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Pearson A, Koprivica M, Eisenbaum M, Ortiz C, Browning M, Vincennie T, Tinsley C, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J. PPARγ activation ameliorates cognitive impairment and chronic microglial activation in the aftermath of r-mTBI. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:194. [PMID: 39097742 PMCID: PMC11297749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation and microglial activation are key mediators of the secondary injury cascades and cognitive impairment that follow exposure to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is expressed on microglia and brain resident myeloid cell types and their signaling plays a major anti-inflammatory role in modulating microglial responses. At chronic timepoints following injury, constitutive PPARγ signaling is thought to be dysregulated, thus releasing the inhibitory brakes on chronically activated microglia. Increasing evidence suggests that thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of compounds approved from the treatment of diabetes mellitus, effectively reduce neuroinflammation and chronic microglial activation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). The present study used a closed-head r-mTBI model to investigate the influence of the TZD Pioglitazone on cognitive function and neuroinflammation in the aftermath of r-mTBI exposure. We revealed that Pioglitazone treatment attenuated spatial learning and memory impairments at 6 months post-injury and reduced the expression of reactive microglia and astrocyte markers in the cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. We then examined whether Pioglitazone treatment altered inflammatory signaling mechanisms in isolated microglia and confirmed downregulation of proinflammatory transcription factors and cytokine levels. To further investigate microglial-specific mechanisms underlying PPARγ-mediated neuroprotection, we generated a novel tamoxifen-inducible microglial-specific PPARγ overexpression mouse line and examined its influence on microglial phenotype following injury. Using RNA sequencing, we revealed that PPARγ overexpression ameliorates microglial activation, promotes the activation of pathways associated with wound healing and tissue repair (such as: IL10, IL4 and NGF pathways), and inhibits the adoption of a disease-associated microglia-like (DAM-like) phenotype. This study provides insight into the role of PPARγ as a critical regulator of the neuroinflammatory cascade that follows r-mTBI in mice and demonstrates that the use of PPARγ agonists such as Pioglitazone and newer generation TZDs hold strong therapeutic potential to prevent the chronic neurodegenerative sequelae of r-mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Milica Koprivica
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Max Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Camila Ortiz
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | | | - Tessa Vincennie
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Cooper Tinsley
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Chen J, Zhong G, Qiu M, Ke W, Xue J, Chen J. Exploring lncRNA Expression Patterns in Patients With Hypertrophied Ligamentum Flavum. Neurospine 2024; 21:330-341. [PMID: 38291747 PMCID: PMC10992663 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346994.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertrophy ligamentum flavum (LFH) is a common cause of lumbar spinal stenosis, resulting in significant disability and morbidity. Although long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been associated with various biological processes and disorders, their involvement in LFH remains not fully understood. METHODS Human ligamentum flavum samples were analyzed using lncRNA sequencing followed by validation through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. To explore the potential biological functions of differentially expressed lncRNA-associated genes, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. We also studied the impact of lncRNA PARD3-AS1 on the progression of LFH in vitro. RESULTS In the LFH tissues when compared to that in the nonhypertrophic ligamentum flavum (LFN) tissues, a total of 1,091 lncRNAs exhibited differential expression, with 645 upregulated and 446 downregulated. Based on GO analysis, the differentially expressed transcripts primarily participated in metabolic processes, organelles, nuclear lumen, cytoplasm, protein binding, nucleic acid binding, and transcription factor activity. Moreover, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed lncRNAs were associated with the hippo signaling pathway, nucleotide excision repair, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. The expression of PARD3-AS1, RP11-430G17.3, RP1-193H18.3, and H19 was confirmed to be consistent with the sequencing analysis. Inhibition of PARD3-AS1 resulted in the suppression of fibrosis in LFH cells, whereas the overexpression of PARD3-AS1 promoted fibrosis in LFH cells in vitro. CONCLUSION This study identified distinct expression patterns of lncRNAs that are linked to LFH, providing insights into its underlying mechanisms and potential prognostic and therapeutic interventions. Notably, PARD3-AS1 appears to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of LFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoshan Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guibin Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manle Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoshan Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsong Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoshan Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoshan Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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3
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PPARγ Dysfunction in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Mediates High-Fat Diet-Induced Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4030-4043. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Saunders AM, Burns DK, Gottschalk WK. Reassessment of Pioglitazone for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666958. [PMID: 34220427 PMCID: PMC8243371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a quintessential 'unmet medical need', accounting for ∼65% of progressive cognitive impairment among the elderly, and 700,000 deaths in the United States in 2020. In 2019, the cost of caring for Alzheimer's sufferers was $244B, not including the emotional and physical toll on caregivers. In spite of this dismal reality, no treatments are available that reduce the risk of developing AD or that offer prolonged mitiagation of its most devestating symptoms. This review summarizes key aspects of the biology and genetics of Alzheimer's disease, and we describe how pioglitazone improves many of the patholophysiological determinants of AD. We also summarize the results of pre-clinical experiments, longitudinal observational studies, and clinical trials. The results of animal testing suggest that pioglitazone can be corrective as well as protective, and that its efficacy is enhanced in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but the dose-effect relations are not monotonic or sigmoid. Longitudinal cohort studies suggests that it delays the onset of dementia in individuals with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus, which small scale, unblinded pilot studies seem to confirm. However, the results of placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trials have not borne this out, and we discuss possible explanations for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Daniel K. Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Nakai T, Yamada K, Mizoguchi H. Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models: Elucidation of Biomarkers and Therapeutic Approaches for Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5549. [PMID: 34074018 PMCID: PMC8197360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is widely accepted that AD is mainly caused by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles. Aβ begins to accumulate years before the onset of cognitive impairment, suggesting that the benefit of currently available interventions would be greater if they were initiated in the early phases of AD. To understand the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, various transgenic mouse models with an accelerated accumulation of Aβ and tau tangles have been developed. However, none of these models exhibit all pathologies present in human AD. To overcome these undesirable phenotypes, APP knock-in mice, which were presented with touchscreen-based tasks, were developed to better evaluate the efficacy of candidate therapeutics in mouse models of early-stage AD. This review assesses several AD mouse models from the aspect of biomarkers and cognitive impairment and discusses their potential as tools to provide novel AD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (T.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (T.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (T.N.); (K.Y.)
