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Farah MH, Dali CÍ, Groeschel S, Moldovan M, Whiteman DAH, Malanga CJ, Krägeloh‐Mann I, Li J, Barton N, Krarup C. Effects of sulfatide on peripheral nerves in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:328-341. [PMID: 38146590 PMCID: PMC10863914 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the longitudinal correlations between sulfatide/lysosulfatide levels and central and peripheral nervous system function in children with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and to explore the impact of intravenous recombinant human arylsulfatase A (rhASA) treatment on myelin turnover. METHODS A Phase 1/2 study of intravenous rhASA investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sural nerve sulfatide levels, 88-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) total score, sensory and motor nerve conduction, brain N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels, and sural nerve histology in 13 children with MLD. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerves from an untreated MLD mouse model were also analyzed. RESULTS CSF sulfatide levels correlated with neither Z-scores for GMFM-88 nor brain NAA levels; however, CSF sulfatide levels correlated negatively with Z-scores of nerve conduction parameters, number of large (≥7 μm) myelinated fibers, and myelin/fiber diameter slope, and positively with nerve g-ratios and cortical latencies of somatosensory-evoked potentials. Quantity of endoneural litter positively correlated with sural nerve sulfatide/lysosulfatide levels. CSF sulfatide levels decreased with continuous high-dose treatment; this change correlated with improved nerve conduction. At 26 weeks after treatment, nerve g-ratio decreased by 2%, and inclusion bodies per Schwann cell unit increased by 55%. In mice, abnormal sulfatide storage was observed in non-myelinating Schwann cells in Remak bundles of sciatic nerves but not in unmyelinated urethral nerves. INTERPRETATION Lower sulfatide levels in the CSF and peripheral nerves correlate with better peripheral nerve function in children with MLD; intravenous rhASA treatment may reduce CSF sulfatide levels and enhance sulfatide/lysosulfatide processing and remyelination in peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Farah
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christine í Dali
- Department of Clinical GeneticsRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
Zevra Denmark A/S
| | - Samuel Groeschel
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity Children's Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Mihai Moldovan
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - C. J. Malanga
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc.LexingtonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Jing Li
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc.LexingtonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Norman Barton
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc.LexingtonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christian Krarup
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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D'Amico D, Barone R, Di Felice V, Ances B, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Chronic brain damage in HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy is associated with viral reservoirs, sulfatide release, and compromised cell-to-cell communication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:116. [PMID: 37016051 PMCID: PMC11071786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection has become a chronic and manageable disease due to the effective use of antiretroviral therapies (ART); however, several chronic aging-related comorbidities, including cognitive impairment, remain a major public health issue. However, these mechanisms are unknown. Here, we identified that glial and myeloid viral reservoirs are associated with local myelin damage and the release of several myelin components, including the lipid sulfatide. Soluble sulfatide compromised gap junctional communication and calcium wave coordination, essential for proper cognition. We propose that soluble sulfatide could be a potential biomarker and contributor to white matter compromise observed in HIV-infected individuals even in the current ART era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 11Th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Beau Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 11Th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 11Th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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3
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Zhao X, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Demyelination and Remyelination Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076373. [PMID: 37047344 PMCID: PMC10093908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
All currently licensed medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) target the immune system. Albeit promising preclinical results demonstrated disease amelioration and remyelination enhancement via modulating oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most drug candidates showed only modest or no effects in human clinical trials. This might be due to the fact that remyelination is a sophistically orchestrated process that calls for the interplay between oligodendrocyte lineage cells, neurons, central nervous system (CNS) resident innate immune cells, and peripheral immune infiltrates and that this process may somewhat differ in humans and rodent models used in research. To ensure successful remyelination, the recruitment and activation/repression of each cell type should be regulated in a highly organized spatio–temporal manner. As a result, drug candidates targeting one single pathway or a single cell population have difficulty restoring the optimal microenvironment at lesion sites for remyelination. Therefore, when exploring new drug candidates for MS, it is instrumental to consider not only the effects on all CNS cell populations but also the optimal time of administration during disease progression. In this review, we describe the dysregulated mechanisms in each relevant cell type and the disruption of their coordination as causes of remyelination failure, providing an overview of the complex cell interplay in CNS lesion sites.
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4
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Hammel G, Zivkovic S, Ayazi M, Ren Y. Consequences and mechanisms of myelin debris uptake and processing by cells in the central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104591. [PMID: 36030093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and trauma involving changes to the neuronal myelin sheath have long been a topic of great interest. One common pathological change in these diseases is the generation of myelin debris resulting from the breakdown of the myelin sheath. Myelin debris contains many inflammatory and neurotoxic factors that inhibit remyelination and make its clearance a prerequisite for healing in CNS disorders. Many professional and semiprofessional phagocytes participate in the clearance of myelin debris in the CNS. These cells use various mechanisms for the uptake of myelin debris, and each cell type produces its own unique set of pathologic consequences resulting from the debris uptake. Examining these cells' phagocytosis of myelin debris will contribute to a more complete understanding of CNS disease pathogenesis and help us conceptualize how the necessary clearance of myelin debris must be balanced with the detrimental consequences brought about by its clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Maryam Ayazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
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5
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Galectins—Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911012. [PMID: 36232314 PMCID: PMC9569834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have increased the longevity of humans, resulting in a higher incidence of chronic diseases. Due to the rise in the elderly population, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. The available treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and do not cure the underlying cause of the disease. Therefore, it has become imperative to discover new markers and therapies to modulate the course of disease progression and develop better treatment options for the affected individuals. Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Galectins (Gals) are a class of β-galactoside-binding proteins (lectins) ubiquitously expressed in almost all vital organs. Gals modulate various cellular responses and regulate significant biological functions, including immune response, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell growth, through their interaction with glycoproteins and glycolipids. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the Gal superfamily, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 in prime focus. Their roles have been described in modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the role of Gals in the causation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the role of Gals in microglia and astrocyte modulation, along with their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Gals as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and restoring tissue damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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The Role of Tissue Geometry in Spinal Cord Regeneration. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58040542. [PMID: 35454380 PMCID: PMC9028021 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike peripheral nerves, axonal regeneration is limited following injury to the spinal cord. While there may be reduced regenerative potential of injured neurons, the central nervous system (CNS) white matter environment appears to be more significant in limiting regrowth. Several factors may inhibit regeneration, and their neutralization can modestly enhance regrowth. However, most investigations have not considered the cytoarchitecture of spinal cord white matter. Several lines of investigation demonstrate that axonal regeneration is enhanced by maintaining, repairing, or reconstituting the parallel geometry of the spinal cord white matter. In this review, we focus on environmental factors that have been implicated as putative inhibitors of axonal regeneration and the evidence that their organization may be an important determinant in whether they inhibit or promote regeneration. Consideration of tissue geometry may be important for developing successful strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration.
