1
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Nambu A, Chiken S, Sano H, Hatanaka N, Obeso JA. [Dynamic activity model of movement disorders: a unified view to understand their pathophysiology]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2024; 64:390-397. [PMID: 38811203 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Malfunction of the basal ganglia leads to movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Huntington's disease, dyskinesia, and hemiballism, but their underlying pathophysiology is still subject to debate. To understand their pathophysiology in a unified manner, we propose the "dynamic activity model", on the basis of alterations of cortically induced responses in individual nuclei of the basal ganglia. In the normal state, electric stimulation in the motor cortex, mimicking cortical activity during initiation of voluntary movements, evokes a triphasic response consisting of early excitation, inhibition, and late excitation in the output stations of the basal ganglia of monkeys, rodents, and humans. Among three components, cortically induced inhibition, which is mediated by the direct pathway, releases an appropriate movement at an appropriate time by disinhibiting thalamic and cortical activity, whereas early and late excitation, which is mediated by the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, resets on-going cortical activity and stops movements, respectively. Cortically induced triphasic response patterns are systematically altered in various movement disorder models and could well explain the pathophysiology of their motor symptoms. In monkey and mouse models of Parkinson's disease, cortically induced inhibition is reduced and prevents the release of movements, resulting in akinesia/bradykinesia. On the other hand, in a mouse model of dystonia, cortically induced inhibition is enhanced and releases unintended movements, inducing involuntary muscle contractions. Moreover, after blocking the subthalamic nucleus activity in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease, cortically induced inhibition is recovered and enables voluntary movements, explaining the underlying mechanism of stereotactic surgery to ameliorate parkinsonian motor signs. The "dynamic activity model" gives us a more comprehensive view of the pathophysiology underlying motor symptoms of movement disorders and clues for their novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
- School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - José A Obeso
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III
- University CEU-San Pablo
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2
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Iguchi Y, Fukabori R, Kato S, Takahashi K, Eifuku S, Maejima Y, Shimomura K, Mizuma H, Mawatari A, Doi H, Cui Y, Onoe H, Hikishima K, Osanai M, Nishijo T, Momiyama T, Benton R, Kobayashi K. Chemogenetic activation of mammalian brain neurons expressing insect Ionotropic Receptors by systemic ligand precursor administration. Commun Biol 2024; 7:547. [PMID: 38714803 PMCID: PMC11076466 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemogenetic approaches employing ligand-gated ion channels are advantageous regarding manipulation of target neuronal population functions independently of endogenous second messenger pathways. Among them, Ionotropic Receptor (IR)-mediated neuronal activation (IRNA) allows stimulation of mammalian neurons that heterologously express members of the insect chemosensory IR repertoire in response to their cognate ligands. In the original protocol, phenylacetic acid, a ligand of the IR84a/IR8a complex, was locally injected into a brain region due to its low permeability of the blood-brain barrier. To circumvent this invasive injection, we sought to develop a strategy of peripheral administration with a precursor of phenylacetic acid, phenylacetic acid methyl ester, which is efficiently transferred into the brain and converted to the mature ligand by endogenous esterase activities. This strategy was validated by electrophysiological, biochemical, brain-imaging, and behavioral analyses, demonstrating high utility of systemic IRNA technology in the remote activation of target neurons in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Iguchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fukabori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazumi Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eifuku
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuma
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Aya Mawatari
- Laboratory for Labeling Chemistry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- Laboratory for Labeling Chemistry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Research, Institute for Drug Discovery Science, Collaborative Creation Research Center, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yilong Cui
- Laboratory for Biofunction Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keigo Hikishima
- Medical Devices Research Group, Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-8564, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuma Nishijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Momiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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3
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Nambu A, Chiken S, Sano H, Hatanaka N, Obeso JA. Dynamic Activity Model of Movement Disorders: The Fundamental Role of the Hyperdirect Pathway. Mov Disord 2023; 38:2145-2150. [PMID: 37986211 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schematic illustration of cortically induced dynamic activity changes of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the internal segment of the globus pallidus, GPi and the substantia nigra pars reticulata, SNr) in the healthy and diseased states. The height of the dam along the time course controls the expression of voluntary movements. Its alterations could cause a variety of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and hyperkinetic disorders. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Grants
- JPMJCR1853 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- JP18dm0307005 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP21dm0207115 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- 19KK0193 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 20K06933 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 20K07772 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 21K07257 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 23H02594 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 15H01458 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 15H05873 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 17H05590 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 22H04790 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 23H04688 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - José A Obeso
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Ayon-Olivas M, Wolf D, Andreska T, Granado N, Lüningschrör P, Ip CW, Moratalla R, Sendtner M. Dopaminergic Input Regulates the Sensitivity of Indirect Pathway Striatal Spiny Neurons to Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1360. [PMID: 37887070 PMCID: PMC10604681 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely linked to the dopaminergic depletion of striatal neurons and altered synaptic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses. Dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) stimulation is a crucial step in the formation of long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) stimulation is needed for the formation of long-term depression (LTD) in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and its ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are centrally involved in plasticity regulation at the corticostriatal synapses. DRD1 activation enhances TrkB's sensitivity for BDNF in direct pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs). In this study, we showed that the activation of DRD2 in cultured striatal indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) and cholinergic interneurons causes the retraction of TrkB from the plasma membrane. This provides an explanation for the opposing synaptic plasticity changes observed upon DRD1 or DRD2 stimulation. In addition, TrkB was found within intracellular structures in dSPNs and iSPNs from Pitx3-/- mice, a genetic model of PD with early onset dopaminergic depletion in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). This dysregulated BDNF/TrkB signaling might contribute to the pathophysiology of direct and indirect pathway striatal projection neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilyn Ayon-Olivas
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Andreska
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Noelia Granado
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Maegawa A, Murata K, Kuroda K, Fujieda S, Fukazawa Y. Cellular Profiles of Prodynorphin and Preproenkephalin mRNA-Expressing Neurons in the Anterior Olfactory Tubercle of Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:908964. [PMID: 35937204 PMCID: PMC9352893 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.908964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory tubercle (OT) is a striatal region that receives olfactory inputs. mRNAs of prodynorphin (Pdyn) and preproenkephalin (Penk), precursors of dynorphins and enkephalins, respectively, are strongly expressed in the striatum. Both produce opioid peptides with various physiological effects such as pain relief and euphoria. Recent studies have revealed that OT has anatomical and cytoarchitectonic domains that play different roles in odor-induced motivated behavior. Neuronal subtypes of the OT can be distinguished by their expression of the dopamine receptors D1 (Drd1) and D2 (Drd2). Here, we addressed whether and which type of opioid peptide precursors the D1- and D2-expressing neurons in the OT express. We used multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization for mRNAs of the opioid precursors and dopamine receptors to characterize mouse OT neurons. Pdyn was mainly expressed by Drd1-expressing cells in the dense cell layer (DCL) of the OT, whereas Penk was expressed primarily by Drd2-expressing cells in the DCL. We also confirmed the presence of a larger population of Pdyn-Penk-Drd1 co-expressing cells in the DCL of the anteromedial OT compared with the anterolateral OT. These observations will help understand whether and how dynorphins and enkephalins in the OT are involved in diverse odor-induced motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Maegawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koshi Murata
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Shigeharu Fujieda
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Health Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Yugo Fukazawa
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6
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Dopamine facilitates associative memory encoding in the entorhinal cortex. Nature 2021; 598:321-326. [PMID: 34552245 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that dopamine in the striatum is critically involved in reward-based reinforcement learning1,2. However, it remains unclear how dopamine reward signals influence the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit, another brain network that is crucial for learning and memory3-5. Here, using cell-type-specific electrophysiological recording6, we show that dopamine signals from the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra control the encoding of cue-reward association rules in layer 2a fan cells of the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). When mice learned novel olfactory cue-reward associations using a pre-learned association rule, spike representations of LEC fan cells grouped newly learned rewarded cues with a pre-learned rewarded cue, but separated them from a pre-learned unrewarded cue. Optogenetic inhibition of fan cells impaired the learning of new associations while sparing the retrieval of pre-learned memory. Using fibre photometry, we found that dopamine sends novelty-induced reward expectation signals to the LEC. Inhibition of LEC dopamine signals disrupted the associative encoding of fan cells and impaired learning performance. These results suggest that LEC fan cells represent a cognitive map of abstract task rules, and that LEC dopamine facilitates the incorporation of new memories into this map.
