1
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Pan K, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ, Smith Y, Villalba RM. Ultrastructural analysis of nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals in a knockin mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1407-1427. [PMID: 38123503 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is associated with decreased striatal dopamine release. In this study, we examined the possibility that ultrastructural changes of nigrostriatal dopamine terminals could contribute to this neurochemical imbalance using a serial block face/scanning electron microscope (SBF/SEM) and three-dimensional reconstruction to analyse striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) terminals and their synapses in a DYT1(ΔE) knockin (DYT1-KI) mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Furthermore, to study possible changes in vesicle packaging capacity of dopamine, we used transmission electron microscopy to assess the synaptic vesicle size in striatal dopamine terminals. Quantitative comparative analysis of 80 fully reconstructed TH-IR terminals in the WT and DYT1-KI mice indicate (1) no significant difference in the volume of TH-IR terminals; (2) no major change in the proportion of axo-spinous versus axo-dendritic synapses; (3) no significant change in the post-synaptic density (PSD) area of axo-dendritic synapses, while the PSDs of axo-spinous synapses were significantly smaller in DYT1-KI mice; (4) no significant change in the contact area between TH-IR terminals and dendritic shafts or spines, while the ratio of PSD area/contact area decreased significantly for both axo-dendritic and axo-spinous synapses in DYT1-KI mice; (5) no significant difference in the mitochondria volume; and (6) no significant difference in the synaptic vesicle area between the two groups. Altogether, these findings suggest that abnormal morphometric changes of nigrostriatal dopamine terminals and their post-synaptic targets are unlikely to be a major source of reduced striatal dopamine release in DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Pan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Zhao Y, Fang Q, Sharma S, Jakhanwal S, Jahn R, Lindau M. All SNAP25 molecules in the vesicle-plasma membrane contact zone change conformation during vesicle priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309161121. [PMID: 38170748 PMCID: PMC10786266 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309161121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In neuronal cell types, vesicular exocytosis is governed by the SNARE (soluble NSF attachment receptor) complex consisting of synaptobrevin2, SNAP25, and syntaxin1. These proteins are required for vesicle priming and fusion. We generated an improved SNAP25-based SNARE COmplex Reporter (SCORE2) incorporating mCeruelan3 and Venus and overexpressed it in SNAP25 knockout embryonic mouse chromaffin cells. This construct rescues vesicle fusion with properties indistinguishable from fusion in wild-type cells. Combining electrochemical imaging of individual release events using electrochemical detector arrays with total internal reflection fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TIR-FRET) imaging reveals a rapid FRET increase preceding individual fusion events by 65 ms. The experiments are performed under conditions of a steady-state cycle of docking, priming, and fusion, and the delay suggests that the FRET change reflects tight docking and priming of the vesicle, followed by fusion after ~65 ms. Given the absence of wt SNAP25, SCORE2 allows determination of the number of molecules at fusion sites and the number that changes conformation. The number of SNAP25 molecules changing conformation in the priming step increases with vesicle size and SNAP25 density in the plasma membrane and equals the number of copies present in the vesicle-plasma membrane contact zone. We estimate that in wt cells, 6 to 7 copies of SNAP25 change conformation during the priming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Nanoscale Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Qinghua Fang
- Nanoscale Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Satyan Sharma
- Nanoscale Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenD-37077, Germany
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala75124, Sweden
| | - Shrutee Jakhanwal
- Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Manfred Lindau
- Nanoscale Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenD-37077, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136
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3
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De Alwis AC, Denison JD, Shah R, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Exploiting Microelectrode Geometry for Comprehensive Detection of Individual Exocytosis Events at Single Cells. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3187-3194. [PMID: 37552870 PMCID: PMC10464603 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber microelectrodes are commonly used for real-time monitoring of individual exocytosis events at single cells. Since the nature of an electrochemical signal is fundamentally governed by mass transport to the electrode surface, microelectrode geometry can be exploited to achieve precise and accurate measurements. Researchers traditionally pair amperometric measurements of exocytosis with a ∼10-μm diameter, disk microelectrode in an "artificial synapse" configuration to directly monitor individual release events from single cells. Exocytosis is triggered, and released molecules diffuse to the "post-synaptic" electrode for oxidation. This results in a series of distinct current spikes corresponding to individual exocytosis events. However, it remains unclear how much of the material escapes detection. In this work, the performance of 10- and 34-μm diameter carbon fiber disk microelectrodes was directly compared in monitoring exocytosis at single chromaffin cells. The 34-μm diameter electrode was more sensitive to catecholamines and enkephalins than its traditional, 10-μm diameter counterpart, and it more effectively covered the entire cell. As such, the larger sensor detected more exocytosis events overall, as well as a larger quantal size, suggesting that the traditional tools underestimate the above measurements. Both sensors reliably measured l-DOPA-evoked changes in quantal size, and both exhibited diffusional loss upon adjustment of cell-electrode spacing. Finite element simulations using COMSOL support the improved collection efficiency observed using the larger sensor. Overall, this work demonstrates how electrode geometry can be exploited for improved detection of exocytosis events by addressing diffusional loss─an often-overlooked source of inaccuracy in single-cell measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chathuri De Alwis
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - J. Dylan Denison
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ruby Shah
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department
of Chemistry and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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4
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Lv J, Wang XY, Chang S, Xi CY, Wu X, Chen BB, Guo ZQ, Li DW, Qian RC. Amperometric Identification of Single Exosomes and Their Dopamine Contents Secreted by Living Cells. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37478050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter, which not only participates in the regulation of neural processes but also plays critical roles in tumor progression and immunity. However, direct identification of DA-containing exosomes, as well as quantification of DA in single vesicles, is still challenging. Here, we report a nanopipette-assisted method to detect single exosomes and their dopamine contents via amperometric measurement. The resistive-pulse current measured can simultaneously provide accurate information of vesicle translocation and DA contents in single exosomes. Accordingly, DA-containing exosomes secreted from HeLa and PC12 cells under different treatment modes successfully detected the DA encapsulation efficiency and the amount of exosome secretion that distinguish between cell types. Furthermore, a custom machine learning model was constructed to classify the exosome signals from different sources, with an accuracy of more than 99%. Our strategy offers a useful tool for investigating single exosomes and their DA contents, which facilitates the analysis of DA-containing exosomes derived from other untreated or stimulated cells and may open up a new insight to the research of DA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Ye Xi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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5
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Borges R, Gu C, Machado JD, Ewing AG. The dynamic nature of exocytosis from large secretory vesicles. A view from electrochemistry and imaging. Cell Calcium 2023; 110:102699. [PMID: 36708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss the factors that modulate the quantum size and the kinetics of exocytosis. We also discuss the determinants which motivate the type of exocytosis from the so-called kiss-and-run to full fusion and along the intermediate mode of partial release. Kiss-and-run release comprises the transient opening of a nanometer (approx. 2 nm diameter) fusion pore between vesicle and plasma membrane allowing a small amount of release. Partial release comprises a larger more extended opening of the pore to allow a larger fraction of released vesicle content and is what is observed as normal full release in most electrochemical measurements. Partial release appears to be dominant in dense core vesicles and perhaps synaptic vesicles. The concept of partial release leads to the fraction released as a plastic component of exocytosis. Partial vesicular distension and the kinetics of exocytosis can be modulated by second messengers, physiological modulators, and drugs. This concept adds a novel point of regulation for the exocytotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Borges
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife. Spain
| | - Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José-David Machado
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife. Spain
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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6