- Medical Interactive Research and Academia Industry Collaboration Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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6
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Chen Q, Cao T, Li N, Zeng C, Zhang S, Wu X, Zhang B, Cai H. Repurposing of Anti-Diabetic Agents as a New Opportunity to Alleviate Cognitive Impairment in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667874. [PMID: 34108878 PMCID: PMC8182376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a shared abnormality between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Emerging evidence suggests that brain insulin resistance plays a significant role in cognitive deficits, which provides the possibility of anti-diabetic agents repositioning to alleviate cognitive deficits. Both preclinical and clinical studies have evaluated the potential cognitive enhancement effects of anti-diabetic agents targeting the insulin pathway. Repurposing of anti-diabetic agents is considered to be promising for cognitive deficits prevention or control in these neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article reviewed the possible relationship between brain insulin resistance and cognitive deficits. In addition, promising therapeutic interventions, especially current advances in anti-diabetic agents targeting the insulin pathway to alleviate cognitive impairment in AD and schizophrenia were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - NaNa Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cuirong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangxin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Jamwal S, Blackburn JK, Elsworth JD. PPARγ/PGC1α signaling as a potential therapeutic target for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107705. [PMID: 33039420 PMCID: PMC7887032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent some of the most devastating neurological disorders, characterized by progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons. Current therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is limited to symptomatic treatment rather than disease modifying interventions, emphasizing the desperate need for improved approaches. Abundant evidence indicates that impaired mitochondrial function plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and so biochemical factors in mitochondria are considered promising targets for pharmacological-based therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPARγ) are ligand-inducible transcription factors involved in regulating various genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC1α). This review summarizes the evidence supporting the ability of PPARγ-PGC1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons and provide directions for future work to explore the potential benefit of targeting mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. We have highlighted key roles of NRF2, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and paraoxonase-2 (PON2) signaling in mediating PGC1α-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, the status of PPARγ modulators being used in clinical trials for Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) has been compiled. The overall purpose of this review is to update and critique our understanding of the role of PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 in the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis together with suggestions for strategies to target PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 signaling in order to combat mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer K Blackburn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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8
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Cortez I, Hernandez CM, Dineley KT. Enhancement of select cognitive domains with rosiglitazone implicates dorsal hippocampus circuitry sensitive to PPARγ agonism in an Alzheimer's mouse model. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01973. [PMID: 33382528 PMCID: PMC7882162 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several clinical studies have tested the efficacy of insulin-sensitizing drugs for cognitive enhancement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, as type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a well-recognized risk factor for AD. Pilot studies assessing FDA-approved diabetes drugs in subjects with early-stage disease have found cognitive benefit in subjects comorbid for insulin resistance. In AD mouse models with concomitant insulin resistance, we have shown that 4 weeks of RSG can reverse peripheral and central insulin resistance concomitant with rescue of hippocampus-dependent fear learning and memory and hippocampal circuitry deficits in 9-month-old (9MO) Tg2576 mice with no effect in wild-type (WT) mice. Bioinformatics analysis of genomic and proteomic data reveals an intimate link between PPARγ and MAPK/ERK signaling in the hippocampus. We then demonstrated a direct interaction between PPARγ and phospho-ERK in vitro and in vivo during memory consolidation. The translational value of this discovery is evidenced by the positive correlational relationship between human AD postmortem brain levels of pERK-PPARγ nuclear complexes with cognitive reserve. METHODS We tested whether insulin sensitizer therapy could rescue spatial navigation, context discrimination, and object recognition learning and memory in aged wild-type and Tg2576 mice in addition to hippocampus-dependent contextual fear learning and memory, as we have previously reported. RESULTS We found that rosiglitazone treatment improved cognitive domains that predominantly rely upon the dorsal hippocampus rather than those that additionally engage the ventral hippocampus. CONCLUSION These results suggest that insulin sensitizer therapy with rosiglitazone improved age- and AD-related learning and memory deficits in circuit selective ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- IbDanelo Cortez
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caterina M Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA, USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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Crofton EJ, Nenov MN, Zhang Y, Tapia CM, Donnelly J, Koshy S, Laezza F, Green TA. Topographic transcriptomics of the nucleus accumbens shell: Identification and validation of fatty acid binding protein 5 as target for cocaine addiction. Neuropharmacology 2021; 183:108398. [PMID: 33181146 PMCID: PMC7755097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders for cocaine are major public health concerns with few effective treatment options. Therefore, identification of novel pharmacotherapeutic targets is critical for future therapeutic development. Evolution has ensured that genes are expressed largely only where they are needed. Therefore, examining the gene expression landscape of the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh), a brain region important for reward related behaviors, may lead to the identification of novel targets for cocaine use disorder. In this study, we conducted a novel two-step topographic transcriptomic analysis using five seed transcripts with enhanced expression in the NAcSh to identify transcripts with similarly enhanced expression utilizing the correlation feature to search the more than 20,000 in situ hybridization experiments of the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas. Transcripts that correlated with at least three seed transcripts were analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). We identified 7-fold more NAcSh-enhanced transcripts than our previous analysis using single voxels in the NAcSh as the seed. Analysis of the resulting transcripts with IPA identified many previously identified signaling pathways such as retinoic acid signaling as well as novel pathways. Manipulation of the retinoic acid pathway specifically in the NAcSh of male rats via viral vector-mediated RNA interference targeting fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) decreased cocaine self-administration and modulates excitability of medium spiny neurons in the NAcSh. These results not only validate the prospective strategy of conducting a topographic transcriptomic analysis, but also further validate retinoic acid signaling as a promising pathway for pharmacotherapeutic development against cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Crofton
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Miroslav N Nenov
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Cynthia M Tapia
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Joseph Donnelly
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Shyny Koshy
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Thomas A Green
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Melatonin regulates Aβ production/clearance balance and Aβ neurotoxicity: A potential therapeutic molecule for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110887. [PMID: 33254429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with multiple predisposing factors and complicated pathogenesis. Aβ peptide is one of the most important pathogenic factors in the etiology of AD. Accumulating evidence indicates that the imbalance of Aβ production and Aβ clearance in the brain of AD patients leads to Aβ deposition and neurotoxic Aβ oligomer formation. Melatonin shows a potent neuroprotective effect and can prevent or slow down the progression of AD, supporting the view that melatonin is a potential therapeutic molecule for AD. Melatonin modulates the regulatory network of secretase expression and affects the function of secretase, thereby inhibiting amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ production. Additionally, melatonin ameliorates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and probably promotes Aβ clearance through glymphatic-lymphatic drainage, BBB transportation and degradation pathways. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of melatonin against Aβ-dependent AD pathogenesis. We explore the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of melatonin on Aβ production and assembly, Aβ clearance, Aβ neurotoxicity and circadian cycle disruption. We summarize multiple clinical trials of melatonin treatment in AD patients, showing that melatonin has a promising effect on improving sleep quality and cognitive function. This review aims to stimulate further research on melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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11