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7
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Hsu AI, Yttri EA. B-SOiD, an open-source unsupervised algorithm for identification and fast prediction of behaviors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5188. [PMID: 34465784 PMCID: PMC8408193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying naturalistic animal behavior remains a difficult objective. Recent machine learning advances have enabled limb localization; however, extracting behaviors requires ascertaining the spatiotemporal patterns of these positions. To provide a link from poses to actions and their kinematics, we developed B-SOiD - an open-source, unsupervised algorithm that identifies behavior without user bias. By training a machine classifier on pose pattern statistics clustered using new methods, our approach achieves greatly improved processing speed and the ability to generalize across subjects or labs. Using a frameshift alignment paradigm, B-SOiD overcomes previous temporal resolution barriers. Using only a single, off-the-shelf camera, B-SOiD provides categories of sub-action for trained behaviors and kinematic measures of individual limb trajectories in any animal model. These behavioral and kinematic measures are difficult but critical to obtain, particularly in the study of rodent and other models of pain, OCD, and movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric A Yttri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Takahashi M, Fukabori R, Kawasaki H, Kobayashi K, Kawakami K. The distribution of Cdh20 mRNA demarcates somatotopic subregions and subpopulations of spiny projection neurons in the rat dorsolateral striatum. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3655-3675. [PMID: 34240415 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of rodents is functionally subdivided into somatotopic subregions that represent each body part along both the dorsoventral and anteroposterior (A-P) axes and play crucial roles in sensorimotor functions via corticostriatal pathways. However, little is known about the spatial gene expression patterns and heterogeneity of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) within somatotopic subregions. Here, we show that the cell adhesion molecule gene Cdh20, which encodes a Type II cadherin, is expressed in discrete subregions covering the inner orofacial area and part of the forelimb area in the ventral domain of the DLS (v-DLS) in rats. Cdh20-expressing cells were localized in the v-DLS at the intermediate level of the striatum along the A-P axis and could be classified as direct-pathway SPNs or indirect-pathway SPNs. Unexpectedly, comprehensive analysis revealed that Cdh20 is expressed in SPNs in the rat DLS but not in the mouse DLS or the ferret putamen (Pu). Our observations reveal that Cdh20 expression demarcates somatotopic subregions and subpopulations of SPNs specifically in the rat DLS and suggest divergent regulation of genes differentially expressed in the v-DLS and Pu among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fukabori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
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9
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Different cholinergic cell groups in the basal forebrain regulate social interaction and social recognition memory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13589. [PMID: 34193944 PMCID: PMC8245640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behaviour is a complex construct that is reported to include several components of social approach, interaction and recognition memory. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly characterized by progressive dementia and is accompanied by cognitive impairments, including a decline in social ability. The cholinergic system is a potential constituent for the neural mechanisms underlying social behaviour, and impaired social ability in AD may have a cholinergic basis. However, the involvement of cholinergic function in social behaviour has not yet been fully understood. Here, we performed a selective elimination of cholinergic cell groups in the basal forebrain in mice to examine the role of cholinergic function in social interaction and social recognition memory by using the three-chamber test. Elimination of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum (MS) and vertical diagonal band of Broca (vDB) caused impairment in social interaction, whereas ablating cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) impaired social recognition memory. These impairments were restored by treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors, leading to cholinergic system activation. Our findings indicate distinct roles of MS/vDB and NBM cholinergic neurons in social interaction and social recognition memory, suggesting that cholinergic dysfunction may explain social ability deficits associated with AD symptoms.
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10
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Garr E, Delamater AR. Chemogenetic inhibition in the dorsal striatum reveals regional specificity of direct and indirect pathway control of action sequencing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107169. [PMID: 31972244 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animals engage in intricate action sequences that are constructed during instrumental learning. There is broad consensus that the basal ganglia play a crucial role in the formation and fluid performance of action sequences. To investigate the role of the basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action sequencing, we virally expressed Cre-dependent Gi-DREADDs in either the dorsomedial (DMS) or dorsolateral (DLS) striatum during and/or after action sequence learning in D1 and D2 Cre rats. Action sequence performance in D1 Cre rats was slowed down early in training when DREADDs were activated in the DMS, but sped up when activated in the DLS. Acquisition of the reinforced sequence was hindered when DREADDs were activated in the DLS of D2 Cre rats. Outcome devaluation tests conducted after training revealed that the goal-directed control of action sequence rates was immune to chemogenetic inhibition-rats suppressed the rate of sequence performance when rewards were devalued. Sequence initiation latencies were generally sensitive to outcome devaluation, except in the case where DREADD activation was removed in D2 Cre rats that previously experienced DREADD activation in the DMS during training. Sequence completion latencies were generally not sensitive to outcome devaluation, except in the case where D1 Cre rats experienced DREADD activation in the DMS during training and test. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect pathway originating from the DLS is part of a circuit involved in the effective reinforcement of action sequences, while the direct and indirect pathways originating from the DMS contribute to the goal-directed control of sequence completion and initiation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Garr
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States; Brooklyn College, City University of New York, United States.