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Hatamie A, He X, Zhang XW, Oomen PE, Ewing AG. Advances in nano/microscale electrochemical sensors and biosensors for analysis of single vesicles, a key nanoscale organelle in cellular communication. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Nguyen TD, Mellander L, Lork A, Thomen A, Philipsen M, Kurczy ME, Phan NT, Ewing AG. Visualization of Partial Exocytotic Content Release and Chemical Transport into Nanovesicles in Cells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4831-4842. [PMID: 35189057 PMCID: PMC8945366 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, "all-or-none" and "kiss-and-run" were thought to be the only major exocytotic release modes in cell-to-cell communication, while the significance of partial release has not yet been widely recognized and accepted owing to the lack of direct evidence for exocytotic partial release. Correlative imaging with transmission electron microscopy and NanoSIMS imaging and a dual stable isotope labeling approach was used to study the cargo status of vesicles before and after exocytosis; demonstrating a measurable loss of transmitter in individual vesicles following stimulation due to partial release. Model secretory cells were incubated with 13C-labeled l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, resulting in the loading of 13C-labeled dopamine into their vesicles. A second label, di-N-desethylamiodarone, having the stable isotope 127I, was introduced during stimulation. A significant drop in the level of 13C-labeled dopamine and a reduction in vesicle size, with an increasing level of 127I-, was observed in vesicles of stimulated cells. Colocalization of 13C and 127I- in several vesicles was observed after stimulation. Thus, chemical visualization shows transient opening of vesicles to the exterior of the cell without full release the dopamine cargo. We present a direct calculation for the fraction of neurotransmitter release from combined imaging data. The average vesicular release is 60% of the total catecholamine. An important observation is that extracellular molecules can be introduced to cells during the partial exocytotic release process. This nonendocytic transport process appears to be a general route of entry that might be exploited pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tho Duc
Khanh Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Lisa Mellander
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Alicia Lork
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Aurélien Thomen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Mai Philipsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism
(CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg S-431 83, Sweden
| | - Nhu T.N. Phan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- E-mail:
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8
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Hu K, Le Vo KL, Hatamie A, Ewing AG. Quantifying Intracellular Single Vesicular Catecholamine Concentration with Open Carbon Nanopipettes to Unveil the Effect of L‐DOPA on Vesicular Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kim Long Le Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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9
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Localization and Absolute Quantification of Dopamine in Discrete Intravesicular Compartments Using NanoSIMS Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010160. [PMID: 35008583 PMCID: PMC8745556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The absolute concentration and the compartmentalization of analytes in cells and organelles are crucial parameters in the development of drugs and drug delivery systems, as well as in the fundamental understanding of many cellular processes. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) imaging is a powerful technique which allows subcellular localization of chemical species with high spatial and mass resolution, and high sensitivity. In this study, we combined NanoSIMS imaging with spatial oversampling with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging to discern the compartments (dense core and halo) of large dense core vesicles in a model cell line used to study exocytosis, and to localize 13C dopamine enrichment following 4–6 h of 150 μM 13C L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) incubation. In addition, the absolute concentrations of 13C dopamine in distinct vesicle domains as well as in entire single vesicles were quantified and validated by comparison to electrochemical data. We found concentrations of 87.5 mM, 16.0 mM and 39.5 mM for the dense core, halo and the whole vesicle, respectively. This approach adds to the potential of using combined TEM and NanoSIMS imaging to perform absolute quantification and directly measure the individual contents of nanometer-scale organelles.
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10
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Zheng YN, Nguyen TDK, Dunevall J, Phan NTN, Ewing AG. Dynamic Visualization and Quantification of Single Vesicle Opening and Content by Coupling Vesicle Impact Electrochemical Cytometry with Confocal Microscopy. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:131-138. [PMID: 34939075 PMCID: PMC8679085 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a novel method for visualization and quantitative measurement of the vesicle opening process by correlation of vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) with confocal microscopy. We have used a fluorophore conjugated to lipids to label the vesicle membrane and manipulate the membrane properties, which appears to make the membrane more susceptible to electroporation. The neurotransmitters inside the vesicles were visualized by use of a fluorescence false neurotransmitter 511 (FFN 511) through accumulation inside the vesicle via the neuronal vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT 2). Optical and electrochemical measurements of single vesicle electroporation were carried out using an in-house, disk-shaped, gold-modified ITO (Au/ITO) microelectrode device (5 nm thick, 33 μm diameter), which simultaneously acted as an electrode surface for VIEC and an optically transparent surface for confocal microscopy. As a result, the processes of adsorption, electroporation, and opening of single vesicles followed by neurotransmitter release on the Au/ITO surface have been simultaneously visualized and measured. Three opening patterns of single isolated vesicles were frequently observed. Comparing the vesicle opening patterns with their corresponding VIEC spikes, we propose that the behavior of the vesicular membrane on the electrode surface, including the adsorption time, residence time before vesicle opening, and the retention time after vesicle opening, are closely related to the vesicle content and size. Large vesicles with high content tend to adsorb to the electrode faster with higher frequency, followed by a shorter residence time before releasing their content, and their membrane remains on the electrode surface longer compared to the small vesicles with low content. With this approach, we start to unravel the vesicle opening process and to examine the fundamentals of exocytosis, supporting the proposed mechanism of partial or subquantal release in exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ning Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tho D K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nhu T N Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Hu K, Le Vo KL, Hatamie A, Ewing AG. Quantifying Intracellular Single Vesicular Catecholamine Concentration with Open Carbon Nanopipettes to Unveil the Effect of L-DOPA on Vesicular Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113406. [PMID: 34734466 PMCID: PMC9299131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of exocytosis is essential for uncovering the pathologies of neuronal disorders and developing related pharmaceuticals. In this work intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC) measurements with different‐sized (50–500 nm radius) open carbon nanopipettes (CNPs) were performed to quantify the vesicular content and release kinetics of specific vesicle populations grouped by orifice sizes. Intracellular vesicles with radius below 100 nm were captured and narrowed between 50 and 100 nm. On the basis of this, single vesicular catecholamine concentrations in the intracellular environment were quantified as 0.23–1.1 M. Our results with L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)‐exposure indicate that L‐DOPA regulates exocytosis by increasing the dense core size and vesicular content while catecholamine concentrations did not show obvious alterations. These were all achieved simultaneously and relatively noninvasively with open CNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Long Le Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Chen B, Perry D, Teahan J, McPherson IJ, Edmondson J, Kang M, Valavanis D, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Artificial Synapse: Spatiotemporal Heterogeneities in Dopamine Electrochemistry at a Carbon Fiber Ultramicroelectrode. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:6-10. [PMID: 36785735 PMCID: PMC9836071 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An artificial synapse is developed that mimics ultramicroelectrode (UME) amperometric detection of single cell exocytosis. It comprises the nanopipette of a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM), which delivers rapid pulses of neurotransmitter (dopamine) locally and on demand at >1000 defined locations of a carbon fiber (CF) UME in each experiment. Analysis of the resulting UME current-space-time data reveals spatiotemporal heterogeneous electrode activity on the nanoscale and submillisecond time scale for dopamine electrooxidation at typical UME detection potentials. Through complementary surface charge mapping and finite element method (FEM) simulations, these previously unseen variations in electrochemical activity are related to heterogeneities in the surface chemistry of the CF UME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James Teahan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James Edmondson
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Valavanis
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Analytical
Science Centre for Doctoral
Training, and School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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13
