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Edwards CM, Guerrero IE, Thompson D, Dolezel T, Rinaman L. An ascending vagal sensory-central noradrenergic pathway modulates retrieval of passive avoidance memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588717. [PMID: 38645069 PMCID: PMC11030408 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Visceral feedback from the body is often subconscious, but plays an important role in guiding motivated behaviors. Vagal sensory neurons relay "gut feelings" to noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS), which in turn project to the anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBNST) and other hypothalamic-limbic forebrain regions. Prior work supports a role for these circuits in modulating memory consolidation and extinction, but a potential role in retrieval of conditioned avoidance remains untested. Results To examine this, adult male rats underwent passive avoidance conditioning. We then lesioned gut-sensing vagal afferents by injecting cholecystokinin-conjugated saporin toxin (CSAP) into the vagal nodose ganglia (Experiment 1), or lesioned NA inputs to the vlBNST by injecting saporin toxin conjugated to an antibody against dopamine-beta hydroxylase (DSAP) into the vlBNST (Experiment 2). When avoidance behavior was later assessed, rats with vagal CSAP lesions or NA DSAP lesions displayed significantly increased conditioned passive avoidance. Conclusions These new findings support the view that a gut vagal afferent-to-cNTSNA-to-vlBNST circuit plays a role in modulating the expression/retrieval of learned passive avoidance. Overall, our data suggest a dynamic modulatory role of vagal sensory feedback to the limbic forebrain in integrating interoceptive signals with contextual cues that elicit conditioned avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Edwards
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
| | | | - Danielle Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
| | - Tyla Dolezel
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
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2
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Sibbach BM, Karim HT, Lo D, Kasibhatla N, Santini T, Weber JC, Ibrahim TS, Banihashemi L. Manual segmentation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dorsal and ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis using multimodal 7 Tesla structural MRI: probabilistic atlases for a stress-control triad. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:273-283. [PMID: 37812278 PMCID: PMC10917873 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is uniquely capable of proximal control over autonomic and neuroendocrine stress responses, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) directly modulates PVN function, as well as playing an important role in stress control itself. The dorsal BNST (dBNST) is predominantly preautonomic, while the ventral BNST (vBNST) is predominantly viscerosensory, receiving dense noradrenergic signaling. Distinguishing the dBNST and vBNST, along with the PVN, may facilitate our understanding of dynamic interactions among these regions. T1-weighted MPRAGE and high resolution gradient echo (GRE) modalities were acquired at 7T. GRE was coregistered to MPRAGE and segmentations were performed in MRIcroGL based on their Atlas of the Human Brain depictions. The dBNST, vBNST and PVN were manually segmented in 25 participants; 10 images were rated by 2 raters. These segmentations were normalized and probabilistic atlases for each region were generated in MNI space, now available as resources for future research. We found moderate-high inter-rater reliability [n = 10; Mean Dice (SD); PVN = 0.69 (0.04); dBNST = 0.77 (0.04); vBNST = 0.62 (0.04)]. Probabilistic atlases were reverse normalized into native space for six additional participants that were segmented but not included in the original 25. We also found moderate to moderate-high reliability between the probabilistic atlases and manual segmentations [n = 6; Mean Dice (SD); PVN = 0.55 (0.12); dBNST = 0.60 (0.10); vBNST = 0.47 (0.12 SD)]. By isolating these hypothalamic and BNST subregions using ultra-high field MRI modalities, more specific delineations of these regions can facilitate greater understanding of mechanisms underlying stress-related function and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Sibbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Lo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nithya Kasibhatla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tales Santini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jessica C Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tamer S Ibrahim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Layla Banihashemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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3
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Pace SA, Myers B. Hindbrain Adrenergic/Noradrenergic Control of Integrated Endocrine and Autonomic Stress Responses. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad178. [PMID: 38015813 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Hindbrain adrenergic/noradrenergic nuclei facilitate endocrine and autonomic responses to physical and psychological challenges. Neurons that synthesize adrenaline and noradrenaline target hypothalamic structures to modulate endocrine responses while descending spinal projections regulate sympathetic function. Furthermore, these neurons respond to diverse stress-related metabolic, autonomic, and psychosocial challenges. Accordingly, adrenergic and noradrenergic nuclei are integrative hubs that promote physiological adaptation to maintain homeostasis. However, the precise mechanisms through which adrenaline- and noradrenaline-synthesizing neurons sense interoceptive and exteroceptive cues to coordinate physiological responses have yet to be fully elucidated. Additionally, the regulatory role of these cells in the context of chronic stress has received limited attention. This mini-review consolidates reports from preclinical rodent studies on the organization and function of brainstem adrenaline and noradrenaline cells to provide a framework for how these nuclei coordinate endocrine and autonomic physiology. This includes identification of hindbrain adrenaline- and noradrenaline-producing cell groups and their role in stress responding through neurosecretory and autonomic engagement. Although temporally and mechanistically distinct, the endocrine and autonomic stress axes are complementary and interconnected. Therefore, the interplay between brainstem adrenergic/noradrenergic nuclei and peripheral physiological systems is necessary for integrated stress responses and organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Pace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Flook EA, Feola B, Benningfield MM, Silveri MM, Winder DG, Blackford JU. Alterations in BNST Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Early Abstinence from Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:298-307. [PMID: 36847484 PMCID: PMC10168710 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Maintaining abstinence from alcohol use disorder (AUD) is extremely challenging, partially due to increased symptoms of anxiety and stress that trigger relapse. Rodent models of AUD have identified that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) contributes to symptoms of anxiety-like behavior and drug-seeking during abstinence. In humans, however, the BNST's role in abstinence remains poorly understood. The aims of this study were to assess BNST network intrinsic functional connectivity in individuals during abstinence from AUD compared to healthy controls and examine associations between BNST intrinsic functional connectivity, anxiety and alcohol use severity during abstinence. METHODS The study included resting state fMRI scans from participants aged 21-40 years: 20 participants with AUD in abstinence and 20 healthy controls. Analyses were restricted to five pre-selected brain regions with known BNST structural connections. Linear mixed models were used to test for group differences, with sex as a fixed factor given previously shown sex differences. RESULTS BNST-hypothalamus intrinsic connectivity was lower in the abstinent group relative to the control group. There were also pronounced sex differences in both the group and individual analyses; many of the findings were specific to men. Within the abstinent group, anxiety was positively associated with BNST-amygdala and BNST-hypothalamus connectivity, and men, not women, showed a negative relationship between alcohol use severity and BNST-hypothalamus connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Understanding differences in connectivity during abstinence may help explain the clinically observed anxiety and depression symptoms during abstinence and may inform the development of individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Flook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Ave S # D3300, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brandee Feola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Margaret M Benningfield
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Ave S # D3300, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Marisa M Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 6902 Pine Street, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
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Murphy S, Collis Glynn M, Dixon TN, Grill HJ, McNally GP, Ong ZY. Nucleus of the solitary tract A2 neurons control feeding behaviors via projections to the paraventricular hypothalamus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:351-361. [PMID: 36114285 PMCID: PMC9751294 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain NTS neurons are highly attuned to internal physiological and external environmental factors that contribute to the control of food intake but the relevant neural phenotypes and pathways remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of NTS A2 neurons and their projections in the control of feeding behaviors. In male TH Cre rats, we first confirmed selective targeting of NTS A2 neurons and showed that chemogenetic stimulation of these neurons significantly suppressed dark cycle food intake, deprivation re-feed and high fat diet intake. Despite reducing intake, activation of NTS A2 neurons had no effect on food approach, anxiety-like behaviors, locomotor activity, blood glucose levels nor did it induce nausea/malaise, thus revealing a selective role for these neurons in the consummatory aspect of food intake control. Pathway-specific mapping and manipulation of NTS A2 neurons showed that these effects were mediated by NTS A2 neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) because chemogenetic activation of these projections, but not projections to bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), reduced food intake. Cell-type specific analyses demonstrated that activation of NTS A2 neurons recruited both PVH oxytocin (OT)- and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-expressing neurons, and plasma analyses showed increased plasma corticosterone following NTS A2 stimulation. While we also showed that chemogenetic inhibition of NTS A2 neurons attenuated the intake inhibitory effects of CCK, the specificity of transgene expression was low. Together, these findings showed that NTS A2 neurons are sufficient to control the consummatory aspects of feeding, regardless of energy status or food palatability and identified their projections to PVH, but not BNST, in food intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Murphy
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Metika Collis Glynn
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Tiarani N. Dixon
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Harvey J. Grill
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Gavan P. McNally
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Zhi Yi Ong
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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6
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Edwards CM, Guerrero IE, Zheng H, Dolezel T, Rinaman L. Blockade of Ghrelin Receptor Signaling Enhances Conditioned Passive Avoidance and Context-Associated cFos Activation in Fasted Male Rats. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 113:535-548. [PMID: 36566746 PMCID: PMC10133005 DOI: 10.1159/000528828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interoceptive feedback to the brain regarding the body's physiological state plays an important role in guiding motivated behaviors. For example, a state of negative energy balance tends to increase exploratory/food-seeking behaviors while reducing avoidance behaviors. We recently reported that overnight food deprivation reduces conditioned passive avoidance behavior in male (but not female) rats. Since fasting increases circulating levels of ghrelin, we hypothesized that ghrelin signaling contributes to the ability of fasting to reduce conditioned avoidance. METHODS Ad libitum-fed male rats were trained in a passive avoidance procedure using mild footshock. Later, following overnight food deprivation, the same rats were pretreated with ghrelin receptor antagonist (GRA) or saline vehicle 30 min before avoidance testing. RESULTS GRA restored passive avoidance in fasted rats as measured by both latency to enter and time spent in the shock-paired context. In addition, compared to vehicle-injected fasted rats, fasted rats that received GRA before reexposure to the shock-paired context displayed more cFos activation of prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP)-positive noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, accompanied by more cFos activation in downstream target sites of PrRP neurons (i.e., bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus). DISCUSSION These results support the view that ghrelin signaling contributes to the inhibitory effect of fasting on learned passive avoidance behavior, perhaps by suppressing recruitment of PrRP-positive NA neurons and their downstream hypothalamic and limbic forebrain targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Edwards