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Becktel DA, Zbesko JC, Frye JB, Chung AG, Hayes M, Calderon K, Grover JW, Li A, Garcia FG, Tavera-Garcia MA, Schnellmann RG, Wu HJJ, Nguyen TVV, Doyle KP. Repeated Administration of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin (HPβCD) Attenuates the Chronic Inflammatory Response to Experimental Stroke. J Neurosci 2022; 42:325-348. [PMID: 34819339 PMCID: PMC8802936 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0933-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, more than 67 million people are living with the effects of ischemic stroke. Importantly, many stroke survivors develop a chronic inflammatory response that may contribute to cognitive impairment, a common and debilitating sequela of stroke that is insufficiently studied and currently untreatable. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is an FDA-approved cyclic oligosaccharide that can solubilize and entrap lipophilic substances. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the repeated administration of HPβCD curtails the chronic inflammatory response to stroke by reducing lipid accumulation within stroke infarcts in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of stroke. To achieve this goal, we subcutaneously injected young adult and aged male mice with vehicle or HPβCD 3 times per week, with treatment beginning 1 week after stroke. We evaluated mice at 7 weeks following stroke using immunostaining, RNA sequencing, lipidomic, and behavioral analyses. Chronic stroke infarct and peri-infarct regions of HPβCD-treated mice were characterized by an upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and a downregulation of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, reactive astrogliosis, and chemotaxis. Correspondingly, HPβCD reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells in stroke infarcts. Repeated administration of HPβCD also preserved NeuN immunoreactivity in the striatum and thalamus and c-Fos immunoreactivity in hippocampal regions. Additionally, HPβCD improved recovery through the protection of hippocampal-dependent spatial working memory and reduction of impulsivity. These results indicate that systemic HPβCD treatment following stroke attenuates chronic inflammation and secondary neurodegeneration and prevents poststroke cognitive decline.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dementia is a common and debilitating sequela of stroke. Currently, there are no available treatments for poststroke dementia. Our study shows that lipid metabolism is disrupted in chronic stroke infarcts, which causes an accumulation of uncleared lipid debris and correlates with a chronic inflammatory response. To our knowledge, these substantial changes in lipid homeostasis have not been previously recognized or investigated in the context of ischemic stroke. We also provide a proof of principle that solubilizing and entrapping lipophilic substances using HPβCD could be an effective strategy for treating chronic inflammation after stroke and other CNS injuries. We propose that using HPβCD for the prevention of poststroke dementia could improve recovery and increase long-term quality of life in stroke sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Becktel
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Amanda G Chung
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Megan Hayes
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Kylie Calderon
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Jeffrey W Grover
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Anna Li
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Frankie G Garcia
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | | | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
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8
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Blomqvist M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Månsson JE. Sulfatide in health and disease. The evaluation of sulfatide in cerebrospinal fluid as a possible biomarker for neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 116:103670. [PMID: 34562592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide (3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4) is a glycosphingolipid, highly multifunctional and particularly enriched in the myelin sheath of neurons. The role of sulfatide has been implicated in various biological fields such as the nervous system, immune system, host-pathogen recognition and infection, beta cell function and haemostasis/thrombosis. Thus, alterations in sulfatide metabolism and production are associated with several human diseases such as neurological and immunological disorders and cancers. The unique lipid-rich composition of myelin reflects the importance of lipids in this specific membrane structure. Sulfatide has been shown to be involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and in the maintenance of the myelin sheath by influencing membrane dynamics involving sorting and lateral assembly of myelin proteins as well as ion channels. Sulfatide is furthermore essential for proper formation of the axo-glial junctions at the paranode together with axonal glycosphingolipids. Alterations in sulfatide metabolism are suggested to contribute to myelin deterioration as well as synaptic dysfunction, neurological decline and inflammation observed in different conditions associated with myelin pathology (mouse models and human disorders). Body fluid biomarkers are of importance for clinical diagnostics as well as for patient stratification in clinical trials and treatment monitoring. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly used as an indirect measure of brain metabolism and analysis of CSF sulfatide might provide information regarding whether the lipid disruption observed in neurodegenerative disorders is reflected in this body fluid. In this review, we evaluate the diagnostic utility of CSF sulfatide as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders associated with dysmyelination/demyelination by summarising the current literature on this topic. We can conclude that neither CSF sulfatide levels nor individual sulfatide species consistently reflect the lipid disruption observed in many of the demyelinating disorders. One exception is the lysosomal storage disorder metachromatic leukodystrophy, possibly due to the genetically determined accumulation of non-metabolised sulfatide. We also discuss possible explanations as to why myelin pathology in brain tissue is poorly reflected by the CSF sulfatide concentration. The previous suggestion that CSF sulfatide is a marker of myelin damage has thereby been challenged by more recent studies using more sophisticated laboratory techniques for sulfatide analysis as well as improved sample selection criteria due to increased knowledge on disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Månsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sanchez-Alvarez NT, Bautista-Niño PK, Trejos-Suárez J, Serrano-Diaz NC. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a neurological disease of the lysosomal deposit that has a significant impact given the implications for the neurodegenerative deterioration of the patient. Currently, there is no treatment available that reverses the development of characteristic neurological and systemic symptoms. Objective. Carry out an updated bibliographic search on the most critical advances in the treatment and diagnosis for LDM. A retrospective topic review published in English and Spanish in the Orphanet and Pubmed databases. Current treatment options, such as enzyme replacement therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation aimed at decreasing the rapid progression of the disease, improving patient survival; however, these are costly. The pathophysiological events of intracellular signaling related to the deficiency of the enzyme Arylsulfatase A and subsequent accumulation of sulphatides and glycosylated ceramides have not yet been established. Recently, the accumulation of C16 sulphatides has been shown to inhibit glycolysis and insulin secretion in pancreatic cells. The significant advance in technology has allowed timely diagnosis in patients suffering from LDM; however, they still do not have an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayibe Tatiana Sanchez-Alvarez
- Universidad del Valle, Faculty of Health, Biomedical Sciences Doctorate Program, Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation, Research Center. Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. Universidad de Santander, Faculty of Health Sciences, CliniUDES Research Group, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | | | - Juanita Trejos-Suárez
- Universidad de Santander, Faculty of Health Sciences, CliniUDES Research Group, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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Echternacht SR, Chacon MA, Leckenby JI. Central versus peripheral nervous system regeneration: is there an exception for cranial nerves? Regen Med 2021; 16:567-579. [PMID: 34075805 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists a dichotomy in regenerative capacity between the PNS and CNS, which poses the question - where do cranial nerves fall? Through the discussion of the various cells and processes involved in axonal regeneration, we will evaluate whether the assumption that cranial nerve regeneration is analogous to peripheral nerve regeneration is valid. It is evident from this review that much remains to be clarified regarding both PNS and CNS regeneration. Furthermore, it is not clear if cranial nerves follow the PNS model, CNS model or possess an alternative novel regenerative process altogether. Future research should continue to focus on elucidating how cranial nerves regenerate; and the various cellular interactions, molecules and pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Echternacht
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Miranda A Chacon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jonathan I Leckenby
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 661, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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11
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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12