| | - Andrew R Delamater
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States; Brooklyn College, City University of New York, United States
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Caligiore D, Mannella F, Baldassarre G. Different Dopaminergic Dysfunctions Underlying Parkinsonian Akinesia and Tremor. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:550. [PMID: 31191237 PMCID: PMC6549580 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the occurrence of Parkinsonian akinesia and tremor is traditionally associated to dopaminergic degeneration, the multifaceted neural processes that cause these impairments are not fully understood. As a consequence, current dopamine medications cannot be tailored to the specific dysfunctions of patients with the result that generic drug therapies produce different effects on akinesia and tremor. This article proposes a computational model focusing on the role of dopamine impairments in the occurrence of akinesia and resting tremor. The model has three key features, to date never integrated in a single computational system: (a) an architecture constrained on the basis of the relevant known system-level anatomy of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops; (b) spiking neurons with physiologically-constrained parameters; (c) a detailed simulation of the effects of both phasic and tonic dopamine release. The model exhibits a neural dynamics compatible with that recorded in the brain of primates and humans. Moreover, it suggests that akinesia might involve both tonic and phasic dopamine dysregulations whereas resting tremor might be primarily caused by impairments involving tonic dopamine release and the responsiveness of dopamine receptors. These results could lead to develop new therapies based on a system-level view of the Parkinson's disease and targeting phasic and tonic dopamine in differential ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caligiore
- National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannella
- National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldassarre
- National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy
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12
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Murata K, Kinoshita T, Fukazawa Y, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka A, Hikida T, Manabe H, Yamaguchi M. Opposing Roles of Dopamine Receptor D1- and D2-Expressing Neurons in the Anteromedial Olfactory Tubercle in Acquisition of Place Preference in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:50. [PMID: 30930757 PMCID: PMC6428768 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction induces adaptive motivated behaviors. Odors associated with food induce attractive behavior, whereas those associated with dangers induce aversive behavior. We previously reported that learned odor-induced attractive and aversive behaviors accompany activation of the olfactory tubercle (OT) in a domain- and cell type-specific manner. Odor cues associated with a sugar reward induced attractive behavior and c-fos expression in the dopamine receptor D1-expressing neurons (D1 neurons) in the anteromedial OT. In contrast, odor cues associated with electrical shock induced aversive behavior and c-fos expression in the pamine receptor D2-expressing neurons (D2 neurons) in the anteromedial OT, as well as the D1 neurons in the lateral OT. Here, we investigated whether the D1 and D2 neurons in the anteromedial OT play distinct roles in attractive or aversive behaviors, using optogenetic stimulation and real-time place preference (RTPP) tests. Mice expressing ChETA (ChR2/E123T)-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) in the D1 neurons in the anteromedial OT spent a longer time in the photo-stimulation side of the place preference chamber than the control mice expressing EYFP. On the other hand, upon optogenetic stimulation of the D2 neurons in the anteromedial OT, the mice spent a shorter time in the photo-stimulation side than the control mice. Local neural activation in the anteromedial OT during the RTPP tests was confirmed by c-fos mRNA expression. These results suggest that the D1 and D2 neurons in the anteromedial OT play opposing roles in attractive and aversive behaviors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kinoshita
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Health Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Manabe
- Laboratory of Neural Information, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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13
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Murofushi W, Mori K, Murata K, Yamaguchi M. Functional development of olfactory tubercle domains during weaning period in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13204. [PMID: 30181622 PMCID: PMC6123493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals shift their feeding habits from mother’s milk to environmental foods postnatally. While this weaning process accompanies the acquisition of attractive behaviour toward environmental foods, the underlying neural mechanism for the acquisition is poorly understood. We previously found that adult mouse olfactory tubercle (OT), which belongs to the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum, has functional domains that represent odour-induced motivated behaviours, and that c-fos induction occurs mainly in the anteromedial domain of OT following learned odour-induced food seeking behaviour. To address the question whether the anteromedial OT domain is involved in the postnatal acquisition of food seeking behaviour, we examined OT development during weaning of mice. Whereas at postnatal day 15 (P15), all mice were attracted to lactating mothers, P21 mice were more attracted to familiar food pellets. Mapping of c-fos induction during food seeking and eating behaviours showed that while c-fos activation was observed across wide OT domains at P15, the preferential activation of c-fos in the anteromedial domain occurred at P21 and later ages. These results indicate that preferential c-fos activation in the anteromedial OT domain occurred concomitantly with the acquisition of attractive behaviour toward food, which suggests the importance of this domain in the weaning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Murofushi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan. .,Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
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14
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Conti MM, Chambers N, Bishop C. A new outlook on cholinergic interneurons in Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:67-82. [PMID: 29782883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) striatal systems were considered antagonistic and imbalances or aberrant signaling between these neurotransmitter systems could be detrimental to basal ganglia activity and pursuant motor function, such as in Parkinson's disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Herein, we discuss the involvement of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in striatally-mediated movement in a healthy, parkinsonian, and dyskinetic state. ChIs integrate numerous neurotransmitter signals using intrinsic glutamate, serotonin, and DA receptors and convey the appropriate transmission onto nearby muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors to produce movement. In PD, severe DA depletion causes abnormal rises in ChI activity which promote striatal signaling to attenuate normal movement. When treating PD with L-DOPA, hyperkinetic side effects, or LID, develop due to increased striatal DA; however, the role of ChIs and ACh transmission, until recently has been unclear. Fortunately, new technology and pharmacological agents have facilitated understanding of ChI function and ACh signaling in the context of LID, thus offering new opportunities to modify existing and discover future therapeutic strategies in movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Nicole Chambers
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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15
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Hou L, Chen W, Liu X, Qiao D, Zhou FM. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:358. [PMID: 29163139 PMCID: PMC5675869 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity and exercise may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), and clinical observations suggest that physical exercise can reduce the motor symptoms in PD patients. In experimental animals, a profound observation is that exercise of appropriate timing, duration, and intensity can reduce toxin-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system in animal PD models, although negative results have also been reported, potentially due to inappropriate timing and intensity of the exercise regimen. Exercise may also minimize DA denervation-induced medium spiny neuron (MSN) dendritic atrophy and other abnormalities such as enlarged corticostriatal synapse and abnormal MSN excitability and spiking activity. Taken together, epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and animal research indicate that appropriately dosed physical activity and exercise may not only reduce the risk of developing PD in vulnerable populations but also benefit PD patients by potentially protecting the residual DA neurons or directly restoring the dysfunctional cortico-basal ganglia motor control circuit, and these benefits may be mediated by exercise-triggered production of endogenous neuroprotective molecules such as neurotrophic factors. Thus, exercise is a universally available, side effect-free medicine that should be prescribed to vulnerable populations as a preventive measure and to PD patients as a component of treatment. Future research needs to establish standardized exercise protocols that can reliably induce DA neuron protection, enabling the delineation of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that in turn can maximize exercise-induced neuroprotection and neurorestoration in animal PD models and eventually in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Hou
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation, Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Qiao
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
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16
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Morigaki R, Goto S. Striatal Vulnerability in Huntington's Disease: Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060063. [PMID: 28590448 PMCID: PMC5483636 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding an abnormally long polyglutamine tract (PolyQ) in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In HD, striking neuropathological changes occur in the striatum, including loss of medium spiny neurons and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons accompanied by neurodegeneration of the striosome and matrix compartments, leading to progressive impairment of reasoning, walking and speaking abilities. The precise cause of striatal pathology in HD is still unknown; however, accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests multiple plausible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration in HD. Here, we review and discuss the characteristic neurodegenerative patterns observed in the striatum of HD patients and consider the role of various huntingtin-related and striatum-enriched proteins in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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17
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Giné E, Echeverry-Alzate V, Lopez-Moreno JA, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Perez-Castillo A, Santos A. The CB1 receptor is required for the establishment of the hyperlocomotor phenotype in developmentally-induced hypothyroidism in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 116:132-141. [PMID: 28017790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in motor functions are well-characterized features observed in humans and experimental animals with thyroid hormone dysfunctions during development. We have previously suggested the implication of the endocannabinoid system in the hyperlocomotor phenotype observed in developmentally induced hypothyroidism in rats. In this work we have further analyzed the implication of endocannabinoids in the effect of hypothyroidism on locomotor activity. To this end, we evaluated the locomotor activity in adult mice lacking the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R-/-) and in their wild type littermates (CB1R+/+), whose hypothyroidism was induced in day 12 of gestation and maintained during the experimental period. Our results show that hypothyroidism induced a hyperlocomotor phenotype only in CB1R+/+, but not in CB1R-/- mice. In contrast with our previous results in rats, the expression of CB1R in striatum and the motor response to the cannabinoid agonist HU210 was unaltered in hypothyroid CB1R+/+ mice suggesting that the cannabinoid system is not altered by hypothyroidism. Also, no effect of HU210 was observed in locomotion of CB1R-/- mice. Finally, since the dopaminergic system plays a major role in the control of locomotor activity we studied its function in hypothyroid wild type and knockout animals. Our results show no alteration in the behavioral response induced by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF38393. However we observed a decreased response to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol only in hypothyroid CB1R+/+ mice, which might indicate potential alterations in D2R signaling in these animals. In conclusion, our data suggest that the cannabinoid system is necessary for the induction of hyperlocomotor phenotype in mice with developmentally induced hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giné
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Fundación IMABIS, Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain.