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | | | - Huiyuan Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Tyla Dolezel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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7
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Jiang Z, Chen C, Weiss GL, Fu X, Stelly CE, Sweeten BLW, Tirrell PS, Pursell I, Stevens CR, Fisher MO, Begley JC, Harrison LM, Tasker JG. Stress-induced glucocorticoid desensitizes adrenoreceptors to gate the neuroendocrine response to somatic stress in male mice. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111509. [PMID: 36261014 PMCID: PMC9635929 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noradrenergic afferents to hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons provide a major excitatory drive to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis via α1 adrenoreceptor activation. Noradrenergic afferents are recruited preferentially by somatic, rather than psychological, stress stimuli. Stress-induced glucocorticoids feed back onto the hypothalamus to negatively regulate the HPA axis, providing a critical autoregulatory constraint that prevents glucocorticoid overexposure and neuropathology. Whether negative feedback mechanisms target stress modality-specific HPA activation is not known. Here, we describe a desensitization of the α1 adrenoreceptor activation of the HPA axis following acute stress in male mice that is mediated by rapid glucocorticoid regulation of adrenoreceptor trafficking in CRH neurons. Glucocorticoid-induced α1 receptor trafficking desensitizes the HPA axis to a somatic but not a psychological stressor. Our findings demonstrate a rapid glucocorticoid suppression of adrenergic signaling in CRH neurons that is specific to somatic stress activation, and they reveal a rapid, stress modality-selective glucocorticoid negative feedback mechanism. Physical and psychological stressors activate neuroendocrine secretion of corticosteroid. Noradrenaline circuits are critical to the neuroendocrine response to physical but not psychological stress. Jiang et al. show that stress-induced corticosteroids decrease noradrenaline sensitivity in the brain, which suppresses the response to subsequent physical stressors but leaves the psychological stress response intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Jiang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Chun Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Grant L Weiss
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Xin Fu
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Claire E Stelly
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Brook L W Sweeten
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Parker S Tirrell
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - India Pursell
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Carly R Stevens
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Marc O Fisher
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - John C Begley
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Laura M Harrison
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Tasker
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Banihashemi L, Peng CW, Rangarajan A, Karim HT, Wallace ML, Sibbach BM, Singh J, Stinley MM, Germain A, Aizenstein HJ. Childhood Threat Is Associated With Lower Resting-State Connectivity Within a Central Visceral Network. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805049. [PMID: 35310241 PMCID: PMC8927539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with altered or dysregulated stress reactivity; these altered patterns of physiological functioning persist into adulthood. Evidence from both preclinical animal models and human neuroimaging studies indicates that early life experience differentially influences stressor-evoked activity within central visceral neural circuits proximally involved in the control of stress responses, including the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and amygdala. However, the relationship between childhood adversity and the resting-state connectivity of this central visceral network remains unclear. To this end, we examined relationships between childhood threat and childhood socioeconomic deprivation, the resting-state connectivity between our regions of interest (ROIs), and affective symptom severity and diagnoses. We recruited a transdiagnostic sample of young adult males and females (n = 100; mean age = 27.28, SD = 3.99; 59 females) with a full distribution of maltreatment history and symptom severity across multiple affective disorders. Resting-state data were acquired using a 7.2-min functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sequence; noted ROIs were applied as masks to determine ROI-to-ROI connectivity. Threat was determined by measures of childhood traumatic events and abuse. Socioeconomic deprivation (SED) was determined by a measure of childhood socioeconomic status (parental education level). Covarying for age, race and sex, greater childhood threat was significantly associated with lower BNST-PVN, amygdala-sgACC and PVN-sgACC connectivity. No significant relationships were found between SED and resting-state connectivity. BNST-PVN connectivity was associated with the number of lifetime affective diagnoses. Exposure to threat during early development may entrain altered patterns of resting-state connectivity between these stress-related ROIs in ways that contribute to dysregulated neural and physiological responses to stress and subsequent affective psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Banihashemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Layla Banihashemi,
| | - Christine W. Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anusha Rangarajan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Helmet T. Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meredith L. Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brandon M. Sibbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark M. Stinley
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Howard J. Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Banihashemi L, Peng CW, Verstynen T, Wallace ML, Lamont DN, Alkhars HM, Yeh FC, Beeney JE, Aizenstein HJ, Germain A. Opposing relationships of childhood threat and deprivation with stria terminalis white matter. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2445-2460. [PMID: 33739544 PMCID: PMC8090789 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While stress may be a potential mechanism by which childhood threat and deprivation influence mental health, few studies have considered specific stress‐related white matter pathways, such as the stria terminalis (ST) and medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Our goal was to examine the relationships between childhood adversity and ST and MFB structural integrity and whether these pathways may provide a link between childhood adversity and affective symptoms and disorders. Participants were young adults (n = 100) with a full distribution of maltreatment history and affective symptom severity. Threat was determined by measures of childhood abuse and repeated traumatic events. Socioeconomic deprivation (SED) was determined by a measure of childhood socioeconomic status (parental education). Participants underwent diffusion spectrum imaging. Human Connectome Project data was used to perform ST and MFB tractography; these tracts were used as ROIs to extract generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) from each participant. Childhood threat was associated with ST gFA, such that greater threat was associated with less ST gFA. SED was also associated with ST gFA, however, conversely to threat, greater SED was associated with greater ST gFA. Additionally, threat was negatively associated with MFB gFA, and MFB gFA was negatively associated with post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Our results suggest that childhood threat and deprivation have opposing influences on ST structural integrity, providing new evidence that the context of childhood adversity may have an important influence on its neurobiological effects, even on the same structure. Further, the MFB may provide a novel link between childhood threat and affective symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Banihashemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine W Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meredith L Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel N Lamont
- Petersen Institute of NanoScience and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hussain M Alkhars
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph E Beeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Howard J Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Chen YW, Das M, Oyarzabal EA, Cheng Q, Plummer NW, Smith KG, Jones GK, Malawsky D, Yakel JL, Shih YYI, Jensen P. Genetic identification of a population of noradrenergic neurons implicated in attenuation of stress-related responses. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:710-725. [PMID: 30214043 PMCID: PMC6416086 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenergic signaling plays a well-established role in promoting the stress response. Here we identify a subpopulation of noradrenergic neurons, defined by developmental expression of Hoxb1, that has a unique role in modulating stress-related behavior. Using an intersectional chemogenetic strategy, in combination with behavioral and physiological analyses, we show that activation of Hoxb1-noradrenergic (Hoxb1-NE) neurons decreases anxiety-like behavior and promotes an active coping strategy in response to acute stressors. In addition, we use cerebral blood volume-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that chemoactivation of Hoxb1-NE neurons results in reduced activity in stress-related brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and locus coeruleus. Thus, the actions of Hoxb1-NE neurons are distinct from the well-documented functions of the locus coeruleus in promoting the stress response, demonstrating that the noradrenergic system contains multiple functionally distinct subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Manasmita Das
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Qing Cheng
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace K. Jones
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Malawsky
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jerrel L. Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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11
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Schmidt KT, Makhijani VH, Boyt KM, Cogan ES, Pati D, Pina MM, Bravo IM, Locke JL, Jones SR, Besheer J, McElligott ZA. Stress-Induced Alterations of Norepinephrine Release in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1908-1914. [PMID: 30252438 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can drive adaptive changes to maintain survival during threatening stimuli. Chronic stress exposure, however, may result in pathological adaptations. A key neurotransmitter involved in stress signaling is norepinephrine. Previous studies show that acute stress elevates norepinephrine levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a critical node regulating anxiety and upstream of stress responses. Here, we use mice expressing channelrhodopsin in norepinephrine neurons to selectively activate terminals in the BNST, and measure norepinephrine release with optogenetics-assisted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). We demonstrate that while corticosterone habituates to chronic restraint stress, cFos activation of medullary norepinephrine neurons shows equivalent activation under both acute and chronic stress conditions. Mice exposed to a single restraint session show an identical optically stimulated norepinephrine release profile compared to that of unexposed mice. Mice experiencing 5 days of restraint stress, however, show elevated norepinephrine release across multiple stimulation parameters, and reduced sensitivity to the α2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist idazoxan. These data are the first to examine norepinephrine release in the BNST to tonic and phasic stimulation frequencies, and confirm that repeated stress alters autoreceptor sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason L. Locke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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12
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Zurawski Z, Thompson Gray AD, Brady LJ, Page B, Church E, Harris NA, Dohn MR, Yim YY, Hyde K, Mortlock DP, Jones CK, Winder DG, Alford S, Hamm HE. Disabling the Gβγ-SNARE interaction disrupts GPCR-mediated presynaptic inhibition, leading to physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/569/eaat8595. [PMID: 30783011 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat8595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple to Gi/o proteins modulate neurotransmission presynaptically by inhibiting exocytosis. Release of Gβγ subunits from activated G proteins decreases the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), decreasing excitability. A less understood Gβγ-mediated mechanism downstream of Ca2+ entry is the binding of Gβγ to SNARE complexes, which facilitate the fusion of vesicles with the cell plasma membrane in exocytosis. Here, we generated mice expressing a form of the SNARE protein SNAP25 with premature truncation of the C terminus and that were therefore partially deficient in this interaction. SNAP25Δ3 homozygote mice exhibited normal presynaptic inhibition by GABAB receptors, which inhibit VGCCs, but defective presynaptic inhibition by receptors that work directly on the SNARE complex, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT1b receptors and adrenergic α2a receptors. Simultaneously stimulating receptors that act through both mechanisms showed synergistic inhibitory effects. SNAP25Δ3 homozygote mice had various behavioral phenotypes, including increased stress-induced hyperthermia, defective spatial learning, impaired gait, and supraspinal nociception. These data suggest that the inhibition of exocytosis by Gi/o-coupled GPCRs through the Gβγ-SNARE interaction is a crucial component of numerous physiological and behavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack Zurawski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Lillian J Brady