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Gu C, Ewing AG. Simultaneous detection of vesicular content and exocytotic release with two electrodes in and at a single cell. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7393-7400. [PMID: 34163829 PMCID: PMC8171312 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a technique employing two electrodes to simultaneously and dynamically monitor vesicular neurotransmitter storage and vesicular transmitter release in and at the same cell. To do this, two electrochemical techniques, single-cell amperometry (SCA) and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC), were applied using two nanotip electrodes. With one electrode being placed on top of a cell measuring exocytotic release and the other electrode being inserted into the cytoplasm measuring vesicular transmitter storage, upon chemical stimulation, exocytosis is triggered and the amount of release and storage can be quantified simultaneously and compared. By using this technique, we made direct comparison between exocytotic release and vesicular storage, and investigated the dynamic changes of vesicular transmitter content before, during, and after chemical stimulation of PC12 cells, a neuroendocrine cell line. While confirming that exocytosis is partial, we suggest that chemical stimulation either induces a replenishment of the releasable pool with a subpool of vesicles having higher amount of transmitter storage, or triggers the vesicles within the same subpool to load more transiently at approximately 10–20 s. Thus, a time scale for vesicle reloading is determined. The effect of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), the precursor to dopamine, on the dynamic alteration of vesicular storage upon chemical stimulation for exocytosis was also studied. We found that l-DOPA incubation reduces the observed changes of vesicular storage in regular PC12 cells, which might be due to an increased capacity of vesicular transmitter loading caused by l-DOPA. Our data provide another mechanism for plasticity after stimulation via quantitative and dynamic changes in the exocytotic machinery. Simultaneous measurements of IVIEC and SCA by two nanotip electrodes allows direct and dynamic comparison between vesicular transmitter content and vesicular transmitter release to shed light on stimulation-induced plasticity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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14
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White KA, Kim BN. Quantifying neurotransmitter secretion at single-vesicle resolution using high-density complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor electrode array. Nat Commun 2021; 12:431. [PMID: 33462204 PMCID: PMC7813837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal exocytosis facilitates the propagation of information through the nervous system pertaining to bodily function, memory, and emotions. Using amperometry, the sub-millisecond dynamics of exocytosis can be monitored and the modulation of exocytosis due to drug treatment or neurodegenerative diseases can be studied. Traditional single-cell amperometry is a powerful technique for studying the molecular mechanisms of exocytosis, but it is both costly and labor-intensive to accumulate statistically significant data. To surmount these limitations, we have developed a silicon-based electrode array with 1024 on-chip electrodes that measures oxidative signal in 0.1 millisecond intervals. Using the developed device, we are able to capture the modulation of exocytosis due to Parkinson's disease treatment (L-Dopa), with statistical significance, within 30 total minutes of recording. The validation study proves our device's capability to accelerate the study of many pharmaceutical treatments for various neurodegenerative disorders that affect neurotransmitter secretion to a matter of minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A White
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Brian N Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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15
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Abstract
This study examines how the several major industries, associated with a carbon artifact production, essentially belong to one, closely knit family. The common parents are the geological fossils called petroleum and coal. The study also reviews the major developments in carbon nanotechnology and electrocatalysis over the last 30 years or so. In this context, the development of various carbon materials with size, dopants, shape, and structure designed to achieve high catalytic electroactivity is reported, and among them recent carbon electrodes with many important features are presented together with their relevant applications in chemical technology, neurochemical monitoring, electrode kinetics, direct carbon fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and supercapattery.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A C Sequeira
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Keighron JD, Wang Y, Cans AS. Electrochemistry of Single-Vesicle Events. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:159-181. [PMID: 32151142 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal transmission relies on electrical signals and the transfer of chemical signals from one neuron to another. Chemical messages are transmitted from presynaptic neurons to neighboring neurons through the triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the cell plasma membrane. This process, known as exocytosis, involves the rapid release of neurotransmitter solutions that are detected with high affinity by the postsynaptic neuron. The type and number of neurotransmitters released and the frequency of vesicular events govern brain functions such as cognition, decision making, learning, and memory. Therefore, to understand neurotransmitters and neuronal function, analytical tools capable of quantitative and chemically selective detection of neurotransmitters with high spatiotemporal resolution are needed. Electrochemistry offers powerful techniques that are sufficiently rapid to allow for the detection of exocytosis activity and provides quantitative measurements of vesicle neurotransmitter content and neurotransmitter release from individual vesicle events. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used electrochemical methods for monitoring single-vesicle events, including recent developments and what is needed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Keighron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA
| | - Yuanmo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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17
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Thomen A, Najafinobar N, Penen F, Kay E, Upadhyay PP, Li X, Phan NTN, Malmberg P, Klarqvist M, Andersson S, Kurczy ME, Ewing AG. Subcellular Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Absolute Quantitative Analysis across Organelles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4316-4325. [PMID: 32239916 PMCID: PMC7199216 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging is a field that promises to become a mainstream bioanalysis technology by allowing the combination of single-cell imaging and subcellular quantitative analysis. The frontier of single-cell imaging has advanced to the point where it is now possible to compare the chemical contents of individual organelles in terms of raw or normalized ion signal. However, to realize the full potential of this technology, it is necessary to move beyond this concept of relative quantification. Here we present a nanoSIMS imaging method that directly measures the absolute concentration of an organelle-associated, isotopically labeled, pro-drug directly from a mass spectrometry image. This is validated with a recently developed nanoelectrochemistry method for single organelles. We establish a limit of detection based on the number of isotopic labels used and the volume of the organelle of interest, also offering this calculation as a web application. This approach allows subcellular quantification of drugs and metabolites, an overarching and previously unmet goal in cell science and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Thomen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Neda Najafinobar
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation,
and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 430 51, Sweden
| | - Florent Penen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Emma Kay
- Bioscience,
Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 430 51, Sweden
| | - Pratik P. Upadhyay
- Pharmaceutical
Technolgy and Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, 430 52, Sweden
| | - Xianchan Li
- Center
for Imaging and Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Magnus Klarqvist
- Early
Product Development, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 50, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- New Modalities,
Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 430 51, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 430 51, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
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18
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Roberts JG, Mitchell EC, Dunaway LE, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes for Real-Time Discrimination of Vesicle Cargo in the Native Cellular Environment. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2917-2926. [PMID: 32058693 PMCID: PMC7336535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes have proven to be an indispensable tool for monitoring exocytosis events using amperometry. When positioned adjacent to a cell, a traditional microdisc electrode is well suited for quantification of discrete exocytotic release events. However, the size of the electrode does not allow for intracellular electrochemical measurements, and the amperometric approach cannot distinguish between the catecholamines that are released. In this work, carbon nanoelectrodes were developed to permit selective electrochemical sampling of nanoscale vesicles in the cell cytosol. Classical voltammetric techniques and electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoelectrodes, which were ∼5 μm long and sharpened to a nanometer-scale tip that could be wholly inserted into individual neuroendocrine cells. The nanoelectrodes were coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to distinguish secretory granules containing epinephrine from other catecholamine-containing granules encountered in the native cellular environment. Both vesicle subtypes were encountered in most cells, despite prior demonstration of populations of chromaffin cells that preferentially release one of these catecholamines. There was substantial cell-to-cell variability in relative epinephrine content, and vesicles containing epinephrine generally stored more catecholamine than the other vesicles. The carbon nanoelectrode technology thus enabled analysis of picoliter-scale biological volumes, revealing key differences between chromaffin cells at the level of the dense-core granule.