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Gowrishankar S, Cologna SM, Givogri MI, Bongarzone ER. Deregulation of signalling in genetic conditions affecting the lysosomal metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105142. [PMID: 33080336 PMCID: PMC8862610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lipids in neuroglial function is gaining momentum in part due to a better understanding of how many lipid species contribute to key cellular signalling pathways at the membrane level. The description of lipid rafts as membrane domains composed by defined classes of lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids has greatly helped in our understanding of how cellular signalling can be regulated and compartmentalized in neurons and glial cells. Genetic conditions affecting the metabolism of these lipids greatly impact on how some of these signalling pathways work, providing a context to understand the biological function of the lipid. Expectedly, abnormal metabolism of several lipids such as cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids observed in several metabolic conditions involving lysosomal dysfunction are often accompanied by neuronal and myelin dysfunction. This review will discuss the role of lysosomal biology in the context of deficiencies in the metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids and their impact on neural function in three genetic disorders: Niemann-Pick type C, Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - S M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - M I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - E R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Reyneveld GIJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Parmentier HK. Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2139. [PMID: 33013904 PMCID: PMC7511776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAb) are defined as germline encoded immunoglobulins found in individuals without (known) prior antigenic experience. NAb bind exogenous (e.g., bacterial) and self-components and have been found in every vertebrate species tested. NAb likely act as a first-line immune defense against infections. A large part of NAb, so called natural autoantibodies (NAAb) bind to and clear (self) neo-epitopes, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. Such self-binding antibodies cannot, however, be considered as pathogenic autoantibodies in the classical sense. IgM and IgG NAb and NAAb and their implications in health and disease are relatively well-described in humans and mice. NAb are present in veterinary (and wildlife) species, but their relation with diseases and disorders in veterinary species are much less known. Also, there is little known of IgA NAb. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin with essential pro-inflammatory and homeostatic properties urging for more research on the importance of IgA NAb. Since NAb in humans were indicated to fulfill important functions in health and disease, their role in health of veterinary species should be investigated more often. Furthermore, it is unknown whether levels of NAb-isotypes and/or idiotypes can and should be modulated. Veterinary species as models of choice fill in a niche between mice and (non-human) primates, and the study of NAb in veterinary species may provide valuable new insights that will likely improve health management. Below, examples of the involvement of NAb in several diseases in mostly humans are shown. Possibilities of intravenous immunoglobulin administration, targeted immunotherapy, immunization, diet, and genetic modulation are discussed, all of which could be well-studied using animal models. Arguments are given why veterinary immunology should obtain inspiration from human studies and why human immunology would benefit from veterinary models. Within the One Health concept, findings from veterinary (and wildlife) studies can be related to human studies and vice versa so that both fields will mutually benefit. This will lead to a better understanding of NAb: their origin, activation mechanisms, and their implications in health and disease, and will lead to novel health management strategies for both human and veterinary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. IJsbrand Reyneveld
- Faculty of Science, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk K. Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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14
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Tan J, Wang X, Cai S, He F, Zhang D, Li D, Zhu X, Zhou L, Fan N, Liu X. C3 Transferase-Expressing scAAV2 Transduces Ocular Anterior Segment Tissues and Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Mouse and Monkey. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:143-155. [PMID: 31909087 PMCID: PMC6938898 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a lifelong disease with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as the main risk factor, and reduction of IOP remains the major treatment for this disease. However, current IOP-lowering therapies are far from being satisfactory. We have demonstrated that the lentivirus-mediated exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3) expression in rat and monkey eyes induced relatively long-term IOP reduction. We now show that intracameral injection of self-complementary AAV2 containing a C3 gene into mouse and monkey eyes resulted in morphological changes in trabecular meshwork and IOP reduction. The vector-transduced corneal endothelium and the C3 transgene expression, not vector itself, induced corneal edema as a result of actin-associated endothelial barrier disruption. There was a positive (quadratic) correlation between measured IOP and grade of corneal edema. This is the first report of using an AAV to transduce the trabecular meshwork of monkeys with a gene capable of altering cellular structure and physiology, indicating a potential gene therapy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Tan
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suping Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fen He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daren Zhang
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongkan Li
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Baba H, Ishibashi T. The Role of Sulfatides in Axon–Glia Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:165-179. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Pfrieger FW. Learning from Barres. Glia 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Pfrieger
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg 67084 France
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17
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Stark DT, Anderson DMG, Kwong JMK, Patterson NH, Schey KL, Caprioli RM, Caprioli J. Optic Nerve Regeneration After Crush Remodels the Injury Site: Molecular Insights From Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:212-222. [PMID: 29340649 PMCID: PMC5770179 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mammalian central nervous system axons fail to regenerate after injury. Contributing factors include limited intrinsic growth capacity and an inhibitory glial environment. Inflammation-induced optic nerve regeneration (IIR) is thought to boost retinal ganglion cell (RGC) intrinsic growth capacity through progrowth gene expression, but effects on the inhibitory glial environment of the optic nerve are unexplored. To investigate progrowth molecular changes associated with reactive gliosis during IIR, we developed an imaging mass spectrometry (IMS)-based approach that identifies discriminant molecular signals in and around optic nerve crush (ONC) sites. Methods ONC was performed in rats, and IIR was established by intravitreal injection of a yeast cell wall preparation. Optic nerves were collected at various postcrush intervals, and longitudinal sections were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) IMS and data mining. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to compare discriminant molecular features with cellular features of reactive gliosis. Results IIR increased the area of the crush site that was occupied by a dense cellular infiltrate and mass spectral features consistent with lysosome-specific lipids. IIR also increased immunohistochemical labeling for microglia and macrophages. IIR enhanced clearance of lipid sulfatide myelin-associated inhibitors of axon growth and accumulation of simple GM3 gangliosides in a spatial distribution consistent with degradation of plasma membrane from degenerated axons. Conclusions IIR promotes a robust phagocytic response that improves clearance of myelin and axon debris. This growth-permissive molecular remodeling of the crush injury site extends our current understanding of IIR to include mechanisms extrinsic to the RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Stark
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David M G Anderson
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jacky M K Kwong
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
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18
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Frati G, Luciani M, Meneghini V, De Cicco S, Ståhlman M, Blomqvist M, Grossi S, Filocamo M, Morena F, Menegon A, Martino S, Gritti A. Human iPSC-based models highlight defective glial and neuronal differentiation from neural progenitor cells in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 29899471 PMCID: PMC5997994 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological cascade leading from primary storage to neural cell dysfunction and death in metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been poorly elucidated in human-derived neural cell systems. In the present study, we have modeled the progression of pathological events during the differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs to neuroepithelial progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) and mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes at the morphological, molecular, and biochemical level. We showed significant sulfatide accumulation and altered sulfatide composition during the differentiation of MLD iPSC-NPCs into neuronal and glial cells. Changes in sulfatide levels and composition were accompanied by the expansion of the lysosomal compartment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The neuronal and glial differentiation capacity of MLD iPSC-NPCs was significantly impaired. We showed delayed appearance and/or reduced levels of oligodendroglial and astroglial markers as well as reduced number of neurons and disorganized neuronal network. Restoration of a functional Arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme in MLD cells using lentiviral-mediated gene transfer normalized sulfatide levels and composition, globally rescuing the pathological phenotype. Our study points to MLD iPSC-derived neural progeny as a useful in vitro model to assess the impact of ARSA deficiency along NPC differentiation into neurons and glial cells. In addition, iPSC-derived neural cultures allowed testing the impact of ARSA reconstitution/overexpression on disease correction and, importantly, on the biology and functional features of human NPCs, with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Institute Imagine, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Silvia De Cicco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Otfried-Müller Str.23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serena Grossi
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Menegon