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brian Page
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emily Church
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nicholas A Harris
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael R Dohn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yun Young Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Karren Hyde
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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13
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Price RB, Cummings L, Gilchrist D, Graur S, Banihashemi L, Kuo SS, Siegle GJ. Towards personalized, brain-based behavioral intervention for transdiagnostic anxiety: Transient neural responses to negative images predict outcomes following a targeted computer-based intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 86:1031-1045. [PMID: 30507228 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical anxiety is prevalent, highly comorbid with other conditions, and associated with significant medical morbidity, disability, and public health burden. Excessive attentional deployment toward threat is a transdiagnostic dimension of anxiety seen at both initial and sustained stages of threat processing. However, group-level observations of these phenomena mask considerable within-group heterogeneity that has been linked to treatment outcomes, suggesting that a transdiagnostic, individual differences approach may capture critical, clinically relevant information. METHOD Seventy clinically anxious individuals were randomized to receive 8 sessions of attention bias modification (ABM; n = 41 included in analysis), a computer-based mechanistic intervention that specifically targets initial stages of threat processing, or a sham control (n = 21). Participants completed a mixed block/event-related functional MRI task optimized to discriminate transient from sustained neural responses to threat. RESULTS Larger transient responses across a wide range of cognitive-affective regions (e.g., ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala) predicted better clinical outcomes following ABM, in both a priori anatomical regions and whole-brain analyses; sustained responses did not. A spatial pattern recognition algorithm using transient threat responses successfully discriminated the top quartile of ABM responders with 68% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Neural alterations occurring on the relatively transient timescale that is specifically targeted by ABM predict favorable clinical outcomes. Results inform how to expand on the initial promise of neurocognitive treatments like ABM by fine-tuning their clinical indications (e.g., through personalized mechanistic intervention relevant across diagnoses) and by increasing the range of mechanisms that can be targeted (e.g., through synergistic treatment combinations and/or novel neurocognitive training protocols designed to tackle identified predictors of nonresponse). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Logan Cummings
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University
| | | | - Simona Graur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | - Susan S Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Greg J Siegle
- Deparments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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14
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Maniscalco JW, Rinaman L. Vagal Interoceptive Modulation of Motivated Behavior. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:151-167. [PMID: 29412062 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating the ingestion and digestion of food, sensory feedback from gut to brain modifies emotional state and motivated behavior by subconsciously shaping cognitive and affective responses to events that bias behavioral choice. This focused review highlights evidence that gut-derived signals impact motivated behavior by engaging vagal afferents and central neural circuits that generally serve to limit or terminate goal-directed approach behaviors, and to initiate or maintain behavioral avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Maniscalco
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illionois
| | - L Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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15
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Greenwald MK. Anti-stress neuropharmacological mechanisms and targets for addiction treatment: A translational framework. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:84-104. [PMID: 30238023 PMCID: PMC6138948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress-potentiated seeking and consumption of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opioids (i.e., key phenotypes for the most commonly abused substances). I evaluate neuropharmacological mechanisms in experimental models of drug-maintenance and relapse, which translate more readily to individuals presenting for treatment (who have initiated and progressed). An affective/motivational systems model (three dimensions: valence, arousal, control) is mapped onto a systems biology of addiction approach for addressing this problem. Based on quality of evidence to date, promising first-tier neurochemical receptor targets include: noradrenergic (α1 and β antagonist, α2 agonist), kappa-opioid antagonist, nociceptin antagonist, orexin-1 antagonist, and endocannabinoid modulation (e.g., cannabidiol, FAAH inhibition); second-tier candidates may include corticotropin releasing factor-1 antagonists, serotonergic agents (e.g., 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT3 antagonists), glutamatergic agents (e.g., mGluR2/3 agonist/positive allosteric modulator, mGluR5 antagonist/negative allosteric modulator), GABA-promoters (e.g., pregabalin, tiagabine), vasopressin 1b antagonist, NK-1 antagonist, and PPAR-γ agonist (e.g., pioglitazone). To address affective/motivational mechanisms of stress-related substance use, it may be advisable to combine agents with actions at complementary targets for greater efficacy but systematic studies are lacking except for interactions with the noradrenergic system. I note clinically-relevant factors that could mediate/moderate the efficacy of anti-stress therapeutics and identify research gaps that should be pursued. Finally, progress in developing anti-stress medications will depend on use of reliable CNS biomarkers to validate exposure-response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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16
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Card JP, Johnson AL, Llewellyn‐Smith IJ, Zheng H, Anand R, Brierley DI, Trapp S, Rinaman L. GLP-1 neurons form a local synaptic circuit within the rodent nucleus of the solitary tract. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2149-2164. [PMID: 30019398 PMCID: PMC6193818 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons that express pre-proglucagon (PPG) and are immunopositive (+) for glucagon-like peptide-1 (i.e., GLP-1+ neurons) are located within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) and medullary reticular formation in rats and mice. GLP-1 neurons give rise to an extensive central network in which GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling suppresses food intake, attenuates rewarding, increases avoidance, and stimulates stress responses, partly via GLP-1R signaling within the cNTS. In mice, noradrenergic (A2) cNTS neurons express GLP-1R, whereas PPG neurons do not. In this study, confocal microscopy in rats confirmed that prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP)+ A2 neurons are closely apposed by GLP-1+ axonal varicosities. Surprisingly, GLP-1+ appositions were also observed on dendrites of PPG/GLP-1+ neurons in both species, and electron microscopy in rats revealed that GLP-1+ boutons form asymmetric synaptic contacts with GLP-1+ dendrites. However, RNAscope confirmed that rat GLP-1 neurons do not express GLP-1R mRNA. Similarly, Ca2+ imaging of somatic and dendritic responses in mouse ex vivo slices confirmed that PPG neurons do not respond directly to GLP-1, and a mouse crossbreeding strategy revealed that <1% of PPG neurons co-express GLP-1R. Collectively, these data suggest that GLP-1R signaling pathways modulate the activity of PrRP+ A2 neurons, and also reveal a local "feed-forward" synaptic network among GLP-1 neurons that apparently does not use GLP-1R signaling. This local GLP-1 network may instead use glutamatergic signaling to facilitate dynamic and potentially selective recruitment of GLP-1 neural populations that shape behavioral and physiological responses to internal and external challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Card
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
| | - Aaron L. Johnson
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
- Systems Neuroscience CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
| | - Ida J. Llewellyn‐Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Human Physiology and Centre for NeuroscienceCollege of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Huiyuan Zheng
- Department of PsychologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida
| | - Rishi Anand
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel I. Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of PsychologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida
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17
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Dai J, Dan W, Schneider U, Wang J. β-Carboline alkaloid monomers and dimers: Occurrence, structural diversity, and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:622-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Lee SJ, Jokiaho AJ, Sanchez-Watts G, Watts AG. Catecholaminergic projections into an interconnected forebrain network control the sensitivity of male rats to diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R811-R823. [PMID: 29384699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00423.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain catecholamine neurons convey gut-derived metabolic signals to an interconnected neuronal network in the hypothalamus and adjacent forebrain. These neurons are critical for short-term glycemic control, glucocorticoid and glucoprivic feeding responses, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) signaling. Here we investigate whether these pathways also contribute to long-term energy homeostasis by controlling obesogenic sensitivity to a high-fat/high-sucrose choice (HFSC) diet. We ablated hindbrain-originating catecholaminergic projections by injecting anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase-conjugated saporin (DSAP) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) of male rats fed a chow diet for up to 12 wk or a HFSC diet for 8 wk. We measured the effects of DSAP lesions on food choices; visceral adiposity; plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin; and indicators of long-term ACTH and corticosterone secretion. We also determined lesion effects on the number of carbohydrate or fat calories required to increase visceral fat. Finally, we examined corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in the PVH and arcuate nucleus expression of neuropeptide Y ( Npy), agouti-related peptide ( Agrp), and proopiomelanocortin ( Pomc). DSAP-injected chow-fed rats slowly increase visceral adiposity but quickly develop mild insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose. DSAP-injected HFSC-fed rats, however, dramatically increase food intake, body weight, and visceral adiposity beyond the level in control HFSC-fed rats. These changes are concomitant with 1) a reduction in the number of carbohydrate calories required to generate visceral fat, 2) abnormal Npy, Agrp, and Pomc expression, and 3) aberrant control of insulin secretion and glucocorticoid negative feedback. Long-term metabolic adaptations to high-carbohydrate diets, therefore, require intact forebrain catecholamine projections. Without them, animals cannot alter forebrain mechanisms to restrain increased visceral adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Anne J Jokiaho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan G Watts
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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19
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Interoceptive modulation of neuroendocrine, emotional, and hypophagic responses to stress. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:195-206. [PMID: 28095318 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Periods of caloric deficit substantially attenuate many centrally mediated responses to acute stress, including neural drive to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, anxiety-like behavior, and stress-induced suppression of food intake (i.e., stress hypophagia). It is posited that this stress response plasticity supports food foraging and promotes intake during periods of negative energy balance, even in the face of other internal or external threats, thereby increasing the likelihood that energy stores are repleted. The mechanisms by which caloric deficit alters central stress responses, however, remain unclear. The caudal brainstem contains two distinct populations of stress-recruited neurons [i.e., noradrenergic neurons of the A2 cell group that co-express prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP+ A2 neurons), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) neurons] that also are responsive to interoceptive feedback about feeding and metabolic status. A2/PrRP and GLP-1 neurons have been implicated anatomically and functionally in the central control of the HPA axis, anxiety-like behavior, and stress hypophagia. The current review summarizes a growing body of evidence that caloric deficits attenuate physiological and behavioral responses to acute stress as a consequence of reduced recruitment of PrRP+ A2 and hindbrain GLP-1 neurons, accompanied by reduced signaling to their brainstem, hypothalamic, and limbic forebrain targets.
