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Yoshida A, Hikosaka O. Involvement of neurons in the non-human primate anterior striatum in proactive inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.591009. [PMID: 38712157 PMCID: PMC11071629 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.591009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Behaving as desired requires selecting the appropriate behavior and inhibiting the selection of inappropriate behavior. This inhibitory function involves multiple processes, such as reactive and proactive inhibition, instead of a single process. In this study, macaque monkeys were required to perform a task in which they had to sequentially select (accept) or refuse (reject) a choice. Neural activity was recorded from the anterior striatum, which is considered to be involved in behavioral inhibition, focusing on the distinction between proactive and reactive inhibitions. We identified neurons with significant activity changes during the rejection of bad objects. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups, of which one showed obviously increased activity during object rejection, suggesting its involvement in proactive inhibition. This activity pattern was consistent irrespective of the rejection method, indicating a role beyond mere saccadic suppression. Furthermore, minimal activity changes during the fixation task indicated that these neurons were not primarily involved in reactive inhibition. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the anterior striatum plays a crucial role in cognitive control and orchestrates goal-directed behavior through proactive inhibition, which may be critical in understanding the mechanisms of behavioral inhibition dysfunction that occur in patients with basal ganglia disease.
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Bundt C, Huster RJ. Corticospinal excitability reductions during action preparation and action stopping in humans: Different sides of the same inhibitory coin? Neuropsychologia 2024; 195:108799. [PMID: 38218313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Motor functions and cognitive processes are closely associated with each other. In humans, this linkage is reflected in motor system state changes both when an action must be prepared and stopped. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation showed that both action preparation and action stopping are accompanied by a reduction of corticospinal excitability, referred to as preparatory and response inhibition, respectively. While previous efforts have been made to describe both phenomena extensively, an updated and comprehensive comparison of the two phenomena is lacking. To ameliorate such deficit, this review focuses on the role and interpretation of single-coil (single-pulse and paired-pulse) and dual-coil TMS outcome measures during action preparation and action stopping in humans. To that effect, it aims to identify commonalities and differences, detailing how TMS-based outcome measures are affected by states, traits, and psychopathologies in both processes. Eventually, findings will be compared, and open questions will be addressed to aid future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bundt
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - René J Huster
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hannah R, Muralidharan V, Aron AR. Failing to attend versus failing to stop: Single-trial decomposition of action-stopping in the stop signal task. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:4099-4117. [PMID: 36344774 PMCID: PMC10700434 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-02008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to stop impending or ongoing actions contributes to executive control over behavior. Action-stopping, however, is difficult to directly quantify. It is therefore assayed via computational modeling of behavior in the stop signal task to estimate the latency of stopping (stop signal reaction time, SSRT) and, more recently, the reliability of stopping in terms of the distribution of SSRTs (standard deviation, SD-SSRT) and the frequency with which one outright fails to react to a stop signal (trigger failures, TF). Critically, the validity of computational estimates remains unknown because we currently have no direct readouts of behavior against which to compare them. Here, we developed a method for providing single-trial behavioral readouts of SSRT and trigger failures. The method relies on an adaptation of the stop signal task in which participants respond by moving a computer mouse. In two online experiments, we used movement kinematics to quantify stopping performance (SSRT, SD-SSRT, and TF), and then applied the standard Race Model and recent BEESTS model in order to examine the convergent validity of the methods. Overall, we demonstrate good correspondence between kinematics- and model-based estimates of stopping performance at the group and individual level. We conclude that the new method provides valid estimates of stopping performance that, unlike model-based estimates, can be read out at the level of single trials. Our approach might therefore be useful for interrogating single-trial neurophysiological correlates of stopping and for large-scale, online studies of behavioral stopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Shiino S, van Wouwe NC, Wylie SA, Claassen DO, McDonell KE. Huntington disease exacerbates action impulses. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1186465. [PMID: 37397312 PMCID: PMC10312388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1186465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impulsivity is a common clinical feature of Huntington disease (HD), but the underlying cognitive dynamics of impulse control in this population have not been well-studied. Objective To investigate the temporal dynamics of action impulse control in HD patients using an inhibitory action control task. Methods Sixteen motor manifest HD patients and seventeen age-matched healthy controls (HC) completed the action control task. We applied the activation-suppression theoretical model and distributional analytic techniques to differentiate the strength of fast impulses from their top-down suppression. Results Overall, HD patients produced slower and less accurate reactions than HCs. HD patients also exhibited an exacerbated interference effect, as evidenced by a greater slowing of RT on non-corresponding compared to corresponding trials. HD patients made more fast, impulsive errors than HC, evidenced by significantly lower accuracy on their fastest reaction time trials. The slope reduction of interference effects as reactions slowed was similar between HD and controls, indicating preserved impulse suppression. Conclusion Our results indicate that patients with HD show a greater susceptibility to act rapidly on incorrect motor impulses but preserved proficiency of top-down suppression. Further research is needed to determine how these findings relate to clinical behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Shiino
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Scott A. Wylie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel O. Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katherine E. McDonell
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Korponay C. Snapping Out of Autopilot: Overriding Habits in Real Time and the Role of Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:482-490. [PMID: 36137178 PMCID: PMC10023494 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Habits allow environmental and interoceptive cues to trigger behavior in an automatized fashion, making them liable to deployment in inappropriate or outdated contexts. Over the long term, repeated failure of a once-adaptive habit to satisfy current goals produces extinction learning that suppresses the habit's execution. Less attention has been afforded to the mechanisms underlying real-time habit suppression: the capacity to stop the execution of a cued habit that is goal conflicting. Here, I first posit a model by which goal-relevant stimuli can (a) bring unfolding habits and their projected outcomes into awareness, (b) prompt evaluation of the habit outcome with respect to current goals, and (c) trigger cessation of the habit response if it is determined to be goal conflicting. Second, I propose a modified stop-signal task to test this model of goal-directed stopping of habit execution. Finally, I marshal evidence indicating that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, situated at the nexus of salience detection, action-plan assessment, and motor inhibition networks, is uniquely positioned to coordinate the overriding of habitual behaviors in real time. In sum, this perspective presents a testable model and candidate neurobiological substrate for our capacity to "snap out of autopilot" and override goal-conflicting habits in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Nieuwenhuys A, Byblow WD. Proactive Interhemispheric Disinhibition Supports Response Preparation during Selective Stopping. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1008-1017. [PMID: 36609455 PMCID: PMC9908313 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1712-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is essential for terminating inappropriate actions. A substantial response delay may occur in the nonstopped effector when only part of a multieffector action is terminated. This stopping-interference effect has been attributed to nonselective response inhibition processes and can be reduced with proactive cuing. This study aimed to elucidate the role of interhemispheric primary motor cortex (M1-M1) influences during selective stopping with proactive cuing. We hypothesized that stopping-interference would be reduced as stopping certainty increased because of proactive recruitment of interhemispheric facilitation or inhibition when cued to respond or stop, respectively. Twenty-three healthy human participants of either sex performed a bimanual anticipatory response inhibition paradigm with cues signaling the likelihood of a stop-signal occurring. Dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to determine corticomotor excitability (CME), interhemispheric inhibition (IHI), and interhemispheric facilitation (IHF) in the left hand at rest and during response preparation. Response times slowed and stopping-interference decreased with increased stopping certainty. Proactive response inhibition was marked by a reduced rate of rise and faster cancel time in electromyographical bursts during stopping. There was a nonselective release of IHI but not CME from rest to in-task response preparation, whereas IHF was not observed in either context. An effector-specific reduction in CME but no reinstatement of IHI was observed when the left hand was cued to stop. These findings indicate that stopping speed and selectivity are better with proactive cueing and that interhemispheric M1-M1 channels modulate inhibitory tone during response preparation to support going but not proactive response inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Response inhibition is essential for terminating inappropriate actions and, in some cases, may be required for only part of a multieffector action. The present study examined interhemispheric influences between the primary motor cortices during selective stopping with proactive cuing. Stopping selectivity was greater with increased stopping certainty and was marked by proactive adjustments to the hand cued to stop and hand cued to respond separately. Inhibitory interhemispheric influences were released during response preparation but were not directly involved in proactive response inhibition. These findings indicate that between-hand stopping can be selective with proactive cuing, but cue-related improvements are unlikely to reflect the advance engagement of interhemispheric influences between primary motor cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey G Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Arne Nieuwenhuys