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Lu CD, Ma JK, Luo ZY, Tai QX, Wang P, Guan PP. Transferrin is responsible for mediating the effects of iron ions on the regulation of anterior pharynx-defective-1α/β and Presenilin 1 expression via PGE 2 and PGD 2 at the early stage of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3117-3135. [PMID: 30383537 PMCID: PMC6286844 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an important iron-binding protein postulated to play a key role in iron ion (Fe) absorption via the Tf receptor (TfR), which potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the role of Tf in AD remains unknown. Using mouse-derived neurons and APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as model systems, we firstly revealed the mechanisms of APH-1α/1β and presenilin 1 (PS1) upregulation by Fe in prostaglandin (PG) E2- and PGD2-dependent mechanisms. Specifically, Fe stimulated the expression of mPGES-1 and the production of PGE2 and PGD2 via the Tf and TfR system. Highly accumulated PGE2 markedly induced the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1α and -1β (APH-1α/1β) and PS1 via an EP receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, PGD2 suppressed the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 via a prostaglandin D2 (DP) receptor-dependent mechanism. As the natural dehydrated product of PGD2, 15d-PGJ2 exerts inhibitory effects on the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ-dependent manner. The expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 ultimately determined the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), an effect that potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Di Lu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kang Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yang Luo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Qun-Xi Tai
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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12
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Clarke JR, Ribeiro FC, Frozza RL, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Metabolic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Neurobiology to Clinical Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S405-S426. [PMID: 29562518 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have extensively failed to find effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) so far. Even after decades of AD research, there are still limited options for treating dementia. Mounting evidence has indicated that AD patients develop central and peripheral metabolic dysfunction, and the underpinnings of such events have recently begun to emerge. Basic and preclinical studies have unveiled key pathophysiological mechanisms that include aberrant brain stress signaling, inflammation, and impaired insulin sensitivity. These findings are in accordance with clinical and neuropathological data suggesting that AD patients undergo central and peripheral metabolic deregulation. Here, we review recent basic and clinical findings indicating that metabolic defects are central to AD pathophysiology. We further propose a view for future therapeutics that incorporates metabolic defects as a core feature of AD pathogenesis. This approach could improve disease understanding and therapy development through drug repurposing and/or identification of novel metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar L Frozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Jin G, Zhu L, Liu P, Xu Q, Qi Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Ji X, Chi T, Zou L. Xanthoceraside prevented synaptic loss and reversed learning-memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:477-488. [PMID: 30767122 PMCID: PMC10718037 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin, has been found to attenuate learning and memory impairments in AD animal models. However, whether xanthoceraside has a positive effect on synaptic morphology remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated the effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairments and the abnormalities of synaptic structure in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The behavioral experiments demonstrated that xanthoceraside attenuated the imaginal memory and spatial learning impairments, and improved social interaction. Transmission electron microscopy and Golgi staining showed that xanthoceraside ameliorated synapse morphology abnormalities and dendritic spine density deficits, respectively. Western-blot analysis identified that xanthoceraside increased the expression of SYP and PSD95, activated BDNF/TrkB/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, meanwhile decreased the expression of RhoA, ROCK and Snk, increased the levels of SPAR, and activated the BDNF/TrkB/cofilin signaling pathway. Taken together, our study indicated that xanthoceraside improved cognitive function and protected both synaptic morphology and dendritic spine in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, which might be related in part to its activation in the BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Cortez I, Denner L, Dineley KT. Divergent Mechanisms for PPARγ Agonism in Ameliorating Aging-Related Versus Cranial Irradiation-Induced Context Discrimination Deficits. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:38. [PMID: 30930764 PMCID: PMC6427093 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major aspect of mammalian aging is the decline in functional competence of many self-renewing cell types, including adult-born neuronal precursors in a process termed neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis is limited to specific brain regions in the mammalian brain, such as the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Alterations in adult neurogenesis appear to be a common hallmark in different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We and others have shown that PPARγ agonism improves cognition in preclinical models of AD as well as in several pilot clinical trials. Context discrimination is recognized as a cognitive task supported by proliferation and differentiation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus that we and others have previously shown declines with age. We therefore postulated that PPARγ agonism would positively impact context discrimination in middle-aged mice via mechanisms that influence proliferation and differentiation of adult-born neurons arising from the SGZ. To achieve our objective, 8-months old mice were left untreated or treated with the FDA-approved PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone then tested for context discrimination learning and memory, followed by immunofluorescence evaluation of hippocampal SGZ cell proliferation and neuron survival. We found that PPARγ agonism enhanced context discrimination performance in middle-aged mice concomitant with stimulated SGZ cell proliferation, but not new neuron survival. Focal cranial irradiation that destroys neurogenesis severely compromised context discrimination in middle-aged mice yet rosiglitazone treatment significantly improved cognitive performance through an anti-inflammatory mechanism and resurrection of the neurogenic niche. Thus, we have evidence for divergent mechanisms by which PPARγ agonism impinges upon aging-related versus cranial irradiation-induced deficits in context discrimination learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibdanelo Cortez
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Larry Denner
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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15
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Khan MA, Alam Q, Haque A, Ashafaq M, Khan MJ, Ashraf GM, Ahmad M. Current Progress on Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Agonist as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:232-246. [PMID: 30152284 PMCID: PMC6425074 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180828100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β within the brain parenchyma resulting in a significant decline in cognitive functions. The pathophysiological conditions of the disease are recognized by the perturbation of synaptic function, energy and lipid metabolism. In Addition deposition of amyloid plaques also triggers inflammation upon the induction of microglia. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors known to play important role in the regulation of glucose absorption, homeostasis of lipid metabolism and are further known to involved in repressing the expression of genes related to inflammation. Therefore, agonists of this receptor represent an attractive therapeutic target for AD. Recently, both clinical and preclinical studies showed that use of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist improves both learning and memory along with other AD related pathology. Thus, PPARγ signifies a significant new therapeutic target in treating AD. In this review, we have shed some light on the recent progress of how, PPARγ agonist selectively modulated different cellular targets in AD and its amazing potential in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Ahmad Khan
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India; E-mail: , and King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India; E-mail: , and King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-mail:
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16
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D'Souza MS. Brain and Cognition for Addiction Medicine: From Prevention to Recovery Neural Substrates for Treatment of Psychostimulant-Induced Cognitive Deficits. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:509. [PMID: 31396113 PMCID: PMC6667748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine poses a continuing medical and social challenge both in the United States and all over the world. Despite a desire to quit drug use, return to drug use after a period of abstinence is a common problem among individuals dependent on psychostimulants. Recovery for psychostimulant drug-dependent individuals is particularly challenging because psychostimulant drugs induce significant changes in brain regions associated with cognitive functions leading to cognitive deficits. These cognitive deficits include impairments in learning/memory, poor decision making, and impaired control of behavioral output. Importantly, these drug-induced cognitive deficits often impact adherence to addiction treatment programs and predispose abstinent addicts to drug use relapse. Additionally, these cognitive deficits impact effective social and professional rehabilitation of abstinent addicts. The goal of this paper is to review neural substrates based on animal studies that could be pharmacologically targeted to reverse psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits such as impulsivity and impairment in learning and memory. Further, the review will discuss neural substrates that could be used to facilitate extinction learning and thus reduce emotional and behavioral responses to drug-associated cues. Moreover, the review will discuss some non-pharmacological approaches that could be used either alone or in combination with pharmacological compounds to treat the above-mentioned cognitive deficits. Psychostimulant addiction treatment, which includes treatment for cognitive deficits, will help promote abstinence and allow for better rehabilitation and integration of abstinent individuals into society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, United States
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17
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Rosiglitazone rescues human neural stem cells from amyloid-beta induced ER stress via PPARγ dependent signaling. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:312-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Lee JH, Jahrling JB, Denner L, Dineley KT. Targeting Insulin for Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms, Status and Potential Directions. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S427-S453. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan B. Jahrling