| | - Angel Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Zhou FM, Li L, Yue J, Dani JA. Transcription factor Pitx3 mutant mice as a model for Parkinson’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Kravitz AV, O'Neal TJ, Friend DM. Do Dopaminergic Impairments Underlie Physical Inactivity in People with Obesity? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:514. [PMID: 27790107 PMCID: PMC5063846 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with physical inactivity, which exacerbates the negative health consequences of obesity. Despite a wide consensus that people with obesity should exercise more, there are few effective methods for increasing physical activity in people with obesity. This lack is reflected in our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular causes of physical inactivity in obesity. We hypothesize that impairments in dopamine signaling contribute to physical inactivity in people with obesity, as in classic movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we review two lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis: (1) chronic exposure to obesogenic diets has been linked to impairments in dopamine synthesis, release, and receptor function, particularly in the striatum, and (2) striatal dopamine is necessary for the proper control of movement. Identifying the biological determinants of physical inactivity may lead to more effective strategies for increasing physical activity in people with obesity, as well as improve our understanding of why it is difficult for people with obesity to alter their levels of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesda, MD, USA; National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug AbuseBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Friend
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Dopamine synapse is a neuroligin-2-mediated contact between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4206-11. [PMID: 27035941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514074113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons project densely to the striatum and form so-called dopamine synapses on medium spiny neurons (MSNs), principal neurons in the striatum. Because dopamine receptors are widely expressed away from dopamine synapses, it remains unclear how dopamine synapses are involved in dopaminergic transmission. Here we demonstrate that dopamine synapses are contacts formed between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures. The presynaptic structure expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter-2, and plasmalemmal dopamine transporter, which are essential for dopamine synthesis, vesicular filling, and recycling, but was below the detection threshold for molecules involving GABA synthesis and vesicular filling or for GABA itself. In contrast, the postsynaptic structure of dopamine synapses expressed GABAergic molecules, including postsynaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin-2, postsynaptic scaffolding molecule gephyrin, and GABAA receptor α1, without any specific clustering of dopamine receptors. Of these, neuroligin-2 promoted presynaptic differentiation in axons of midbrain dopamine neurons and striatal GABAergic neurons in culture. After neuroligin-2 knockdown in the striatum, a significant decrease of dopamine synapses coupled with a reciprocal increase of GABAergic synapses was observed on MSN dendrites. This finding suggests that neuroligin-2 controls striatal synapse formation by giving competitive advantage to heterologous dopamine synapses over conventional GABAergic synapses. Considering that MSN dendrites are preferential targets of dopamine synapses and express high levels of dopamine receptors, dopamine synapse formation may serve to increase the specificity and potency of dopaminergic modulation of striatal outputs by anchoring dopamine release sites to dopamine-sensing targets.
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21
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Maurice N, Deltheil T, Melon C, Degos B, Mourre C, Amalric M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Bee Venom Alleviates Motor Deficits and Modulates the Transfer of Cortical Information through the Basal Ganglia in Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142838. [PMID: 26571268 PMCID: PMC4646345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to a neuroprotective action of bee venom on nigral dopamine neurons in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here we examined whether bee venom also displays a symptomatic action by acting on the pathological functioning of the basal ganglia in rat PD models. Bee venom effects were assessed by combining motor behavior analyses and in vivo electrophysiological recordings in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr, basal ganglia output structure) in pharmacological (neuroleptic treatment) and lesional (unilateral intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine injection) PD models. In the hemi-parkinsonian 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model, subchronic bee venom treatment significantly alleviates contralateral forelimb akinesia and apomorphine-induced rotations. Moreover, a single injection of bee venom reverses haloperidol-induced catalepsy, a pharmacological model reminiscent of parkinsonian akinetic deficit. This effect is mimicked by apamin, a blocker of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels, and blocked by CyPPA, a positive modulator of these channels, suggesting the involvement of SK channels in the bee venom antiparkinsonian action. In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (basal ganglia output structure) showed no significant effect of BV on the mean neuronal discharge frequency or pathological bursting activity. In contrast, analyses of the neuronal responses evoked by motor cortex stimulation show that bee venom reverses the 6-OHDA- and neuroleptic-induced biases in the influence exerted by the direct inhibitory and indirect excitatory striatonigral circuits. These data provide the first evidence for a beneficial action of bee venom on the pathological functioning of the cortico-basal ganglia circuits underlying motor PD symptoms with potential relevance to the symptomatic treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Maurice
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Christophe Melon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- INSERM, CNRS, Collège de France, CIRB UMR 7241 U-1050, Paris, France
- APHP, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Centre Expert Inter-Régional Ile de France de la Maladie de Parkinson, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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22
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Kai N, Nishizawa K, Tsutsui Y, Ueda S, Kobayashi K. Differential roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons of the nucleus accumbens shell in behavioral sensitization. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1232-41. [PMID: 26442961 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (Nac) mediates the reinforcing and motor stimulating properties of psychostimulants. It receives dopaminergic afferents from the ventral midbrain and is divided into two distinct subregions: shell and core. Each of these contains two subtypes of medium spiny neurons, which express either dopamine D1 (D1R) or D2 (D2R) receptors. However, functional dissociation between the two subtypes in psychostimulant response remains to be elucidated. We performed selective ablation of each subtype in the Nac shell in mice, using immunotoxin-mediated cell targeting, and examined the behavioral sensitization evoked by repeated administration of methamphetamine. The D1R cell-ablated mice exhibited delayed induction of sensitized locomotion compared to control mice, whereas the D2R cell-ablated mice showed a mildly enhanced rate of induction of sensitization. In vivo microdialysis revealed a marked blockade of the increase in extracellular dopamine in the Nac of the D1R cell-ablated animals in response to methamphetamine, indicating that the observed delay in behavioral sensitization in these mice involves an impairment in accumbal dopamine release. Our results reveal differential roles of D1R- and D2R-containing accumbal shell neurons in the development of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. Behavioral sensitization, enhanced motility by repetitive psychostimulant administration, is a model of drug addiction. Here, we show that the nucleus accumbens (Nac) shell neurons containing dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) or D2 receptor (D2R) play distinct roles in behavioral sensitization triggered by methamphetamine, and that D1R-containing neurons enhance the induction of behavioral sensitization at the early phase, whereas D2R-containing neurons act to suppress the rate of development of the behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Histology & Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsutsui
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ueda