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19
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Ren L, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Amperometric Measurements and Dynamic Models Reveal a Mechanism for How Zinc Alters Neurotransmitter Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3083-3087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS—École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University—Sorbonne UniversityUMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS—École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University—Sorbonne UniversityUMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS—École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University—Sorbonne UniversityUMR 8640 “PASTEUR”Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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20
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Ren L, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, Ewing AG. Amperometric Measurements and Dynamic Models Reveal a Mechanism for How Zinc Alters Neurotransmitter Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS—École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University—Sorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR” Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS—École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University—Sorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR” Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS—École Normale Supérieure PSL Research University—Sorbonne University UMR 8640 “PASTEUR” Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Kemivägen 10 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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21
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Larsson A, Majdi S, Borges R, Ewing A. Vesicular Transmitter Content in Chromaffin Cells Can Be Regulated via Extracellular ATP. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4735-4740. [PMID: 31637911 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been implicated for its role in modulation of chemical signaling for some time. Despite this, the precise effects and mechanisms of action of ATP on secretory cells are not well-known. Here, bovine chromaffin cells have been used as a model system to study the effects of extracellular ATP in combination with the catecholamine transmitter norepinephrine (NE). Both transmitter storage and exocytotic release were quantified using complementary amperometric techniques. Although incubation with NE alone did not cause any changes to either transmitter storage or release, coincubation with NE and ATP resulted in a significant increase that was concentration dependent. To probe the potential mechanisms of action, a slowly hydrolyzable version of ATP, ATP-γ-S, was used either alone or together with NE. The result implicates two different behaviors of ATP acting on both the purinergic autoreceptors and as a source of the energy needed to load chromaffin cell vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Borges
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Li X, Dunevall J, Ewing AG. Electrochemical quantification of transmitter concentration in single nanoscale vesicles isolated from PC12 cells. Faraday Discuss 2019; 210:353-364. [PMID: 29989629 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We use an electrochemical platform, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and differential centrifugation of single catecholamine vesicles to study the properties of nanometer transmitter vesicles, including the number of molecules, size, and catecholamine concentration inside. Vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) was used to quantify the catecholamine content of single vesicles in different batches isolated from pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with different ultracentrifugation speeds. We show that, vesicles containing less catecholamine are obtained at subsequent centrifugation steps with higher speed (force). Important to quantification, the cumulative content after subsequent centrifugation steps is equivalent to that of one-step centrifugation at the highest speed, 70 000g. Moreover, as we count molecules in the vesicles, we compared molecular numbers from VIEC, flow VIEC, and intracellular VIEC to corresponding vesicle size measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis to evaluate catecholamine concentration in vesicles. The data suggest that vesicular catecholamine concentration is relatively constant and independent of the vesicular size, indicating vesicular transmitter content as a main factor regulating the vesicle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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23
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Tomagra G, Franchino C, Pasquarelli A, Carbone E, Olivero P, Carabelli V, Picollo F. Simultaneous multisite detection of quantal release from PC12 cells using micro graphitic-diamond multi electrode arrays. Biophys Chem 2019; 253:106241. [PMID: 31398633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Micro graphitic - diamond - multi electrode arrays (μG-D-MEAs) are suitable for measuring multisite quantal dopamine (DA) release from PC12 cells. Following cell stimulation with high extracellular KCl and electrode polarization at +650 mV, amperometric spikes are detected with a mean frequency of 0.60 ± 0.16 Hz. In each recording, simultaneous detection of secretory events is occurred in approximately 50% of the electrodes. Kinetic spike parameters and background noise are preserved among the different electrodes. Comparing the amperometric spikes recorder under control conditions with those recorders from PC12 cells previously incubated for 30 min with the dopamine precursor Levodopa (L-DOPA, 20 μM) it appears that the quantal size of amperometric spikes is increased by 250% and the half-time width (t1/2) by over 120%. On the contrary, L-DOPA has no effect on the frequency of secretory events. Overall, these data demonstrate that the μG-D-MEAs represent a reliable bio-sensor to simultaneously monitor quantal exocytotic events from different cells and in perspective can be exploited as a drug-screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Department of Physics, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
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24
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Huang M, Rathore SS, Lindau M. Drug testing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor chip reveals drug modulation of transmitter release for potential therapeutic applications. J Neurochem 2019; 151:38-49. [PMID: 31274190 PMCID: PMC6837173 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are considered incurable and significantly reduce the quality of life of the patients. A variety of drugs that modulate neurotransmitter levels have been used for the treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases but with limited efficacy. In this work, an amperometric complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) chip is used for high‐throughput drug testing with respect to the modulation of transmitter release from single vesicles using chromaffin cells prepared from bovine adrenal glands as a model system. Single chromaffin cell amperometry was performed with high efficiency on the surface‐modified CMOS chip and follow‐up whole‐cell patch‐clamp experiments were performed to determine the readily releasable pool sizes. We show that the antidepressant drug bupropion significantly increases the amount of neurotransmitter released in individual quantal release events. The antidepressant drug citalopram accelerates rapid neurotransmitter release following stimulation and follow‐up patch‐clamp experiments reveal that this is because of the increase in the pool of readily releasable vesicles. These results shed light on the mechanisms by which bupropion and citalopram may be potentially effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These results demonstrate that the CMOS amperometry chip technology is an excellent tool for drug testing to determine the specific mechanisms by which they modulate neurotransmitter release. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Shailendra S Rathore
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Manfred Lindau
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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25