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20
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Fox ME, Bucher ES, Johnson JA, Wightman RM. Medullary Norepinephrine Projections Release Norepinephrine into the Contralateral Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1681-1689. [PMID: 27617735 PMCID: PMC5177450 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Central
norepinephrine signaling influences a wide range of behavioral
and physiological processes, and the ventral bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis (vBNST) receives some of the densest norepinephrine innervation
in the brain. Previous work describes norepinephrine neurons as projecting
primarily unilaterally; however, recent evidence for cross-hemispheric
catecholamine signaling challenges this idea. Here, we use fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry and retrograde tracing to characterize cross-hemispheric
norepinephrine signaling in the vBNST. We delivered stimulations to
noradrenergic pathways originating in the A1/A2 and locus coeruleus
and found hemispherically equivalent norepinephrine release in the
vBNST regardless of stimulated hemisphere. Unilateral retrograde tracing
revealed that medullary, but not locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons
send cross-hemispheric projections to the vBNST. Further characterization
with pharmacological lesions revealed that stimulations of the locus
coeruleus and its axon bundles likely elicit vBNST norepinephrine
release through indirect activation. These experiments are the first
to demonstrate contralateral norepinephrine release and establish
that medullary, but not coerulean neurons are responsible for norepinephrine
release in the vBNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Fox
- Department
of Chemistry,
Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Bucher
- Department
of Chemistry,
Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Justin A. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry,
Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - R. Mark Wightman
- Department
of Chemistry,
Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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21
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Ball KT, Miller L, Sullivan C, Wells A, Best O, Cavanaugh B, Copus T, Corrigan N, Hawkins S, Kobbe K, Schoener A, Steiger J, Vieweg L. Effects of repeated yohimbine administration on reinstatement of palatable food seeking: involvement of dopamine D 1 -like receptors and food-associated cues. Addict Biol 2016. [PMID: 26223161 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to the pharmacological stressor yohimbine induces relapse to both food and drug seeking in a rat model. However, no systematic studies on the effects of chronic stress on relapse have been conducted. Because chronic stress causes changes in dopamine D1 -like receptor-mediated transmission in prefrontal cortex (a relapse node), we tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to stress increases vulnerability to relapse via dopamine-mediated mechanisms. Additionally, to determine the role of food-conditioned cues in reinstatement of food seeking, we made discrete food-paired cues either available (CS Present) or not available (CS Absent) during extinction and reinstatement testing. Rats responded for palatable food reinforcers in daily 3-hour sessions, and the behavior was extinguished. To model chronic stress, rats were injected daily with yohimbine (0.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg; i.p.) during the first 7 days of extinction. Injections were combined with SCH-23390 (0.0, 5.0, or 10.0 µg/kg; i.p.), a D1 -like receptor antagonist. Rats were then tested for reinstatement of food seeking triggered by acute yohimbine (0.0, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg; i.p.) and pellet priming. Rats treated previously with chronic yohimbine displayed increased responding following acute yohimbine priming relative to non-chronically stressed rats, but in the CS Absent condition only. Conversely, the lower dose of chronic yohimbine caused an increase in pellet-primed reinstatement, but this effect was more pronounced in the CS Present condition. Importantly, SCH-23390 combined with repeated yohimbine injections attenuated these effects. Thus, chronic stress may increase vulnerability to relapse under specific circumstances via a dopamine D1 -like receptor-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Ball
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Leah Miller
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Christopher Sullivan
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Ashleigh Wells
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Olivia Best
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Brittany Cavanaugh
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Taylor Copus
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Nathan Corrigan
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Shaina Hawkins
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Krista Kobbe
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Ashley Schoener
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Johnathan Steiger
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
| | - Lauren Vieweg
- Department of Psychology; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania; Bloomsburg PA USA
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22
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Daniel SE, Rainnie DG. Stress Modulation of Opposing Circuits in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:103-25. [PMID: 26096838 PMCID: PMC4677121 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been recognized as a critical structure in regulating trait anxiety, contextual fear memory, and appetitive behavior, and is known to be sensitive to stress manipulations. As one of the most complex structures in the central nervous system, the intrinsic circuitry of the BNST is largely unknown; however, recent technological developments have allowed researchers to begin to untangle the internal connections of the nucleus. This research has revealed the possibility of two opposing circuits, one anxiolytic and one anxiogenic, within the BNST, the relative strength of which determines the behavioral outcome. The balance of these pathways is critical in maintaining a normal physiological and behavioral state; however, stress and drugs of abuse can differentially affect the opposing circuitry within the nucleus to shift the balance to a pathological state. In this review, we will examine how stress interacts with the neuromodulators, corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin to affect the circuitry of the BNST as well as how synaptic plasticity in the BNST is modulated by stress, resulting in long-lasting changes in the circuit and behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Daniel
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald G Rainnie
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Negative Energy Balance Blocks Neural and Behavioral Responses to Acute Stress by "Silencing" Central Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Signaling in Rats. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26224855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3464-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous reports indicate that caloric restriction attenuates anxiety and other behavioral responses to acute stress, and blunts the ability of stress to increase anterior pituitary release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Since hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) neurons and noradrenergic prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) neurons participate in behavioral and endocrine stress responses, and are sensitive to the metabolic state, we examined whether overnight food deprivation blunts stress-induced recruitment of these neurons and their downstream hypothalamic and limbic forebrain targets. A single overnight fast reduced anxiety-like behavior assessed in the elevated-plus maze and acoustic startle test, including marked attenuation of light-enhanced startle. Acute stress [i.e., 30 min restraint (RES) or 5 min elevated platform exposure] robustly activated c-Fos in GLP-1 and PrRP neurons in fed rats, but not in fasted rats. Fasting also significantly blunted the ability of acute stress to activate c-Fos expression within the anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBST). Acute RES stress suppressed dark-onset food intake in rats that were fed ad libitum, whereas central infusion of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist blocked RES-induced hypophagia, and reduced the ability of RES to activate PrRP and anterior vlBST neurons in ad libitum-fed rats. Thus, an overnight fast "silences" GLP-1 and PrRP neurons, and reduces both anxiety-like and hypophagic responses to acute stress. The partial mimicking of these fasting-induced effects in ad libitum-fed rats after GLP-1 receptor antagonism suggests a potential mechanism by which short-term negative energy balance attenuates neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to acute stress. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The results from this study reveal a potential central mechanism for the "metabolic tuning" of stress responsiveness. A single overnight fast, which markedly reduces anxiety-like behavior in rats, reduces or blocks the ability of acute stress to activate hindbrain neurons that are immunoreactive for either prolactin-releasing peptide or glucagon-like peptide 1, and attenuates the activation of their stress-sensitive projection targets in the limbic forebrain. In nonfasted rats, central antagonism of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors partially mimics the effect of an overnight fast by blocking the ability of acute stress to inhibit food intake, and by attenuating stress-induced activation of hindbrain and limbic forebrain neurons. We propose that caloric restriction attenuates behavioral and physiological responses to acute stress by "silencing" central glucagon-like peptide 1 signaling pathways.
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Boxwell AJ, Chen Z, Mathes CM, Spector AC, Le Roux CW, Travers SP, Travers JB. Effects of high-fat diet and gastric bypass on neurons in the caudal solitary nucleus. Physiol Behav 2015. [PMID: 26216080 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity that involves both peripheral and central mechanisms. To elucidate central pathways by which oral and visceral signals are influenced by high-fat diet (HFD) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, we recorded from neurons in the caudal visceral nucleus of the solitary tract (cNST, N=287) and rostral gustatory NST (rNST,N=106) in rats maintained on a HFD and lab chow (CHOW) or CHOW alone, and subjected to either RYGB or sham surgery. Animals on the HFD weighed significantly more than CHOW rats and RYGB reversed and then blunted weight gain regardless of diet. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording in a brainstem slice, we determined the membrane properties of cNST and rNST neurons associated with diet and surgery. We could not detect differences in rNST neurons associated with these manipulations. In cNST neurons, neither the threshold for solitary tract stimulation nor the amplitude of evoked EPSCs at threshold varied by condition; however suprathreshold EPSCs were larger in HFD compared to chow-fed animals. In addition, a transient outward current, most likely an IA current, was increased with HFD and RYGB reduced this current as well as a sustained outward current. Interestingly, hypothalamic projecting cNST neurons preferentially express IA and modulate transmission of afferent signals (Bailey, '07). Thus, diet and RYGB have multiple effects on the cellular properties of neurons in the visceral regions of NST, with potential to influence inputs to forebrain feeding circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Boxwell
- Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Z Chen
- Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, United States
| | - C M Mathes
- Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - A C Spector
- Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | | | - S P Travers
- Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, United States
| | - J B Travers
- Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, United States.