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Li HJ, Sun ZL, Yang XT, Zhu L, Feng DF. Exploring Optic Nerve Axon Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:861-873. [PMID: 28029073 PMCID: PMC5652030 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161227150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic optic nerve injury is a leading cause of irreversible blindness across the world and causes progressive visual impairment attributed to the dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To date, neither pharmacological nor surgical interventions are sufficient to halt or reverse the progress of visual loss. Axon regeneration is critical for functional recovery of vision following optic nerve injury. After optic nerve injury, RGC axons usually fail to regrow and die, leading to the death of the RGCs and subsequently inducing the functional loss of vision. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury remain poorly understood. Methods: Research content related to the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury have been reviewed. Results: The present review provides an overview of regarding potential strategies for axonal regeneration of RGCs and optic nerve repair, focusing on the role of cytokines and their downstream signaling pathways involved in intrinsic growth program and the inhibitory environment together with axon guidance cues for correct axon guidance. A more complete understanding of the factors limiting axonal regeneration will provide a rational basis, which contributes to develop improved treatments for optic nerve regeneration. These findings are encouraging and open the possibility that clinically meaningful regeneration may become achievable in the future. Conclusion: Combination of treatments towards overcoming growth-inhibitory molecules and enhancing intrinsic growth capacity combined with correct guidance using axon guidance cues is crucial for developing promising therapies to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
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20
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Lin L, Lin H, Bai S, Zheng L, Zhang X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) improved functional recovery of spinal cord injury partly by promoting axonal regeneration. Neurochem Int 2018; 115:80-84. [PMID: 29458076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the spinal cord and results in the loss of sensory and motor function below the lesion site. The treatment of SCI became a challenge because the injured neurons fail to axon regenerate and repair after injury. Promoting axonal regeneration plays a key role in the treatment strategies for SCI. It would meet the goal of reconstruction the injured spinal cord and improving the functional recovery. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are attractive therapeutic potential cell sources for SCI, and it could rebuild the injured spinal cord through neuroprotection, neural regeneration and remyelinating. Evidence has demonstrated that BMSCs play important roles in mediating axon regeneration, and glial scar formation after SCI in animal experiments and some clinical trials. We reviewed the role of BMSCs in regulating axon regeneration and glial scar formation after SCI. BMSCs based therapies may provide a therapeutic potential for the injured spinal cord by promoting axonal regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Lin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Hefeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Shi Bai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Lianshun Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
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21
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Devaux S, Cizkova D, Mallah K, Karnoub MA, Laouby Z, Kobeissy F, Blasko J, Nataf S, Pays L, Mériaux C, Fournier I, Salzet M. RhoA Inhibitor Treatment At Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury May Induce Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1394-1415. [PMID: 28659490 PMCID: PMC5546194 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of RhoA inhibitors (RhoAi) has been experimentally tested in spinal cord injury (SCI). In order to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in such a process, an in vitro neuroproteomic-systems biology platform was developed in which the pan-proteomic profile of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cell line ND7/23 DRG was assessed in a large array of culture conditions using RhoAi and/or conditioned media obtained from SCI ex vivo derived spinal cord slices. A fine mapping of the spatio-temporal molecular events of the RhoAi treatment in SCI was performed. The data obtained allow a better understanding of regeneration/degeneration induced above and below the lesion site. Results notably showed a time-dependent alteration of the transcription factors profile along with the synthesis of growth cone-related factors (receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways) in RhoAi treated DRG cells. Furthermore, we assessed in a rat SCI model the in vivo impact of RhoAi treatment administered in situ via alginate scaffold that was combined with FK506 delivery. The improved recovery of locomotion was detected only at the early postinjury time points, whereas after overall survival a dramatic increase of synaptic contacts on outgrowing neurites in affected segments was observed. We validate these results by in vivo proteomic studies along the spinal cord segments from tissue and secreted media analyses, confirming the increase of the synaptogenesis expression factors under RhoAi treatment. Taken together, we demonstrate that RhoAi treatment seems to be useful to stimulate neurite outgrowth in both in vitro as well in vivo environments. However, for in vivo experiments there is a need for sustained delivery regiment to facilitate axon regeneration and promote synaptic reconnections with appropriate target neurons also at chronic phase, which in turn may lead to higher assumption for functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Devaux
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
- §Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
- §Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
- ¶Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Khalil Mallah
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Melodie Anne Karnoub
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Zahra Laouby
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut
| | - Juraj Blasko
- **Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Serge Nataf
- ‡‡Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Merieux Medical School, Fr-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Laurent Pays
- ‡‡Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Merieux Medical School, Fr-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Céline Mériaux
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- From the ‡Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France;
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22
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Tinklepaugh J, Smith BM, Nie Y, Moody K, Grohn K, Bou-Abdallah F, Doyle RP. Saposin B Binds the Lipofuscin Bisretinoid A2E and Prevents its Enzymatic and Photooxidation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017; 1:256-259. [PMID: 29057298 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A based bisretinoid accumulation is a major focus in the study of macular degeneration. Whether specific endogenous lysosomal proteins can bind A2E, a pronounced bisretinoid in lipofuscin granules in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and interfere with enzymatic or photoinduced oxidation of such, has not been explored. Herein, using fluorescence and electronic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that Saposin B, a critical protein in the degradation of sulfatides and "flushing" of lipids, can bind A2E, preventing its H2O2-dependent enzymatic oxidation by horseradish peroxidase and photooxidation by blue light (λ=450-460 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Tinklepaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA)
| | - Britannia M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 (USA)
| | - Yan Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA)
| | - Kelsey Moody
- ICHOR Therapeutics, 2521 US-11, Lafayette, NY 13084 (USA)
| | - Kris Grohn
- ICHOR Therapeutics, 2521 US-11, Lafayette, NY 13084 (USA)
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 (USA)
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA).,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 (USA)
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23
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Reaching the brain: Advances in optic nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:365-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Boggs JM. Early glycolipid (POA) in pro-oligodendroblasts revealed to be sulfatide. J Neurochem 2016; 140:356-358. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan M. Boggs
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function; Research Institute; Hospital for Sick Children; Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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25
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Scheib J, Höke A. Impaired regeneration in aged nerves: Clearing out the old to make way for the new. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:79-83. [PMID: 27451012 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although many observational studies have shown that peripheral nerve regeneration is impaired with aging, underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have remained obscure until recently. A series of recent genetic, live imaging and heterochronic parabiosis experiments are providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of reduced regenerative capacity with aging. These studies show that Schwann cells pose a primary impediment to axon regeneration in older animals as they fail to support regenerating axons, while the contribution from macrophages remains an unresolved issue. Neurons do not appear to have an intrinsic defect of axonal elongation with aging but are impaired when they encounter an inhibitory environment, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to improve intrinsic neuronal regeneration capacity across inhibitory environments, as it is being done in central nervous system regeneration, can improve peripheral nerve regeneration as well. As in many aspects of neuroscience therapeutics development, a combinatorial approach may yield the best outcomes for nerve regeneration in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami Scheib
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
In this issue, Chandran et al. (2016) pursue a multi-level bioinformatics approach combined with wet bench validation to identify gene networks associated with the regenerative state of injured adult sensory neurons. A small molecular compound, ambroxol, mimics aspects of the identified gene expression patterns and promotes axon regeneration in the injured adult mouse CNS, demonstrating feasibility of in silico-based methods to identify compounds that promote neuronal growth following CNS injury.