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Larry Denner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly T. Dineley
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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19
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Folweiler KA, Samuel S, Metheny HE, Cohen AS. Diminished Dentate Gyrus Filtering of Cortical Input Leads to Enhanced Area Ca3 Excitability after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1304-1317. [PMID: 29338620 PMCID: PMC5962932 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disrupts hippocampal function and can lead to long-lasting episodic memory impairments. The encoding of episodic memories relies on spatial information processing within the hippocampus. As the primary entry point for spatial information into the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus is thought to function as a physiological gate, or filter, of afferent excitation before reaching downstream area Cornu Ammonis (CA3). Although injury has previously been shown to alter dentate gyrus network excitability, it is unknown whether mTBI affects dentate gyrus output to area CA3. In this study, we assessed hippocampal function, specifically the interaction between the dentate gyrus and CA3, using behavioral and electrophysiological techniques in ex vivo brain slices 1 week following mild lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI). Behaviorally, LFPI mice were found to be impaired in an object-place recognition task, indicating that spatial information processing in the hippocampus is disrupted. Extracellular recordings and voltage-sensitive dye imaging demonstrated that perforant path activation leads to the aberrant spread of excitation from the dentate gyrus into area CA3 along the mossy fiber pathway. These results suggest that after mTBI, the dentate gyrus has a diminished capacity to regulate cortical input into the hippocampus, leading to increased CA3 network excitability. The loss of the dentate filtering efficacy reveals a potential mechanism by which hippocampal-dependent spatial information processing is disrupted, and may contribute to memory dysfunction after mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A. Folweiler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandy Samuel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah E. Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Thermodynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interplay Between Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway-PPAR Gamma, Energy Metabolism and Circadian Rhythms. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:174-204. [PMID: 29572723 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entropy production rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Irreversible processes are quantified by changes in the entropy production rate. This review is focused on the opposing interactions observed in NDs between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma and their metabolic and thermodynamic implications. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated, whereas PPAR gamma is downregulated. In Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is downregulated while PPAR gamma is upregulated. The dysregulation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway is responsible for the modification of thermodynamics behaviors of metabolic enzymes. Upregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to aerobic glycolysis, named Warburg effect, through activated enzymes, such as glucose transporter (Glut), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1(PDK1), monocarboxylate lactate transporter 1 (MCT-1), lactic dehydrogenase kinase-A (LDH-A) and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Downregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to oxidative stress and cell death through inactivation of Glut, PKM2, PDK1, MCT-1, LDH-A but activation of PDH. In addition, in NDs, PPAR gamma is dysregulated, whereas it contributes to the regulation of several key circadian genes. NDs show many dysregulation in the mediation of circadian clock genes and so of circadian rhythms. Thermodynamics rhythms operate far-from-equilibrium and partly regulate interactions between WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma. In NDs, metabolism, thermodynamics and circadian rhythms are tightly interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
- LMA (Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications) CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, Poitiers, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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21
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Miller WR, Fox RG, Stutz SJ, Lane SD, Denner L, Cunningham KA, Dineley KT. PPARγ agonism attenuates cocaine cue reactivity. Addict Biol 2018; 23:55-68. [PMID: 27862692 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder is a chronic relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and taking even after prolonged abstinence periods. Subsequent exposure to drug-associated cues can promote intense craving and lead to relapse in abstinent humans and rodent models. The responsiveness to these cocaine-related cues, or 'cue reactivity', can trigger relapse and cocaine-seeking behaviors; cue reactivity is measurable in cocaine-dependent humans as well as rodent models. Cue reactivity is thought to be predictive of cocaine craving and relapse. Here we report that PPARγ agonism during abstinence from cocaine self-administration reduced previously active lever pressing in Sprague Dawley rats during cue-reactivity tests, while administration of the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, reversed this effect. PPARγ agonism also normalized nuclear ERK activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus which was reversed with GW9662. Our results support the utility of PPARγ agonism as a relapse prevention strategy to maintain abstinence in the presence of cocaine-associated cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Miller
- Department of Neurology; Galveston TX USA
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
| | - Robert G Fox
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Galveston TX USA
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Galveston TX USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Larry Denner
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
- Division of Endocrinology; Internal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston TX USA
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Galveston TX USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology; Galveston TX USA
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
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22
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Reprogramming energetic metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2017; 193:141-152. [PMID: 29079469 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Entropy rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Changes in Gibbs energy, heat production, ionic conductance or intracellular acidity are irreversibles processes which driven modifications of the entropy rate. The present review focusses on the thermodynamic implications in the reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism enabling in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the opposite interplay of the molecular signaling pathways WNT/β-catenin and PPARγ. In AD, WNT/β-catenin pathway is downregulated while PPARγ is upregulated. Thermodynamics behaviors of metabolic enzymes are modified by dysregulation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Downregulation of WNT/β-catenin pathway leads to oxidative stress and cell death through inactivation of glycolytic enzymes such as Glut, PKM2, PDK1, MCT-1, LDH-A but activation of PDH. In addition, in NDs, PPARγ is dysregulated whereas it contributes to the regulation of several key circadian genes. AD is considered as a dissipative structure that exchanges energy or matter with its environment far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. Far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics are notions driven by circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms directly participate in regulating the molecular pathways WNT/β-catenin and PPARγ involved in the reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism enabling AD processes.
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23
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Angulo SL, Orman R, Neymotin SA, Liu L, Buitrago L, Cepeda-Prado E, Stefanov D, Lytton WW, Stewart M, Small SA, Duff KE, Moreno H. Tau and amyloid-related pathologies in the entorhinal cortex have divergent effects in the hippocampal circuit. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:261-276. [PMID: 28860088 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is affected early in Alzheimer's disease, an illness defined by a co-occurrence of tau and amyloid-related pathologies. How the co-occurrence of these pathologies in the EC affects the hippocampal circuit remains unknown. Here we address this question by performing electrophysiological analyses of the EC circuit in mice that express mutant human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) or tau (hTau), or both in the EC. We show that the alterations in the hippocampal circuit are divergent, with hAPP increasing but hTau decreasing neuronal/circuit excitability. Most importantly, mice co-expressing hAPP and hTau show that hTau has a dominant effect, dampening the excitatory effects of hAPP. Additionally, compensatory synaptic downscaling, in response to increased excitability in EC was observed in subicular neurons of hAPP mice. Based on simulations, we propose that EC interneuron pruning can account for both EC hyperexcitability and subicular synaptic downscaling found in mice expressing hAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Angulo
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - R Orman
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - S A Neymotin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - L Liu
- Department of Pathology, Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032, United States
| | - L Buitrago
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - E Cepeda-Prado
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - D Stefanov
- Scientific Computer Center, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - W W Lytton
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - M Stewart
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - S A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, NY 10032, United States; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032, United States
| | - K E Duff
- Department of Pathology, Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032, United States
| | - H Moreno
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.