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Schultz KE, Mantell B, Berkman ET, Swann NC. Prepared and reactive inhibition in smokers and non-smokers. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114120. [PMID: 36181947 PMCID: PMC9926641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Models of addiction have identified deficits in inhibitory control, or the ability to inhibit inappropriate or unwanted behaviors, as one factor in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Current literature supports disruption of the prefrontal circuits that mediate reactive inhibitory control processes (i.e., inhibition in response to sudden, unplanned changes in environmental demands) in substance use disorders. However, the relationship between disorders of addiction, such as nicotine dependence, and planned inhibitory processes (i.e., inhibition that occurs after advance warning) is unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which reactive and planned inhibitory processes are differentially disrupted in nicotine dependent individuals. METHOD We employed an internet-based novel stop signal task wherein participants were instructed to stop a continuous movement at either a predictable or unpredictable time. This task explicitly separated planned and reactive inhibitory processes and assessed group differences in task performance between smokers (N = 281) and non-smokers (N = 164). The smoker group was defined as any participant that identified as a smoker and reported an average daily nicotine consumption of at least 2 mg. The non-smoker group was defined as any participant that identified as a non-smoker and had not been a former smoker that quit within the last year. The smoker group also completed a questionnaire regarding smoking behaviors which included the Fägerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We used these data to assess the continuous relation between planned stopping, unplanned stopping, and smoking behaviors. RESULTS We found significant differences in stop times for both reactive and planned stopping between groups as well as within the smoker group. Additionally, in the smoker group, dependence as measured by the FTND was associated with longer stop times on planned stop trials. Surprisingly, greater daily average consumption of nicotine was related to faster stopping for both trial types. CONCLUSION These results indicate the relevance of measuring both reactive and planned inhibitory processes for elucidating the relationship between nicotine addiction and mechanisms of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Schultz
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, USA,Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, USA,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, University of Oregon, USA. (K.E. Schultz)
| | | | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, USA,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
| | - Nicole C. Swann
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, USA,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
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Montalti M, Calbi M, Cuccio V, Umiltà MA, Gallese V. Is motor inhibition involved in the processing of sentential negation? An assessment via the Stop-Signal Task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:339-352. [PMID: 33905001 PMCID: PMC9873753 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the embodied approach to cognition and language gained momentum in the scientific debate, leading to evidence in different aspects of language processing. However, while the bodily grounding of concrete concepts seems to be relatively not controversial, abstract aspects, like the negation logical operator, are still today one of the main challenges for this research paradigm. In this framework, the present study has a twofold aim: (1) to assess whether mechanisms for motor inhibition underpin the processing of sentential negation, thus, providing evidence for a bodily grounding of this logic operator, (2) to determine whether the Stop-Signal Task, which has been used to investigate motor inhibition, could represent a good tool to explore this issue. Twenty-three participants were recruited in this experiment. Ten hand-action-related sentences, both in affirmative and negative polarity, were presented on a screen. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction of the Go Stimulus (an arrow) and to withhold their response when they heard a sound following the arrow. This paradigm allows estimating the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT), a covert reaction time underlying the inhibitory process. Our results show that the SSRT measured after reading negative sentences are longer than after reading affirmative ones, highlighting the recruitment of inhibitory mechanisms while processing negative sentences. Furthermore, our methodological considerations suggest that the Stop-Signal Task is a good paradigm to assess motor inhibition's role in the processing of sentence negation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montalti
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Calbi
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Cuccio
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Cognitive, Psychological, Pedagogical Sciences and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Umiltà
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Investigating the role of contextual cues and interhemispheric inhibitory mechanisms in response-selective stopping: a TMS study. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:84-99. [PMID: 36385251 PMCID: PMC9925558 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Response-selective stopping requires cancellation of only one component of a multicomponent action. While research has investigated how delays to the continuing action components ("stopping interference") can be attenuated by way of contextual cues of the specific stopping demands ("foreknowledge"), little is known of the underlying neural mechanisms. Twenty-seven, healthy, young adults undertook a multicomponent stop-signal task. For two thirds of trials, participants responded to an imperative (go) stimulus (IS) with simultaneous button presses using their left and right index fingers. For the remaining one third of trials, the IS was followed by a stop-signal requiring cancellation of only the left, or right, response. To manipulate foreknowledge of stopping demands, a cue preceded the IS that informed participants which hand might be required to stop (proactive) or provided no such information (reactive). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) assessed corticospinal excitability (CSE) as well as short- and long-interval interhemispheric inhibition (SIHI, LIHI) between the primary motor cortices. Proactive cues reduced, but did not eliminate, stopping interference relative to the reactive condition. Relative to TMS measures at cue onset, decreases in CSE (both hands and both cue conditions) and LIHI (both hands, proactive condition only) were observed during movement preparation. During movement cancellation, LIHI reduction in the continuing hand was greater than that in the stopping hand and greater than LIHI reductions in both hands during execution of multicomponent responses. Our results indicate that foreknowledge attenuates stopping interference and provide evidence for a novel role of LIHI, mediated via prefrontal regions, in facilitating continuing action components.
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Krakowski MI, Hoptman MJ, Czobor P. Neural Correlates of Psychopathic Traits in Schizophrenia: fMRI Study of Response Inhibition in Persistently Violent Patients. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2023; 4:sgad009. [PMID: 39145336 PMCID: PMC11207843 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Background and Hypothesis Psychopathic traits play an important role in schizophrenia, particularly for violent behavior. There have been very few functional imaging studies (fMRI) examining the impact of brain dysfunction on psychopathic traits in schizophrenia. Our goal was to evaluate neural abnormalities underlying these traits through fMRI in violent subjects with schizophrenia (VS) and in 3 comparison groups: healthy controls (HC), nonviolent patients (NV), and nonpsychotic violent subjects (NPV). Study Design fMRI imaging was used to measure blood-oxygen-level-dependent activation in 95 subjects while they performed a Go/NoGo task: 26 VS, 25 NPV, 26 HC, and 18 NVS. Psychopathy was evaluated through the 2 factors of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL:SV). The subjects were also evaluated for psychiatric symptoms and for educational achievement. Study Results Hypoactivation of brain areas involved in response inhibition was related to the severity of psychopathic traits in the violent patients with schizophrenia. These areas included frontal regions, cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus, and basal ganglia. This association was very strong for the first PCL:SV factor, the affective-interpersonal traits, and moderate for the second PCL:SV factor, the antisocial-impulsive traits. The latter traits were also linked to poor educational achievement. Conclusions The 2 psychopathic factors have different antecedents and are dissociable at the neural level in schizophrenia. Brain dysfunction is more strongly associated with the affective-interpersonal traits while the antisocial traits are associated with various factors. This has important implications for the conceptualization and treatment of violence in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menahem I Krakowski
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Hoptman
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pal Czobor
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Guan Y, Wessel JR. Two Types of Motor Inhibition after Action Errors in Humans. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7267-7275. [PMID: 35977828 PMCID: PMC9512573 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1191-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive behavior requires the ability to appropriately react to action errors. Post-error slowing (PES) of response times is one of the most reliable phenomena in human behavior. It has been proposed that PES is partially achieved through inhibition of the motor system. However, there is no direct evidence for this link, or indeed, that the motor system is physiologically inhibited after errors altogether. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography to measure corticospinal excitability (CSE) across four experiments using a Simon task, in which female and male human participants sometimes committed errors. Errors were followed by reduced CSE at two different time points and in two different modes. Shortly after error commission (250 ms), CSE was broadly suppressed (i.e., even task-unrelated motor effectors were inhibited). During the preparation of the subsequent response, CSE was specifically reduced at task-relevant effectors only. This latter effect was directly related to PES, with stronger CSE suppression accompanying greater PES. This suggests that PES is achieved through increased inhibitory control during post-error responses. To provide converging evidence, we then reanalyzed an openly available EEG dataset that contained both Simon- and Stop-signal tasks using independent component analysis. We found that the same neural source component that indexed action cancellation in the stop-signal task also showed clear PES-related activity during post-error responses in the Simon task. Together, these findings provide evidence that post-error adaptation is partially achieved through motor inhibition. Moreover, inhibition is engaged in two modes (first nonselective, then selective), aligning with recent multistage theories of error processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is a common observation that humans implement a higher degree of caution when repeating an action during which they just committed a mistake. In the laboratory, such increased "caution" is reflected in post-error slowing of response latencies. Many competing theories exist regarding the precise neural mechanisms underlying post-error slowing. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we show that, after error commission, the human corticomotor system is momentarily inhibited, both immediately after an error and during the preparation of the next action. Moreover, motor inhibition during the latter time period is directly predictive of post-error slowing. This shows that inhibitory control is a key mechanism humans engage to regulate their own behavior in the aftermath of error commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245