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Rao SNR, Pearse DD. Regulating Axonal Responses to Injury: The Intersection between Signaling Pathways Involved in Axon Myelination and The Inhibition of Axon Regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:33. [PMID: 27375427 PMCID: PMC4896923 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors adversely affect the gene programs that govern the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and the production of a diversity of extracellular matrix molecules (ECM). Insufficient RAG expression in the injured neuron and the presence of inhibitory ECM at the lesion, leads to structural alterations in the axon that perturb the growth machinery, or form an extraneous barrier to axonal regeneration, respectively. Here, the role of myelin, both intact and debris, in antagonizing axon regeneration has been the focus of numerous investigations. These studies have employed antagonizing antibodies and knockout animals to examine how the growth cone of the re-growing axon responds to the presence of myelin and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) within the lesion environment and caudal spinal cord. However, less attention has been placed on how the myelination of the axon after SCI, whether by endogenous glia or exogenously implanted glia, may alter axon regeneration. Here, we examine the intersection between intracellular signaling pathways in neurons and glia that are involved in axon myelination and axon growth, to provide greater insight into how interrogating this complex network of molecular interactions may lead to new therapeutics targeting SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMiami, FL, USA
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Abstract
Galectin-4, a tandem repeat member of the β-galactoside-binding proteins, possesses two carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD) in a single peptide chain. This lectin is mostly expressed in epithelial cells of the intestinal tract and secreted to the extracellular. The two domains have 40% similarity in amino acid sequence, but distinctly binding to various ligands. Just because the two domains bind to different ligands simultaneously, galectin-4 can be a crosslinker and crucial regulator in a large number of biological processes. Recent evidence shows that galectin-4 plays an important role in lipid raft stabilization, protein apical trafficking, cell adhesion, wound healing, intestinal inflammation, tumor progression, etc. This article reviews the physiological and pathological features of galectin-4 and its important role in such processes.
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Blocking the Nogo-A Signaling Pathway to Promote Regeneration and Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Alterations of the Ceramide Metabolism in the Peri-Infarct Cortex Are Independent of the Sphingomyelinase Pathway and Not Influenced by the Acid Sphingomyelinase Inhibitor Fluoxetine. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:503079. [PMID: 26605090 PMCID: PMC4641186 DOI: 10.1155/2015/503079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides induce important intracellular signaling pathways, modulating proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and inflammation. However, the relevance of the ceramide metabolism in the reconvalescence phase after stroke is unclear. Besides its well-known property as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine has been reported to inhibit the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a key regulator of ceramide levels which derives ceramide from sphingomyelin. Furthermore, fluoxetine has shown therapeutic potential in a randomized controlled rehabilitation trial in stroke patients. Our aim was to investigate and modulate ceramide concentrations in the peri-infarct cortex, whose morphological and functional properties correlate with long-term functional outcome in stroke. We show that certain ceramide species are modulated after experimental stroke and that these changes do not result from alterations of ASM activity, but rather from nontranscriptional induction of the ceramide de novo pathway. Unexpectedly, although reducing lesion size, fluoxetine did not improve functional outcome in our model and had no significant influence on ASM activity or the concentration of ceramides. The ceramide metabolism could emerge as a potential therapeutic target in the reconvalescence phase after stroke, as its accumulation in the peri-infarct cortex potentially influences membrane functions as well as signaling events in the tissue essential for neurological recovery.
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Reginensi D, Carulla P, Nocentini S, Seira O, Serra-Picamal X, Torres-Espín A, Matamoros-Angles A, Gavín R, Moreno-Flores MT, Wandosell F, Samitier J, Trepat X, Navarro X, del Río JA. Increased migration of olfactory ensheathing cells secreting the Nogo receptor ectodomain over inhibitory substrates and lesioned spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2719-37. [PMID: 25708702 PMCID: PMC11113838 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation emerged some years ago as a promising therapeutic strategy to repair injured spinal cord. However, inhibitory molecules are present for long periods of time in lesioned spinal cord, inhibiting both OEC migration and axonal regrowth. Two families of these molecules, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG) and myelin-derived inhibitors (MAIs), are able to trigger inhibitory responses in lesioned axons. Mounting evidence suggests that OEC migration is inhibited by myelin. Here we demonstrate that OEC migration is largely inhibited by CSPGs and that inhibition can be overcome by the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC. In parallel, we have generated a stable OEC cell line overexpressing the Nogo receptor (NgR) ectodomain to reduce MAI-associated inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Results indicate that engineered cells migrate longer distances than unmodified OECs over myelin or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)-coated substrates. In addition, they also show improved migration in lesioned spinal cord. Our results provide new insights toward the improvement of the mechanisms of action and optimization of OEC-based cell therapy for spinal cord lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Reginensi
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Carulla
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Nocentini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Seira
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Blusson Spinal Cord Centre and Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xavier Serra-Picamal
- Integrative cell and tissue dynamics, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Edif. M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CBM-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, . Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigaciòn Médica en Red, Biomecánica, Biomateriales y Nanotecnologìa (CIBERBBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Edif. M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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Mietto BS, Mostacada K, Martinez AMB. Neurotrauma and inflammation: CNS and PNS responses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:251204. [PMID: 25918475 PMCID: PMC4397002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/251204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS) triggers a cascade of events which culminate in a robust inflammatory reaction. The role played by inflammation in the course of degeneration and regeneration is not completely elucidated. While, in peripheral nerves, the inflammatory response is assumed to be essential for normal progression of Wallerian degeneration and regeneration, CNS trauma inflammation is often associated with poor recovery. In this review, we discuss key mechanisms that trigger the inflammatory reaction after nervous system trauma, emphasizing how inflammations in both CNS and PNS differ from each other, in terms of magnitude, cell types involved, and effector molecules. Knowledge of the precise mechanisms that elicit and maintain inflammation after CNS and PNS tissue trauma and their effect on axon degeneration and regeneration is crucial for the identification of possible pharmacological drugs that can positively affect the tissue regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klauss Mostacada