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24
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Cippitelli A, Domi E, Ubaldi M, Douglas JC, Li HW, Demopulos G, Gaitanaris G, Roberto M, Drew PD, Kane CJM, Ciccocioppo R. Protection against alcohol-induced neuronal and cognitive damage by the PPARγ receptor agonist pioglitazone. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:320-329. [PMID: 28167117 PMCID: PMC5482782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge alcohol drinking has emerged as a typical phenomenon in young people. This pattern of drinking, repeatedly leading to extremely high blood and brain alcohol levels and intoxication is associated with severe risks of neurodegeneration and cognitive damage. Mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation are pivotal elements in alcohol-induced neurotoxicity. Evidence has demonstrated that PPARγ receptor activation shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Here we examine whether treatment with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone is beneficial in counteracting neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and cognitive damage produced by binge alcohol intoxication. Adult Wistar rats were subjected to a 4-day binge intoxication procedure, which is commonly used to model excessive alcohol consumption in humans. Across the 4-day period, pioglitazone (0, 30, 60mg/kg) was administered orally twice daily at 12-h intervals. Degenerative cells were detected by fluoro-jade B (FJ-B) immunostaining in brain regions where expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also determined. The effects of pioglitazone on cognitive function were assessed in an operant reversal learning task and the Morris water maze task. Binge alcohol exposure produced selective neuronal degeneration in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the adjacent entorhinal cortex. Pioglitazone reduced FJ-B positive cells in both regions and prevented alcohol-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pioglitazone also rescued alcohol-impaired reversal learning in the operant task and spatial learning deficits in the Morris water maze. These findings demonstrate that activation of PPARγ protects against neuronal and cognitive degeneration elicited by binge alcohol exposure. The protective effect of PPARγ agonist appears to be linked to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cippitelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Esi Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - James C. Douglas
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Hong Wu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | | | | | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Paul D. Drew
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Cynthia J. M. Kane
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy.
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25
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Hsu WCJ, Wildburger NC, Haidacher SJ, Nenov MN, Folorunso O, Singh AK, Chesson BC, Franklin WF, Cortez I, Sadygov RG, Dineley KT, Rudra JS, Taglialatela G, Lichti CF, Denner L, Laezza F. PPARgamma agonists rescue increased phosphorylation of FGF14 at S226 in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:1-17. [PMID: 28522250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in animal models of Aβ-pathology can be ameliorated by treatments with the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists, such as rosiglitazone (RSG). Previously, we demonstrated that in the Tg2576 animal model of AD, RSG treatment rescued cognitive deficits and reduced aberrant activity of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), an area critical for memory formation. METHODS We used a combination of mass spectrometry, confocal imaging, electrophysiology and split-luciferase assay and in vitro phosphorylation and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Using an unbiased, quantitative nano-LC-MS/MS screening, we searched for potential molecular targets of the RSG-dependent rescue of DG granule neurons. We found that S226 phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14), an accessory protein of the voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels required for neuronal firing, was reduced in Tg2576 mice upon treatment with RSG. Using confocal microscopy, we confirmed that the Tg2576 condition decreased PanNav channels at the AIS of the DG, and that RSG treatment of Tg2576 mice reversed the reduction in PanNav channels. Analysis from previously published data sets identified correlative changes in action potential kinetics in RSG-treated T2576 compared to untreated and wildtype controls. In vitro phosphorylation and mass spectrometry confirmed that the multifunctional kinase GSK-3β, a downstream target of insulin signaling highly implicated in AD, phosphorylated FGF14 at S226. Assembly of the FGF14:Nav1.6 channel complex and functional regulation of Nav1.6-mediated currents by FGF14 was impaired by a phosphosilent S226A mutation. Bioinformatics pathway analysis of mass spectrometry and biochemistry data revealed a highly interconnected network encompassing PPARγ, FGF14, SCN8A (Nav 1.6), and the kinases GSK-3 β, casein kinase 2β, and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS These results identify FGF14 as a potential PPARγ-sensitive target controlling Aβ-induced dysfunctions of neuronal activity in the DG underlying memory loss in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun J Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; M.D./Ph.D. Combined Degree Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Sigmund J Haidacher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Oluwarotimi Folorunso
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Aditya K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Brent C Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Whitney F Franklin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ibdanelo Cortez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rovshan G Sadygov
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jay S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Larry Denner
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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26
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Moutinho M, Landreth GE. Therapeutic potential of nuclear receptor agonists in Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1937-1949. [PMID: 28264880 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an extensive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, which triggers a set of deleterious processes, including synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and neuronal injury, leading to neuronal loss and cognitive impairment. A large body of evidence supports that nuclear receptor (NR) activation could be a promising therapeutic approach for AD. NRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene expression and have cell type-specific effects. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of NRs in AD. Moreover, we summarize studies reported in the last 10-15 years and their major outcomes arising from the pharmacological targeting of NRs in AD animal models. The dissection of the pathways regulated by NRs in the context of AD is of importance in identifying novel and effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 and Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 and Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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27
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Neuronally-directed effects of RXR activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42270. [PMID: 28205585 PMCID: PMC5311933 DOI: 10.1038/srep42270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extensive neuron loss that accompanies profound impairments in memory and cognition. We examined the neuronally directed effects of the retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene in an aggressive model of AD. We report that a two week treatment of 3.5 month old 5XFAD mice with bexarotene resulted in the clearance of intraneuronal amyloid deposits. Importantly, neuronal loss was attenuated by 44% in the subiculum in mice 4 months of age and 18% in layer V of the cortex in mice 8 months of age. Moreover, bexarotene treatment improved remote memory stabilization in fear conditioned mice and improved olfactory cross habituation. These improvements in neuron viability and function were correlated with significant increases in the levels of post-synaptic marker PSD95 and the pre-synaptic marker synaptophysin. Moreover, bexarotene pretreatment improved neuron survival in primary 5XFAD neurons in vitro in response to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. The salutary effects of bexarotene were accompanied by reduced plaque burden, decreased astrogliosis, and suppression of inflammatory gene expression. Collectively, these data provide evidence that bexarotene treatment reduced neuron loss, elevated levels of markers of synaptic integrity that was linked to improved cognition and in an aggressive model of AD.
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28
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Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates β-Amyloid Generation and Oxidative Stress Involvement of PPARγ in N2a/APP695 Cells. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:468-480. [PMID: 27889855 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide plaques is a major pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is a cleaved fragment of APP via BACE1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in APP processing and Aβ generation. Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is considered to be a potential target for AD treatment, because of its potent antioxidant and inhibitory effects on Aβ production by negatively regulating BACE1. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a highly active catechin found in green tea, is known to enhance metabolic activity and cognitive ability in the mice model of AD. To investigate whether the therapeutic effect of EGCG is related to the PPARγ pathway, we analysed the alterations in the intracellular molecular expression of PPARγ after EGCG treatment in the N2a/APP695 cell line. In this study, we observed that EGCG attenuated Aβ generation in N2a/APP695 cells, such as the PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, by suppressing the transcription and translation of BACE1 and that its effect was attenuated by the PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662. Intriguingly, EGCG significantly reinforced the activity of PPARγ by promoting its mRNA and protein expressions in N2a/APP695 cells. Moreover, EGCG also decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase-3), reduced the activity of the anti-inflammatory agent NF-κB and inhibited the oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of ROS and MDA and increasing the expression of MnSOD. Co-administration of GW9662 also significantly decreased the EGCG-mediated neuroprotective effect evidenced by the increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. The therapeutic efficacy of EGCG in AD may be derived from the up-regulation of PPARγ mRNA and protein expressions.
