, we highlight the key components of the adaptive immune system that are activated following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Farhana Akter
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lingxia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Pituitary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songlin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ito M, Komai K, Nakamura T, Srirat T, Yoshimura A. Tissue regulatory T cells and neural repair. Int Immunol 2020; 31:361-369. [PMID: 30893423 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immune responses after tissue injury play pivotal roles in the pathology, resolution of inflammation, tissue recovery, fibrosis and remodeling. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the cells responsible for suppressing immune responses and can be activated in secondary lymphatic tissues, where they subsequently regulate effector T cell and dendritic cell activation. Recently, Tregs that reside in non-lymphoid tissues, called tissue Tregs, have been shown to exhibit tissue-specific functions that contribute to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and repair. Unlike other tissue Tregs, the role of Tregs in the brain has not been well elucidated because the number of brain Tregs is very small under normal conditions. However, we found that Tregs accumulate in the brain at the chronic phase of ischemic brain injury and control astrogliosis through secretion of a cytokine, amphiregulin (Areg). Brain Tregs resemble other tissue Tregs in many ways but, unlike the other tissue Tregs, brain Tregs express neural-cell-specific genes such as the serotonin receptor (Htr7) and respond to serotonin. Administering serotonin or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in an experimental mouse model of stroke increases the number of brain Tregs and ameliorates neurological symptoms. Knowledge of brain Tregs will contribute to the understanding of various types of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Komai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tanakorn Srirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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