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12
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Nakajima K, Osada T, Ogawa A, Tanaka M, Oka S, Kamagata K, Aoki S, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Konishi S. A causal role of anterior prefrontal-putamen circuit for response inhibition revealed by transcranial ultrasound stimulation in humans. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111197. [PMID: 35977493 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stopping an inappropriate response requires the involvement of the prefrontal-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway. However, how the prefrontal-striatal indirect pathway contributes to stopping is poorly understood. In this study, transcranial ultrasound stimulation is used to perform interventions in a task-related region in the striatum. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals activation in the right anterior part of the putamen during response inhibition, and ultrasound stimulation to the anterior putamen, as well as the subthalamic nucleus, results in significant impairments in stopping performance. Diffusion imaging further reveals prominent structural connections between the anterior putamen and the right anterior part of the inferior frontal cortex (IFC), and ultrasound stimulation to the anterior IFC also shows significant impaired stopping performance. These results demonstrate that the right anterior putamen and right anterior IFC causally contribute to stopping and suggest that the anterior IFC-anterior putamen circuit in the indirect pathway serves as an essential route for stopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakajima
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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13
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Korponay C, Stein EA, Ross TJ. Laterality Hotspots in the Striatum. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:2943-2956. [PMID: 34727171 PMCID: PMC9290552 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal loci are connected to both the ipsilateral and contralateral frontal cortex. Normative quantitation of the dissimilarity between striatal loci's hemispheric connection profiles and its spatial variance across the striatum, and assessment of how interindividual differences relate to function, stands to further the understanding of the role of corticostriatal circuits in lateralized functions and the role of abnormal corticostriatal laterality in neurodevelopmental and other neuropsychiatric disorders. A resting-state functional connectivity fingerprinting approach (n = 261) identified "laterality hotspots"-loci whose profiles of connectivity with ipsilateral and contralateral frontal cortex were disproportionately dissimilar-in the right rostral ventral putamen, left rostral central caudate, and bilateral caudal ventral caudate. Findings were replicated in an independent sample and were robust to both preprocessing choices and the choice of cortical atlas used for parcellation definitions. Across subjects, greater rightward connectional laterality at the right ventral putamen hotspot and greater leftward connectional laterality at the left rostral caudate hotspot were associated with higher performance on tasks engaging lateralized functions (i.e., response inhibition and language, respectively). In sum, we find robust and reproducible evidence for striatal loci with disproportionately lateralized connectivity profiles where interindividual differences in laterality magnitude are associated with behavioral capacities on lateralized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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14
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Cruz BF, Guiomar G, Soares S, Motiwala A, Machens CK, Paton JJ. Action suppression reveals opponent parallel control via striatal circuits. Nature 2022; 607:521-526. [PMID: 35794480 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia are classically thought to promote and suppress action, respectively1. However, the observed co-activation of striatal direct and indirect medium spiny neurons2 (dMSNs and iMSNs, respectively) has challenged this view. Here we study these circuits in mice performing an interval categorization task that requires a series of self-initiated and cued actions and, critically, a sustained period of dynamic action suppression. Although movement produced the co-activation of iMSNs and dMSNs in the sensorimotor, dorsolateral striatum (DLS), fibre photometry and photo-identified electrophysiological recordings revealed signatures of functional opponency between the two pathways during action suppression. Notably, optogenetic inhibition showed that DLS circuits were largely engaged to suppress-and not promote-action. Specifically, iMSNs on a given hemisphere were dynamically engaged to suppress tempting contralateral action. To understand how such regionally specific circuit function arose, we constructed a computational reinforcement learning model that reproduced key features of behaviour, neural activity and optogenetic inhibition. The model predicted that parallel striatal circuits outside the DLS learned the action-promoting functions, generating the temptation to act. Consistent with this, optogenetic inhibition experiments revealed that dMSNs in the associative, dorsomedial striatum, in contrast to those in the DLS, promote contralateral actions. These data highlight how opponent interactions between multiple circuit- and region-specific basal ganglia processes can lead to behavioural control, and establish a critical role for the sensorimotor indirect pathway in the proactive suppression of tempting actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Cruz
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, PT, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Guiomar
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, PT, Portugal
| | - Sofia Soares
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, PT, Portugal.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asma Motiwala
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, PT, Portugal.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christian K Machens
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, PT, Portugal
| | - Joseph J Paton
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, PT, Portugal.
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15
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Rodríguez-Herreros B, Amengual JL, Vázquez-Anguiano JL, Ionta S, Miniussi C, Cunillera T. Early response competition over the motor cortex underlies proactive control of error correction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9232. [PMID: 35654955 PMCID: PMC9163130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is a fundamental brain function that must be flexible enough to incorporate proactive goal-directed demands, along with reactive, automatic and well consolidated behaviors. However, whether proactive inhibitory processes can be explained by response competition, rather than by active top-down inhibitory control, remains still unclear. Using a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task, we examined the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates elicited by manipulating the degree of inhibitory control in a task that involved the fast amendment of errors. We observed that restraining or encouraging the correction of errors did not affect the behavioral and neural correlates associated to reactive inhibition. We rather found that an early, sustained and bilateral activation, of both the correct and the incorrect response, was required for an effective proactive inhibitory control. Selective unilateral patterns of response preparation were instead associated with defective response suppression. Our results provide behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of a simultaneous dual pre-activation of two motor commands, likely underlying a global operating mechanism suggesting competition or lateral inhibition to govern the amendment of errors. These findings are consistent with the response inhibitory processes already observed in speed-accuracy tradeoff studies, and hint at a decisive role of early response competition to determine the success of multiple-choice action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Rodríguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et Apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Sensory-Motor Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne/Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1002, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julià L Amengual
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Université Claude Bernard, 69675, Bron, France
| | | | - Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne/Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1002, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Toni Cunillera
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Andersson P, Li X, Persson J. The association between control of interference and white-matter integrity: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 114:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Nieuwenhuys A, Byblow WD. Decoupling countermands nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping. J Neurophysiol 2021; 127:188-203. [PMID: 34936517 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00495.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is essential for goal-directed behavior within dynamic environments. Selective stopping is a complex form of response inhibition where only part of a multi-effector response must be cancelled. A substantial response delay emerges on unstopped effectors when a cued effector is successfully stopped. This stopping-interference effect is indicative of nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping which may, in-part, be a consequence of functional coupling. The present study examined selective stopping of (de)coupled bimanual responses in healthy human participants of either sex. Participants performed synchronous and asynchronous versions of an anticipatory stop-signal paradigm across two sessions while mu (µ) and beta (β) rhythm were measured with electroencephalography. Results showed that responses were behaviorally decoupled during asynchronous go trials and the extent of response asynchrony was associated with lateralized sensorimotor µ and β desynchronization during response preparation. Selective stopping produced a stopping-interference effect and was marked by a nonselective increase and subsequent rebound in prefrontal and sensorimotor β. In support of the coupling account, stopping-interference was smaller during selective stopping of asynchronous responses, and negatively associated with the magnitude of decoupling. However, the increase in sensorimotor β during selective stopping was equivalent between the stopped and unstopped hand irrespective of response synchrony. Overall, the findings demonstrate that decoupling facilitates selective stopping after a global pause process and emphasizes the importance of considering the influence of both the go and stop context when investigating response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey George Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arne Nieuwenhuys
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Petruo V, Takacs A, Mückschel M, Hommel B, Beste C. Multi-level decoding of task sets in neurophysiological data during cognitive flexibility. iScience 2021; 24:103502. [PMID: 34934921 PMCID: PMC8654636 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is essential to achieve higher level goals. Cognitive theories assume that the activation/deactivation of goals and task rules is central to understand cognitive flexibility. However, how this activation/deactivation dynamic is implemented on a neurophysiological level is unclear. Using EEG-based multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) methods, we show that activation of relevant information occurs parallel in time at multiple levels in the neurophysiological signal containing aspects of stimulus-related processing, response selection, and motor response execution, and relates to different brain regions. The intensity with which task sets are activated and processed dynamically decreases and increases. The temporal stability of these activations could, however, hardly explain behavioral performance. Instead, task set deactivation processes associated with left orbitofrontal regions and inferior parietal regions selectively acting on motor response task sets are relevant. The study shows how propositions from cognitive theories stressing the importance task set activation/deactivation during cognitive flexibility are implemented on a neurophysiological level. Stimulus-related, motor, and response selection aspects of task set were decoded Activation of task rule information occurs at multiple neurophysiological levels Activation and deactivation of rule sets contributes to cognitive flexibility