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Dali CÍ, Barton NW, Farah MH, Moldovan M, Månsson JE, Nair N, Dunø M, Risom L, Cao H, Pan L, Sellos-Moura M, Corse AM, Krarup C. Sulfatide levels correlate with severity of neuropathy in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:518-33. [PMID: 26000324 PMCID: PMC4435706 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder due to deficient activity of arylsulfatase A (ASA) that causes accumulation of sulfatide and lysosulfatide. The disorder is associated with demyelination and axonal loss in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The late infantile form has an early-onset, rapidly progressive course with severe sensorimotor dysfunction. The relationship between the degree of nerve damage and (lyso)sulfatide accumulation is, however, not established. Methods In 13 children aged 2–5 years with severe motor impairment, markedly elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sural nerve sulfatide and lysosulfatide levels, genotype, ASA mRNA levels, residual ASA, and protein cross-reactive immunological material (CRIM) confirmed the diagnosis. We studied the relationship between (lyso)sulfatide levels and (1) the clinical deficit in gross motor function (GMFM-88), (2) median and peroneal nerve motor and median and sural nerve sensory conduction studies (NCS), (3) median and tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), (4) sural nerve histopathology, and (5) brain MR spectroscopy. Results Eleven patients had a sensory-motor demyelinating neuropathy on electrophysiological testing, whereas two patients had normal studies. Sural nerve and CSF (lyso)sulfatide levels strongly correlated with abnormalities in electrophysiological parameters and large myelinated fiber loss in the sural nerve, but there were no associations between (lyso)sulfatide levels and measures of central nervous system (CNS) involvement (GMFM-88 score, SSEP, and MR spectroscopy). Interpretation Nerve and CSF sulfatide and lysosulfatide accumulation provides a marker of disease severity in the PNS only; it does not reflect the extent of CNS involvement by the disease process. The magnitude of the biochemical disturbance produces a continuously graded spectrum of impairments in neurophysiological function and sural nerve histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Í Dali
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mohamed H Farah
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mihai Moldovan
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan-Eric Månsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Morten Dunø
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Risom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Andrea M Corse
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christian Krarup
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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White-Schenk D, Shi R, Leary JF. Nanomedicine strategies for treatment of secondary spinal cord injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:923-38. [PMID: 25673988 PMCID: PMC4321603 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological injury, such as spinal cord injury, has a secondary injury associated with it. The secondary injury results from the biological cascade after the primary injury and affects previous uninjured, healthy tissue. Therefore, the mitigation of such a cascade would benefit patients suffering a primary injury and allow the body to recover more quickly. Unfortunately, the delivery of effective therapeutics is quite limited. Due to the inefficient delivery of therapeutic drugs, nanoparticles have become a major field of exploration for medical applications. Based on their material properties, they can help treat disease by delivering drugs to specific tissues, enhancing detection methods, or a mixture of both. Incorporating nanomedicine into the treatment of neuronal injury and disease would likely push nanomedicine into a new light. This review highlights the various pathological issues involved in secondary spinal cord injury, current treatment options, and the improvements that could be made using a nanomedical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée White-Schenk
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lynn School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James F Leary
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lynn School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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36
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Mar FM, da Silva TF, Morgado MM, Rodrigues LG, Rodrigues D, Pereira MIL, Marques A, Sousa VF, Coentro J, Sá-Miranda C, Sousa MM, Brites P. Myelin Lipids Inhibit Axon Regeneration Following Spinal Cord Injury: a Novel Perspective for Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1052-1064. [PMID: 25579385 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of axon regeneration following spinal cord injury has been mainly ascribed to the inhibitory environment of the injury site, i.e., to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs). Here, we used shiverer (shi) mice to assess axon regeneration following spinal cord injury in the presence of MAIs and CSPG but in the absence of compact myelin. Although in vitro shi neurons displayed a similar intrinsic neurite outgrowth to wild-type neurons, in vivo, shi fibers had increased regenerative capacity, suggesting that the wild-type spinal cord contains additional inhibitors besides MAIs and CSPG. Our data show that besides myelin protein, myelin lipids are highly inhibitory for neurite outgrowth and suggest that this inhibitory effect is released in the shi spinal cord given its decreased lipid content. Specifically, we identified cholesterol and sphingomyelin as novel myelin-associated inhibitors that operate through a Rho-dependent mechanism and have inhibitory activity in multiple neuron types. We further demonstrated the inhibitory action of myelin lipids in vivo, by showing that delivery of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a drug that reduces the levels of lipids specifically in the injury site, leads to increased axon regeneration of wild-type (WT) dorsal column axons following spinal cord injury. In summary, our work shows that myelin lipids are important modulators of axon regeneration that should be considered together with protein MAIs as critical targets in strategies aiming at improving axonal growth following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Mar
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago F da Silva
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene M Morgado
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lorena G Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta I L Pereira
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera F Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Coentro
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Sá-Miranda
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica M Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
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Li S, He Q, Wang H, Tang X, Ho KW, Gao X, Zhang Q, Shen Y, Cheung A, Wong F, Wong YH, Ip NY, Jiang L, Yung WH, Liu K. Injured adult retinal axons with Pten and Socs3 co-deletion reform active synapses with suprachiasmatic neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:366-76. [PMID: 25448764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in promoting axonal regeneration after adult central nervous system injury, elicitation of a large number of lesion-passing axons reform active synaptic connections with natural target neurons remains limited. By deleting both Pten and Socs3 in retinal ganglion cells, we report that optic nerve axons after prechiasm lesion robustly reinnervate the hypothalamus, form new synapses with neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and re-integrate with the existing circuitry. Photic or electric stimulation of the retinal axons induces neuronal response in SCN. However both the innervation pattern and evoked responses are not completely restored by the regenerating axons, suggesting that combining with other strategies is necessary to overcome the defective rewiring. Our results support that boosting the intrinsic growth capacity in injured neurons promotes axonal reinnervation and rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songshan Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinghai He
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuming Tang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Wing Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Annie Cheung
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis Wong
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advance Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Axon length quantification microfluidic culture platform for growth and regeneration study. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 24838960 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0777-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
To fully understand how external biomolecular environment influences axon growth, a method that can easily quantify the extent of axon growth as well as locally control their biomolecular environment is critically needed. Here, we describe a microfluidic culture platform capable of isolating CNS axons from neuronal somata for localized biomolecular manipulation as well as providing linearly guided axon growths for simple and easy quantification of the axon growth length. The axon isolation and guidance capability combined with the multi-compartment configuration make this platform ideal for investigating and screening drugs or other molecular factors that promote axon growth as well as regeneration.