- Department of Histology & Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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23
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Faust TW, Assous M, Shah F, Tepper JM, Koós T. Novel fast adapting interneurons mediate cholinergic-induced fast GABAA inhibitory postsynaptic currents in striatal spiny neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1764-74. [PMID: 25865337 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that neostriatal cholinergic interneurons control the activity of several classes of GABAergic interneurons through fast nicotinic receptor-mediated synaptic inputs. Although indirect evidence has suggested the existence of several classes of interneurons controlled by this mechanism, only one such cell type, the neuropeptide-Y-expressing neurogliaform neuron, has been identified to date. Here we tested the hypothesis that in addition to the neurogliaform neurons that elicit slow GABAergic inhibitory responses, another interneuron type exists in the striatum that receives strong nicotinic cholinergic input and elicits conventional fast GABAergic synaptic responses in projection neurons. We obtained in vitro slice recordings from double transgenic mice in which Channelrhodopsin-2 was natively expressed in cholinergic neurons and a population of serotonin receptor-3a-Cre-expressing GABAergic interneurons were visualized with tdTomato. We show that among the targeted GABAergic interneurons a novel type of interneuron, termed the fast-adapting interneuron, can be identified that is distinct from previously known interneurons based on immunocytochemical and electrophysiological criteria. We show using optogenetic activation of cholinergic inputs that fast-adapting interneurons receive a powerful supra-threshold nicotinic cholinergic input in vitro. Moreover, fast adapting neurons are densely connected to projection neurons and elicit fast, GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic current responses. The nicotinic receptor-mediated activation of fast-adapting interneurons may constitute an important mechanism through which cholinergic interneurons control the activity of projection neurons and perhaps the plasticity of their synaptic inputs when animals encounter reinforcing or otherwise salient stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Faust
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Maxime Assous
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Fulva Shah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - James M Tepper
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Tibor Koós
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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24
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Abstract
The basal ganglia are a series of interconnected subcortical nuclei. The function and dysfunction of these nuclei have been studied intensively in motor control, but more recently our knowledge of these functions has broadened to include prominent roles in cognition and affective control. This review summarizes historical models of basal ganglia function, as well as findings supporting or conflicting with these models, while emphasizing recent work in animals and humans directly testing the hypotheses generated by these models.
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25
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Révy D, Jaouen F, Salin P, Melon C, Chabbert D, Tafi E, Concetta L, Langa F, Amalric M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Marie H, Beurrier C. Cellular and behavioral outcomes of dorsal striatonigral neuron ablation: new insights into striatal functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2662-72. [PMID: 24903652 PMCID: PMC4207346 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The striatum is the input structure of the basal ganglia network that contains heterogeneous neuronal populations, including two populations of projecting neurons called the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and different types of interneurons. We developed a transgenic mouse model enabling inducible ablation of the striatonigral MSNs constituting the direct pathway by expressing the human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under the control of the Slc35d3 gene promoter, a gene enriched in striatonigral MSNs. DT injection into the striatum triggered selective elimination of the majority of striatonigral MSNs. DT-mediated ablation of striatonigral MSNs caused selective loss of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum but not in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), suggesting a region-specific critical role of the direct pathway in striatal cholinergic neuron homeostasis. Mice with DT injection into the dorsal striatum showed altered basal and cocaine-induced locomotion and dramatic reduction of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the parkinsonian condition. In addition, these mice exhibited reduced anxiety, revealing a role of the dorsal striatum in the modulation of behaviors involving an emotional component, behaviors generally associated with limbic structures. Altogether, these results highlight the implication of the direct striatonigral pathway in the regulation of heterogeneous functions from cell survival to regulation of motor and emotion-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Révy
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Florence Jaouen
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Dorian Chabbert
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | - Francina Langa
- Institut Pasteur, Mouse Genetics Engineering Center, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marianne Amalric
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7291, Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Hélène Marie
- The European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - Corinne Beurrier
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Marseille Cedex 9, France,Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille 13288, France, Tel: +33 491 26 92 48, Fax: +33 491 26 92 44, E-mail:
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Collett J, Esser P, Khalil H, Busse M, Quinn L, DeBono K, Rosser A, Nemeth AH, Dawes H. Insights into gait disorders: walking variability using phase plot analysis, Huntington's disease. Gait Posture 2014; 40:694-700. [PMID: 25172806 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive inherited neurodegenerative disorder. Identifying sensitive methodologies to quantitatively measure early motor changes have been difficult to develop. This exploratory observational study investigated gait variability and symmetry in HD using phase plot analysis. We measured the walking of 22 controls and 35 HD gene carriers (7 premanifest (PreHD)), 16 early/mid (HD1) and 12 late stage (HD2) in Oxford and Cardiff, UK. The unified Huntington's disease rating scale-total motor scores (UHDRS-TMS) and disease burden scores (DBS) were used to quantify disease severity. Data was collected during a clinical walk test (8.8 or 10 m) using an inertial measurement unit attached to the trunk. The 6 middle strides were used to calculate gait variability determined by spatiotemporal parameters (co-efficient of variation (CoV)) and phase plot analysis. Phase plots considered the variability in consecutive wave forms from vertical movement and were quantified by SDA (spatiotemporal variability), SDB (temporal variability), ratio ∀ (ratio SDA:SDB) and Δangleβ (symmetry). Step time CoV was greater in manifest HD (p<0.01, both manifest groups) than controls, as was stride length CoV for HD2 (p<0.01). No differences were found in spatiotemporal variability between PreHD and controls (p>0.05). Phase plot analysis identified differences between manifest HD and controls for SDB, Ratio ∀ and Δangle (all p<0.01, both manifest groups). Furthermore Ratio ∀ was smaller in PreHD compared with controls (p<0.01). Ratio ∀ also produced the strongest correlation with UHDRS-TMS (r=-0.61, p<0.01) and was correlated with DBS (r=-0.42, p=0.02). Phase plot analysis may be a sensitive method of detecting gait changes in HD and can be performed quickly during clinical walking tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Collett
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Patrick Esser
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hanan Khalil
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan.
| | - Monica Busse
- School of Healthcare Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Lori Quinn
- School of Healthcare Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Katy DeBono
- School of Healthcare Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Anne Rosser
- Cardiff Schools of Biosciences and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Andrea H Nemeth
- Clinical Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford,Oxford, UK.
| | - Helen Dawes
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK; School of Healthcare Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford,Oxford, UK.