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29
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Corona JC, Duchen MR. PPARγ as a therapeutic target to rescue mitochondrial function in neurological disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:153-163. [PMID: 27352979 PMCID: PMC5145801 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many of the major neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, suggesting that mitochondrial and antioxidant pathways may represent potential novel therapeutic targets. Recent years have seen a rapidly growing interest in the use of therapeutic strategies that can limit the defects in, or even to restore, mitochondrial function while reducing free radical generation. The peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has a wide spectrum of biological functions, regulating mitochondrial function, mitochondrial turnover, energy metabolism, antioxidant defence and redox balance, immune responses and fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we explore the evidence for potential beneficial effects of PPARγ agonists in a number of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, ischaemia, autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neuropathic pain. We discuss the mechanisms underlying those beneficial effects in particular in relation to mitochondrial function, antioxidant defence, cell death and inflammation, and suggest that the PPARγ agonists show significant promise as therapeutic agents in otherwise intractable neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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30
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Alshammari TK, Alshammari MA, Nenov MN, Hoxha E, Cambiaghi M, Marcinno A, James TF, Singh P, Labate D, Li J, Meltzer HY, Sacchetti B, Tempia F, Laezza F. Genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 recapitulates phenotypic alterations underlying cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e806. [PMID: 27163207 PMCID: PMC5070049 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processing is highly dependent on the functional integrity of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons in the brain. These cells regulate excitability and synaptic plasticity of principal neurons balancing the excitatory/inhibitory tone of cortical networks. Reduced function of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and disruption of GABAergic synapses in the cortical circuitry result in desynchronized network activity associated with cognitive impairment across many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes are still poorly understood. Here we show that in animal models, genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 (Fgf14), a regulator of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, leads to loss of PV interneurons in the CA1 hippocampal region, a critical area for cognitive function. Strikingly, this cellular phenotype associates with decreased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) and also coincides with disrupted CA1 inhibitory circuitry, reduced in vivo gamma frequency oscillations and impaired working memory. Bioinformatics analysis of schizophrenia transcriptomics revealed functional co-clustering of FGF14 and genes enriched within the GABAergic pathway along with correlatively decreased expression of FGF14, PVALB, GAD67 and VGAT in the disease context. These results indicate that Fgf14(-/-) mice recapitulate salient molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral features associated with human cognitive impairment, and FGF14 loss of function might be associated with the biology of complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M Cambiaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A Marcinno
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - T F James
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - P Singh
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Labate
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - H Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. E-mail:
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31
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJ, Cheng YC, Lin KH, Yen CH, Lin CH. Rosiglitazone activation of PPARγ-dependent pathways is neuroprotective in human neural stem cells against amyloid-beta–induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 40:181-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Zhou X, Li Y, Shi X, Ma C. An overview on therapeutics attenuating amyloid β level in Alzheimer's disease: targeting neurotransmission, inflammation, oxidative stress and enhanced cholesterol levels. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:246-69. [PMID: 27158324 PMCID: PMC4846881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common underlying cause of dementia, and novel drugs for its treatment are needed. Of the different theories explaining the development and progression of AD, "amyloid hypothesis" is the most supported by experimental data. This hypothesis states that the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that congregate with formation and deposition of Aβ plaques in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Risk factors including neurotransmitter modulation, chronic inflammation, metal-induced oxidative stress and elevated cholesterol levels are key contributors to the disease progress. Current therapeutic strategies abating AD progression are primarily based on anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors as cognitive enhancers. The AChE inhibitor, donepezil, is proven to strengthen cognitive functions and appears effective in treating moderate to severe AD patients. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine, is also useful, and its combination with donepezil demonstrated a strong stabilizing effect in clinical studies on AD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delayed the onset and progression of AD and attenuated cognitive dysfunction. Based upon epidemiological evidence and animal studies, antioxidants emerged as potential AD preventive agents; however, clinical trials revealed inconsistencies. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling demonstrated pleiotropic functions of the hypolipidemic class of drugs, statins, potentially contributing towards the prevention of AD. In addition, targeting the APP processing pathways, stimulating neuroprotective signaling mechanisms, using the amyloid anti-aggregants and Aβ immunotherapy surfaced as well-tested strategies in reducing the AD-like pathology. Overall, this review covers mechanism of inducing the Aβ formation, key risk factors and major therapeutics prevalent in the AD treatment nowadays. It also delineates the need for novel screening approaches towards identifying drugs that may prevent or at least limit the progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Li
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
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33
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Donma MM, Donma O. Promising link between selenium and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma in the treatment protocols of obesity as well as depression. Med Hypotheses 2016; 89:79-83. [PMID: 26968915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considerable interest has been given to the significance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) in macronutrient metabolism, however, there is not sufficient data concerning the interactions between PPARs and micronutrients. Investigations performed on PPARγ and one of the essential micronutrients selenium (Se) have shown that both parameters may lead to alterations in obesity-related or mood disorders. Therefore, it is plausible to consider PPARγ and Se together as a powerful combination during the treatment of two associated diseases; obesity and depression. PPARγ has been shown to be involved in the antidepressant-like activity. It is also an important parameter to be considered in obesity as the master regulator of adipogenesis. The mechanism of action of PPARγ is initiated by ligand binding which induces a conformational change in the receptor. Se is capable of alleviating inflammatory signaling pathways. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Depression is also defined as an inflammatory disorder. Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) participate in the progression of depression. They are also obesity-associated parameters. Due to TNFα induced depressive-like behaviors and the positive association between this proinflammatory cytokine and obesity, TNFα-activated signaling pathways and those inhibiting them have recently gained importance as potential targets and therapeutic tools, respectively. More studies are necessary to develop compounds with therapeutic nature against depressive disorders and obesity. PPARγ is an important signaling pathway that occurs at the crossroads of depression and obesity. Se, aside from its anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antioxidative nature, affects also the way of PPARγ action. Se supplementation or fortification as well as the development of the partial agonists of PPARγ in which lipophilic Se compounds are used as ligand followed by experimental trials and human studies using the newly developed compounds will be promising approaches for future hope during the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Donma
- Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - O Donma
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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34
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Wong SB, Cheng SJ, Hung WC, Lee WT, Min MY. Rosiglitazone Suppresses In Vitro Seizures in Hippocampal Slice by Inhibiting Presynaptic Glutamate Release in a Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144806. [PMID: 26659605 PMCID: PMC4685987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor whose agonist, rosiglitazone has a neuroprotective effect to hippocampal neurons in pilocarpine-induced seizures. Hippocampal slice preparations treated in Mg2+ free medium can induce ictal and interictal-like epileptiform discharges, which is regarded as an in vitro model of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We applied rosiglitazone in hippocampal slices treated in Mg2+ free medium. The effects of rosiglitazone on hippocampal CA1-Schaffer collateral synaptic transmission were tested. We also examined the neuroprotective effect of rosiglitazone toward NMDA excitotoxicity on cultured hippocampal slices. Application of 10μM rosiglitazone significantly suppressed amplitude and frequency of epileptiform discharges in CA1 neurons. Pretreatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 did not block the effect of rosiglitazone on suppressing discharge frequency, but reverse the effect on suppressing discharge amplitude. Application of rosiglitazone suppressed synaptic transmission in the CA1-Schaffer collateral pathway. By miniature excitatory-potential synaptic current (mEPSC) analysis, rosiglitazone significantly suppressed presynaptic neurotransmitter release. This phenomenon can be reversed by pretreating PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Also, rosiglitazone protected cultured hippocampal slices from NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. The protective effect of 10μM rosiglitazone was partially antagonized by concomitant high dose GW9662 treatment, indicating that this effect is partially mediated by PPARγ receptors. In conclusion, rosiglitazone suppressed NMDA receptor-mediated epileptiform discharges by inhibition of presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Rosiglitazone protected hippocampal slice from NMDA excitotoxicity partially by PPARγ activation. We suggest that rosiglitazone could be a potential agent to treat patients with TLE.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Animals
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/drug effects
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Culture Media/pharmacology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/drug therapy
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/genetics
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/metabolism
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Magnesium/pharmacology
- Microtomy
- Models, Biological
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- PPAR gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/agonists
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Rosiglitazone