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Petruo
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam Takacs
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hommel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309 Dresden, Germany.,Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, C-2-S LIBC P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands.,Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Qianfoshan Campus, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Lixia District, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, 01309 Dresden, Germany.,Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Qianfoshan Campus, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Lixia District, Ji'nan 250014, China
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19
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Albert J, Rincón-Pérez I, Sánchez-Carmona AJ, Arroyo-Lozano S, Olmos R, Hinojosa JA, Fernández-Jaén A, López-Martín S. The development of selective stopping: Qualitative and quantitative changes from childhood to early adulthood. Dev Sci 2021; 25:e13210. [PMID: 34873804 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although progress has been made in elucidating the behavioral and neural development of global stopping across the lifespan, little is known about the development of selective stopping. This more complex form of inhibitory control is required in real-world situations where ongoing responses must be inhibited to certain stimuli but not others, and can be assessed in laboratory settings using a stimulus selective stopping task. Here we used this task to investigate the qualitative and quantitative developmental changes in selective stopping in a large-scale cross-sectional study with three different age groups (children, preadolescents, and young adults). We found that the ability to stop a response selectively to some stimuli (i.e., use a selective strategy) rather than non-selectively to all presented stimuli (i.e., use a global, non-selective strategy) is fully mature by early preadolescence, and remains stable afterwards at least until young adulthood. By contrast, the efficiency or speed of stopping (indexed by a shorter stop-signal reaction time or SSRT) continues to mature throughout adolescence until young adulthood, both for global and selective implementations of stopping. We also provide some preliminary findings regarding which other task variables beyond the strategy and SSRT predicted age group status. Premature responding (an index of "waiting impulsivity") and post-ignore slowing (an index of cognitive control) were among the most relevant predictors in discriminating between developmental age groups. Although present results need to be confirmed and extended in longitudinal studies, they provide new insights into the development of a relevant form of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Albert
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto J Sánchez-Carmona
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Neuromottiva, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Olmos
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Hinojosa
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva - C3, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Hospital Universitario QuirónSalud, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara López-Martín
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Neuromottiva, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Common and Unique Inhibitory Control Signatures of Action-Stopping and Attentional Capture Suggest That Actions Are Stopped in Two Stages. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8826-8838. [PMID: 34493541 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1105-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to stop an already initiated action is paramount to adaptive behavior. Much scientific debate in the field of human action-stopping currently focuses on two interrelated questions. (1) Which cognitive and neural processes uniquely underpin the implementation of inhibitory control when actions are stopped after explicit stop signals, and which processes are instead commonly evoked by all salient signals, even those that do not require stopping? (2) Why do purported (neuro)physiological signatures of inhibition occur at two different latencies after stop signals? Here, we address both questions via two preregistered experiments that combined measurements of corticospinal excitability, EMG, and whole-scalp EEG. Adult human subjects performed a stop signal task that also contained "ignore" signals: equally salient signals that did not require stopping but rather completion of the Go response. We found that both stop- and ignore signals produced equal amounts of early-latency inhibition of corticospinal excitability and EMG, which took place ∼150 ms following either signal. Multivariate pattern analysis of the whole-scalp EEG data further corroborated that this early processing stage was shared between stop- and ignore signals, as neural activity following the two signals could not be decoded from each other until a later time period. In this later period, unique activity related to stop signals emerged at frontocentral scalp sites, reflecting an increased stop signal P3. These findings suggest a two-step model of action-stopping, according to which an initial, universal inhibitory response to the saliency of the stop signal is followed by a slower process that is unique to outright stopping.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans often have to stop their ongoing actions when indicated by environmental stimuli (stop signals). Successful action-stopping requires both the ability to detect these salient stop signals and to subsequently inhibit ongoing motor programs. Because of this tight entanglement of attentional control and motor inhibition, identifying unique neurophysiological signatures of action-stopping is difficult. Indeed, we report that recently proposed early-latency signatures of motor inhibition during action-stopping are also found after salient signals that do not require stopping. However, using multivariate pattern analysis of scalp-recorded neural data, we also identified subsequent neural activity that uniquely distinguished action-stopping from saliency detection. These results suggest that actions are stopped in two stages: the first common to all salient events and the second unique to action-stopping.
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21
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Diesburg DA, Wessel JR. The Pause-then-Cancel model of human action-stopping: Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:17-34. [PMID: 34293402 PMCID: PMC8574992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to stop already-initiated actions is a key cognitive control ability. Recent work on human action-stopping has been dominated by two controversial debates. First, the contributions (and neural signatures) of attentional orienting and motor inhibition after stop-signals are near-impossible to disentangle. Second, the timing of purportedly inhibitory (neuro)physiological activity after stop-signals has called into question which neural signatures reflect processes that actually contribute to action-stopping. Here, we propose that a two-stage model of action-stopping - proposed by Schmidt and Berke (2017) based on subcortical rodent recordings - may resolve these controversies. Translating this model to humans, we first argue that attentional orienting and motor inhibition are inseparable because orienting to salient events like stop-signals automatically invokes broad motor inhibition, reflecting a fast-acting, ubiquitous Pause process. We then argue that inhibitory signatures after stop-signals differ in latency because they map onto two sequential stages: the salience-related Pause and a slower, stop-specific Cancel process. We formulate the model, discuss recent supporting evidence in humans, and interpret existing data within its context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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22
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Hannah R, Aron AR. Towards real-world generalizability of a circuit for action-stopping. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:538-552. [PMID: 34326532 PMCID: PMC8972073 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two decades of cross-species neuroscience research on rapid action-stopping in the laboratory has provided motivation for an underlying prefrontal-basal ganglia circuit. Here we provide an update of key studies from the past few years. We conclude that this basic neural circuit is on increasingly firm ground, and we move on to consider whether the action-stopping function implemented by this circuit applies beyond the simple laboratory stop signal task. We advance through a series of studies of increasing 'real-worldness', starting with laboratory tests of stopping of speech, gait and bodily functions, and then going beyond the laboratory to consider neural recordings and stimulation during moments of control presumably required in everyday activities such as walking and driving. We end by asking whether stopping research has clinical relevance, focusing on movement disorders such as stuttering, tics and freezing of gait. Overall, we conclude there are hints that the prefrontal-basal ganglia action-stopping circuit that is engaged by the basic stop signal task is recruited in myriad scenarios; however, truly proving this for real-world scenarios requires a new generation of studies that will need to overcome substantial technical and inferential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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23
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The Human Basal Ganglia Mediate the Interplay between Reactive and Proactive Control of Response through Both Motor Inhibition and Sensory Modulation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050560. [PMID: 33925153 PMCID: PMC8146223 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) have long been known for contributing to the regulation of motor behaviour by means of a complex interplay between tonic and phasic inhibitory mechanisms. However, after having focused for a long time on phasic reactive mechanisms, it is only recently that psychological research in healthy humans has modelled tonic proactive mechanisms of control. Mutual calibration between anatomo-functional and psychological models is still needed to better understand the unclear role of the BG in the interplay between proactive and reactive mechanisms of control. Here, we implemented an event-related fMRI design allowing proper analysis of both the brain activity preceding the target-stimulus and the brain activity induced by the target-stimulus during a simple go/nogo task, with a particular interest in the ambiguous role of the basal ganglia. Post-stimulus activity was evoked in the left dorsal striatum, the subthalamus nucleus and internal globus pallidus by any stimulus when the situation was unpredictable, pinpointing its involvement in reactive, non-selective inhibitory mechanisms when action restraint is required. Pre-stimulus activity was detected in the ventral, not the dorsal, striatum, when the situation was unpredictable, and was associated with changes in functional connectivity with the early visual, not the motor, cortex. This suggests that the ventral striatum supports modulatory influence over sensory processing during proactive control.