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Ranjbari E, Majdi S, Ewing A. Analytical Techniques: Shedding Light upon Nanometer-Sized Secretory Vesicles. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Zhang Q, Liu B, Wu Q, Liu B, Li Y, Sun S, Wang Y, Wu X, Chai Z, Jiang X, Liu X, Hu M, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Kang X, Xiong Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zheng L, Zhang B, Wang C, Zhu F, Zhou Z. Differential Co-release of Two Neurotransmitters from a Vesicle Fusion Pore in Mammalian Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. Neuron 2019; 102:173-183.e4. [PMID: 30773347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Co-release of multiple neurotransmitters from secretory vesicles is common in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. However, whether and how the transmitters co-released from a single vesicle are differentially regulated remains unknown. In matrix-containing dense-core vesicles (DCVs) in chromaffin cells, there are two modes of catecholamine (CA) release from a single DCV: quantal and sub-quantal. By combining two microelectrodes to simultaneously record co-release of the native CA and ATP from a DCV, we report that (1) CA and ATP were co-released during a DCV fusion; (2) during kiss-and-run (KAR) fusion, the co-released CA was sub-quantal, whereas the co-released ATP was quantal; and (3) knockdown and knockout of the DCV matrix led to quantal co-release of both CA and ATP even in KAR mode. These findings strongly imply that, in contrast to sub-quantal CA release in chromaffin cells, fast synaptic transmission without transmitter-matrix binding is mediated exclusively via quantal release in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zuying Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yeshi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingfei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lianghong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feipeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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27
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Mulvihill KG. Presynaptic regulation of dopamine release: Role of the DAT and VMAT2 transporters. Neurochem Int 2018; 122:94-105. [PMID: 30465801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The signaling dynamics of the neurotransmitter dopamine has been established to have an important role in a variety of behavioural processes including motor control, cognition, and emotional processing. Key regulators of transmitter release and the signaling dynamics of dopamine are the plasma membrane reuptake transporter (DAT) and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2). These proteins serve to remove dopamine molecules from the extracellular and cytosolic space, respectively and both determine the amount of transmitter released from synaptic vesicles. This review provides an overview of how these transporter proteins are involved in molecular regulation and function together to govern the dynamics of vesicular release with opposing effects on the quantal size and extracellular concentration of dopamine. These transporter proteins are both focal points of convergence for a variety of regulatory molecular cascades as well as targets for many pharmacological agents. The ratio between these transporters is argued to be useful as a molecular marker for delineating dopamine functional subsystems that may differ in transmitter release patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Mulvihill
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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28
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Lovrić J, Najafinobar N, Dunevall J, Majdi S, Svir I, Oleinick A, Amatore C, Ewing AG. On the mechanism of electrochemical vesicle cytometry: chromaffin cell vesicles and liposomes. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:65-79. [PMID: 27711871 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00102e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of mammalian vesicle rupture onto the surface of a polarized carbon fiber microelectrode during electrochemical vesicle cytometry is investigated. It appears that following adsorption to the surface of the polarized electrode, electroporation leads to the formation of a pore at the interface between a vesicle and the electrode and this is shown to be potential dependent. The chemical cargo is then released through this pore to be oxidized at the electrode surface. This makes it possible to quantify the contents as it restricts diffusion away from the electrode and coulometric oxidation takes place. Using a bottom up approach, lipid-only transmitter-loaded liposomes were used to mimic native vesicles and the rupture events occurred much faster in comparison with native vesicles. Liposomes with added peptide in the membrane result in rupture events with a lower duration than that of liposomes and faster in comparison to native vesicles. Diffusional models have been developed and suggest that the trend in pore size is dependent on soft nanoparticle size and diffusion of the content in the nanometer vesicle. In addition, it appears that proteins form a barrier for the membrane to reach the electrode and need to move out of the way to allow close contact and electroporation. The protein dense core in vesicles matrixes is also important in the dynamics of the events in that it significantly slows diffusion through the vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lovrić
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Neda Najafinobar
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Irina Svir
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden. and University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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29
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Barlow ST, Louie M, Hao R, Defnet PA, Zhang B. Electrodeposited Gold on Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes for Enhancing Amperometric Detection of Dopamine Release from Pheochromocytoma Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10049-10055. [PMID: 30047726 PMCID: PMC10879420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exocytosis is an ultrafast cellular process which facilitates neuron-neuron communication in the brain. Microelectrode electrochemistry has been an essential tool for measuring fast exocytosis events with high temporal resolution and high sensitivity. Due to carbon fiber's irreproducible and inhomogeneous surface conditions, however, it is often desirable to develop simple and reproducible modification schemes to enhance a microelectrode's analytical performance for single-cell analysis. Here we present carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) modified with a thin film of electrodeposited gold for the detection of exocytosis from rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), a model cell line for neurosecretion. These new probes are made by a novel voltage-pulsing deposition procedure and demonstrate improved electron-transfer characteristics for catecholamine oxidation, and their fabrication is tractable for many different probe designs. When we applied the probes to the detection of catecholamine release, we found that they outperformed unmodified CFEs. Further, the improved performance was conserved at cells incubated with L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), a precursor to dopamine that increases the quantal size of the release events. Future use of this method may allow nanoelectrodes to be modified for highly sensitive detection of exocytosis from chemical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Matthew Louie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Peter A. Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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30
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Sproviero D, La Salvia S, Giannini M, Crippa V, Gagliardi S, Bernuzzi S, Diamanti L, Ceroni M, Pansarasa O, Poletti A, Cereda C. Pathological Proteins Are Transported by Extracellular Vesicles of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:487. [PMID: 30072868 PMCID: PMC6060258 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive adult-onset neurodegenerative disease, that affects cortical, bulbar and spinal motor neurons, and it is considered a proteinopathy, in which pathological proteins (SOD1, TDP-43, and FUS) may accumulate and interfere with neuronal functions eventually leading to cell death. These proteins can be released from cells and transported in the body fluids by extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are spherical vesicles, which are classified mainly in microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXOs) based on their biogenesis, size and surface markers. In this study we characterized MVs and EXOs isolated from plasma of sporadic ALS patients and healthy controls and determined their number, size and SOD1, TDP-43, and FUS protein composition. No variation was found in the number of EVs between ALS patients and controls. However, the mean size both for MVs and for EXOs resulted increased in ALS patients compared to controls. MVs derived from ALS patients were enriched in SOD1, TDP-43, phospho-TDP-43, and FUS proteins compared to CTRLs. SOD1 was generally more concentrated in EXOs than in MVs, while TDP-43 and FUS protein levels were slightly higher in MVs than in EXOs. We demonstrated that MVs and EXOs size were increased in ALS patients compared to controls and that MVs of ALS patients were enriched with toxic proteins compared to CTRLs. EXOs did not show any protein changes. These data may suggest that MVs can transport toxic proteins and might play a role in prion-like propagation of ALS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Sproviero