- Seizures/drug therapy
- Seizures/genetics
- Seizures/metabolism
- Seizures/pathology
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Thiazolidinediones/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bing Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Neuroscience Program in Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WTL); (MYM)
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WTL); (MYM)
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Fernández-Fernández D, Dorner-Ciossek C, Kroker KS, Rosenbrock H. Age-related synaptic dysfunction in Tg2576 mice starts as a failure in early long-term potentiation which develops into a full abolishment of late long-term potentiation. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:266-81. [PMID: 26629777 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tg2576 mice are widely used to study amyloid-dependent synaptic dysfunction related to Alzheimer's disease. However, conflicting data have been reported for these mice with regard to basal transmission as well as the in vitro correlate of memory, long-term potentiation (LTP). Some studies show clear impairments, whereas others report no deficiency. The present study uses hippocampal slices from 3-, 10-, and 15-month-old wild-type (WT) and Tg2576 mice to evaluate synaptic function in each group, including experiments to investigate basal synaptic transmission, short- and long-term plasticity by inducing paired-pulse facilitation, and both early and late LTP. We show that synaptic function remains intact in hippocampal slices from Tg2576 mice at 3 months of age. However, both early and late LTP decline progressively during aging in these mice. This deterioration of synaptic plasticity starts affecting early LTP, ultimately leading to the abolishment of both forms of LTP in 15-month-old animals. In comparison, WT littermates display normal synaptic parameters during aging. Additional pharmacological investigation into the involvement of NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in LTP suggests a distinct mechanism of induction among age groups, demonstrating that both early and late LTP are differentially affected by these channels in Tg2576 mice during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Fernández
- Deparment of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Cornelia Dorner-Ciossek
- Deparment of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Katja S Kroker
- Deptartment of Drug Discovery Support, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Holger Rosenbrock
- Deparment of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
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Hu S, Wang H, Chen K, Cheng P, Gao S, Liu J, Li X, Sun X. MicroRNA-34c Downregulation Ameliorates Amyloid-β-Induced Synaptic Failure and Memory Deficits by Targeting VAMP2. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:673-86. [PMID: 26402112 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunze Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Children’s Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuying Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yu X, Guan PP, Guo JW, Wang Y, Cao LL, Xu GB, Konstantopoulos K, Wang ZY, Wang P. By suppressing the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1α and -1β and inhibiting the aggregation of β-amyloid protein, magnesium ions inhibit the cognitive decline of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 transgenic mice. FASEB J 2015; 29:5044-58. [PMID: 26293690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) deficit in the serum or brain. However, the mechanisms regulating the roles of Mg(2+) in the pathologic condition of AD remain unknown. We studied whether brain Mg(2+) can decrease β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and ameliorate the cognitive decline in a model of AD, the APPswe/PS1DE9 transgenic (Tg) mouse. We used a recently developed compound, magnesium-L-threonate (MgT), for a treatment that resulted in enhanced clearance of Aβ in an anterior pharynx-defective (APH)-1α/-1β-dependent manner. To further explore how MgT treatment inhibits cognitive decline in APP/PS1 Tg mice, the critical molecules for amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and signaling pathways were investigated. In neurons, ERK1/2 and PPARγ signaling pathways were activated by MgT treatment, which in turn suppressed (by >80%) the expression of APH-1α/-1β, which is responsible for the deposition of Aβ and potentially contributes to the memory deficit that occurs in AD. More important, Aβ oligomers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) further promoted the expression of APH-1α/-1β (by >2.5-fold), which enhances the γ-cleavage of APP and Aβ deposition during AD progression. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of AD progression and are instrumental for developing better strategies to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing-Wen Guo
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Long-Long Cao
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guo-Biao Xu
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pu Wang
- *College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Neuronal stress signaling and eIF2α phosphorylation as molecular links between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 129:37-57. [PMID: 25857551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from clinical, epidemiological, neuropathology and preclinical studies indicates that mechanisms similar to those leading to peripheral metabolic deregulation in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, take place in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. These include pro-inflammatory mechanisms, brain metabolic stress and neuronal insulin resistance. From a molecular and cellular perspective, recent progress has been made in unveiling novel pathways that act in an orchestrated way to cause neuronal damage and cognitive decline in AD. These pathways converge to the activation of neuronal stress-related protein kinases and excessive phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α-P), which plays a key role in control of protein translation, culminating in synapse dysfunction and memory loss. eIF2α-P signaling thus links multiple neuronal stress pathways to impaired neuronal function and neurodegeneration. Here, we present a critical analysis of recently discovered molecular mechanisms underlying impaired brain insulin signaling and metabolic stress, with emphasis on the role of stress kinase/eIF2α-P signaling as a hub that promotes brain and behavioral impairments in AD. Because very similar mechanisms appear to operate in peripheral metabolic deregulation in T2D and in brain defects in AD, we discuss the concept that targeting defective brain insulin signaling and neuronal stress mechanisms with anti-diabetes agents may be an attractive approach to fight memory decline in AD. We conclude by raising core questions that remain to be addressed toward the development of much needed therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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Nenov MN, Tempia F, Denner L, Dineley KT, Laezza F. Impaired firing properties of dentate granule neurons in an Alzheimer's disease animal model are rescued by PPARγ agonism. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1712-26. [PMID: 25540218 PMCID: PMC4359997 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00419.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with medial temporal lobe dysfunction, including two areas essential for memory formation: the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus (DG). In the Tg2576 animal model for AD amyloidosis, activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) with rosiglitazone (RSG) ameliorates hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment and restores aberrant synaptic activity at the entorhinal cortex to DG granule neuron inputs. It is unknown, however, whether intrinsic firing properties of DG granule neurons in these animals are affected by amyloid-β pathology and if they are sensitive to RSG treatment. Here, we report that granule neurons from 9-mo-old wild-type and Tg2576 animals can be segregated into two cell types with distinct firing properties and input resistance that correlate with less mature type I and more mature type II neurons. The DG type I cell population was greater than type II in wild-type littermates. In the Tg2576 animals, the type I and type II cell populations were nearly equal but could be restored to wild-type levels through cognitive enhancement with RSG. Furthermore, Tg2576 cell firing frequency and spike after depolarization were decreased in type I and increased in type II cells, both of which could also be restored to wild-type levels upon RSG treatment. That these parameters were restored by PPARγ activation emphasizes the therapeutic value of RSG against early AD cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Larry Denner
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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40
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Skerrett R, Malm T, Landreth G. Nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:104-16. [PMID: 24874548 PMCID: PMC4246019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors have generated substantial interest in the past decade as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite years of effort, effective treatments for progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ALS remain elusive, making non-classical drug targets such as nuclear receptors an attractive alternative. A substantial literature in mouse models of disease and several clinical trials have investigated the role of nuclear receptors in various neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently AD. These studies have met with mixed results, yet the majority of studies in mouse models report positive outcomes. The mechanisms by which nuclear receptor agonists affect disease pathology remain unclear. Deciphering the complex signaling underlying nuclear receptor action in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for understanding this variability in preclinical studies, and for the successful translation of nuclear receptor agonists into clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Skerrett
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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41
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Dihydromyricetin ameliorates the oxidative stress response induced by methylglyoxal via the AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Brain Res Bull 2014; 109:117-26. [PMID: 25451453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY), the major bioactive flavonoid ingredient extracted from the leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz) W.T. Wang, displays multiple pharmacological activities, including oxidation resistance, antitumor properties and free radical scavenging capacities. However, the role of DMY in methylglyoxal (MG)-induced diabetes-associated cognitive decline and its underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of DMY on oxidative stress and glucose transport activity in a MG-induced PC12 cell line and to explore the related mechanisms. The effects of DMY on cell survival and apoptosis were examined, and the dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) was determined. Oxidative stress was evaluated by monitoring ROS production and the glutathione to glutathione disulfide ratio. The effects of DMY on glucose metabolism were investigated using a fluorescently labeled deoxyglucose analog and by measuring ATP and lactate production. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the protein levels of glyoxalase I (Glo-1), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) and phosphorylated AMPKα (p-AMPKα). The results revealed that DMY suppressed cellular oxidative stress in PC12 cells and balanced glucose metabolism. Additionally, DMY reduced GLUT4 translocation dysfunction and increased Glo-1 and p-AMPKα expression. We found that DMY protected PC12 cells against MG-induced apoptosis and glycometabolic disorders, at least in part by restraining the hyperactivation of p-AMPK activity and normalizing the translocation of GLUT4 from the intracellular compartment, resulting in a balance in glucose uptake. This result indicates that DMY may serve as a novel and effective candidate agent to treat diabetic encephalopathy by reducing the toxicity of MG.