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24
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Soh C, Hynd M, Rangel BO, Wessel JR. Adjustments to Proactive Motor Inhibition without Effector-Specific Foreknowledge Are Reflected in a Bilateral Upregulation of Sensorimotor β-Burst Rates. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:784-798. [PMID: 33544054 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Classic work using the stop-signal task has shown that humans can use inhibitory control to cancel already initiated movements. Subsequent work revealed that inhibitory control can be proactively recruited in anticipation of a potential stop-signal, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful movement cancellation. However, the exact neurophysiological effects of proactive inhibitory control on the motor system are still unclear. On the basis of classic views of sensorimotor β-band activity, as well as recent findings demonstrating the burst-like nature of this signal, we recently proposed that proactive inhibitory control is implemented by influencing the rate of sensorimotor β-bursts during movement initiation. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis using scalp EEG recordings of β-band activity in 41 healthy human adults during a bimanual RT task. By comparing motor responses made in two different contexts-during blocks with or without stop-signals-we found that premovement β-burst rates over both contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor areas were increased in stop-signal blocks compared to pure-go blocks. Moreover, the degree of this burst rate difference indexed the behavioral implementation of proactive inhibition (i.e., the degree of anticipatory response slowing in the stop-signal blocks). Finally, exploratory analyses showed that these condition differences were explained by a significant increase in β bursting that was already present during the premovement baseline period in stop blocks. Together, this suggests that the strategic deployment of proactive inhibitory motor control is implemented by upregulating the tonic inhibition of the motor system, signified by increased sensorimotor β-bursting both before and after signals to initiate a movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan R Wessel
- University of Iowa.,University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics
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25
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Control of response interference: caudate nucleus contributes to selective inhibition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20977. [PMID: 33262369 PMCID: PMC7708449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of cortical regions in cognitive control processes is well accepted, the contribution of subcortical structures (e.g., the striatum), especially to the control of response interference, remains controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cortical and particularly subcortical neural mechanisms of response interference control (including selective inhibition). Thirteen healthy young participants underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a unimanual version of the Simon task. In this task, successful performance required the resolution of stimulus–response conflicts in incongruent trials by selectively inhibiting interfering response tendencies. The behavioral results show an asymmetrical Simon effect that was more pronounced in the contralateral hemifield. Contrasting incongruent trials with congruent trials (i.e., the overall Simon effect) significantly activated clusters in the right anterior cingulate cortex, the right posterior insula, and the caudate nucleus bilaterally. Furthermore, a region of interest analysis based on previous patient studies revealed that activation in the bilateral caudate nucleus significantly co-varied with a parameter of selective inhibition derived from distributional analyses of response times. Our results corroborate the notion that the cognitive control of response interference is supported by a fronto-striatal circuitry, with a functional contribution of the caudate nucleus to the selective inhibition of interfering response tendencies.
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26
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Korponay C, Choi EY, Haber SN. Corticostriatal Projections of Macaque Area 44. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa079. [PMID: 33283184 PMCID: PMC7699020 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventrolateral frontal area 44 is implicated in inhibitory motor functions and facilitating prefrontal control over vocalization. The contribution of corticostriatal circuits to area 44 functions is unclear, as prior investigation of area 44 projections to the striatum-a central structure in motor circuits-is limited. Here, we used anterograde and retrograde tracing in macaques to map the innervation zone of area 44 corticostriatal projections, quantify their strengths, and evaluate their convergence with corticostriatal projections from other frontal cortical regions. First, whereas terminal fields from a rostral area 44 injection site were found primarily in the central caudate nucleus, those from a caudal area 44 injection site were found primarily in the ventrolateral putamen. Second, amongst sampled injection sites, area 44 input as a percentage of total frontal cortical input was highest in the ventral putamen at the level of the anterior commissure. Third, area 44 projections converged with orofacial premotor area 6VR and other motor-related projections (in the putamen), and with nonmotor prefrontal projections (in the caudate nucleus). Findings support the role of area 44 as an interface between motor and nonmotor functional domains, possibly facilitated by rostral and caudal area 44 subregions with distinct corticostriatal connectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suzanne N Haber
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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27
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Prefrontal Cortical Projection Neurons Targeting Dorsomedial Striatum Control Behavioral Inhibition. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4188-4200.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Iacullo C, Diesburg DA, Wessel JR. Non-selective inhibition of the motor system following unexpected and expected infrequent events. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2701-2710. [PMID: 32948892 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Motor inhibition is a key control mechanism that allows humans to rapidly adapt their actions in response to environmental events. One of the hallmark signatures of rapidly exerted, reactive motor inhibition is the non-selective suppression of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE): unexpected sensory stimuli lead to a suppression of CSE across the entire motor system, even in muscles that are inactive. Theories suggest that this reflects a fast, automatic, and broad engagement of inhibitory control, which facilitates behavioral adaptations to unexpected changes in the sensory environment. However, it is an open question whether such non-selective CSE suppression is truly due to the unexpected nature of the sensory event, or whether it is sufficient for an event to be merely infrequent (but not unexpected). Here, we report data from two experiments in which human subjects experienced both unexpected and expected infrequent events during a two-alternative forced-choice reaction time task while CSE was measured from a task-unrelated muscle. We found that expected infrequent events can indeed produce non-selective CSE suppression-but only when they occur during movement initiation. In contrast, unexpected infrequent events produce non-selective CSE suppression relative to frequent, expected events even in the absence of movement initiation. Moreover, CSE suppression due to unexpected events occurs at shorter latencies compared to expected infrequent events. These findings demonstrate that unexpectedness and stimulus infrequency have qualitatively different suppressive effects on the motor system. They also have key implications for studies that seek to disentangle neural and psychological processes related to motor inhibition and stimulus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Iacullo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 376 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, 340 Iowa Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 376 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, 340 Iowa Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 376 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, 340 Iowa Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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29
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Brockett AT, Roesch MR. The ever-changing OFC landscape: What neural signals in OFC can tell us about inhibitory control. Behav Neurosci 2020; 135:129-137. [PMID: 32914996 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research on OFC function, the exact function(s) of OFC remain elusive. In recent years, 1 of the earliest hypotheses about OFC function, namely its involvement in inhibitory control, has drifted to the periphery of the functional OFC landscape in favor of theories suggesting a role for OFC in the representation of task or state space. The reasons for this drift are valid, owing in part to the development of more sensitive behavioral approaches, a clear emphasis on cross-species and cross-method comparisons, as well as the elegant integration of reinforcement learning theories. However, recent evidence recording from OFC during the performance of traditional inhibitory control tasks has found new evidence supporting a role for OFC in inhibitory control. While the extent to which these findings can be integrated into existing frameworks is in its infancy, this review seeks to highlight these findings with the goal of providing new insights into function of OFC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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30
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Atkinson-Clement C, Tarrano C, Porte CA, Wattiez N, Delorme C, McGovern EM, Brochard V, Thobois S, Tranchant C, Grabli D, Degos B, Corvol JC, Pedespan JM, Krystkoviak P, Houeto JL, Degardin A, Defebvre L, Valabregue R, Rosso C, Apartis E, Vidailhet M, Pouget P, Roze E, Worbe Y. Dissociation in reactive and proactive inhibitory control in Myoclonus dystonia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13933. [PMID: 32811896 PMCID: PMC7434767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia (MD) is a syndrome characterized by myoclonus of subcortical origin and dystonia, frequently associated with psychiatric comorbidities. The motor and psychiatric phenotypes of this syndrome likely result from cortico-striato-thamalo-cerebellar-cortical pathway dysfunction. We hypothesized that reactive and proactive inhibitory control may be altered in these patients. Using the Stop Signal Task, we assessed reactive and proactive inhibitory control in MD patients with (n = 12) and without (n = 21) deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna and compared their performance to matched healthy controls (n = 24). Reactive inhibition was considered as the ability to stop an already initiated action and measured using the stop signal reaction time. Proactive inhibition was assessed through the influence of several consecutive GO or STOP trials on decreased response time or inhibitory process facilitation. The proactive inhibition was solely impaired in unoperated MD patients. Patients with deep brain stimulation showed impairment in reactive inhibition, independent of presence of obsessive–compulsive disorders. This impairment in reactive inhibitory control correlated with intrinsic severity of myoclonus (i.e. pre-operative score). The results point to a dissociation in reactive and proactive inhibitory control in MD patients with and without deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Clement Tarrano
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Côte de Nacre, Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Camille-Albane Porte
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Wattiez
- Inserm, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delorme
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eavan M McGovern
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vanessa Brochard
- INSERM/APHP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1422, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, UMR 5229, University of Lyon, Bron, France.,Service de Neurologie C, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Krystkoviak
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Service de Neurologie, CIC-INSERM 1402, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Adrian Degardin
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- INSERM, U1171-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Lille Centre of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases (LiCEND), Lille, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Rosso
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Apartis
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Department of Neurophysiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, 75013, Paris, France. .,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France. .,Department of Neurophysiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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31