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina La Salvia
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Giannini
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bernuzzi
- Immunohematological and Transfusional Service and Centre of Transplantation Immunology, IRCCS Foundation San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Diamanti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Division of General Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceroni
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Division of General Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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31
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Ye D, Ewing A. On the Action of General Anesthetics on Cellular Function: Barbiturate Alters the Exocytosis of Catecholamines in a Model Cell System. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1173-1179. [PMID: 29356266 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetics are essential in many areas, however, the cellular mechanisms of anesthetic-induced amnesia and unconsciousness are incompletely understood. Exocytosis is the main mechanism of signal transduction and neuronal communication through the release of chemical transmitters from vesicles to the extracellular environment. Here, we use disk electrodes placed on top of PC12 cells to show that treatment with barbiturate induces fewer molecules released during exocytosis and changes the event dynamics perhaps by inducing a less stable fusion pore that is prone to close faster during partial exocytosis. Larger events are essentially abolished. However, use of intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry using a nano-tip electrode inserted into a cell shows that the distribution of vesicle transmitter content does not change after barbiturate treatment. This indicates that barbiturate selectively alters the pore size of larger events or perhaps differentially between types of vesicles. Alteration of exocytosis in this manner could be linked to the effects of general anesthetics on memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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32
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Old and emerging concepts on adrenal chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:1-6. [PMID: 29110079 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The chromaffin cells (CCs) of the adrenal medulla play a key role in the control of circulating catecholamines to adapt our body function to stressful conditions. A huge research effort over the last 35 years has converted these cells into the Escherichia coli of neurobiology. CCs have been the testing bench for the development of patch-clamp and amperometric recording techniques and helped clarify most of the known molecular mechanisms that regulate cell excitability, Ca2+ signals associated with secretion, and the molecular apparatus that regulates vesicle fusion. This special issue provides a state-of-the-art on the many well-known and unsolved questions related to the molecular processes at the basis of CC function. The issue is also the occasion to highlight the seminal work of Antonio G. García (Emeritus Professor at UAM, Madrid) who greatly contributed to the advancement of our present knowledge on CC physiology and pharmacology. All the contributors of the present issue are distinguished scientists who are either staff members, external collaborators, or friends of Prof. García.
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33
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Dunevall J, Majdi S, Larsson A, Ewing A. Vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry compared to amperometric exocytosis measurements. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2017; 5:85-91. [PMID: 29218327 PMCID: PMC5714305 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three new tools are discussed for understanding chemical communication between cells and primarily to delve into the content and structure of nanometer transmitter vesicles. These are amperometric measurements of exocytosis, vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry, and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry. These are combining in the end nanoscale mass spectrometry imaging to begin determination of vesicle structure. These methods have provided solid evidence for the concept of open and closed exocytosis leading to partial release of the vesicle content during normal exocytosis. They have also been used to discover cases where the fraction of transmitter released is not changed, and other cases where the vesicle transmitter fraction released is altered, as with zinc, thought to alter cognition. Overall, the combination of these methods is showing us details of vesicular processes that would not be measureable without these micro and nano electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Ewing, Andrew ()
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34
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Fathali H, Cans AS. Amperometry methods for monitoring vesicular quantal size and regulation of exocytosis release. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:125-134. [PMID: 28951968 PMCID: PMC5748430 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical signaling strength during intercellular communication can be regulated by secretory cells through controlling the amount of signaling molecules that are released from a secretory vesicle during the exocytosis process. In addition, the chemical signal can also be influenced by the amount of neurotransmitters that is accumulated and stored inside the secretory vesicle compartment. Here, we present the development of analytical methodologies and cell model systems that have been applied in neuroscience research for gaining better insights into the biophysics and the molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the regulatory aspects of the exocytosis machinery affecting the output signal of chemical transmission at neuronal and neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Fathali
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 42196, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 42196, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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35
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Li X, Dunevall J, Ren L, Ewing AG. Mechanistic Aspects of Vesicle Opening during Analysis with Vesicle Impact Electrochemical Cytometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9416-9423. [PMID: 28776974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) has been used to quantify the vesicular transmitter content in mammalian vesicles. In the present study, we studied the mechanism of VIEC by quantifying the catecholamine content in single vesicles isolated from pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. These vesicles contain about one tenth of the catecholamine compared with adrenal chromaffin vesicles. The existence of a prespike foot for many events suggests the formation of an initial transiently stable pore at the beginning of vesicle rupture. Increasing the detection temperature from 6 to 30 °C increases the possibility of vesicle rupture on the electrode, implying that there is a temperature-dependent process that facilitates electroporation. Natively larger vesicles are shown to rupture earlier and more frequently than smaller ones in VIEC. Likewise, manipulating vesicle content and size with drugs leads to similar trends. These data support the hypothesis that electroporation is the primary force for pore opening in VIEC. We further hypothesize that a critical step for initiating vesicle opening by electroporation is diffusion of membrane proteins away from the membrane region of contact with the electrode to allow closer contact, increasing the lateral potential field and thus facilitating electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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How intravesicular composition affects exocytosis. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:135-141. [PMID: 28779472 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Large dense core vesicles and chromaffin granules accumulate solutes at large concentrations (for instance, catecholamines, 0.5-1 M; ATP, 120-300 mM; or Ca2+, 40 mM (12)). Solutes seem to aggregate to a condensed protein matrix, which is mainly composed of chromogranins, to elude osmotic lysis. This association is also responsible for the delayed release of catecholamines during exocytosis. Here, we compile experimental evidence, obtained since the inception of single-cell amperometry, demonstrating how the alteration of intravesicular composition promotes changes in the quantum characteristics of exocytosis. As chromaffin cells are large and their vesicles contain a high concentration of electrochemically detectable species, most experimental data comes from this cell model.