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Sharma TP, McDowell CM, Liu Y, Wagner AH, Thole D, Faga BP, Wordinger RJ, Braun TA, Clark AF. Optic nerve crush induces spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in retina and optic nerve of BALB/cJ mice. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:14. [PMID: 24767545 PMCID: PMC4113182 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central nervous system (CNS) trauma and neurodegenerative disorders trigger a cascade of cellular and molecular events resulting in neuronal apoptosis and regenerative failure. The pathogenic mechanisms and gene expression changes associated with these detrimental events can be effectively studied using a rodent optic nerve crush (ONC) model. The purpose of this study was to use a mouse ONC model to: (a) evaluate changes in retina and optic nerve (ON) gene expression, (b) identify neurodegenerative pathogenic pathways and (c) discover potential new therapeutic targets. Results Only 54% of total neurons survived in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) 28 days post crush. Using Bayesian Estimation of Temporal Regulation (BETR) gene expression analysis, we identified significantly altered expression of 1,723 and 2,110 genes in the retina and ON, respectively. Meta-analysis of altered gene expression (≥1.5, ≤-1.5, p < 0.05) using Partek and DAVID demonstrated 28 up and 20 down-regulated retinal gene clusters and 57 up and 41 down-regulated optic nerve clusters. Regulated gene clusters included regenerative change, synaptic plasticity, axonogenesis, neuron projection, and neuron differentiation. Expression of selected genes (Vsnl1, Syt1, Synpr and Nrn1) from retinal and ON neuronal clusters were quantitatively and qualitatively examined for their relation to axonal neurodegeneration by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Conclusion A number of detrimental gene expression changes occur that contribute to trauma-induced neurodegeneration after injury to ON axons. Nrn1 (synaptic plasticity gene), Synpr and Syt1 (synaptic vesicle fusion genes), and Vsnl1 (neuron differentiation associated gene) were a few of the potentially unique genes identified that were down-regulated spatially and temporally in our rodent ONC model. Bioinformatic meta-analysis identified significant tissue-specific and time-dependent gene clusters associated with regenerative changes, synaptic plasticity, axonogenesis, neuron projection, and neuron differentiation. These ONC induced neuronal loss and regenerative failure associated clusters can be extrapolated to changes occurring in other forms of CNS trauma or in clinical neurodegenerative pathological settings. In conclusion, this study identified potential therapeutic targets to address two key mechanisms of CNS trauma and neurodegeneration: neuronal loss and regenerative failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Ft, Worth, TX USA.
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Ohtake Y, Park D, Abdul-Muneer PM, Li H, Xu B, Sharma K, Smith GM, Selzer ME, Li S. The effect of systemic PTEN antagonist peptides on axon growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4610-26. [PMID: 24630093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Knockout studies suggest that PTEN limits the regenerative capacities of CNS axons as a dominant antagonist of PI3 kinase, but the transgenic approach is not feasible for treating patients. Although application of bisperoxovanadium may block PTEN function, it is a general inhibitor of phosphotyrosine phosphatases and may target enzymes other than PTEN, causing side effects and preventing firm conclusions about PTEN inhibition on regulating neuronal growth. A pharmacological method to selectively suppress PTEN post-injury could be a valuable strategy for promoting CNS axon regeneration. We identified PTEN antagonist peptides (PAPs) by targeting PTEN critical functional domains and evaluated their efficacy for promoting axon growth. Four PAPs (PAP 1-4) bound to PTEN protein expressed in COS7 cells and blocked PTEN signaling in vivo. Subcutaneous administration of PAPs initiated two days after dorsal over-hemisection injury significantly stimulated growth of descending serotonergic fibers in the caudal spinal cord of adult mice. Systemic PAPs induce significant sprouting of corticospinal fibers in the rostral spinal cord and limited growth of corticospinal axons in the caudal spinal cord. More importantly, PAP treatment enhanced recovery of locomotor function in adult rodents with spinal cord injury. This study may facilitate development of effective therapeutic agents for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Dongsun Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kartavya Sharma
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8813, USA
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Butt GF, Habib A, Mahgoub K, Sofela A, Tilley M, Guo L, Cordeiro MF. Optic nerve regeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Brosius Lutz A, Barres BA. Contrasting the Glial Response to Axon Injury in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Dev Cell 2014; 28:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Role of galactosylceramide and sulfatide in oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin: formation of a glycosynapse. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:263-91. [PMID: 25151383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two major glycosphingolipids of myelin, galactosylceramide (GalC) and sulfatide (SGC), interact with each other by trans carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in vitro. They face each other in the apposed extracellular surfaces of the multilayered myelin sheath produced by oligodendrocytes and could also contact each other between apposed oligodendrocyte processes. Multivalent galactose and sulfated galactose, in the form of GalC/SGC-containing liposomes or silica nanoparticles conjugated to galactose and galactose-3-sulfate, interact with GalC and SGC in the membrane sheets of oligodendrocytes in culture. This interaction causes transmembrane signaling, loss of the cytoskeleton and clustering of membrane domains, similar to the effects of cross-linking by anti-GalC and anti-SGC antibodies. These effects suggest that GalC and SGC could participate in glycosynapses, similar to neural synapses or the immunological synapse, between GSL-enriched membrane domains in apposed oligodendrocyte membranes or extracellular surfaces of mature myelin. Formation of such glycosynapses in vivo would be important for myelination and/or oligodendrocyte/myelin function.