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Maizey L, Evans CJ, Muhlert N, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD, Allen CPG. Cortical and subcortical functional specificity associated with response inhibition. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117110. [PMID: 32619711 PMCID: PMC7573537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Is motor response inhibition supported by a specialised neuronal inhibitory control mechanism, or by a more general system of action updating? This pre-registered study employed a context-cueing paradigm requiring both inhibitory and non-inhibitory action updating in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the specificity of responses under different updating conditions, including the cancellation of actions. Cortical regions of activity were found to be common to multiple forms of action updating. However, functional specificity during response inhibition was observed in the anterior right inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, fronto-subcortical activity was explored using a novel contrast method. These exploratory results indicate that the specificity for response inhibition observed in right prefrontal cortex continued downstream and was observed in right hemisphere subcortical activity, while left hemisphere activity was associated with right-hand response execution. Overall, our findings reveal both common and distinct correlates of response inhibition in prefrontal cortex, with exploratory analyses supporting putative models of subcortical pathways and extending them through the demonstration of lateralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Maizey
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher D Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P G Allen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
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32
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Gu BM, Schmidt R, Berke JD. Globus pallidus dynamics reveal covert strategies for behavioral inhibition. eLife 2020; 9:57215. [PMID: 32519952 PMCID: PMC7314538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible behavior requires restraint of actions that are no longer appropriate. This behavioral inhibition critically relies on frontal cortex - basal ganglia circuits. Within the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) has been hypothesized to mediate selective proactive inhibition: being prepared to stop a specific action, if needed. Here we investigate population dynamics of rat GPe neurons during preparation-to-stop, stopping, and going. Rats selectively engaged proactive inhibition towards specific actions, as shown by slowed reaction times (RTs). Under proactive inhibition, GPe population activity occupied state-space locations farther from the trajectory followed during normal movement initiation. Furthermore, the state-space locations were predictive of distinct types of errors: failures-to-stop, failures-to-go, and incorrect choices. Slowed RTs on correct proactive trials reflected starting bias towards the alternative action, which was overcome before progressing towards action initiation. Our results demonstrate that rats can exert cognitive control via strategic adjustments to their GPe network state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Psychiatry; Neuroscience Graduate Program; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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33
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Cope LM, Hardee JE, Martz ME, Zucker RA, Nichols TE, Heitzeg MM. Developmental maturation of inhibitory control circuitry in a high-risk sample: A longitudinal fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 43:100781. [PMID: 32510344 PMCID: PMC7212183 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this work was to characterize the maturation of inhibitory control brain function from childhood to early adulthood using longitudinal data collected in two cohorts. Methods Functional MRI during a go/no-go task was conducted in 290 participants, with 88 % undergoing repeated scanning at 1- to 2-year intervals. One group entered the study at age 7–13 years (n = 117); the other entered at age 18–23 years (n = 173). 33.1 % of the sample had two parents with a substance use disorder (SUD), 43.8 % had one parent with an SUD, and 23.1 % had no parents with an SUD. 1162 scans were completed, covering ages 7–28, with longitudinal data from the cohorts overlapping across ages 16–21. A marginal model with sandwich estimator standard errors was used to characterize voxel-wise age-related changes in hemodynamic response associated with successful inhibitory control. Results There was significant positive linear activation associated with age in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. No clusters survived thresholding with negative linear, positive or negative quadratic, or positive or negative cubic contrasts. Conclusions These findings extend previous cross-sectional and small-scale longitudinal studies that have observed positive linear developmental trajectories of brain function during inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora M Cope
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Meghan E Martz
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Robert A Zucker
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- University of Oxford, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; University of Warwick, Department of Statistics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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34
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Antons S, Matthias B. Inhibitory control and problematic Internet-pornography use - The important balancing role of the insula. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:58-70. [PMID: 32359231 PMCID: PMC8935194 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diminished control over a specific behavior is a core characteristic in addictive behaviors such as problematic Internet-pornography (IP) use. First studies suggest that a hyperactivity of the impulsive system is one reason for impulsive behaviors in the context of problematic IP use. The tripartite-process theory of addiction explains neurocognitive mechanisms beyond common dual-process theories in addictive behaviors. However, the role of the reflective and interoceptive system is still unresolved. METHODS The study comprised a stop-signal task (SST) including neutral and pornographic images during fMRI and questionnaires to investigate associations between symptoms of problematic IP use, craving, and neural activity of the impulsive, reflective, and interoceptive system. We examined 28 heterosexual males with varying symptom severity of problematic IP use. RESULTS Data indicates that individuals with more symptoms of problematic IP use showed better performance in the SST which was linked to decreased insula and inferior frontal gyrus activity during pornographic image processing. An increase in craving was associated with lower activity of the ventral striatum during pornographic image processing. The interoceptive system showed varying effects. Increased insula activity during inhibitory control and decreased activity during pornographic image processing were associated with higher inhibitory control performance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Effects of tolerance and motivational aspects may explain the better inhibitory control performance in individuals with higher symptom severity which was associated with differential activity of the interoceptive and reflective system. Diminished control over IP use presumably results from the interaction between the impulsive, reflective, and interoceptive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Antons
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Brand Matthias
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany,Corresponding author. General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, Duisburg, 47057, Germany. Tel.: +49 203 3792541; fax: +49 203 3791846. E-mail:
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35
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Balasubramani PP, Pesce MC, Hayden BY. Activity in orbitofrontal neuronal ensembles reflects inhibitory control. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:2033-2051. [PMID: 31803972 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stopping, or inhibition, is a form of self-control that is a core element of flexible and adaptive behavior. Its neural origins remain unclear. Some views hold that inhibition decisions reflect the aggregation of widespread and diverse pieces of information, including information arising in ostensible core reward regions (i.e., outside the canonical executive system). We recorded activity of single neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of macaques, a region associated with economic decisions, and whose role in inhibition is debated. Subjects performed a classic inhibition task known as the stop signal task. Ensemble decoding analyses reveal a clear firing rate pattern that distinguishes successful from failed inhibition and that begins after the stop signal and before the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). We also found a different and orthogonal ensemble pattern that distinguishes successful from failed stopping before the beginning of the trial. These signals were distinct from, and orthogonal to, value encoding, which was also observed in these neurons. The timing of the early and late signals was, respectively, consistent with the idea that neuronal activity in OFC encodes inhibition both proactively and reactively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, and Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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36
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Pflanz CP, Charquero-Ballester M, Majid DSA, Winkler AM, Vallée E, Aron AR, Jenkinson M, Douaud G. One-year changes in brain microstructure differentiate preclinical Huntington's disease stages. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 25:102099. [PMID: 31865023 PMCID: PMC6931230 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether brain imaging markers of tissue microstructure can detect the effect of disease progression across the preclinical stages of Huntington's disease. METHODS Longitudinal microstructural changes in diffusion imaging metrics (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy) were investigated in participants with presymptomatic Huntington's disease (N = 35) stratified into three preclinical subgroups according to their estimated time until onset of symptoms, compared with age- and gender-matched healthy controls (N = 19) over a 1y period. RESULTS Significant differences were found over the four groups in change of mean diffusivity in the posterior basal ganglia and the splenium of the corpus callosum. This overall effect was driven by significant differences between the group far-from-onset (FAR) of symptoms and the groups midway- (MID) and near-the-onset (NEAR) of symptoms. In particular, an initial decrease of mean diffusivity in the FAR group was followed by a subsequent increase in groups closer to onset of symptoms. The seemingly counter-intuitive decrease of mean diffusivity in the group furthest from onset of symptoms might be an early indicator of neuroinflammatory process preceding the neurodegenerative phase. In contrast, the only clinical measure that was able to capture a difference in 1y changes between the preclinical stages was the UHDRS confidence in motor score. CONCLUSIONS With sensitivity to longitudinal changes in brain microstructure within and between preclinical stages, and potential differential response to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, diffusion imaging is a promising state marker for monitoring treatment response and identifying the optimal therapeutic window of opportunity in preclinical Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Patrick Pflanz
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Marina Charquero-Ballester
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - D S Adnan Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Vallée
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gwenaëlle Douaud
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
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37