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Jokiaho AJ, Donovan CM, Watts AG. The rate of fall of blood glucose determines the necessity of forebrain-projecting catecholaminergic neurons for male rat sympathoadrenal responses. Diabetes 2014; 63:2854-65. [PMID: 24740574 PMCID: PMC4113074 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Different onset rates of insulin-induced hypoglycemia use distinct glucosensors to activate sympathoadrenal counterregulatory responses (CRRs). Glucosensory elements in the portal-mesenteric veins are dispensable with faster rates when brain elements predominate, but are essential for responses to the slower-onset hypoglycemia that is common with insulin therapy. Whether a similar rate-associated divergence exists within more expansive brain networks is unknown. Hindbrain catecholamine neurons distribute glycemia-related information throughout the forebrain. We tested in male rats whether catecholaminergic neurons that project to the medial and ventromedial hypothalamus are required for sympathoadrenal CRRs to rapid- and slow-onset hypoglycemia and whether these neurons are differentially engaged as onset rates change. Using a catecholamine-specific neurotoxin and hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps, we found that sympathoadrenal CRRs to slow- but not rapid-onset hypoglycemia require hypothalamus-projecting catecholaminergic neurons, the majority of which originate in the ventrolateral medulla. As determined with Fos, these neurons are differentially activated by the two onset rates. We conclude that 1) catecholaminergic projections to the hypothalamus provide essential information for activating sympathoadrenal CRRs to slow- but not rapid-onset hypoglycemia, 2) hypoglycemia onset rates have a major impact on the hypothalamic mechanisms that enable sympathoadrenal CRRs, and 3) hypoglycemia-related sensory information activates hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons in a rate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jokiaho
- Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, The Integrated and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, and The Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Casey M Donovan
- Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, The Integrated and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, and The Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan G Watts
- Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, The Integrated and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, and The Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Cocaine self-administration and extinction alter medullary noradrenergic and limbic forebrain cFos responses to acute, noncontingent cocaine injections in adult rats. Neuroscience 2014; 281:241-50. [PMID: 25050821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Central noradrenergic (NA) signaling contributes critically to multiple behavioral effects of cocaine administration, particularly stress- and anxiety-related effects. The present study examined the ability of acute cocaine to induce the immediate early gene product, cFos, in NA neurons and stress-related neural circuits in rats that were cocaine-naïve, or had a history of cocaine self-administration with or without extinction. Rats implanted with jugular catheters were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.5-mg/kg/infusion), with a subset subsequently trained on extinction. Cocaine-naïve controls were handled daily. After a final day of self-administration, extinction, or handling, rats received an i.p. injection of either cocaine (20-mg/kg) or saline, and 90min later were anesthetized and perfused. Tissue sections were processed for immunoperoxidase labeling of nuclear cFos with either immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescent cytoplasmic labeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase. Acute cocaine increased the number of activated NA neurons within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS; A2 cell group) in cocaine-naïve and extinguished rats, but not in rats that only self-administered. Extinction attenuated cocaine-induced cFos activation in NA neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (A1/C1 cell groups), and attenuated cFos within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the apex of the central neuroendocrine stress axis. Cocaine consistently increased cFos in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, regardless of history. NA neurons of the locus coeruleus (A6 cell group) were not activated after cocaine administration in any experimental group. Thus, the ability of cocaine to activate central stress circuitry is altered after cocaine self-administration. Our results suggest a unique role for the NTS in cocaine-induced reinstatement, as extinction training enhanced the ability of cocaine to activate NA neurons within this region. These findings suggest central NA systems originating in the caudal brainstem as potential targets for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Antidepressants share the ability to increase catecholamine output in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis: a possible role in antidepressant therapy? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1925-33. [PMID: 24221827 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antidepressants include a relatively wide spectrum of drugs that increase the synaptic concentration of monoamines, mostly through neurotransmitter reuptake blockade. The bed nucleus of stria teminalis (BNST) is considered a relay station in mediating the activation of stress response but also in the acquisition and expression of emotions. BNST is richly innervated by monoamines and sends back projections to the nucleus of origin. We previously showed that the administration of selective blockers of norepinephrine transporter (NET) increases the extracellular concentration (output) of dopamine, suggesting that dopamine could be captured by NET in the BNST. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study, carried out by means of in vivo microdialysis, was to ascertain the acute effects that antidepressants with varying mechanisms of action have on dopamine and norepinephrine output in the BNST. RESULTS We observed that all the antidepressants tested (5-20 mg/kg i.p.) increased the output of catecholamines, dose dependently. In particular, the maximum increases (as a percent of basal) for norepinephrine and dopamine respectively, were as follows: desipramine, 239 and 137; reboxetine, 185 and 128; imipramine, 512 and 359; citalopram, 95 and 122; fluoxetine, 122 and 68; bupropion, 255 and 164. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that catecholamine transmission in the BNST may be part of a common downstream pathway that is involved in the action mechanism of antidepressants. Consequently, it is hypothesized that a dysfunction of neuronal transmission in this brain area may have a role in the etiology of affective disorders.
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Crestani CC, Alves FH, Gomes FV, Resstel LB, Correa FM, Herman JP. Mechanisms in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis involved in control of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions: a review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:141-59. [PMID: 23997750 PMCID: PMC3637669 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a heterogeneous and complex limbic forebrain structure, which plays an important role in controlling autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses. The BNST is thought to serve as a key relay connecting limbic forebrain structures to hypothalamic and brainstem regions associated with autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Its control of physiological and behavioral activity is mediated by local action of numerous neurotransmitters. In the present review we discuss the role of the BNST in control of both autonomic and neuroendocrine function. A description of BNST control of cardiovascular and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axisactivity at rest and during physiological challenges (stress and physical exercise) is presented. Moreover, evidence for modulation of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons activity is also discussed. We attempt to focus on the discussion of BNST neurochemical mechanisms. Therefore, the source and targets of neurochemical inputs to BNST subregions and their role in control of autonomic and neuroendocrine function is discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
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Yamashita M, Takayanagi Y, Yoshida M, Nishimori K, Kusama M, Onaka T. Involvement of prolactin-releasing peptide in the activation of oxytocin neurones in response to food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:455-65. [PMID: 23363338 PMCID: PMC3664423 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food intake activates neurones expressing prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) in the medulla oblongata and oxytocin neurones in the hypothalamus. Both PrRP and oxytocin have been shown to have an anorexic action. In the present study, we investigated whether the activation of oxytocin neurones following food intake is mediated by PrRP. We first examined the expression of PrRP receptors (also known as GPR10) in rats. Immunoreactivity of PrRP receptors was observed in oxytocin neurones and in vasopressin neurones in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Application of PrRP to isolated supraoptic nuclei facilitated the release of oxytocin and vasopressin. In mice, re-feeding increased the expression of Fos protein in oxytocin neurones of the hypothalamus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The increased expression of Fos protein in oxytocin neurones following re-feeding or i.p. administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK), a peripheral satiety factor, was impaired in PrRP-deficient mice. CCK-induced oxytocin increase in plasma was also impaired in PrRP-deficient mice. Furthermore, oxytocin receptor-deficient mice showed an increased meal size, as reported in PrRP-deficient mice and in CCKA receptor-deficient mice. These findings suggest that PrRP mediates, at least in part, the activation of oxytocin neurones in response to food intake, and that the CCK-PrRP-oxytocin pathway plays an important role in the control of the termination of each meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamashita
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Japan
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Flavin SA, Winder DG. Noradrenergic control of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in stress and reward. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:324-30. [PMID: 23466330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a group of inter-connected subnuclei that play critical roles in stress-reward interactions. An interesting feature of this brain region is the massive noradrenergic input that it receives. Important roles for norepinephrine in this region have been documented in a number of stress and reward related behaviors. This work has been paralleled over the last several years by efforts to understand the actions of norepinephrine on neuronal function in the region. In this review, we will summarize the current state of these research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Flavin
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, United States
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Greenwald MK, Lundahl LH, Steinmiller CL. Yohimbine increases opioid-seeking behavior in heroin-dependent, buprenorphine-maintained individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:811-24. [PMID: 23161001 PMCID: PMC3558534 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In laboratory animals, the biological stressor yohimbine (α(2)-noradrenergic autoreceptor antagonist) promotes drug seeking. Human laboratory studies have demonstrated that psychological stressors can increase drug craving but not that stressors alter drug seeking. OBJECTIVES This clinical study tested whether yohimbine increases opioid-seeking behavior. METHODS Ten heroin-dependent, buprenorphine-stabilized (8 mg/day) volunteers sampled two doses of hydromorphone [12 and 24 mg IM in counterbalanced order, labeled drug A (session 1) and drug B (session 2)]. During each of six later sessions (within-subject, double-blind, randomized crossover design), volunteers could respond on a 12-trial choice progressive ratio task to earn units (1 or 2 mg) of the sampled hydromorphone dose (drug A or B) vs money ($2) following different oral yohimbine pretreatment doses (0, 16.2, and 32.4 mg). RESULTS Behavioral economic demand intensity and peak responding (O (max)) were significantly higher for hydromorphone 2 than 1 mg. Relative to placebo, yohimbine significantly increased hydromorphone demand inelasticity, more so for hydromorphone 1-mg units (P (max) = 909, 3,647, and 3,225 for placebo, 16.2, and 32.4 mg yohimbine doses, respectively) than hydromorphone 2-mg units (P (max) = 2,656, 3,193, and 3,615, respectively). Yohimbine produced significant but clinically modest dose-dependent increases in blood pressure (systolic ≈ 15 and diastolic ≈ 10 mmHg) and opioid withdrawal symptoms, and decreased opioid agonist symptoms and elated mood. CONCLUSIONS These findings concur with preclinical data by demonstrating that yohimbine increases drug seeking; in this study, these effects occurred without clinically significant subjective distress or elevated craving, and partly depended on opioid unit dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Leslie H. Lundahl
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Caren L. Steinmiller
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI,Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