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37
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Measuring synaptic vesicles using cellular electrochemistry and nanoscale molecular imaging. Nat Rev Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Lovrić J, Dunevall J, Larsson A, Ren L, Andersson S, Meibom A, Malmberg P, Kurczy ME, Ewing AG. Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Dopamine Distribution Across Nanometer Vesicles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3446-3455. [PMID: 27997789 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to spatially resolve the content across nanometer neuroendocrine vesicles in nerve-like cells by correlating super high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging, NanoSIMS, with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, intracellular electrochemical cytometry at nanotip electrodes is used to count the number of molecules in individual vesicles to compare to imaged amounts in vesicles. Correlation between the NanoSIMS and TEM provides nanometer resolution of the inner structure of these organelles. Moreover, correlation with electrochemical methods provides a means to quantify and relate vesicle neurotransmitter content and release, which is used to explain the slow transfer of dopamine between vesicular compartments. These nanoanalytical tools reveal that dopamine loading/unloading between vesicular compartments, dense core and halo solution, is a kinetically limited process. The combination of NanoSIMS and TEM has been used to show the distribution profile of newly synthesized dopamine across individual vesicles. Our findings suggest that the vesicle inner morphology might regulate the neurotransmitter release event during open and closed exocytosis from dense core vesicles with hours of equilibrium needed to move significant amounts of catecholamine from the protein dense core despite its nanometer size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lovrić
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- National Centre for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Mölndal SE-431 50, Sweden
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne , Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- National Centre for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Michael E Kurczy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Mölndal SE-431 50, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- National Centre for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
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39
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Ren L, Pour MD, Majdi S, Li X, Malmberg P, Ewing AG. Zinc Regulates Chemical-Transmitter Storage in Nanometer Vesicles and Exocytosis Dynamics as Measured by Amperometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4970-4975. [PMID: 28319311 PMCID: PMC5540326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We applied electrochemical techniques with nano-tip electrodes to show that micromolar concentrations of zinc not only trigger changes in the dynamics of exocytosis, but also vesicle content in a model cell line. The vesicle catecholamine content in PC12 cells is significantly decreased after 100 μm zinc treatment, but, catecholamine release during exocytosis remains nearly the same. This contrasts with the number of molecules stored in the exocytosis vesicles, which decreases, and we find that the amount of catecholamine released from zinc-treated cells reaches nearly 100 % content expelled. Further investigation shows that zinc slows down exocytotic release. Our results provide the missing link between zinc and the regulation of neurotransmitter release processes, which might be important in memory formation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masoumeh Dowlatshahi Pour
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xianchan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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40
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Ren L, Pour MD, Majdi S, Li X, Malmberg P, Ewing AG. Zinc Regulates Chemical-Transmitter Storage in Nanometer Vesicles and Exocytosis Dynamics as Measured by Amperometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Masoumeh Dowlatshahi Pour
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Xianchan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry; Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Kemivägen 10 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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41
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Moreira B, Tuoriniemi J, Kouchak Pour N, Mihalčíková L, Safina G. Surface Plasmon Resonance for Measuring Exocytosis from Populations of PC12 Cells: Mechanisms of Signal Formation and Assessment of Analytical Capabilities. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3069-3077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Moreira
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården
4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jani Tuoriniemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården
4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Naghmeh Kouchak Pour
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården
4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lýdia Mihalčíková
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården
4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gulnara Safina
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården
4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division
of Biological Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Fathali H, Dunevall J, Majdi S, Cans AS. Extracellular Osmotic Stress Reduces the Vesicle Size while Keeping a Constant Neurotransmitter Concentration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:368-375. [PMID: 27966899 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory cells respond to hypertonic stress by cell shrinking, which causes a reduction in exocytosis activity and the amount of signaling molecules released from single exocytosis events. These changes in exocytosis have been suggested to result from alterations in biophysical properties of cell cytoplasm and plasma membrane, based on the assumption that osmotic stress does not affect the secretory vesicle content and size prior to exocytosis. To further investigate whether vesicles in secretory cells are affected by the osmolality of the extracellular environment, we used intracellular electrochemical cytometry together with transmission electron microscopy imaging to quantify and determine the catecholamine concentration of dense core vesicles in situ before and after cell exposure to osmotic stress. In addition, single cell amperometry recordings of exocytosis at chromaffin cells were used to monitor the effect on exocytosis activity and quantal release when cells were exposed to osmotic stress. Here we show that hypertonic stress hampers exocytosis secretion after the first pool of readily releasable vesicles have been fused and that extracellular osmotic stress causes catecholamine filled vesicles to shrink, mainly by reducing the volume of the halo solution surrounding the protein matrix in dense core vesicles. In addition, the vesicles demonstrate the ability to perform adjustments in neurotransmitter content during shrinking, and intracellular amperometry measurements in situ suggest that vesicles reduce the catecholamine content to maintain a constant concentration within the vesicle compartment. Hence, the secretory vesicles in the cell cytoplasm are highly affected and respond to extracellular osmotic stress, which gives a new perspective to the cause of reduction in quantal size by these vesicles when undergoing exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Fathali
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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43
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Lohr KM, Masoud ST, Salahpour A, Miller GW. Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: implications for disease. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:20-33. [PMID: 27520881 PMCID: PMC5209277 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine was first identified as a neurotransmitter localized to the midbrain over 50 years ago. The dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) are regulators of dopamine homeostasis in the presynaptic neuron. DAT transports dopamine from the extracellular space into the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal. VMAT2 then packages this cytosolic dopamine into vesicular compartments for subsequent release upon neurotransmission. Thus, DAT and VMAT2 act in concert to move the transmitter efficiently throughout the neuron. Accumulation of dopamine in the neuronal cytosol can trigger oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, suggesting that the proper compartmentalization of dopamine is critical for neuron function and risk of disease. For decades, studies have examined the effects of reduced transporter function in mice (e.g. DAT-KO, VMAT2-KO, VMAT2-deficient). However, we have only recently been able to assess the effects of elevated transporter expression using BAC transgenic methods (DAT-tg, VMAT2-HI mice). Complemented with in vitro work and neurochemical techniques to assess dopamine compartmentalization, a new focus on the importance of transporter proteins as both models of human disease and potential drug targets has emerged. Here, we review the importance of DAT and VMAT2 function in the delicate balance of neuronal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shababa T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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44
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Ribeiro JA, Fernandes PM, Pereira CM, Silva F. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for determination of catecholamine neurotransmitters: A review. Talanta 2016; 160:653-679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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45