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Wadsley CG, Cirillo J, Byblow WD. Between-hand coupling during response inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1357-1366. [PMID: 31339791 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00310.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition reflects the process of terminating inappropriate preplanned or ongoing movements. When one hand is cued to stop after preparing a bimanual response (Partial trial), there is a substantial delay on the responding side. This delay is termed the interference effect and identifies a constraint that limits selective response inhibition. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated networks within primary motor cortex (M1) may have distinct roles during response inhibition. In this study we examined whether the interference effect is the consequence of between-hand "coupling" into a unitary response and whether this is reflected in GABAergic intracortical inhibition within M1. Eighteen healthy right-handed participants performed a bimanual synchronous and asynchronous anticipatory response inhibition task. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the first dorsal interosseous muscle bilaterally. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over right M1. As expected, Go trial performance was better with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous version of the task. Paradoxically, response delays during Partial trials were longer with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous task. Although task difficulty did not modulate GABAergic intracortical inhibition, there was a trend for between-hand coupling on asynchronous trials to be associated with greater GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition and lesser recruitment of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition. The novel findings indicate that the interference effect is in part a consequence of between-hand coupling into a unitary response during movement preparation. The ability to respond independently with the two hands may rely on modulation of distinct inhibitory processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The temporal dynamics of an anticipated response task were manipulated to effect the difficulty of behavioral stopping and the underlying effects on motor neurophysiology. There were large response delays during trials where a subcomponent of an upcoming bimanual response was cued to stop in conditions where the anticipated action of the hands were synchronous, but not when asynchronous. Response delays reflected the integration of actions of both hands into a unitary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey G Wadsley
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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38
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Zhang F, Iwaki S. Common Neural Network for Different Functions: An Investigation of Proactive and Reactive Inhibition. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:124. [PMID: 31231199 PMCID: PMC6568210 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful behavioral inhibition involves both proactive and reactive inhibition, allowing people to prepare for restraining actions, and cancel their actions if the response becomes inappropriate. In the present study, we utilized the stop-signal paradigm to examine whole-brain contrasts and functional connectivity for proactive and reactive inhibition. The results of our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis show that the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the primary motor cortex (M1) were activated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. We then created 70 dynamic causal models (DCMs) representing the alternative hypotheses of modulatory effects from proactive and reactive inhibition in the IFG-SMA-STN-M1 network. Bayesian model selection (BMS) showed that causal connectivity from the IFG to the SMA was modulated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. To further investigate the possible brain circuits involved in behavioral control, including proactive inhibitory processes, we compared 13 DCMs representing the alternative hypotheses of proactive modulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-caudate-IFG-SMA neural circuits. BMS revealed that the effective connectivity from the caudate to the IFG is modulated only in the proactive inhibition condition but not in the reactive inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate how fronto-basal ganglia pathways are commonly involved in proactive and reactive inhibitory control, with a "longer" pathway (DLPFC-caudate-IFG-SMA-STN-M1) playing a modulatory role in proactive inhibitory control, and a "shorter" pathway (IFG-SMA-STN-M1) involved in reactive inhibition. These results provide causal evidence for the roles of indirect and hyperdirect pathways in mediating proactive and reactive inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sunao Iwaki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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39
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Wessel JR, Waller DA, Greenlee JD. Non-selective inhibition of inappropriate motor-tendencies during response-conflict by a fronto-subthalamic mechanism. eLife 2019; 8:42959. [PMID: 31063130 PMCID: PMC6533064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To effectively interact with their environment, humans must often select actions from multiple incompatible options. Existing theories propose that during motoric response-conflict, inappropriate motor activity is actively (and perhaps non-selectively) suppressed by an inhibitory fronto-basal ganglia mechanism. We here tested this theory across three experiments. First, using scalp-EEG, we found that both outright action-stopping and response-conflict during action-selection invoke low-frequency activity of a common fronto-central source, whose activity relates to trial-by-trial behavioral indices of inhibition in both tasks. Second, using simultaneous intracranial recordings from the basal ganglia and motor cortex, we found that response-conflict increases the influence of the subthalamic nucleus on M1-representations of incorrect response-tendencies. Finally, using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we found that during the same time period when conflict-related STN-to-M1 communication is increased, cortico-spinal excitability is broadly suppressed. Together, these findings demonstrate that fronto-basal ganglia networks buttress action-selection under response-conflict by rapidly and non-selectively net-inhibiting inappropriate motor tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Darcy A Waller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Jeremy Dw Greenlee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, United States
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40
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Muralidharan V, Yu X, Cohen MX, Aron AR. Preparing to Stop Action Increases Beta Band Power in Contralateral Sensorimotor Cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:657-668. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
How do we prepare to stop ourselves in the future? Here, we used scalp EEG to test the hypothesis that people prepare to stop by putting parts of their motor system (specifically, here, sensorimotor cortex) into a suppressed state ahead of time. On each trial, participants were cued to prepare to stop one hand and then initiated a bimanual movement. On a minority of trials, participants were instructed to stop the cued hand while continuing quickly with the other. We used a guided multivariate source separation method to examine oscillatory power changes in presumed sensorimotor cortical areas. We observed that, when people prepare to stop a hand, there were above-baseline beta band power increases (12–24 Hz) in contralateral cortex up to a second earlier. This increase in beta band power in the proactive period was functionally relevant because it predicted, trial by trial, the degree of selectivity with which participants subsequently stopped a response but did not relate to movement per se. Thus, preparing to stop particular response channels corresponds to increased beta power from contralateral (sensorimotor) cortex, and this relates specifically to subsequent stopping. These results provide a high temporal resolution and frequency-specific electrophysiological signature of the preparing-to-stop state that is pertinent to future studies of mitigating provocation, including in clinical disorders. The results also highlight the utility of guided multivariate source separation for revealing the cortical dynamics underlying both movement and response suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinze Yu
- University of California, San Diego
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41
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Klaus A, Alves da Silva J, Costa RM. What, If, and When to Move: Basal Ganglia Circuits and Self-Paced Action Initiation. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:459-483. [PMID: 31018098 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum, receives inputs from frontal, sensory, and motor cortices and interconnected thalamic areas that provide information about potential goals, context, and actions and directly or indirectly modulates basal ganglia outputs. The striatum also receives dopaminergic inputs that can signal reward prediction errors and also behavioral transitions and movement initiation. Here we review studies and models of how direct and indirect pathways can modulate basal ganglia outputs to facilitate movement initiation, and we discuss the role of cortical and dopaminergic inputs to the striatum in determining what to do and if and when to do it. Complex but exciting scenarios emerge that shed new light on how basal ganglia circuits modulate self-paced movement initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klaus
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Rui M Costa
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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42
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Antons S, Boecker M, Gauggel S, Gordi VM, Patel HJ, Binkofski F, Drueke B. Strategies of selective changing: Preparatory neural processes seem to be responsible for differences in complex inhibition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214652. [PMID: 30998717 PMCID: PMC6472739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibition describes the stopping of an action while other actions are further executed. It can be differentiated between two strategies to stop selectively: the fast but global stop all, then discriminate strategy and the slower but more selective first discriminate, then stop strategy. It is assumed that the first discriminate, then stop strategy is especially used when information regarding which action might have to be stopped is already available beforehand. Moreover, it is supposed that both strategies differ in matters of basal ganglia pathways used for their execution. Aim of the present study was to investigate the use of the two strategies in situations requiring selective changing of an action. Eighteen healthy male participants performed a selective stop-change task with informative and uninformative cues during fMRI. Behavioral results show that informative cues led to a benefit in both inhibition times and selectivity. FMRI data revealed that the same cortico-subcortical pathway was used with informative and uninformative cues. Behavioral and neuronal results indicate that participants used the first discriminate, then stop strategy for selective inhibition irrespective of the amount of previously available information. Moreover, the neural activity data indicate that the benefit in the informed condition was produced by an efficient preparation for the concrete change process. Possible factors that might affect which strategy is used for selective stopping are the level of previously available information (foreknowledge) and the experimental set-up, as e.g. task complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Antons
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maren Boecker
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Gauggel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Michaela Gordi
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Harshal Jayeshkumar Patel
- Division for Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division for Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara Drueke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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43
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Errors in Action Timing and Inhibition Facilitate Learning by Tuning Distinct Mechanisms in the Underlying Decision Process. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2251-2264. [PMID: 30655353 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1924-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed behavior requires integrating action selection processes with learning systems that adapt control using environmental feedback. These functions are known to intersect at a common neural substrate with multiple known targets of plasticity (the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network), suggesting that feedback signals have a multifaceted impact on future decisions. Using a hybrid of accumulation-to-bound decision models and reinforcement learning, we modeled the performance of humans in a stop signal task where participants (N 75: 37 males, 38 females) learned the prior distribution of the timing of a stop signal through trial-and-error feedback. Changes in the drift rate of the action execution process were driven by errors in action timing, whereas adaptation in the boundary height served to increase caution following failed stops. These findings highlight two interactive learning mechanisms for adapting the control of goal-directed actions based on dissociable dimensions of feedback error.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many complex behavioral goals rely on the ability to regulate the timing of action execution while also maintaining enough control to cancel actions in response to "Stop" cues in the environment. Here we examined how these fundamental components of behavior become tuned to the control demands of the environment by combining principles of reinforcement learning with accumulation-to-bound models. Model fits to behavioral data in an adaptive stop signal task revealed two adaptive mechanisms: (1) timing error-related changes in the rate of the execution signal; and (2) an increase in the execution boundary after failed stops. These findings demonstrate unique effects of timing and control errors on the underlying mechanisms of control, the rate and threshold of accumulating action signals.