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Friend DM, Kravitz AV. Working together: basal ganglia pathways in action selection. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:301-3. [PMID: 24816402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jin, Tecuapetla, and Costa combined in vivo electrophysiology with optogenetic-identification to examine firing in multiple basal ganglia nuclei during rapid motor sequences. Their results support a model of basal ganglia function in which co-activation of the direct and indirect pathways facilitate appropriate, while inhibiting competing, motor programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Friend
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Cox CJ, Sharma M, Leckman JF, Zuccolo J, Zuccolo A, Kovoor A, Swedo SE, Cunningham MW. Brain human monoclonal autoantibody from sydenham chorea targets dopaminergic neurons in transgenic mice and signals dopamine D2 receptor: implications in human disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:5524-41. [PMID: 24184556 PMCID: PMC3848617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How autoantibodies target the brain and lead to disease in disorders such as Sydenham chorea (SC) is not known. SC is characterized by autoantibodies against the brain and is the main neurologic manifestation of streptococcal-induced rheumatic fever. Previously, our novel SC-derived mAb 24.3.1 was found to recognize streptococcal and brain Ags. To investigate in vivo targets of human mAb 24.3.1, VH/VL genes were expressed in B cells of transgenic (Tg) mice as functional chimeric human VH 24.3.1-mouse C-region IgG1(a) autoantibody. Chimeric human-mouse IgG1(a) autoantibody colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia within dopaminergic neurons in vivo in VH 24.3.1 Tg mice. Both human mAb 24.3.1 and IgG1(a) in Tg sera were found to react with human dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). Reactivity of chorea-derived mAb 24.3.1 or SC IgG with D2R was confirmed by dose-dependent inhibitory signaling of D2R as a potential consequence of targeting dopaminergic neurons, reaction with surface-exposed FLAG epitope-tagged D2R, and blocking of Ab reactivity by an extracellular D2R peptide. IgG from SC and a related subset of streptococcal-associated behavioral disorders called "pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococci" (PANDAS) with small choreiform movements reacted in ELISA with D2R. Reaction with FLAG-tagged D2R distinguished SC from PANDAS, whereas sera from both SC and PANDAS induced inhibitory signaling of D2R on transfected cells comparably to dopamine. In this study, we define a mechanism by which the brain may be altered by Ab in movement and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J. Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmacological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - James F. Leckman
- Yale Child Study Center and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Jonathan Zuccolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Amir Zuccolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Abraham Kovoor
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmacological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Susan E. Swedo
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Madeleine W. Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Hurd YL, Michaelides M, Miller ML, Jutras-Aswad D. Trajectory of adolescent cannabis use on addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:416-24. [PMID: 23954491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adolescent brain is a period of dynamic development making it vulnerable to environmental factors such as drug exposure. Of the illicit drugs, cannabis is most used by teenagers since it is perceived by many to be of little harm. This perception has led to a growing number of states approving its legalization and increased accessibility. Most of the debates and ensuing policies regarding cannabis were done without consideration of its impact on one of the most vulnerable population, namely teens, or without consideration of scientific data. We provide an overview of the endocannabinoid system in relation to adolescent cannabis exposure and provide insights regarding factors such as genetics and behavioral traits that confer risk for subsequent addiction. While it is clear that more systematic scientific studies are needed to understand the long-term impact of adolescent cannabis exposure on brain and behavior, the current evidence suggests that it has a far-reaching influence on adult addictive behaviors particularly for certain subsets of vulnerable individuals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin L Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters Veterans Administration, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Wei W, Li L, Yu G, Ding S, Li C, Zhou FM. Supersensitive presynaptic dopamine D2 receptor inhibition of the striatopallidal projection in nigrostriatal dopamine-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:2203-16. [PMID: 23945778 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00161.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) in the striatum project to and inhibit the GABAergic neurons in the globus pallidus (GP), forming an important link in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia movement control circuit. These striatopallidal axon terminals express presynaptic D2Rs that inhibit GABA release and thus regulate basal ganglion function. Here we show that in transcription factor Pitx3 gene mutant mice with a severe DA loss in the dorsal striatum mimicking the DA denervation in Parkinson's disease (PD), the striatopallidal GABAergic synaptic transmission displayed a heightened sensitivity to presynaptic D2R-mediated inhibition with the dose-response curve shifted to the left, although the maximal inhibition was not changed. Functionally, low concentrations of DA were able to more efficaciously reduce the striatopallidal inhibition-induced pauses of GP neuron activity in DA-deficient Pitx3 mutant mice than in wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that presynaptic D2R inhibition of the striatopallidal synapse becomes supersensitized after DA loss. These supersensitive D2Rs may compensate for the lost DA in PD and also induce a strong disinhibition of GP neuron activity that may contribute to the motor-stimulating effects of dopaminergic treatments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
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Immunotoxin-mediated tract targeting in the primate brain: selective elimination of the cortico-subthalamic "hyperdirect" pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39149. [PMID: 22761729 PMCID: PMC3382612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a neuron-specific retrograde gene-transfer vector (NeuRet vector), we established immunotoxin (IT)-mediated tract targeting in the primate brain that allows ablation of a neuronal population constituting a particular pathway. Here, we attempted selective removal of the cortico-subthalamic “hyperdirect” pathway. In conjunction with the direct and indirect pathways, the hyperdirect pathway plays a crucial role in motor information processing in the basal ganglia. This pathway links the motor-related areas of the frontal lobe directly to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) without relay at the striatum. After electrical stimulation in the motor-related areas such as the supplementary motor area (SMA), triphasic responses consisting of an early excitation, an inhibition, and a late excitation are usually detected in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). Several lines of pharmacophysiological evidence suggest that the early excitation may be derived from the hyperdirect pathway. In the present study, the NeuRet vector expressing human interleukin-2 receptor α-subunit was injected into the STN of macaque monkeys. Then, IT injections were made into the SMA. In these monkeys, single-neuron activity in the GPi was recorded in response to the SMA stimulation. We found that the early excitation was largely reduced, with neither the inhibition nor the late excitation affected. The spontaneous firing rate and pattern of GPi neurons remained unchanged. This indicates that IT-mediated tract targeting successfully eliminated the hyperdirect pathway selectively from the basal ganglia circuitry without affecting spontaneous activity of STN neurons. The electrophysiological finding was confirmed with anatomical data obtained from retrograde and anterograde neural tracings. The present results define that the cortically-driven early excitation in GPi neurons is mediated by the hyperdirect pathway. The IT-mediated tract targeting technique will provide us with novel strategies for elucidating various neural network functions.