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Qi L, Thomas E, White SH, Smith SK, Lee CA, Wilson LR, Sombers LA. Unmasking the Effects of L-DOPA on Rapid Dopamine Signaling with an Improved Approach for Nafion Coating Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8129-36. [PMID: 27441547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-DOPA has been the gold standard for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, its efficacy wanes over time as motor complications develop. Very little is known about how L-DOPA therapy affects the dynamics of fluctuating dopamine concentrations in the striatum on a rapid time scale (seconds). Electrochemical studies investigating the effects of L-DOPA treatment on electrically evoked dopamine release have reported conflicting results with significant variability. We hypothesize that the uncertainty in the electrochemical data is largely due to electrode fouling caused by polymerization of L-DOPA and endogenous catecholamines on the electrode surface. Thus, we have systematically optimized the procedure for fabricating cylindrical, Nafion-coated, carbon-fiber microelectrodes. This has enabled rapid and reliable detection of L-DOPA's effects on striatal dopamine signaling in intact rat brain using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. An acute dose of 5 mg/kg L-DOPA had no significant effect on dopamine dynamics, demonstrating the highly efficient regulatory mechanisms at work in the intact brain. In contrast, administration of 200 mg/kg L-DOPA significantly increased the amplitude of evoked dopamine release by ∼200%. Overall, this work describes a reliable tool that allows a better measure of L-DOPA augmented dopamine release in vivo, measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. It provides a methodology that improves the stability and performance of the carbon-fiber microelectrode when studying the molecular mechanisms underlying L-DOPA therapy and also promises to benefit a wide variety of studies because Nafion is so commonly used in electroanalytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjiao Qi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elina Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Stephanie H White
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Samantha K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Christie A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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46
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Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME. Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:123-148. [PMID: 27141430 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by clearance by the DA transporter, diffusion, and extracellular metabolism. We review how axonal DA release is regulated by neuronal activity and by autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and address how quantal release events are regulated in size and frequency. In brain regions densely innervated by DA axons, DA clearance is due predominantly to uptake by the DA transporter, whereas in cortex, midbrain, and other regions with relatively sparse DA inputs, the norepinephrine transporter and diffusion are involved. We discuss the role of DA uptake in restricting the sphere of influence of DA and in temporal accumulation of extracellular DA levels upon successive action potentials. The tonic discharge activity of DA neurons may be translated into a tonic extracellular DA level, whereas their bursting activity can generate discrete extracellular DA transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Depts of Psychiatry, Neurology, & Pharmacology, NY State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Dept Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Depts of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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47
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Estévez-Herrera J, Domínguez N, Pardo MR, González-Santana A, Westhead EW, Borges R, Machado JD. ATP: The crucial component of secretory vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4098-106. [PMID: 27342860 PMCID: PMC4948319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600690113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The colligative properties of ATP and catecholamines demonstrated in vitro are thought to be responsible for the extraordinary accumulation of solutes inside chromaffin cell secretory vesicles, although this has yet to be demonstrated in living cells. Because functional cells cannot be deprived of ATP, we have knocked down the expression of the vesicular nucleotide carrier, the VNUT, to show that a reduction in vesicular ATP is accompanied by a drastic fall in the quantal release of catecholamines. This phenomenon is particularly evident in newly synthesized vesicles, which we show are the first to be released. Surprisingly, we find that inhibiting VNUT expression also reduces the frequency of exocytosis, whereas the overexpression of VNUT drastically increases the quantal size of exocytotic events. To our knowledge, our data provide the first demonstration that ATP, in addition to serving as an energy source and purinergic transmitter, is an essential element in the concentration of catecholamines in secretory vesicles. In this way, cells can use ATP to accumulate neurotransmitters and other secreted substances at high concentrations, supporting quantal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Natalia Domínguez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Marta R Pardo
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica 'Antonio González', Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Ayoze González-Santana
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Edward W Westhead
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Ricardo Borges
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica 'Antonio González', Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - José David Machado
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
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48
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Lohr KM, Chen M, Hoffman CA, McDaniel MJ, Stout KA, Dunn AR, Wang M, Bernstein AI, Miller GW. Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) Level Regulates MPTP Vulnerability and Clearance of Excess Dopamine in Mouse Striatal Terminals. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:79-88. [PMID: 27287315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) packages neurotransmitters for release during neurotransmission and sequesters toxicants into vesicles to prevent neuronal damage. In mice, low VMAT2 levels causes catecholaminergic cell loss and behaviors resembling Parkinson's disease, while high levels of VMAT2 increase dopamine release and protect against dopaminergic toxicants. However, comparisons across these VMAT2 mouse genotypes were impossible due to the differing genetic background strains of the animals. Following back-crossing to a C57BL/6 line, we confirmed that mice with approximately 95% lower VMAT2 levels compared with wild-type (VMAT2-LO) display significantly reduced vesicular uptake, progressive dopaminergic terminal loss with aging, and exacerbated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity. Conversely, VMAT2-overexpressing mice (VMAT2-HI) are protected from the loss of striatal terminals following MPTP treatment. We also provide evidence that enhanced vesicular filling in the VMAT2-HI mice modifies the handling of newly synthesized dopamine, indicated by changes in indirect measures of extracellular dopamine clearance. These results confirm the role of VMAT2 in the protection of vulnerable nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and may also provide new insight into the side effects of L-DOPA treatments in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Merry Chen
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Carlie A Hoffman
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | | | - Kristen A Stout
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Amy R Dunn
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Minzheng Wang
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | | | - Gary W Miller
- *Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Department of Pharmacology Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
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49
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Lin HJ, Lu HH, Liu KM, Chau CM, Hsieh YZ, Li YK, Liau I. Toward live-cell imaging of dopamine neurotransmission with fluorescent neurotransmitter analogues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:14080-3. [PMID: 26251847 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel 'fluorescent dopamine' that possesses essential features of natural dopamine. Our method is simple and is readily extended to monoamine neurotransmitters such as L-norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA, providing a more practical approach. Because of its compatibility with sensitive fluorescent measurements, we envisage that our approach will have a broad range of applications in neural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jen Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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50
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Adams RD, Harkins AB. PC12 cells that lack synaptotagmin I exhibit loss of a subpool of small dense core vesicles. Biophys J 2016; 107:2838-2849. [PMID: 25517150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons communicate by releasing neurotransmitters that are stored in intracellular vesicular compartments. PC12 cells are frequently used as a model secretory cell line that is described to have two subpools of vesicles: small clear vesicles and dense core vesicles. We measured transmitter molecules released from vesicles in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells using carbon-fiber amperometry, and relative diameters of individual vesicles using electron microscopy. Both amperometry and electron micrograph data were analyzed by statistical and machine learning methods for Gaussian mixture models. An electron microscopy size correction algorithm was used to predict and correct for observation bias of vesicle size due to tangential slices through some vesicles. Expectation maximization algorithms were used to perform maximum likelihood estimation for the Gaussian parameters of different populations of vesicles, and were shown to be better than histogram and cumulative distribution function methods for analyzing mixed populations. The Bayesian information criterion was used to determine the most likely number of vesicle subpools observed in the amperometric and electron microscopy data. From this analysis, we show that there are three major subpools, not two, of vesicles stored and released from PC12 cells. The three subpools of vesicles include small clear vesicles and two subpools of dense core vesicles, a small and a large dense core vesicle subpool. Using PC12 cells stably transfected with short-hairpin RNA targeted to synaptotagmin I, an exocytotic Ca(2+) sensor, we show that the presence and release of the small dense core vesicle subpool is dependent on synaptotagmin I. Furthermore, synaptotagmin I also plays a role in the formation and/or maintenance of the small dense core vesicle subpool in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Adams
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amy B Harkins
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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