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44
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Gordi VM, Drueke B, Gauggel S, Antons S, Loevenich R, Mols P, Boecker M. Stopping Speed in the Stop-Change Task: Experimental Design Matters! Front Psychol 2019; 10:279. [PMID: 30873063 PMCID: PMC6404636 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research comparing the speed of inhibiting a motor response in no-foreknowledge vs. foreknowledge conditions revealed inconsistent findings. While some studies found stopping to be faster in the no-foreknowledge condition, others reported that it was faster in the foreknowledge condition. One possible explanation for the heterogeneous results might be differences in experimental design between those studies. Given this, we wanted to scrutinize whether it makes any difference if foreknowledge and no-foreknowledge are investigated in a context in which both conditions are presented separated from each other (block design) vs. in a context in which both conditions occur intermingled (event-related design). To address this question a modified stop-change task was used. In Experiment 1 no-foreknowledge and foreknowledge trials were imbedded in a block design, while Experiment 2 made use of an event-related design. We found that inhibition speed as measured with the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) was faster in the foreknowledge as compared to the no-foreknowledge condition of the event-related study, whereas no differences in SSRT between both conditions were revealed in the block design study. Analyses of reaction times to the go stimulus reflect that participants tended to slow down their go responses in both experimental contexts. However, in the foreknowledge condition of the event-related study, this strategic slowing was especially pronounced, a finding we refer to as strategic delay effect (SDE), and significantly correlated with SSRT. In sum our results suggest that inhibition speed is susceptible to strategic bias resulting from differences in experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Michaela Gordi
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara Drueke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Gauggel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Antons
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Loevenich
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Mols
- Brain Imaging Facility of IZKF Aachen, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maren Boecker
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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45
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Jadhav KS, Boutrel B. Prefrontal cortex development and emergence of self-regulatory competence: the two cardinal features of adolescence disrupted in context of alcohol abuse. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2274-2281. [PMID: 30586204 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a tumultuous period in the lifetime of an individual confronted to major changes in emotional, social and cognitive appraisal. During this period of questioning and doubt, while the executive functions are still maturing, the abstract reasoning remains vague and the response inhibition loose; ultimately the adolescent scarcely resists temptation. Consequently, adolescence is often associated with uninhibited risk-taking, reckless behaviours, among which are alcohol and illicit drugs use. Here, we discuss how the development of the prefrontal cortex (which critically contributes to rational decision-making and temporal processing of complex events) can be associated with the idiosyncratic adolescent behaviour, and potentially uncontrolled alcohol use. Most importantly, we present clinical and preclinical evidence supporting that ethanol exposure has deleterious effects on the adolescent developing brain. Ultimately, we discuss why a late maturing prefrontal cortex represents a ripe candidate to environmental influences that contribute to shape the adolescent brain but, potentially, can also trigger lifelong maladaptive responses, including increased vulnerability to develop substance use disorder later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij S Jadhav
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Addictive and Eating Disorders, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, CH-1008, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Addictive and Eating Disorders, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, CH-1008, Prilly, Switzerland.,Division of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Beu ND, Burns NR, Baetu I. Polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes predict proactive processes of response inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1127-1148. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Beu
- The School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Nicholas R. Burns
- The School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Irina Baetu
- The School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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47
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Ogasawara T, Nejime M, Takada M, Matsumoto M. Primate Nigrostriatal Dopamine System Regulates Saccadic Response Inhibition. Neuron 2018; 100:1513-1526.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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Piiponniemi TO, Parkkari T, Heikkinen T, Puoliväli J, Park LC, Cachope R, Kopanitsa MV. Impaired Performance of the Q175 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease in the Touch Screen Paired Associates Learning Task. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:226. [PMID: 30333735 PMCID: PMC6176131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive disturbances often predate characteristic motor dysfunction in individuals with Huntington’s disease (HD) and place an increasing burden on the HD patients and caregivers with the progression of the disorder. Therefore, application of maximally translational cognitive tests to animal models of HD is imperative for the development of treatments that could alleviate cognitive decline in human patients. Here, we examined the performance of the Q175 mouse knock-in model of HD in the touch screen version of the paired associates learning (PAL) task. We found that 10–11-month-old heterozygous Q175 mice had severely attenuated learning curve in the PAL task, which was conceptually similar to previously documented impaired performance of individuals with HD in the PAL task of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Besides high rate of errors in PAL task, Q175 mice exhibited considerably lower responding rate than age-matched wild-type (WT) animals. Our examination of effortful operant responding during fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedules in a separate cohort of similar age confirmed slower and unselective performance of mutant animals, as observed during PAL task, but suggested that motivation to work for nutritional reward in the touch screen setting was similar in Q175 and WT mice. We also demonstrated that pronounced sensorimotor disturbances in Q175 mice can be detected at early touch screen testing stages, (e.g., during “Punish Incorrect” phase of operant pretraining), so we propose that shorter test routines may be utilised for more expedient studies of treatments aimed at the rescue of HD-related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Larry C Park
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Roger Cachope
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maksym V Kopanitsa
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Brain GABA Levels Are Associated with Inhibitory Control Deficits in Older Adults. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7844-7851. [PMID: 30064995 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0760-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by motor inhibition deficits that involve a slower process of stopping a prepotent motor response (i.e., reactive inhibition) rather than a diminished ability to anticipate stopping (i.e., proactive inhibition). Some studies suggest that efficient motor inhibition is related to GABAergic function. Since age-related alterations in the GABA system have also been reported, motor inhibition impairments might be linked to GABAergic alterations in the cortico-subcortical network that mediates motor inhibition. Thirty young human adults (mean age, 23.2 years; age range, 18-34 years; 14 men) and 29 older human adults (mean age, 67.5 years; age range, 60-74 years; 13 men) performed a stop-signal task with varying levels of stop-signal probability. GABA+ levels were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in right inferior frontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), left sensorimotor cortex, bilateral striatum, and occipital cortex. We found that reactive inhibition was worse in older adults compared with young adults, as indicated by longer stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs). No group differences in proactive inhibition were observed as both groups slowed down their response to a similar degree with increasing stop-signal probability. The MRS results showed that tissue-corrected GABA+ levels were on average lower in older as compared with young adults. Moreover, older adults with lower GABA+ levels in the pre-SMA were slower at stopping (i.e., had longer SSRTs). These findings suggest a role for the GABA system in reactive inhibition deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory control has been shown to diminish as a consequence of aging. We investigated whether the ability to stop a prepotent motor response and the ability to prepare to stop were related to GABA levels in different regions of the network that was previously identified to mediate inhibitory control. Overall, we found lower GABA levels in older adults compared with young adults. Importantly, those older adults who were slower at stopping had less GABA in the pre-supplementary motor area, a key node of the inhibitory control network. We propose that deficits in the stop process in part depend on the integrity of the GABA system.
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50
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Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Qiu X, Tan Y, Zhou H, Sun B, Li D. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Globus Pallidus Improves Response Initiation and Proactive Inhibition in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Psychol 2018; 9:351. [PMID: 29681869 PMCID: PMC5897903 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Impulse control disorder is not uncommon in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who are treated with dopamine replacement therapy and subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). Internal globus pallidus (GPi)-DBS is increasingly used, but its role in inhibitory control has rarely been explored. In this study, we evaluated the effect of GPi-DBS on inhibitory control in PD patients. Methods: A stop-signal paradigm was used to test response initiation, proactive inhibition, and reactive inhibition. The subjects enrolled in the experiment were 27 patients with PD, of whom 13 had received only drug treatment and 14 had received bilateral GPi-DBS in addition to conventional medical treatment and 15 healthy individuals. Results: Our results revealed that with GPi-DBS on, patients with PD showed significantly faster responses than the other groups in trials where it was certain that no stop signal would be presented. Proactive inhibition was significantly different in the surgical patients with GPi-DBS on versus when GPi-DBS was off, in surgical patients with GPi-DBS on versus drug-treated patients, and in healthy controls versus drug-treated patients. Correlation analyses revealed that when GPi-DBS was on, there was a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between proactive inhibition and dopaminergic medication. Conclusion: GPi-DBS may lead to an increase in response initiation speed and improve the dysfunctional proactive inhibitory control observed in PD patients. Our results may help us to understand the role of the GPi in cortical-basal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Pan
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linbin Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Qiu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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