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Zheng H, Rinaman L. Yohimbine anxiogenesis in the elevated plus maze requires hindbrain noradrenergic neurons that target the anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1340-9. [PMID: 23368289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (YO) increases transmitter release from noradrenergic (NA) terminals in cortical and subcortical brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). YO activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis and is potently anxiogenic in rats and humans. We previously reported that hindbrain NA neurons within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NST-A2/C2) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM-A1/C1) that innervate the anterior ventrolateral (vl)BST contribute to the ability of YO to activate the HPA stress axis in rats. To determine whether the same NA pathway also contributes to YO-induced anxiogenesis in the elevated plus maze (EPMZ), a selective saporin ribotoxin conjugate (dopamine beta hydroxylase conjugated to saporin toxin, DSAP) was microinjected bilaterally into the anterior vlBST to destroy its NA inputs. Sham-lesioned controls were microinjected with vehicle. Two experiments were conducted to determine DSAP lesion effects on EPMZ behavior. DSAP lesions did not alter maze behavior in rats after intraperitoneal saline, and did not alter the significant effect of prior maze experience to reduce exploratory and open arm maze activities. However, in maze-naïve rats, DSAP lesions abolished YO anxiogenesis in the EPMZ. Post-mortem immunocytochemical analyses confirmed that DSAP consistently ablated caudal NST-A2/C2 and VLM-A1/C1 neurons that innervate the anterior vlBST. DSAP lesions did not destroy non-NA inputs to the anterior vlBST, and produced inconsistent cell loss within the pontine locus coeruleus (A6 cell group) that was unrelated to YO anxiogenesis. Thus, the ability of YO to increase anxiety-like behavior in the EPMZ depends on hindbrain NA neurons that target the anterior vlBST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Maniscalco JW, Kreisler AD, Rinaman L. Satiation and stress-induced hypophagia: examining the role of hindbrain neurons expressing prolactin-releasing Peptide or glucagon-like Peptide 1. Front Neurosci 2013; 6:199. [PMID: 23346044 PMCID: PMC3549516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits distributed within the brainstem, hypothalamus, and limbic forebrain interact to control food intake and energy balance under normal day-to-day conditions, and in response to stressful conditions under which homeostasis is threatened. Experimental studies using rats and mice have generated a voluminous literature regarding the functional organization of circuits that inhibit food intake in response to satiety signals, and in response to stress. Although the central neural bases of satiation and stress-induced hypophagia often are studied and discussed as if they were distinct, we propose that both behavioral states are generated, at least in part, by recruitment of two separate but intermingled groups of caudal hindbrain neurons. One group comprises a subpopulation of noradrenergic (NA) neurons within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNST; A2 cell group) that is immunopositive for prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP). The second group comprises non-adrenergic neurons within the cNST and nearby reticular formation that synthesize glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Axonal projections from PrRP and GLP-1 neurons target distributed brainstem and forebrain regions that shape behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine responses to actual or anticipated homeostatic challenge, including the challenge of food intake. Evidence reviewed in this article supports the view that hindbrain PrRP and GLP-1 neurons contribute importantly to satiation and stress-induced hypophagia by modulating the activity of caudal brainstem circuits that control food intake. Hindbrain PrRP and GLP-1 neurons also engage hypothalamic and limbic forebrain networks that drive parallel behavioral and endocrine functions related to food intake and homeostatic challenge, and modulate conditioned and motivational aspects of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Maniscalco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kaminski KL, Watts AG. Intact catecholamine inputs to the forebrain are required for appropriate regulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene expression by corticosterone in the rat paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1517-26. [PMID: 22831701 PMCID: PMC3502639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) neuroendocrine neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) drive adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thereby glucocorticoid release from pituitary corticotrophs and the adrenal cortex, respectively. Glucocorticoids suppress the ability of neuroendocrine corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurones to synthesise and release ACTH secretogogues. Despite the importance of glucocorticoids as regulatory signals to CRH neurones in the extended time domain, how and where they act in this capacity is still not fully understood. Ascending catecholamine projections encode important cardiovascular, metabolic and other visceral information to the rat PVH and surrounding hypothalamus. These afferents have previously been implicated as targets for glucocorticoid action, including a role in the feedback regulation of PVH neuroendocrine neurones. To determine the contribution of these neurones to the long-term actions of corticosterone on CRH and vasopressin (AVP) gene expression in the PVH, we used an immunocytotoxin (a conjugate of the cytotoxin saporin and an antibody against dopamine-β-hydroxylase) that specifically ablates adrenergic and noradrenergic neurones. Lesions were administered to intact animals and to adrenalectomised animals with either no corticosterone or corticosterone replacement that provided levels above those required to normalise Crh expression. The ability of elevated levels of corticosterone to suppress Crh expression was abolished in animals lacking catecholaminergic innervation of the PVH. No effect was seen in the absence of corticosterone or in animals with intact adrenals. Furthermore, Avp expression, which is increased in CRH neurones following adrenalectomy, was suppressed in adrenalectomised catecholaminergic-lesioned animals. Interactions between corticosterone and catecholaminergic projections to the hypothalamus therefore make significant contributions to the regulation of Crh and Avp expression. However, the importance of catecholamine inputs is only apparent when circulating corticosterone concentrations are maintained either below or above those required to maintain the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that is seen in intact animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Kaminski
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA
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Effects of noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor antagonism or noradrenergic lesions in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area on maternal care in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:263-76. [PMID: 22644129 PMCID: PMC3652389 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Maternal behavior in laboratory rats requires a network of brain structures including the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTv) and medial preoptic area (mPOA). Neurotransmitter systems in the BSTv and mPOA influencing maternal behaviors are not well understood, although norepinephrine is an excellent candidate because the BSTv contains the densest noradrenergic fiber plexus in the forebrain and norepinephrine in the mPOA is known to influence other female reproductive functions. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that downregulated noradrenergic activity in the BSTv and mPOA is necessary for mothering. METHODS Postpartum mother-litter interactions were observed after BSTv infusion of yohimbine (an α2 autoreceptor antagonist that increases norepinephrine release), and after BSTv or mPOA infusion of the more selective α2 autoreceptor antagonist idazoxan. Lastly, noradrenergic input to the BSTv/mPOA was selectively lesioned in nulliparous rats with anti-DBH-saporin to determine if this would facilitate mothering. RESULTS BSTv yohimbine almost abolished retrieval of pups but did not significantly affect dams' ability to initiate contact, lick, or nurse them. BSTv idazoxan disrupted retrieval somewhat less than yohimbine, but significantly reduced nursing. mPOA idazoxan impaired retrieval more severely than that found after BSTv infusion. Anti-DBH-saporin almost eliminated noradrenergic terminals in the BSTv and reduced them by over 60% in the mPOA, but did not promote maternal responding. It also did not affect females' anxiety-related behavior. CONCLUSIONS Downregulated noradrenergic activity in the BSTv and mPOA is necessary for postpartum maternal behavior in rats, but eliminating this system alone is insufficient to promote maternal behaviors in nulliparous females.
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Grill HJ, Hayes MR. Hindbrain neurons as an essential hub in the neuroanatomically distributed control of energy balance. Cell Metab 2012; 16:296-309. [PMID: 22902836 PMCID: PMC4862653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review highlights the processing and integration performed by hindbrain nuclei, focusing on the inputs received by nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons. These inputs include vagally mediated gastrointestinal satiation signals, blood-borne energy-related hormonal and nutrient signals, and descending neural signals from the forebrain. We propose that NTS (and hindbrain neurons, more broadly) integrate these multiple energy status signals and issue-output commands controlling the behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine responses that collectively govern energy balance. These hindbrain-mediated controls are neuroanatomically distributed; they involve endemic hindbrain neurons and circuits, hindbrain projections to peripheral circuits, and projections to and from midbrain and forebrain nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Grill
- Graduate Group of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Conrad KL, Davis AR, Silberman Y, Sheffler DJ, Shields AD, Saleh SA, Sen N, Matthies HJG, Javitch JA, Lindsley CW, Winder DG. Yohimbine depresses excitatory transmission in BNST and impairs extinction of cocaine place preference through orexin-dependent, norepinephrine-independent processes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2253-66. [PMID: 22617356 PMCID: PMC3422490 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The alpha2 adrenergic receptor (α(2)-AR) antagonist yohimbine is a widely used tool for the study of anxiogenesis and stress-induced drug-seeking behavior. We previously demonstrated that yohimbine paradoxically depresses excitatory transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a region critical to the integration of stress and reward pathways, and produces an impairment of extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference (cocaine-CPP) independent of α(2)-AR signaling. Recent studies show yohimbine-induced drug-seeking behavior is attenuated by orexin receptor 1 (OX(1)R) antagonists. Moreover, yohimbine-induced cocaine-seeking behavior is BNST-dependent. Here, we investigated yohimbine-orexin interactions. Our results demonstrate yohimbine-induced depression of excitatory transmission in the BNST is unaffected by alpha1-AR and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRFR(1)) antagonists, but is (1) blocked by OxR antagonists and (2) absent in brain slices from orexin knockout mice. Although the actions of yohimbine were not mimicked by the norepinephrine transporter blocker reboxetine, they were by exogenously applied orexin A. We find that, as with yohimbine, orexin A depression of excitatory transmission in BNST is OX(1)R-dependent. Finally, we find these ex vivo effects are paralleled in vivo, as yohimbine-induced impairment of cocaine-CPP extinction is blocked by a systemically administered OX(1)R antagonist. These data highlight a new mechanism for orexin on excitatory anxiety circuits and demonstrate that some of the actions of yohimbine may be directly dependent upon orexin signaling and independent of norepinephrine and CRF in the BNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Conrad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adeola R Davis
- Department of Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuval Silberman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela D Shields
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sam A Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Namita Sen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Recognition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heinrich JG Matthies
- Department of Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Recognition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Tel: +1 615 322 1144, Fax: +1 615 322 1462, E-mail:
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Cai L, Bakalli H, Rinaman L. Yohimbine anxiogenesis in the elevated plus maze is disrupted by bilaterally disconnecting the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis from the central nucleus of the amygdala. Neuroscience 2012; 223:200-8. [PMID: 22890081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (YO) is a sympathomimetic drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier after systemic administration. YO promotes increased transmitter release from noradrenergic (NA) axon terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), hypothalamus, and other brain regions implicated in physiological and behavioral responses to stressful and threatening stimuli. YO is potently anxiogenic in humans and experimental animals, including rats. To determine whether direct connections between the CEA and anterolateral group of BST nuclei (algBST) are necessary for YO anxiogenesis in rats, neurotoxic ibotenate lesions of the CEA in one hemisphere and the ipsi- or contralateral algBST were conducted to disrupt CEA-algBST communication uni- or bilaterally. Sham-lesioned controls received microinjections of vehicle into the CEA and algBST. Two weeks later, behavior was assessed in the elevated plus maze (EPMZ) in rats after i.p. saline or YO (1.0mg/kg). Central ibotenate lesion placement and extent was assessed post-mortem in NeuN-immunolabeled tissue sections. The ability of YO to increase anxiety-like behavior in the EPMZ was similarly robust in rats with sham lesions or ipsilateral CEA-algBST lesions. Conversely, YO anxiogenesis in the EPMZ was disrupted in rats with asymmetric lesions designed to bilaterally disconnect the CEA and algBST, whereas neither unilateral nor bilateral disconnecting lesions altered EPMZ behavior in rats after i.p. saline. We conclude that the anxiogenic effects of increased NA signaling in rats after YO require direct CEA-algBST interactions that do not shape EPMZ behavior under baseline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
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39
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MAP kinases couple hindbrain-derived catecholamine signals to hypothalamic adrenocortical control mechanisms during glycemia-related challenges. J Neurosci 2012; 31:18479-91. [PMID: 22171049 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4785-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses to hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia include a critical adrenocortical component that is initiated by hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex. These adrenocortical responses ensure appropriate long-term glucocorticoid-mediated modifications to metabolism. Despite the importance of these mechanisms to disease processes, how hypothalamic afferent pathways engage the intracellular mechanisms that initiate adrenocortical responses to glycemia-related challenges are unknown. This study explores these mechanisms using network- and cellular-level interventions in in vivo and ex vivo rat preparations. Results show that a hindbrain-originating catecholamine afferent system selectively engages a MAP kinase pathway in rat paraventricular hypothalamic CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) neuroendocrine neurons shortly after vascular insulin and 2-deoxyglucose challenges. In turn, this MAP kinase pathway can control both neuroendocrine neuronal firing rate and the state of CREB phosphorylation in a reduced ex vivo paraventricular hypothalamic preparation, making this signaling pathway an ideal candidate for coordinating CRH synthesis and release. These results establish the first clear structural and functional relationships linking neurons in known nutrient-sensing regions with intracellular mechanisms in hypothalamic CRH neuroendocrine neurons that initiate the adrenocortical response to various glycemia-related challenges.