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Park J, Kim S, Park SI, Choe Y, Li J, Han A. A microchip for quantitative analysis of CNS axon growth under localized biomolecular treatments. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 221:166-74. [PMID: 24161788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Growth capability of neurons is an essential factor in axon regeneration. To better understand how microenvironments influence axon growth, methods that allow spatial control of cellular microenvironments and easy quantification of axon growth are critically needed. Here, we present a microchip capable of physically guiding the growth directions of axons while providing physical and fluidic isolation from neuronal somata/dendrites that enables localized biomolecular treatments and linear axon growth. The microchip allows axons to grow in straight lines inside the axon compartments even after the isolation; therefore, significantly facilitating the axon length quantification process. We further developed an image processing algorithm that automatically quantifies axon growth. The effect of localized extracellular matrix components and brain-derived neurotropic factor treatments on axon growth was investigated. Results show that biomolecules may have substantially different effects on axon growth depending on where they act. For example, while chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan causes axon retraction when added to the axons, it promotes axon growth when applied to the somata. The newly developed microchip overcomes limitations of conventional axon growth research methods that lack localized control of biomolecular environments and are often performed at a significantly lower cell density for only a short period of time due to difficulty in monitoring of axonal growth. This microchip may serve as a powerful tool for investigating factors that promote axon growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Kempf A, Montani L, Petrinovic MM, Schroeter A, Weinmann O, Patrignani A, Schwab ME. Upregulation of axon guidance molecules in the adult central nervous system of Nogo-A knockout mice restricts neuronal growth and regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:3567-79. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Kempf
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Brain Research Institute; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Laura Montani
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Brain Research Institute; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marija M. Petrinovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Brain Research Institute; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Aileen Schroeter
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Brain Research Institute; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Brain Research Institute; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea Patrignani
- Functional Genomics Center; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Brain Research Institute; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Bai N, Hayashi H, Aida T, Namekata K, Harada T, Mishina M, Tanaka K. Dock3 interaction with a glutamate-receptor NR2D subunit protects neurons from excitotoxicity. Mol Brain 2013; 6:22. [PMID: 23641686 PMCID: PMC3652797 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of NMDARs is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Native NMDARs are heteromultimeric protein complexes consisting of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NR2 subunits (NR2A–D) are the major determinants of the functional properties of NMDARs. Most research has focused on NR2A- and/or NR2B-containing receptors. A recent study demonstrated that NR2C- and/or NR2D-containing NMDARs are the primary targets of memantine, a drug that is widely prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Our laboratory demonstrated that memantine prevents the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in GLAST glutamate transporter knockout mice, a model of normal tension glaucoma (NTG), suggesting that NR2D-containing receptors may be involved in RGC loss in NTG. Results Here we demonstrate that NR2D deficiency attenuates RGC loss in GLAST-deficient mice. Furthermore, Dock3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, binds to the NR2D C-terminal domain and reduces the surface expression of NR2D, thereby protecting RGCs from excitotoxicity. Conclusions These results suggest that NR2D is involved in the degeneration of RGCs induced by excitotoxicity, and that the interaction between NR2D and Dock3 may have a neuroprotective effect. These findings raise the possibility that NR2D and Dock3 might be potential therapeutic targets for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Mironova YA, Giger RJ. Where no synapses go: gatekeepers of circuit remodeling and synaptic strength. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:363-73. [PMID: 23642707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth inhibitory molecules in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) have been implicated in the blocking of axonal sprouting and regeneration following injury. Prominent CNS regeneration inhibitors include Nogo-A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), and a key question concerns their physiological role in the naïve CNS. Emerging evidence suggests novel functions in dendrites and at synapses of glutamatergic neurons. CNS regeneration inhibitors target the neuronal actin cytoskeleton to regulate dendritic spine maturation, long-term synapse stability, and Hebbian forms of synaptic plasticity. This is accomplished in part by antagonizing plasticity-promoting signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Altered function of CNS regeneration inhibitors is associated with mental illness and loss of long-lasting memory, suggesting unexpected and novel physiological roles for these molecules in brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya A Mironova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 3065 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Anderson DMG, Mills D, Spraggins J, Lambert WS, Calkins DJ, Schey KL. High-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry of lipids in rodent optic nerve tissue. Mol Vis 2013; 19:581-92. [PMID: 23559852 PMCID: PMC3611942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a method for generating high spatial resolution (10 µm) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) images of lipids in rodent optic nerve tissue. METHODS Ice-embedded optic nerve tissue from rats and mice were cryosectioned across the coronal and sagittal axes of the nerve fiber. Sections were thaw mounted on gold-coated MALDI plates and were washed with ammonium acetate to remove biologic salts before being coated in 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid by sublimation. MALDI images were generated in positive and negative ion modes at 10 µm spatial resolution. Lipid identification was performed with a high mass resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. RESULTS Several lipid species were observed with high signal intensity in MALDI images of optic nerve tissue. Several lipids were localized to specific structures including in the meninges surrounding the optic nerve and in the central neuronal tissue. Specifically, phosphatidylcholine species were observed throughout the nerve tissue in positive ion mode while sulfatide species were observed in high abundance in the meninges surrounding the optic nerve in negative ion mode. Accurate mass measurements and fragmentation using sustained off-resonance irradiation with a high mass resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer instrument allowed for identification of lipid species present in the small structure of the optic nerve directly from tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS An optimized sample preparation method provides excellent sensitivity for lipid species present within optic nerve tissue. This allowed the laser spot size and fluence to be reduced to obtain a high spatial resolution of 10 µm. This new imaging modality can now be applied to determine spatial and molecular changes in optic nerve tissue with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. G. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel Mills
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Spraggins
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Wendi S. Lambert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David J. Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Kevin L. Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Luo X, Salgueiro Y, Beckerman SR, Lemmon VP, Tsoulfas P, Park KK. Three-dimensional evaluation of retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration and pathfinding in whole mouse tissue after injury. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:653-62. [PMID: 23510761 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Injured retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons do not regenerate spontaneously, causing loss of vision in glaucoma and after trauma. Recent studies have identified several strategies that induce long distance regeneration in the optic nerve. Thus, a pressing question now is whether regenerating RGC axons can find their appropriate targets. Traditional methods of assessing RGC axon regeneration use histological sectioning. However, tissue sections provide fragmentary information about axonal trajectory and termination. To unequivocally evaluate regenerating RGC axons, here we apply tissue clearance and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to image whole optic nerve and brain without physical sectioning. In mice with PTEN/SOCS3 deletion, a condition known to promote robust regeneration, axon growth followed tortuous paths through the optic nerve, with many axons reversing course and extending towards the eye. Such aberrant growth was prevalent in the proximal region of the optic nerve where strong astroglial activation is present. In the optic chiasms of PTEN/SOCS3 deletion mice and PTEN deletion/Zymosan/cAMP mice, many axons project to the opposite optic nerve or to the ipsilateral optic tract. Following bilateral optic nerve crush, similar divergent trajectory is seen at the optic chiasm compared to unilateral crush. Centrally, axonal projection is limited predominantly to the hypothalamus. Together, we demonstrate the applicability of LSFM for comprehensive assessment of optic nerve regeneration, providing in-depth analysis of the axonal trajectory and pathfinding. Our study indicates significant axon misguidance in the optic nerve and brain, and underscores the need for investigation of axon guidance mechanisms during optic nerve regeneration in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Luo
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Mietto BS, Jurgensen S, Alves L, Pecli C, Narciso MS, Assunção-Miranda I, Villa-Verde DMS, de Souza Lima FR, de Menezes JRL, Benjamim CF, Bozza MT, Martinez AMB. Lack of galectin-3 speeds Wallerian degeneration by altering TLR and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in injured sciatic nerve. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1682-90. [PMID: 23406314 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) comprises a series of events that includes activation of non-neuronal cells and recruitment of immune cells, creating an inflammatory milieu that leads to extensive nerve fragmentation and subsequent clearance of the myelin debris, both of which are necessary prerequisites for effective nerve regeneration. Previously, we documented accelerated axon regeneration in animals lacking galectin-3 (Gal-3), a molecule associated with myelin clearance. To clarify the mechanisms underlying this enhanced regeneration, we focus here on the early steps of WD following sciatic nerve crush in Gal-3(-/-) mice. Using an in vivo model of nerve degeneration, we observed that removal of myelin debris is more efficient in Gal-3(-/-) than in wild-type (WT) mice; we next used an in vitro phagocytosis assay to document that the phagocytic potential of macrophages and Schwann cells was enhanced in the Gal-3(-/-) mice. Moreover, both RNA and protein levels for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and -4, show robust increases in injured nerves from Gal-3(-/-) mice compared to those from WT mice. Collectively, these data indicate that the lack of Gal-3 results in an augmented inflammatory profile that involves the TLR-cytokine pathway, and increases the phagocytic capacity of Schwann cells and macrophages, which ultimately contributes to speeding the course of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Programa de Pesquisa em Neurociência Básica e Clínica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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