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Kravitz AV, Kreitzer AC. Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:167-77. [PMID: 22689792 PMCID: PMC3880226 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V. Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anatol C. Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Fukabori R, Okada K, Nishizawa K, Kai N, Kobayashi K, Uchigashima M, Watanabe M, Tsutsui Y, Kobayashi K. Striatal direct pathway modulates response time in execution of visual discrimination. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:784-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kobayashi K, Okada K, Kai N. Functional Circuitry Analysis in Rodents Using Neurotoxins/Immunotoxins. CONTROLLED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-533-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kreitzer AC, Berke JD. Investigating striatal function through cell-type-specific manipulations. Neuroscience 2011; 198:19-26. [PMID: 21867745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The striatum integrates convergent input from the cortex, thalamus, and midbrain, and has a powerful influence over motivated behavior via outputs to downstream basal ganglia nuclei. Although the anatomy and physiology of distinct classes of striatal neurons have been intensively studied, the specific functions of these cell subpopulations have been more difficult to address. Recently, application of new methodologies for perturbing activity and signaling in different cell types in vivo has begun to allow direct tests of the causal roles of striatal neurons in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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36
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Cocaine supersensitivity and enhanced motivation for reward in mice lacking dopamine D2 autoreceptors. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:1033-8. [PMID: 21743470 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D2 receptors expressed in DA neurons (D2 autoreceptors) exert a negative feedback regulation that reduces DA neuron firing, DA synthesis and DA release. As D2 receptors are mostly expressed in postsynaptic neurons, pharmacological and genetic approaches have been unable to definitively address the in vivo contribution of D2 autoreceptors to DA-mediated behaviors. We found that midbrain DA neurons from mice deficient in D2 autoreceptors (Drd2(loxP/loxP); Dat(+/IRES-cre), referred to as autoDrd2KO mice) lacked DA-mediated somatodendritic synaptic responses and inhibition of DA release. AutoDrd2KO mice displayed elevated DA synthesis and release, hyperlocomotion and supersensitivity to the psychomotor effects of cocaine. The mice also exhibited increased place preference for cocaine and enhanced motivation for food reward. Our results highlight the importance of D2 autoreceptors in the regulation of DA neurotransmission and demonstrate that D2 autoreceptors are important for normal motor function, food-seeking behavior, and sensitivity to the locomotor and rewarding properties of cocaine.
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Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Esposito F, Bellini G. Gait and equilibrium in subcortical vascular dementia. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2011; 2011:263507. [PMID: 21547149 PMCID: PMC3085296 DOI: 10.1155/2011/263507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical vascular dementia is a clinical entity, widespread, even challenging to diagnose and correctly treat. Patients with this diagnosis are old, frail, often with concomitant pathologies, and therefore, with many drugs in therapy. We tried to diagnose and follow up for three years more than 600 patients. Study subjects were men and women, not bedridden, aged 68-94 years, outpatients, recruited from June, 1st 2007 to June, 1st 2010. We examined them clinically, neurologically, with specific consideration on drug therapies. Our aim has been to define gait and imbalance problem, if eventually coexistent with the pathology of white matter and/or with the worsening of the deterioration. Drug intake interference has been detected and considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Medicina Clinica, Ambulatorio Complicanze Internistiche Cerebrali, Dipartimento Universitario Clinici di Scienze Mediche Tecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Torre
- Medicina Clinica, Ambulatorio Complicanze Internistiche Cerebrali, Dipartimento Universitario Clinici di Scienze Mediche Tecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rodolfo M. Antonello
- Medicina Clinica, Ambulatorio Complicanze Internistiche Cerebrali, Dipartimento Universitario Clinici di Scienze Mediche Tecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Medicina Clinica, Ambulatorio Complicanze Internistiche Cerebrali, Dipartimento Universitario Clinici di Scienze Mediche Tecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bellini
- Medicina Clinica, Ambulatorio Complicanze Internistiche Cerebrali, Dipartimento Universitario Clinici di Scienze Mediche Tecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Umeda T, Takashima N, Nakagawa R, Maekawa M, Ikegami S, Yoshikawa T, Kobayashi K, Okanoya K, Inokuchi K, Osumi N. Evaluation of Pax6 mutant rat as a model for autism. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15500. [PMID: 21203536 PMCID: PMC3006426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a highly variable brain developmental disorder and has a strong genetic basis. Pax6 is a pivotal player in brain development and maintenance. It is expressed in embryonic and adult neural stem cells, in astrocytes in the entire central nervous system, and in neurons in the olfactory bulb, amygdala, thalamus, and cerebellum, functioning in highly context-dependent manners. We have recently reported that Pax6 heterozygous mutant (rSey2/+) rats with a spontaneous mutation in the Pax6 gene, show impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI). In the present study, we further examined behaviors of rSey2/+ rats and revealed that they exhibited abnormality in social interaction (more aggression and withdrawal) in addition to impairment in rearing activity and in fear-conditioned memory. Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in rSey2+ rat pups was normal in male but abnormal in female. Moreover, treatment with clozapine successfully recovered the defects in sensorimotor gating function, but not in fear-conditioned memory. Taken together with our prior human genetic data and results in other literatures, rSey2/+ rats likely have some phenotypic components of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Umeda
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Takashima
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegami
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Saitama Institute of Technology, Fukaya, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gunapala KM, Chang D, Hsu CT, Manaye K, Drenan RM, Switzer RC, Steele AD. Striatal pathology underlies prion infection-mediated hyperactivity in mice. Prion 2010; 4:302-15. [PMID: 20948312 DOI: 10.4161/pri.4.4.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prion diseases are most commonly modeled using the laboratory mouse, the diversity of prion strains, behavioral testing and neuropathological assessments hamper our collective understanding of mouse models of prion disease. Here we compared several commonly used murine strains of prions in C57BL/6J female mice in a detailed home cage behavior detection system and a systematic study of pathological markers and neurotransmitter systems. We observed that mice inoculated with RML or 139A prions develop a severe hyperactivity phenotype in the home cage. A detailed assessment of pathology markers, such as microglial marker IBA1, astroglial marker GFAP and degeneration staining indicate early striatal pathology in mice inoculated with RML or 139A but not in those inoculated with 22L prions. An assessment of neuromodulatory systems including serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin and acetylcholine showed surprisingly little decline in neuronal cell bodies or their innervations of regions controlling locomotor behavior, except for a small decrease in dopaminergic innervations of the dorsal striatum. These results implicate the dorsal striatum in mediating the major behavioral phenotype of 139A and RML prions. Further, they suggest that measurements of activity may be a sensitive manner in which to diagnose murine prion disease. With respect to neuropathology, our results indicate that pathological stains as opposed to neurotransmitter markers are much more informative and sensitive as markers of prion disease in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Gunapala
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Wiecki TV, Frank MJ. Neurocomputational models of motor and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:275-97. [PMID: 20696325 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We review the contributions of biologically constrained computational models to our understanding of motor and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). The loss of dopaminergic neurons innervating the striatum in PD, and the well-established role of dopamine (DA) in reinforcement learning (RL), enable neural network models of the basal ganglia (BG) to derive concrete and testable predictions. We focus in this review on one simple underlying principle - the notion that reduced DA increases activity and causes long-term potentiation in the indirect pathway of the BG. We show how this theory can provide a unified account of diverse and seemingly unrelated phenomena in PD including progressive motor degeneration as well as cognitive deficits in RL, decision making and working memory. DA replacement therapy and deep brain stimulation can alleviate some aspects of these impairments, but can actually introduce negative effects such as motor dyskinesias and cognitive impulsivity. We discuss these treatment effects in terms of modulation of specific mechanisms within the computational framework. In addition, we review neurocomputational interpretations of increased impulsivity in the face of response conflict in patients with deep-brain-stimulation.