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Rinaman L, Banihashemi L, Koehnle TJ. Early life experience shapes the functional organization of stress-responsive visceral circuits. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:632-40. [PMID: 21497616 PMCID: PMC3139736 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are closely tied to changes in autonomic (i.e., visceral motor) function, and interoceptive sensory feedback from body to brain exerts powerful modulatory control over motivation, affect, and stress responsiveness. This manuscript reviews evidence that early life experience can shape the structure and function of central visceral circuits that underlie behavioral and physiological responses to emotive and stressful events. The review begins with a general discussion of descending autonomic and ascending visceral sensory pathways within the brain, and then summarizes what is known about the postnatal development of these central visceral circuits in rats. Evidence is then presented to support the view that early life experience, particularly maternal care, can modify the developmental assembly and structure of these circuits in a way that impacts later stress responsiveness and emotional behavior. The review concludes by presenting a working hypothesis that endogenous cholecystokinin signaling and subsequent recruitment of gastric vagal sensory inputs to the caudal brainstem may be an important mechanism by which maternal care influences visceral circuit development in rat pups. Early life experience may contribute to meaningful individual differences in emotionality and stress responsiveness by shaping the postnatal developmental trajectory of central visceral circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinaman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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41
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Taksande BG, Kotagale NR, Nakhate KT, Mali PD, Kokare DM, Hirani K, Subhedar NK, Chopde CT, Ugale RR. Agmatine in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulates feeding in rats: involvement of neuropeptide Y. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:704-18. [PMID: 21564088 PMCID: PMC3188911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Agmatine, a multifaceted neurotransmitter, is abundantly expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Our aim was to assess (i) the effect of agmatine on feeding behaviour and (ii) its association, if any, with neuropeptide Y (NPY). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Satiated rats fitted with intra-PVN cannulae were administered agmatine, alone or jointly with (i) α₂-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, or antagonist, yohimbine; (ii) NPY, NPY Y₁ receptor agonist, [Leu³¹, Pro³⁴]-NPY, or antagonist, BIBP3226; or (iii) yohimbine and NPY. Cumulative food intake was monitored at different post-injection time points. Furthermore, the expression of hypothalamic NPY following i.p. treatment with agmatine, alone or in combination with yohimbine (i.p.), was evaluated by immunocytochemistry. KEY RESULTS Agmatine robustly increased feeding in a dose-dependent manner. While pretreatment with clonidine augmented, yohimbine attenuated the orexigenic response to agmatine. Similarly, NPY and [Leu³¹, Pro³⁴]-NPY potentiated the agmatine-induced hyperphagia, whereas BIBP3226 inhibited it. Moreover, yohimbine attenuated the synergistic orexigenic effect induced by the combination of NPY and agmatine. Agmatine increased NPY immunoreactivity in the PVN fibres and in the cells of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and this effect was prevented by pretreatment with yohimbine. NPY immunoreactivity in the fibres of the ARC, dorsomedial, ventromedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus was not affected by any of the above treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The orexigenic effect of agmatine is coupled to increased NPY activity mediated by stimulation of α₂-adrenoceptors within the PVN. This signifies the importance of agmatine or α₂-adrenoceptor modulators in the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat feeding-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- BG Taksande
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of PharmacyNew Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - NR Kotagale
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of PharmacyNew Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - KT Nakhate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University CampusNagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - PD Mali
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of PharmacyNew Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - DM Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University CampusNagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Hirani
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA
| | - NK Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune, India
| | - CT Chopde
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of PharmacyNew Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - RR Ugale
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of PharmacyNew Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Banihashemi L, O'Neill EJ, Rinaman L. Central neural responses to restraint stress are altered in rats with an early life history of repeated brief maternal separation. Neuroscience 2011; 192:413-28. [PMID: 21736922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated brief maternal separation (i.e. 15 min daily, MS15) of rat pups during the first one to two postnatal weeks enhances active maternal care received by the pups and attenuates their later behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress. In previous work, we found that MS15 also alters the developmental assembly and later structure of central neural circuits that control autonomic outflow to the viscera, suggesting that MS15 may alter central visceral circuit responses to stress. To examine this, juvenile rats with a developmental history of either MS15 or no separation (NS) received microinjection of retrograde neural tracer, FluoroGold (FG), into the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC). After 1 week, FG-injected rats and surgically intact littermates were exposed to either a 15-min restraint stress or an unrestrained control condition, and then perfused 1 h later. Brain tissue sections from surgically intact littermates were processed for Fos alone or in combination with phenotypic markers to examine stress-induced activation of neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and hindbrain DVC. Compared to NS controls, MS15 rats displayed less restraint-induced Fos activation within the dorsolateral BNST (dBNST), the caudal PVN, and noradrenergic neurons within the caudal DVC. To examine whether these differences corresponded with altered neural inputs to the DVC, sections from tracer-injected rats were double-labeled for FG and Fos to quantify retrogradely labeled neurons within hypothalamic and limbic forebrain regions of interest, and the proportion of these neurons activated after restraint. Only the dBNST displayed a significant effect of postnatal experience on restraint-induced Fos activation of DVC-projecting neurons. The distinct regional effects of MS15 on stress-induced recruitment of neurons within hypothalamic, limbic forebrain, and hindbrain regions has interesting implications for understanding how early life experience shapes the functional organization of stress-responsive circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Banihashemi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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43
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Lee S, Craddock Z, Rivier C. Brain stem catecholamines circuitry: activation by alcohol and role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to this drug. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:531-41. [PMID: 21447066 PMCID: PMC3176674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the stimulatory effect of alcohol on the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is well known, the mechanisms underlying this influence remain poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that brain catecholamines play an important role in this response. As expected, the acute intragastric administration of alcohol to adult male rats elevated plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) levels and activated hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor neurones. Novel findings pertain to the effect of alcohol on, and the role played by, brain adrenergic circuits. We first observed that alcohol up-regulated c-fos signals in the locus coeruleus, the main noradrenergic brain cell group; and that it activated (nor)adrenergic medullary cells (A1-A2/C1-C3). Evidence for the role played by these catecholaminergic circuits then came from the observation that blockade of α(1) -, but not β-, adrenergic receptors interfered with alcohol-induced ACTH secretion; and that depletion of catecholaminergic input to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by the toxin 6-hydroxydopamine significantly decreased the ACTH response to alcohol. Finally, destruction of the A1-A2/C1-C3 region with the immunotoxin anti-dopamine-B-hydroxylase-saporin interfered with the catecholaminergic input to the PVN. Collectively, our work extends our knowledge of the ability of this drug to up-regulate catecholamine circuitry in the rat brain. It also shows that medullary catecholamine innervation of the hypothalamus plays an important role in modulating the stimulatory effect of alcohol on the HPA axis, an effect exerted through activation of α(1) -adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Gaykema RPA, Goehler LE. Ascending caudal medullary catecholamine pathways drive sickness-induced deficits in exploratory behavior: brain substrates for fatigue? Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:443-60. [PMID: 21075199 PMCID: PMC3039108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune challenges can lead to marked behavioral changes, including fatigue, reduced social interest, anorexia, and somnolence, but the precise neuronal mechanisms that underlie sickness behavior remain elusive. Part of the neurocircuitry influencing behavior associated with illness likely includes viscerosensory nuclei located in the caudal brainstem, based on findings that inactivation of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) can prevent social withdrawal. These brainstem nuclei contribute multiple neuronal projections that target different components of autonomic and stress-related neurocircuitry. In particular, catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and DVC target the hypothalamus and drive neuroendocrine responses to immune challenge, but their particular role in sickness behavior is not known. To test whether this catecholamine pathway also mediates sickness behavior, we compared effects of DVC inactivation with targeted lesion of the catecholamine pathway on exploratory behavior, which provides an index of motivation and fatigue, and associated patterns of brain activation assessed by immunohistochemical detection of c-Fos protein. LPS treatment dramatically reduced exploratory behavior, and produced a pattern of increased c-Fos expression in brain regions associated with stress and autonomic adjustments paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), central amygdala (CEA), whereas activation was reduced in regions involved in exploratory behavior (hippocampus, dorsal striatum, ventral tuberomammillary nucleus, and ventral tegmental area). Both DVC inactivation and catecholamine lesion prevented reductions in exploratory behavior and completely blocked the inhibitory LPS effects on c-Fos expression in the behavior-associated regions. In contrast, LPS-induced activation in the CEA and BST was inhibited by DVC inactivation but not by catecholamine lesion. The findings support the idea that parallel pathways from immune-sensory caudal brainstem sources target distinct populations of forebrain neurons that likely mediate different aspects of sickness. The caudal medullary catecholaminergic projections to the hypothalamus may significantly contribute to brain mechanisms that induce behavioral "fatigue" in the context of physiological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P A Gaykema
- Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies, University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Buffalari DM, See RE. Inactivation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in an animal model of relapse: effects on conditioned cue-induced reinstatement and its enhancement by yohimbine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:19-27. [PMID: 20827461 PMCID: PMC3132192 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug-associated cues and stress increase craving and lead to greater risk of relapse in abstinent drug users. Animal models of reinstatement of drug seeking have been utilized to study the neural circuitry by which either drug-associated cues or stress exposure elicit drug seeking. Recent evidence has shown a strong enhancing effect of yohimbine stress on subsequent cue-elicited reinstatement; however, there has been no examination of the neural substrates of this interactive effect. OBJECTIVES The current study examined whether inactivation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), an area previously implicated in stress activation of drug seeking, would affect reinstatement of cocaine seeking caused by conditioned cues, yohimbine stress, or the combination of these factors. METHODS Male rats experienced daily IV cocaine self-administration, followed by extinction of lever responding in the absence of cocaine-paired cues. Reinstatement of responding was measured during presentation of cocaine-paired cues, following pretreatment with the pharmacological stressor, yohimbine (2.5 mg/kg, IP), or the combination of cues and yohimbine. RESULTS All three conditions led to reinstatement of cocaine seeking, with the highest responding seen after the combination of cues and yohimbine. Reversible inactivation of the BNST using the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists, baclofen + muscimol, significantly reduced all three forms of reinstatement. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a role for the BNST in cocaine seeking elicited by cocaine-paired cues, and suggest the BNST as a key mediator for the interaction of stress and cues for the reinstatement of cocaine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne M. Buffalari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ronald E. See
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB416B, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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46
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Rinaman L. Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic, endocrine, cognitive, and behavioral functions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 300:R222-35. [PMID: 20962208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00556.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Central noradrenergic (NA) signaling is broadly implicated in behavioral and physiological processes related to attention, arousal, motivation, learning and memory, and homeostasis. This review focuses on the A2 cell group of NA neurons, located within the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC). The intra-DVC location of A2 neurons supports their role in vagal sensory-motor reflex arcs and visceral motor outflow. A2 neurons also are reciprocally connected with multiple brain stem, hypothalamic, and limbic forebrain regions. The extra-DVC connections of A2 neurons provide a route through which emotional and cognitive events can modulate visceral motor outflow and also a route through which interoceptive feedback from the body can impact hypothalamic functions as well as emotional and cognitive processing. This review considers some of the hallmark anatomical and chemical features of A2 neurons, followed by presentation of evidence supporting a role for A2 neurons in modulating food intake, affective behavior, behavioral and physiological stress responses, emotional learning, and drug dependence. Increased knowledge about the organization and function of the A2 cell group and the neural circuits in which A2 neurons participate should contribute to a better understanding of how the brain orchestrates adaptive responses to the various threats and opportunities of life and should further reveal the central underpinnings of stress-related physiological and emotional dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinaman
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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47
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Potes CS, Turek VF, Cole RL, Vu C, Roland BL, Roth JD, Riediger T, Lutz TA. Noradrenergic neurons of the area postrema mediate amylin's hypophagic action. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R623-31. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00791.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Circulating amylin inhibits food intake via activation of the area postrema (AP). The aim of this study was to identify the neurochemical phenotype of the neurons mediating amylin's hypophagic action by immunohistochemical and feeding studies in rats. Expression of c-Fos protein was used as a marker for neuronal activation and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme-catalyzing noradrenaline synthesis, as a marker for noradrenergic neurons. We found that ∼50% of amylin-activated AP neurons are noradrenergic. To clarify the functional role of these neurons in amylin's effect on eating, noradrenaline-containing neurons in the AP were lesioned using a saporin conjugated to an antibody against DBH. Amylin (5 or 20 μg/kg sc)-induced anorexia was observed in sham-lesioned rats with both amylin doses. Rats with a lesion of > 50% of the noradrenaline neurons were unresponsive to the low dose of amylin (5 μg/kg) and only displayed a reduction in food intake 60 min after injection of the high amylin dose (20 μg/kg). In a terminal experiment, the same rats received amylin (20 μg/kg) or saline. The AP and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) were stained for DBH to assess noradrenaline lesion success and for c-Fos expression to evaluate amylin-induced neuronal activation. In contrast to sham-lesioned animals, noradrenaline-lesioned rats did not show a significant increase in amylin-induced c-Fos expression in the AP and NTS. We conclude that the noradrenergic neurons in the AP mediate at least part of amylin's hypophagic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S. Potes
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | | | | | - Calvin Vu
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Thomas Riediger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Thomas A. Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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48
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Rinaman L. Ascending projections from the caudal visceral nucleus of the solitary tract to brain regions involved in food intake and energy expenditure. Brain Res 2010; 1350:18-34. [PMID: 20353764 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis reflects the complex output of endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral control circuits that extend throughout the central nervous system. Brain regions that control food intake and energy expenditure are privy to continuous visceral sensory feedback signals that presumably modulate appetite, satiety, digestion, and metabolism. Sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract and associated digestive viscera are delivered to the brain primarily by vagal afferents that terminate centrally within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), with signals subsequently relayed to higher brain regions by parallel noradrenergic and peptidergic projection pathways arising within the NST. This article begins with an overview of these ascending pathways identified in adult rats using a standard anterograde tracer microinjected into the caudal visceral sensory region of the NST, and also by immunocytochemical localization of glucagon-like peptide-1. NST projection targets identified by these two approaches are compared to the distribution of neurons that become infected after inoculating the ventral stomach wall with a neurotropic virus that transneuronally infects synaptically-linked chains of neurons in the anterograde (i.e., ascending sensory) direction. Although the focus of this article is the anatomical organization of axonal projections from the caudal visceral NST to the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain, discussion is included regarding the hypothesized role of these projections in modulating behavioral arousal and coordinating endocrine and behavioral (i.e., hypophagic) responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinaman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Cippitelli A, Damadzic R, Hansson AC, Singley E, Sommer WH, Eskay R, Thorsell A, Heilig M. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) suppresses yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 208:417-26. [PMID: 20012021 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reinstatement of responding to a previously alcohol-associated lever following extinction is an established model of relapse-like behavior and can be triggered by stress exposure. Here, we examined whether neuropeptide Y (NPY), an endogenous anti-stress mediator, blocks reinstatement of alcohol-seeking induced by the pharmacological stressor yohimbine. MATERIALS AND METHODS NPY [5.0 or 10.0 mug/rat, intracerebroventricularly (ICV)] dose-dependently blocked the reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by yohimbine (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) but failed to significantly suppress the maintenance of alcohol self-administration. We then used c-fos expression mapping to examine neuronal activation following treatment with yohimbine or NPY alone or yohimbine following NPY pre-treatment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis was focused on a network of structures previously implicated in yohimbine-induced reinstatement, comprised of central (CeA) and basolateral (BLA) amygdala and the shell of the nucleus accumbens (Nc AccS). Within this network, both yohimbine and NPY potently induced neuronal activation, and their effects were additive, presumably indicating activation of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that NPY selectively suppresses relapse to alcohol seeking induced by stressful events and support the NPY system as an attractive target for the treatment of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cippitelli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr. 1/5330, Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
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McElligott ZA, Winder DG. Modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1329-35. [PMID: 19524008 PMCID: PMC2783684 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate, catecholamine and neuropeptide signaling within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) have all been identified as key participants in anxiety-like behaviors and behaviors related to withdrawal from exposure to substances of abuse. The BNST is thought to serve as a key relay between limbic cognitive centers and reward, stress and anxiety nuclei. Human studies and animal models have demonstrated that stressors and drugs of abuse can result in long term behavioral modifications that can culminate in psychological diseases such as addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder. The ability of catecholamines and neuropeptides to influence synaptic glutamatergic transmission (stemming from cognitive centers) within the BNST may have profound consequences over these behaviors. In this review we highlight studies examining synaptic plasticity and modulation of excitatory transmission within the BNST, emphasizing how such modulation may result in alterations in anxiety and reward related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny G. Winder
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Kennedy Center For Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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