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Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Ortiz-Barajas O, Gamero-Carrasco C, de la Rosa PR, Infante-Garcia C, Zopeque-Garcia N, Lechuga-Sancho AM, Garcia-Alloza M. Prediabetes-induced vascular alterations exacerbate central pathology in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48:123-35. [PMID: 24998414 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Age remains the main risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) although certain metabolic alterations, including prediabetes and hyperinsulinemia, also increase this risk. We present a mouse model of AD (APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse) with severe hyperinsulinemia induced by long-term high fat diet (HFD) treatment. After 23 weeks on HFD learning and memory processes were compromised. We observed a significant increase in tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ pathology, including Aβ levels and amyloid burden. Microglia activation was also significantly increased in HFD-treated mice, both in close proximity to and far from senile plaques. Insulin degrading enzyme and neprilysin levels were not affected, suggesting that Aβ degradation pathways were preserved, whereas we detected an increase in spontaneous cortical bleeding that could underlay an impairment of Aβ interstitial fluid drainage, contributing to the increase in Aβ deposition in APP/PS1-HFD mice. Altogether our data suggest that early hyperinsulinemia is enough to exacerbate AD pathology observed in APP/PS1 mice, and supports the role of insulin-resistance therapies to stop or delay central complications associated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Ortiz-Barajas
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz 11003, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Nuria Zopeque-Garcia
- Service of Clinical Analyses, University Hospital Puerta del Mar of Cadiz, Cadiz 11009, Spain
| | | | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz 11003, Spain.
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43
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Insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:92-103. [PMID: 25237037 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a key hormone regulating metabolism. Insulin binding to cell surface insulin receptors engages many signaling intermediates operating in parallel and in series to control glucose, energy, and lipids while also regulating mitogenesis and development. Perturbations in the function of any of these intermediates, which occur in a variety of diseases, cause reduced sensitivity to insulin and insulin resistance with consequent metabolic dysfunction. Chronic inflammation ensues which exacerbates compromised metabolic homeostasis. Since insulin has a key role in learning and memory as well as directly regulating ERK, a kinase required for the type of learning and memory compromised in early Alzheimer's disease (AD), insulin resistance has been identified as a major risk factor for the onset of AD. Animal models of AD or insulin resistance or both demonstrate that AD pathology and impaired insulin signaling form a reciprocal relationship. Of note are human and animal model studies geared toward improving insulin resistance that have led to the identification of the nuclear receptor and transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as an intervention tool for early AD. Strategic targeting of alternate nodes within the insulin signaling network has revealed disease-stage therapeutic windows in animal models that coalesce with previous and ongoing clinical trial approaches. Thus, exploiting the connection between insulin resistance and AD provides powerful opportunities to delineate therapeutic interventions that slow or block the pathogenesis of AD.
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44
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Role of PPAR γ in the Differentiation and Function of Neurons. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:768594. [PMID: 25246934 PMCID: PMC4160645 DOI: 10.1155/2014/768594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal processes (neurites and axons) have an important role in brain cells communication and, generally, they are damaged in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence has showed that the activation of PPARγ pathway promoted neuronal differentiation and axon polarity. In addition, activation of PPARγ using thiazolidinediones (TZDs) prevented neurodegeneration by reducing neuronal death, improving mitochondrial function, and decreasing neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain. In this review, we will discuss important evidence that supports a possible role of PPARγ in neuronal development, improvement of neuronal health, and pain signaling. Therefore, activation of PPARγ is a potential target with therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative disorders, brain injury, and pain regulation.
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45
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Zolezzi JM, Bastías-Candia S, Santos MJ, Inestrosa NC. Alzheimer's disease: relevant molecular and physiopathological events affecting amyloid-β brain balance and the putative role of PPARs. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:176. [PMID: 25120477 PMCID: PMC4112937 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia. With the expected aging of the human population, the estimated morbidity of AD suggests a critical upcoming health problem. Several lines of research are focused on understanding AD pathophysiology, and although the etiology of the disease remains a matter of intense debate, increased brain levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) appear to be a critical event in triggering a wide range of molecular alterations leading to AD. It has become evident in recent years that an altered balance between production and clearance is responsible for the accumulation of brain Aβ. Moreover, Aβ clearance is a complex event that involves more than neurons and microglia. The status of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and choroid plexus, along with hepatic functionality, should be considered when Aβ balance is addressed. Furthermore, it has been proposed that exposure to sub-toxic concentrations of metals, such as copper, could both directly affect these secondary structures and act as a seeding or nucleation core that facilitates Aβ aggregation. Recently, we have addressed peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-related mechanisms, including the direct modulation of mitochondrial dynamics through the PPARγ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) axis and the crosstalk with critical aging- and neurodegenerative-related cellular pathways. In the present review, we revise the current knowledge regarding the molecular aspects of Aβ production and clearance and provide a physiological context that gives a more complete view of this issue. Additionally, we consider the different structures involved in AD-altered Aβ brain balance, which could be directly or indirectly affected by a nuclear receptor (NR)/PPAR-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zolezzi
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá Arica, Chile
| | - Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá Arica, Chile
| | - Manuel J Santos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas, Chile
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