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D2R striatopallidal neurons inhibit both locomotor and drug reward processes. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12:393-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Molecular profiling of striatonigral and striatopallidal medium spiny neurons past, present, and future. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 89:1-35. [PMID: 19900613 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)89001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defining distinct molecular properties of the two striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) has been a challenging task for basal ganglia (BG) neuroscientists. Identifying differential molecular components in each MSN subtype is crucial for BG researchers to understand functional properties of these two neurons. The two MSN populations are morphologically identical except in their projections through the direct verses indirect BG pathways and they are heterogeneously dispersed throughout the dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). These characteristics have made it difficult for researchers to distinguish and isolate these two neuronal populations thereby hindering progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of their differential molecular properties. Researchers began to investigate molecular differences in the striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons using in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques and single cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (scRT-PCR). Currently the field is utilizing more advanced techniques for large-scale gene expression studies including fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of MSNs, from which RNA is purified, from fluorescent reporter transgenic mice or use of transgenic mice in which ribosomes from each MSN are tagged and can be immunoprecipitated followed by RNA isolation, a technique termed translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP). Additionally, the availability of fluorescent reporter mice for each MSN subtype is allowing, scientists to perform more accurate histology studies evaluating differential protein expression and signaling changes in each cell subtype. Finally, researchers are able to evaluate the role of specific genes in vivo by utilizing cell type-specific mouse models including Cre driver lines that can be crossed with conditional overexpression or knockout systems. This is a very exciting time in the BG field because researchers are well equipped with the most progressive tools to comprehensively evaluate molecular components in the two MSNs and their consequence on BG functional output in the normal, diseased, and developing brain.
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Kobayashi T, Kai N, Kobayashi K, Fujiwara T, Akagawa K, Onda M, Kobayashi K. Transient silencing of synaptic transmitter release from specific neuronal types by recombinant tetanus toxin light chain fused to antibody variable region. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 175:125-32. [PMID: 18775748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel strategy for conditional silencing of synaptic transmission in specific neuronal types in transgenic animals. We generated a recombinant protein termed immuno-tetanus toxin (ITet), which contains a monoclonal antibody variable region for human interleukin-2 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-2Ralpha) fused to tetanus toxin light chain. ITet was designed to transiently suppress transmitter release from target neurons genetically engineered to express human IL-2Ralpha via proteolytic cleavage of vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2). The in vivo actions of ITet were investigated by using mutant mice that express IL-2Ralpha in striatal neurons under the control of the gene encoding dopamine D(2) receptor. Unilateral ITet injection into the striatum induced rotational behavior in the mutant mice and the rotations gradually reversed to the normal level. The behavioral alteration was accompanied by a transient decrease in the striatal VAMP-2 level and depolarization-evoked transmitter release in synaptic target region. However, ITet injection caused no structural change in striatal cells and nerve terminals in the mutants. These data indicate that ITet acts on striatal neurons bearing human IL-2Ralpha and temporally reduces their VAMP-2 content, thereby causing the blockade of transmitter release. Our ITet technology provides a useful approach for inducible and reversible control of synaptic transmission in specific neuronal types in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Kobayashi K. Controlled cell targeting system to study the brain neural circuitry. Neurosci Res 2007; 58:118-23. [PMID: 17313983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxin cell targeting is a transgenic technology to eliminate specific cell types from a complex neural circuitry by using the cytotoxic activity of recombinant immunotoxins. This technology provides a useful approach for understanding the neural mechanism underlying a variety of brain functions. The present update article describes recent applications of the technology for the study of basal ganglia circuitry that mediates motor behavior related to dopamine transmission. In particular, the article proposes a possible model in which dopamine coordinates motor behavior through different neural pathways of basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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Liu CN, Liu X, Gao D, Li S. Effects of SNP, GLU and GABA on the neuronal activity of striatum nucleus in rats. Pharmacol Res 2006; 51:547-51. [PMID: 15829435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the activity of nitric oxide (NO) in the striatum (STR) for a further comprehension of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microiontophoresis was used to observe the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-glutamic acid (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on STR neurons' firing rates. It was observed that 77.27% (51/66) of the tested STR neurons were excited by SNP. This excitatory effect could be antagonized by the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). During the microiontophoresis of GLU, the excitatory firing of STR neurons was also attenuated by addition of L-NAME while SNP application could enhance the excitation of the neurons. On the other hand, in the presence of GABA, SNP still excited the tested STR neurons. These results demonstrated that NOergic, GLUergic and GABAergic co-existed in the same STR neurons. NOergic and GLUergic were excitatory whereas GABAergic was inhibitory on the firing activity in STR neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Na Liu
- The Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Caligiuri MP, Buitenhuys C. Do preclinical findings of methamphetamine-induced motor abnormalities translate to an observable clinical phenotype? Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:2125-34. [PMID: 16123755 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the preclinical literature of the effects of methamphetamine (MA) on subcortical dopaminergic and GABAergic mechanisms underlying motor behavior with the goal of elucidating the clinical presentation of human MA-induced movement disorders. Acute and chronic MA exposure in laboratory animal can lead to a variety of motor dysfunctions including increased locomotor activity, stereotypies, diminished or enhanced response times, and parkinsonian-like features. With the exception of psychomotor impairment and hyperkinesia, MA-induced movement disorders are not well documented in humans. This review attempts to draw parallels between the animal and human changes in basal ganglia neurochemistry associated with MA exposure and offers explanations for why a parkinsonian phenotype is not apparent among individuals who use and abuse MA. Significant differences in the expression of neurotoxicity and presence of multiple environmental and pharmacologic confounds may account for the lack of a parkinsonian phenotype in humans despite evidence of altered dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Caligiuri
- UCSD School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatry Service, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Matsusaka T, Xin J, Niwa S, Kobayashi K, Akatsuka A, Hashizume H, Wang QC, Pastan I, Fogo AB, Ichikawa I. Genetic engineering of glomerular sclerosis in the mouse via control of onset and severity of podocyte-specific injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:1013-23. [PMID: 15758046 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to generate a mouse model of acquired glomerular sclerosis. A model system that allows induction of podocyte injury in a manner in which onset and severity can be controlled was designed. A transgenic mouse strain (NEP25) that expresses human CD25 selectively in podocytes was first generated. Injection of anti-Tac (Fv)-PE38 (LMB2), an immunotoxin with specific binding to human CD25, induced progressive nonselective proteinuria, ascites, and edema in NEP25 mice. Podocytes showed foot process effacement, vacuolar degeneration, detachment and downregulation of synaptopodin, WT-1, nephrin, and podocalyxin. Mesangial cells showed matrix expansion, increased collagen, mesangiolysis, and, later, sclerosis. Parietal epithelial cells showed vacuolar degeneration and proliferation, whereas endothelial cells were swollen. The severity of the glomerular injury was LMB2 dose dependent. With 1.25 ng/g body wt or more, NEP25 mice developed progressive glomerular damage and died within 2 wk. With 0.625 ng/g body wt of LMB2, NEP25 mice survived >4 wk and developed focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. Thus, the study has established a mouse model of acquired progressive glomerular sclerosis in which onset and severity can be preprogrammed by experimental maneuvers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Disease Models, Animal
- Exotoxins
- Genetic Engineering
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/genetics
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/physiopathology
- Humans
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Immunotoxins
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Nephrotic Syndrome/chemically induced
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN C4204, Nashville, TN 37232-2584, USA.
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Bentivoglio M, Morelli M. Chapter I The organization and circuits of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the distribution of dopamine receptors in the brain. HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(05)80005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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